GLOBAL CD itt Coun Computational ToolsGLOBAL CE@ Educational = Courses 4-6 questions * Algorithm * structured programming * spreadsheet ALGORITHM FLOWCHARTS Cc we <> terminal decision /—_""S — j Cc) Zz connecter ¢npuvoutput processing off-page annatatian predefined processThe terminal symbol starts or stops a process. Problems on the FE exam will typically involve a program fragment, so the terminal symbol might be used to distinguish a complete program froma fragment The decision symbol is a branch point in a flowchart. In a software flowchart, a decision can only have one of two results, “yes” or “no.” The decision symbol equates to an IFTHEN statement, the start of a WHILE loop, or the start of a FOR loop. The off-page, predefined processpand annotation symbols will likely not be used-in the FE exam, and their functionsare. avident anyway GLOBAL. GED Educa Educational Courses The input/output symbol may be used in a program to receive data fromthe user or to output data to the user or data storage The connector symbol represents no processing of any kind. It is simply a symbol that makes the chart more clear by keeping arrow points from touching each other. The Processing block is where mathematical (numerical or string) operations take placeGLOBAL == CD Educa Educational ‘Courses ena a GLOBAL ~ 680 Educational = —Courses What is the regularly scheduled workout on Wednesday morning? (A) bike (B) rest (C) run (D) weights(1) What is the value of X at the completion of the following flow diagram? (A)2 (B)4 @s5 (D) The loop never ends Structured programming _(PSEWDOCODE) Simple calculations — Add Subtract Multiply Divide or ** Exponentiation sNaeld The sequence of open operations proceeds from left to right in the following hierarchy: Exponentiation, then. ‘Multiplication and division, then Addition end subtraction Raising one expression to the power of another expression depends on the language used Examples of how X® might be expressed are: x"*B xBBasic Elements of Pseudo-code * Assignment Operation — This operation associates a value to a variable. — While writing Pseudo-code you may follow your own syntax. — Some of the possible syntaxes are: + Assign 3 tox * Set x equal to 3 ° xX=3 Basic Operations of Pseudo-code Read Operation In this operation we intend to retrieve the value previously assigned to that variable. For example Set Value of x equal to y Read the input from user This operation causes the algorithm to get the value of a variable from the user. Get x Geta, b,cBasic Operations of Pseudo-code Print the output to the user_ Print x (This will print value of variable x) Print “Your mileage is” x Cary out basic arithmetical computations_ Set x to 10 Set y to x*x/3 GLOBAL. G0 Educational ‘Courses A computer pseudocode program conta te following calculation, Whats the value of X? X=(1"6)(53) (Ay? )20 (44 (0)40GLOBAL Go Educational =—Courses The IF THEN statement may be found ia FE exam problems. The couditiou aust be satisfied or the action is uot executed aud the program moves ou to the next operation. IE-THEN statements A computer psendocode program contains the following program segment. What is the value of X after the segment is executed? x= IF T> X THEN X (a2 (B)6 oy DY 11 GLOBAL Educational =—Courses TO operations A.GOTO (or GOL) Sperition moves the program to a number designator in the program, A computer pseudocode program contains the following program segment, What is the value of X alter the segment 1s executed? x=4 T=8 1 T=T-1 X=X+1 IFX>TTHENGOTO1 (6 @®)7 9s (D)11GLOBAL Educational /OursesS WHILE loops A set of instructions between the WHILE and the ENDWHILE lines of code is repeated as long as the condition remains tue, The number of times the instructions are executed depends on when the condition is no longer true. The variable or variables that control the condition must eventually be changed by the operations or the WHILE loop will continue forever (the dreaded endless loop). A computer pseudocode program contains the following program segment. What is the value of X after the segment is executed? x=4 T=8 WHILE T2X T=T-2 X=X+2 ENDWHILE (A4 (B)6 (Os 4D) 10 GLOBAL, Educational FOR loops ‘Ourses A. set of instructions Detweed the FOR and the NEXT “counter lines of code is repeated for @fxedimtimber of loops that depends on the counter range, The counter is a variable that can be used in operations in the loop, but the value of the counter is not changed by anything in the loop except the NEXT statement. A computer pseudocode program contains the following program segment. What is the value of X after the segment is executed? X=0 FORT NEXTT (A)2 (B)3 (4 (D)6IF ‘THEN ELSE . If the condition is satisfied, then action 1 is exe- cuted. If the condition is not satisfied, action 2 is executed. DO/WHILE loops: A set of instructions between the DO/WHILE and the ENDWHILE lines of code is repeated as long, as the condition remains true. The number of timoe the inetructione aro oxocutod depends on when the condition is no longer true. The variable or variables that control the condition must eventually be changed by the operations, or the WHILE loop will continue forever. DO/UNTIL loops: A set of instructions between the DO/UNTIL and the ENIQUNTIL lines of code is repeated as long as th&gonditiof remains false. The number of times thegaistztictions are executed depends on when the conditién-is ye’ longer false. The variable or variables tha /Cojtrol the condition must eventually be changed by thespérations, or the UNTIL loop will continue foreve y GLOBAL | Gee Educational Courses A computer structured programming segment contains the following program segment. What is the value of G after the segment is executed? Set G=1 and X=0 DO WHILE G <5 G=G@x+1 x=G ENDWHILE (A) 5 (B) 26 (C) 63 (D) The loop never ends.Spreadsheet Cell reference: When the contents of one cell are used for a calculation in another cell, the contents of the cell being used must be referenced so the program Ruows what number to ‘use. Columns are given letter designators and rows are given naptbérdesignators Qy GIG ea2eStionat Cell reference Absolute cell reference: The cell reference that idenfities a particular cell with an “absolute” location has a “S” befateboth the vow and column designators. For example, SASI always identifies the calli the Firsteoluma and first row, $AS3 always identifies the cell in the first column, aud third 10. ‘and SC$1 always identifies the cel inthe third column and first row, segatdless of Which cell the cell reference is in. If the contents of ar absolute cell referencéiS copizdand pasted into another cell, the cell that it references does not change. Absolute column, relative row cell reference: The column reference can be absolute with 'S” while the row reference is relative. For example. the cell reference SA1 always references a cell located in the first (A) column, but the row is dependent on which row the cell reference appears in. Because this example uses “1,” the row referenced will always be the current row in which the reference is entered. If the reference is entered into acell in third row, it refers to a cell that is in the first column in the current (third) row. If this reference is copied and pasted into a cell in the third row, it then references SA3. Similarly, a reference of $A3 in the second row refers to a cell in the first column one row below the current row. If this reference is copied and pasted into the third row, it then references SA4.CED Farinas Cell reference fourth row. If this reference copied and pasted into the seventh row, it then references ESA, Relative column, absolute row cell reference: Sumular to the previous example. a row reference can be absolute with a “$” while the column reference is relative. For example, acell reference of BS4 in the fourth column refers to a cell two columns to the left in the Relative cell reference: A relative cell reference is entirely dependent/ou! which cell itis located in. For example, a cell reference of B4 located in the celhO2 refers to a cell that is one column to the left and two rows down. If this veleteiice ts. copied and pasted into cell BA. it then references A6 GLOBAL om Cc Educational i ‘Courses “examples Ina spreadsheet, the forniula.$A$4 + BS2 + B2 is entered into cell C3. The contents of cell C: are copied and pasted into cell D5. The formula in cell Ds is: (A) SAS4 + ($2 + C4 (B) SBS6+CS4+C4 (C)SAS4 + CS4+.C4 (D) $AS4 + BS2 +B? In aspreadsheet, the number in cell A4 is set to 6, Then AY is set to A4 + $AS4, where § indicators absolute cell address. This formula is copied into cells A6 and A7. The umber shown in cell A7 is most nearly: (Al (B)4 (C)36 (0) 216GLOBAL Educational SUM Cells can be called out in square or rectangular blocks, usually for a SUM function. The difference between the row and column designations in the call will define the block. For example, SUM(A1:A3) says to sum the cells Al, A2, and A3; SUM(D3:D5) says to sum the cells D3, D4, and D5; and SUM(B2:C4) says to sum cells B2, B3, B4, C2, C3, and C4. Example s The cells in a spreadsheet aye GnitiAlize!! as shown. The formula B1 + $A$1*A2 is extered info cell B2 and then copied into cells B3 and@P4s What value will be dis- played in cell B4? (A) 123 (B) 147 (C) 156 (D) 173 GLOBAL. CEO Educational ‘Courses