112 pter tests nothing but your imagination. I think of MATHS. You need not to be an artist > at Ieast you must be capable to visualize the es. So before going for the tedious and liar Ms fngamentals ofthe geometry. Basically it consists of use proportion of problems in CAT, Sometimes 8-10 ge elated to this chapter in addition with mensuration sedin CAT. Therefore itis advised that you must leam % pte religiously forthe sake of yourscore in CAT, Apart ‘CAT other entrance tests for MBA ask a plethora of sas well emember if you don’t take seriously any theorem, x concept you cannot perform well since the seat oF ideas, figures and concepts makes ita daunting foryou. F forthe sake of convenience this chapter is divided into 5 —S (i) Lines, angles and planes (i) Triangles (ii) Quadrilaterals (x) Polygons (y) Circles and Loci "Well begun is half done”’—Anonymous june ano ANGLES! 7) Point: The figure of which length, breadth and height be measured is called a point. It is infinitesimal. Line: A line is made up ofa infinite number of points has only length ie, it does not has any thickness (or ‘width). Ineis endless ie., it can be extended in both directions. -__ oe Line segment: A line segments has two. end points, but aly speaking line segment is called a line. A B (line segment 4B) Ray: A ray extends indefinitely in one direction from iven point, This is exhibited by an arrow. The starting iscalled as the initial point. a GEOMETRY Plane : having Jength and breadth both, but hho thickness, It is a two dimensional figure, It is a flat surface, (Piane) Type of Lines| Definition Parallel lines [Two lines, lying in a plane and having no common intersecting) point are called parallel lines. The distance between two parallel lines is constant. Perpendicular|Two lines, which lie in a single| lines [plane and intersect eachother at} right angle, are called |perpendicular lines. je Symbol: Concurrent lines [More than two straight lines intersecting at the same point ‘POINTS TO REMEMBER J 2 3. 4, 5. 6. 8. A line contains infinitely many points. ‘The intersection of two different lines is a point. Through a given point, there pass an infinite number of lines and these lines are called concurrent lines. Only one line can passthrough any two particular points, When more than two points Tie on a line, they are called as collinear points else they are called as non-collinear points. Two lines can intersect maximum at one point. This points called as point of intersection and these lines are called as intersecting lines. ‘There are an infinite number of planes which pass through a single (particular) point. When more than three points lie in the same plane, they are called as coplanar else they are called as non-coplanar. ‘When more than one line lie in the same plane, then these lines are called as coplanar else they are called as non-coplanar.RN —— age 10, When two plane intersect each other, they form & intersecting region is « line. 11. Two different lines which are perp= same (a third line) line, necessarily parallel Hine i, other, lying on the same plane. 12, When two or more . parallel lines are “y € intercepted by some other intercepting lines, then the ratio of Sea aaa SS — ndicular to the 10 each orresponding intercepts are equy ne is generally called a a AB _DE Ve BC EF ‘Angles: ‘The amount of rotation about, the vertex of the angle AOA’ ig anfed the magnitude of the angle, m Z AOA denotes the measure of Zags. Angles are sid 10 be 0. congruent when theit measure is same, (y ‘Types of Angles Property Acute ae (4£AOB is an acute angle) Right 950° (2408 is « right angle) Obtuse 90°< 6< 180° (2A0B is an obtuse angle) Straight eerso (ZAOB isa straight angle) ACHES +] 180°< 8< 360° (ZA0B is a reflex angle) Complementary 8, +0, =90° Two angles whose sum is 90°, are complementary to each other Supplementary 0, +0, =180° Two angles whose sum is 180°, are supplementary ‘to each other.4a7 Property Diagram ‘BOC and 2DOB = Z40C OB and 2BOC are adj went angles ingles must have a common side, (e he Oy 6 © AOB and BOC are linear pair angles, One side B must be common (e.g, OB) and these two angles must be supplementary. Ot a ° C % OK athe one side of & |0, +03 +0, =180" round the point 8, +8, +6, +8, =360° OC is the angle bisestor of ZAOB. § a ie, LAOC=2BOC = (2.40B) ° B When a line segment divides an angle equally into | (Angle bisector is equidistant from the two parts, then it is said to be the angle bisector | two sides of the angle) (ocy if oe & AC=BC 8 When two lines are intersected by a transversal, 5 then they form four pairs of corresponding angles @/® (a) LAGE, LCHG = (42, 26) @® (b) ZAGH, ZCHF = (23, 27) (c) ZEGB, ZGHD = (41, 25) © i © (d) ZBGH, ZDHF > (24, 28) c@/® ‘These are following four angles () ZAGE => 22 (i) ZCHF = 47 (i) ZEGB > 21 iy) DHF = 0 SS Sa3. In the following figure 4. Interior angles Alternate angles When two parallel lines are intersected by transyersal then (ii) 2GHC 1. The pairs of corresponding angles so formed are congruent. the adjoining tigure? (2) 80 (b) 40 © 20 Os 2, What is the value of x in the adjoining figure ? (a) 18° (b) 20° (©) 21° ©) 24" AB is a straight line, Find (x+ y): (2) 55° (b) 65° © 75" (d) 80° In the following figure £BOP =2x°, ZAOP =2y°, OC and OD are angle bisectors of ZBOP and AOP respectively. Find the value of <5 These are two pairs o (i) ZAGH, ZGHD (2, 25) (ii) ZGHC, ZBGH (26, 24) ‘These are following four anles (i) AGH = 3 angles as following: B one pair of corre je, 23225 and 3. The pair of interior angl the same side ofa tran (©) 100° 5. In the following figure: Cc (@) 101° @ 7° i 6. Find y, if x° = 36° the given diagram : Hef (a) 36° (b) 16° (@ 12° (A) 42° 7. i Qx+ 17), + 4p ar _ @) 63? (©) 35° 8 ItOy+ 62), @) 16°cupplementary angles are In the ratio 13 meter ane eine wa (b) 65° 0 1s (©) 28° is 30° more than one half of Je oF its complemen ark angle in degrees pore we (©) 50° Os (©) 80° ne given diagram AB|] GHII DE and GF BD | H) Wi Go Find the valve of A) g 6 ict 60" io ae? fo, 100" 10 0" 1 ie a jain even figure ABI] CO | EF || GH and BH = 100 cm frathe value of OF 5 . soem soem agen g 4 zecn (b) 40 em jo250n ©) 240m he complement of 65°50! is a) 24° 50" (©) 24710 eso @ 34°10" jhe supplement of 123° 45'(s 2 (@) 56°59" (0) 56° 15° (0) 55° 56° ©) none of these jjtwo ongles are complementary of each other, then ach angle is (@) aright angle (o) a supplementary angle {o an obtuse angle {den acute angle How many degrees are there in an angle which equals ore‘ifth ofits supplement? 0) 15° (b) 30° (0 75° (d) 150° Inthe given figure, 2a is greater than one sixth of right angle, then c (i) b> 165° ()b< 165° lps ()bs165° a (o) b> 165° a a -LetDbe the mid-point of a straight line ABand let Cbe a point different from D sueh that AC = BC, then : () AC LAB (b) 2BDC = 90° (0 280C is acute (@) ZB0C > 90° Answer on the basis of the following statements ¢ When two straight lines intersect, then : 1.edjacent angles are complementary 1 449 2, adjacent angles are 3, opposite angle 4, opposite angle (a) 2nd 3 are cor plementary equal are supplementary (b) 1 and 4 are correct (© Land 3are correct _(d) 2 and 4 are correct 20. ABs a straight line and Os a point on AB, if aline OC is drawn not coinciding with OA or OB, then ) complementary (©) supplementary (A) together equal to 100 21. In the adjoining figure AE|| CD and GC || ED, then p find y ie (@) 60" () 80° A—¢ hs ris (©) 90" (0) 75" 22, In the adjoining figure 2APO = 42° and 2CQO = 38°. Find the value of 90°452 . Goomeainae! (B) According to the length of sides. if ‘Types of triangles Property/Definition Diagram Sealene triangle | A triangle in which none ofthe three sides is equal is ce called a sealene triangle (all the three angles are also «ifferent). Tposeclestwiangle | A tangles in which at least two sides are equal is called as isosceles triangle. } In this triangle, the angles opposite 10 the congruent sides are also equal. quilateral triangle | A triongle jn which all the three sides are equal is i A eds a equilateral triangle. In dis tiangle each anale is congruent anc equal (0 60°, AB = BC =AC A= LB 220 | FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES 5, Sine rule: Ina A4BC, if a ie ‘Sum ofan two sides is always grater than the thie side. a,b,c be the three sides 3 Theaitterence of any two sides is always less than the opposite to the angles third side. A,B,C respectively, then 3. Greater angle has a greater side opposite to it and @ sinaller angle bas a smaller side opposite if sind C twosides ofa triangle are not congruent then the angle 2 oposite tothe greater side i erealer. 6. Cosine rule : In a ABC, if a,b, ¢ be the si 4. Leta, band cbe the three sides of 8 ‘MBC and cis the opposite to angle 4, B and C respectively, then largest side, Then aes 8 cos A . 2be a ¢ c ° A (@ if a? +62, the triangle is obtuse angle ECAB + ZABC i triangle +. 2BCA =180° 2ree (ordered) exterior angles of a 453 In fig. (i): (ZFAC + ZECB + ZDBA) =360° In fig. (ii) : (2FAB + ZDBC + ZECA) =360° > There are three altitudes ina triangle. & 9. The sum ofan interior angle and its adjacent exterior co angle is 180°. 10. A triangle must has at least two acute angles. 11, Ina triangle, the measure ofan exterior angle equals 4 the sum of the measures of the interior opposite Gai} angles. Fig. ty 12. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is ‘greater than the measure of each of the opposite interior angles __Property/Definition Diagram The perpendicular drawn from the opposite vertex of a A side in a triangle is called an altitude ofthe triangle. a E AE, CD and BF are the altitudes [The line segment joi > There are three medians in a triangle. ig the mid-point of a side to the i ‘vertex opposite to the side is called a median, > A median bisects the area of the triangle ie, A (ABE) =A (AEC) +3 A (ABC) ete o 8 = Cc AE, CD and BF are the medians (BE = CE, AD = BD, AF =CF) (2 = ZCAE +} 240 A line segment which originates from a vertex and bisects A the same angle is called an angle bisector, y F ° 8 E 6 AE, CD and BF are the angle bisectors. A line segment which bisects a side perpendicularly (Le, A atright angle) is called a perpendicular bisector of aside of triangle, 5 Fb > All points on the perpendicular bisector of a line are equidistant from the ends of the line. ( 8 ol e DO, EO and FO are the perpendicular bisectors. triangle is called as the orthocentre, ZBOC =180 ~ 24 £COA=180~ 2B AOB =180~ 20 The point of intersection of the three altitudes of the! 3 pe ” & f= c 0" is the orthocentreGeom: Diagram, Property/Definition ‘The point of intersection ofthe three medians ofatriangle a is called the centroid. A centroid divides ‘each median in the ratio 2 : 1 (vertex base) AO CO NBO. / OE OD OF ig 8 z ° ‘Q? is the centroid. “The point of intersection of the angle bisector ofa A triangle is called the incentre. Trcentre Q isthe always equidistant from all (hee sides| a & ia, the perpendicslar distance between the sides and is always same for all the ‘three sides. 2 E ¢ incentre 8 107 is the incentre. “The point ofinlecsetion ofthe perpendicn}or pisectors of 4 the sides of a triangle is called the circumcentre. (94208 =0C = (ciroum radius) CCireumecentre O is always equidistant fom all the three| x e vertices 4, B and Gs: |O” 8 E c +01 is the circumcentre. ems on Triangles - Statement/Explanation “The square ofthe hypotenuse ofa rient angled triangle is| tothe sum of the squares of the other two sides. Cin (dc)? (4B) + BC)” > The converse of this theorem is also true. > The numbers which satisfy this relation, .gorean triplets st G,4,5), 6, 12, 13), 24,25), (8, 15, 17), 9,40, 1 ), (11, 60, 61), (12, 35,37), 16, 63, 65), (20, 21,29), AC. (28, 45, 53), (3, 56, 65) : x : AC ‘Note: Allthe multiples (orsubmutipes) ofPythagorean oe CO SBD triplets also satisfy te relation, €. (6, 8,10), (15,36, 39), (1.5, 2, 2.5) ete 45°, 45° and 90°, then the is-V2 times of any smaller are called [IF the angles of triangle are hypotenuse (Le, longest side) side. Excluding hypotenuse rest two sides are equal. fe ‘AB =BC and AC =~2AB =V2BC|If the angles of a triangle are 30°, 60° and 90°,then the sides opposite to 30° angle is half of the hypotenuse and Rca Sa 455 Any line parallel to one side ofa triangle divides the other two sides proportionally. So if DE is drawn parallel to BC, it would divide sides 4B and AC proportionally i.e, AD_dE AD AB DB 4D DE If the mid-potnts of two adjacent sides of a triangle are joined by a line segment, then this segment is parallel to the third side. ic, if AD=BD and AE=CE then DE || BC in a triangle, the sum of the squares of any two sides of a triangle is equal to twice the sum of the square of the ‘median to the third side and square of half the third side, ie, AB? + AC? =2(AD? +BD?) BD=CD In a triangle the angle bisector of an angle divides the opposite side to the angle in the ratio ofthe remaining two BD _ AB 2 i = = AD’ Sides. ie, 55 = 7c and BD x AC ~CD x AB DC _ADisthe median 4 aS Ina triangle the angle bisector of any exterior angle of a {triangle divides the side opposite to the external angle in BE _ BC tio of tt ining two sid Sy therato ofthe remaining two sides ie, 2 = 6 a ai 0 EA a cD— 456 ‘SOME USEFUL RESULTS 1, Ina AABC, ifthe bisectors of t 2B and ZC meet at O then \ zB0C 00° +424 } Laas & a 8 are produced to D and ff ZDBC and ZECB 4 2, Ina AABC, ifsides AB and AC E respectively and the bisectors o intersect at 0, then A a Do ° € 1 (oc =90° 5 2A LB 5 3, ina AABC, if AD isthe angle bisector of ZBAC and 1 ‘AE LBC, then ZDAE == (ZABC - ZACB) INS PEeCeIEES. c Disector of £4, then 4 Ss ° ¥ LABC + ZACD =2.2 AEC. E 8 A e = —p of ZABC and Z ACD mest at £, then LBEC =* ZBAC 2 dropped on the opposite side of 24, then 4, Ina AABC, if BC is produced to D and AE is the angle 5. Ina AABC, if side BC is produced to D and bisectors 6. In an acute angle ABC, AD is « perpendicular AB? + BC? —2BD-BC (2B copy 7. In an obtuse angle ABC, AD is pespendicuae ti dropped on BC. BC is produced to Dtomest AD, they a AB? +BC?+2BD-BC (ZB >9ry @ In a right angle AABC, A Zp=9° and AC is o hypotenuse. ‘The perpen dicular BD is dropped on y hypotenuse AC from right B = angle vertex B, then Ab? po? the median to the hypotenuse (i CD =" # Inaright angled triangle, 1 =+ xhypotenuse 3h Cann le, BN = i (as per the fiz.) 8 ¢ 9, Area of a triangle (General formula) a ne: ci A (A) = 5 x base * height A(A)=—xBCX AD (as per the figure) 10 Area of sealene triangle = ys (s— a) (s—4) (s- 0) A ° » 8 a cxy a abe : A(A)=rx a a, banda the sides of th ingle, +b+e semiperimeter == jnvadius 1 creurmaius A "jrea of right angled triangle 4 1 A =) x BCx AB 4 4 (@sperthe figure) 8 e jp, Area of an isosceles triangle A SB papers 4 ‘ AB=AC ml «| «28-20. ‘MMBD = AACD rs C (4D Angle bisector, median, altitude and perpendicular bisector) ip,Area of an equilateral triangle x 3 2 4 a a [sayy Bex ap eae ee a Dea (2 each sice of the triangle) 4D-> Altitude, median, angle bisector and perpendicular bisector also, xcheight 2 OD > Inradius A & side B OA > Circumradius |i cquiaioral triangle onhacentre centroid, incenire and ‘rcumcenire coincide at the same point, Circumradius = = x height = * Circumradius =2 x inradius * For the given perimeter of a triangle, the area of squileteral triangle is maximum, i aEnEEEEEEEeeeeecan enantio amend 457 For the given area of a triangle, the perimeter of equilateral triangle is minimum. 14. Ina right angled triangle AB +BC~ AC 2 (i) Inradtus (7 fsa © Semiperimeter A =~ DO=EO=Fo( 1) (ili) Cireumradius (R) =2° alll Sa 40 =CO=B0 =(R) AC is the diameter. 15, The tatio of areas of two triangles of equal heights is equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases. ic., 8 Q @) Inradius (») = > a 16. Theratio of areas of triangles of equal bases is equal to the ratio of their heights. A 8 he | hs | EL | a D cP Ss Q \ i A(AABC) _BD | ~ A(APOR) RS f | 17. ‘The ratio ofthe arcas of two triangles is equal to theratio of the produets of base and its corresponding height Le A(AABC) A(APOR) PROS AC x BD Geom Congruency of triangles; Two triangles are said tg congruent if they are equal in all respects, ie 1. Each of the three sides of one triangle must be equal the three respective sides of the other, 2. Each of the three angles of the one triangle must i 18. Ifthe two triangles have the D ‘equal to the three respective angles of the other, i same base and lie between 7 i. ih the same parallel lines (#8 shown in figure), then the area of two triangles will be equal. A 3 a A(AABC)= A (MDB) 8 oO! - 19, thatriangle AE, CD and BF are the medians then i ~PO) ZA=2P | ‘ ie and 2B = 20 R zc=2R} F, E given tests, we can deduce about triangles that whether the s Di B. ‘congruent oF not (4B? +BC* 4+AC?)=4(CD? + BF? 4 dE*) ‘Tests of congruency : With the help of the followiny iy without having detailed informa given (wo triangles Test Property Diagram s-s-S (Side-Side-Side) If the thyee sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding three sides of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. AB A Pp 1 a a (Side-Angle-Side) If two sides and the angle included between them are congruent to the corresponding sides and the angle included between them, of ‘the other triangle then the two triangles are congruent. “AB = PO, ZABC = ZPOR, BC =OR AABC = APOR aN (Angle-Side-Angle) Iftwo angles and the included side of a triangle are congruent to ‘the corresponding angles and the included side of the other! triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. ZABC = ZPQR, BC =OR, ZACB = PRO A4BC=APOR (Angle-Angle-Side) If two angles and a side other than the included side of a one triangle are congruent to the corresponding angles and a ‘corresponding side other than the included side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent ZPRO (or AB = PQ) land459 Property Diagram (Right angle-Hypotenuse-Side) A P If the hypotenuse and one side of the right angled triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and a corresponding side of the other right angled triangle, then the two given triangles are congruent, AC=PR, 2B = 20 and BC= OR a om a =. AABC = APOR arity of riangles : Two triangles are said to be similar ifthe corresponding angles . P cone ce eee sides aren proportion. The symbol for similarity is ~'. A perp adBC ~ jad q Wie =ZPOR, 4BCA=ZORP, ZBAC= ZOPR CB eeeNaONEC R ilarity : ‘Through the tests for similarity we can deduce the similarity of Property/Definition Diagram ‘Angle-Angle If the two angles of one triangle are congruent to the A y corresponding two angles of the other triangle, then the two triangles are said to be similar ABC = Z POR A 2ACB = ZPRO Z 2 ii & MABC ~ APOR Side-Angle-Side A If the two sides of one triangle are proportional to. the corresponding two sides of the other triangle and the angle included by them are congruent, then the two triangles are similar, ie, BBC and ZaBC = ZPOR P PO OR Avene AABC ~ APOR, PQ OR Side-Side-Side A If the three sides of one triangle are proportional to. the lcomesponding three sides of the other triangle, then the two triangles are similar. 8 4B BC _AC AABC~ APOR PO QR LR \When the corresponding sides are in proportion, then the corresponding angles are in proportion, RTIES OF SIMILAR TRIANGLES, 1. Ratio of sides If the two triangles are similar, then for the Ratio of heights (altitudes) Ratio of medians = Ratio of angle bisectors Ratio of inradii Ratio of cireumradii A 2. Ratio of areas = Ratio of squares of corresponding sides. ie, if MBC ~ APOR, then OSC ais A(AABC) _(4B)" _ (BC)? _(ACy? A(APOR) (PQ)* (OR)? (PR)? € DIG Fue 1 can alto apply with nso 2460 3. Inaright angled triangle, the triangles on each side of the altitude drawn from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse are similar to the original triangle and to each other too. ie, ABCA~ ABDC ~ACDA. 1. Ina triangle ABC, if AB, BC and AC are the three sides of the triangle, then which of the statements is necessarily true? (e) AB + BC AC (©) AB + BC = AC (@ AB + BC? = AC 2, The sides of a triangle are 12 cm, 8 cm and 6 em (c) right (d) can't be determined 43, Ifthe sides of triangle are procuced then the sum ofthe exterior angles ie, R c (®) 270° Was z (© 360° Z 3 © 240" a ZAC: @ 20 (&) 40" o> 5, Ina ASC, ZBAC > 90° then ZABC and 4 Zacamust be (@) acute é é (@ can't be determined 6. Ifthe angles of a triangle are in the ratiol : 4:7, then the Nelue ofthe largest ange is 7. In the adjoining figure 2B = 70° and A 2e= 30°, £0 and CO are the angle Disectors of ZABC and ZACB Find the value of © 130" a ABC, 2B = 80°, b>c ) a>b BO, heir respective heights? (b) 6:5 1 (a) 2:3 co (© M408 ~ acd (4) all of these 70. The bisector of the exterior 2 side BC produced to D. Here CF is parallel to AD. AB 80 ‘4B co oy AG oo © AC BD © ‘AC CD (d) none of these 20, then: ight c triangles are in the ratio of 25, gram AB||CD, then which one of the ‘A of SABC intersects the 71. The diagonal BD of a quadrilateral ABCD bisects 28 and & c ° 12 A AY 3 AB _AD AB _ AD ©) co ~ac ©) Gc ~ co (c) AB = ADx BC (d) none of these 72. Two right triangles ABC and DBC ere draw on the sa fypoteruse BC on the seme side of BC. IF AC ang intersects at P, then : ° A 8 o ey Ae BE (b) AP x DP = PCx Bl @) SS" op () P (ey AP x PC = BP xOP (a) AP x BP = PCxFD ‘oes 150 m due east and then 200 m due n 73. Aman & How far is he from the starting point? {a) 200m (b) 350m (©) 250m. (d) 175m F w 1¢ interior of a AABC perpendicula 7, From a point Qin th ‘drawn to the sides BC, CA and ‘0D, OF and OF are then which one of the following is true? respectively, G@ AEs BOE + CE = AE? + CDP + BFF ii (0) Ad + BC = AC? Lis {oA + BO? + CE? = OF + O8F + OC? ii 5 (@) AF? + BD? + CE = 00" + OF" + OF 75. in an equilateral triangle ABC, the side BC's trisected D. Find the value of AD? A 3 Ae OG Ae © par @iar e+ 76. ABC is a triangle in which 2A= 90". AN 4 BC, AC =1 ‘cm and AB=5 cm. Find the ratio of the areas of a4 and AANB: (a) 125244. (©) 144: 25 77. Avertical stick 15 cm long casts it shadow 10 em long on the ground. At the same time a flag pole casts a shadow 60 cm long. Find the height of the flag pole =(b) 45m 0 te (d) none of these ‘angles of two isoceles triangles are equal. Then vet ing altitudes are in the ratio 4: 9, Find the we tneir areas ¢ (b) 16: 81 Oe 65 (d) none of these (vr ygure SACB~ SAPO. 8 ee cm, PQ=4 em, i 28cm, find CA: P 22! A Paso | eer .6.cm i) © oa of these e Q BC|| AD. Find the value of x: eae Ol x c 8 qat0 ) 7,8 (910,12 O89 jaan equilateral triangle of side 2a, calculate the length gis altitude one a 0 “ (a) none of these infigure ADis the bisector 4 ZAC. i BD=2cm, =3 cm and AB=5 cm. Frd AC: (om @7Sem @ 10cm 8 D Cc (95cm Inthe figure AB | QR. Find the length of PB : Pe (a) 2em (b) 3cm (25cm (4) 4em ‘nthe figure QA and PB are P sarpendicular to AB. If AO=10 tm, £0 = 6 em and PB =9 em, Find AQ 4 © 5 | fa) 8cm | 89cm 15cm (6) 120m 85. 87, 89. 91. 92. 465 In the given figure AB=12 cm, AC -15 em and AD = 6 em. BC || DE, find the length B of AE: (@) 6cm 4 (b) 7.5 cm (©) 9em aq (d) 10cm Cc In the figure, ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC. A circle through B touches AC at D and A intersects AB at P, If D is the mid-point of AC, Find the value of PF AB: \O (a) 2AP (b) 3AP. (©) 4aP (2) none of the above In figure, ABC is a right triangle, right angled at B. AD and CE are the two medians drawn from A and C respectively. I AC =5 cm and A 40-38 ce (@) 2v5 cm (b) 2.5m © 5m 6 () 4¥2em Ina AABC,AB =10 cm, BC = 12cm and AC = 14 em. Find the length of median AD. If Gis the centroid find length of GA: 558 @) 3757 oRsa7 E 8 ic cm, find the length of 2 a ics (0) 5V7, 47 (@) 47,3 7 A ABCis aright angled at Aand AD is the altitude to BC. If ‘AB= 7m and AC = 24.cm. Find the ratio of AD is to AM if ‘Mis the mid-point of BC : (@) 25:41 @) ee41 © Ss @) 336 ‘Area of MABC= 30 cm*, D and E are the mid: points of BC and AB respectively. Find A (ABDE). (a) 10cm {b) 7.5m (© 15cm (d) none of these The three sides 6f a triangles are given which one of the following is not a right angle : (@) 20, 21, 29 (b) 16, 63, 65 (©) 56, 90, 106 (@) 36, 35, 74 In the figure AD is the E external bisector of ZEAC. A intersects BC produced to D. i AB=12 cm AC=Bcm and BC=4 om, find CD: (@) 10cm (b) 6 om ©) 8cm (@ 9em466 | 98 In aaac, AB + act =2500 em? and median AD = 26 i ccm, Find BC: (a) 25cm. (b) 40m. (©) 50em (4) 48 cm 94. In the given figure, AB = BC and 2BAC =15%, AB =10 ccm. Find the area of SABC A o 5 ic : (a) 50. cm? (p) 40. em? } (©) 25 em? (@) 32em? 95. In ABC, Gis the centroid, ‘AB =15 em, BC =18 cm and i AC =25 cm. Find GD, where Dis the mid-point of BC (@) 486 em (b) 3 a6 em (2 315 em (a) none of these | 96 (nthe qven ture), DE =e 2 anait AE=10em. Find AB (@) 16cm (b) 12 em (© 15m (@) 18cm (3) QUADRILATERALS. ‘A four sided closed figure i called a qandilateral. It's denoted by symbol". Properties 1. Sum of four interior angles is 360° > The figure formed by joining the mid-points of quadiilatera isa parallelogram. A 2. € 8 3, The sum of opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribed about a circle, is always equal. 4, Areaof quadrilateral = =x one of the diagonals * sum ‘ofthe perpendiculars drawn to the diagonals from the ‘opposite vertices. 1 x ACx (DE +BF) ie, 4(@4BCD. 1a that can be encloseg i 97. Find the maximum are triangle of perimeter 24 em <° i (a) 32cm" (b) 16/3 em* i (c) 16y2 em? (6) 27 om? ge. In the figure AD=12 om aa=20 em and AE =10 cm: Find EC: (@) 14em (b) 10.em (c) Bom (a) 156m A 8 fo. Inthe given igure, C= AC™ AD, ZEAD = 81. Fing value of x Ee ae 5 c o (45° (b) 54° oor (a) 36° 100. What isthe ratio of inradius to the cireumradius of right angled triangle? (a) 1:2 (©) 2:5 (b) 1:2 (d) can't be determined DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS ARE GIVEN BELOW Parallelogram : A quadrilateral whose opposite sid are parallel. Properties 1. The opposite sides are parallel and equal. D c 2. Opposite angles are equal. 3. Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°. 4, Diagonals bisect each other.ls need not bisect at right angle, onals need not bisect angles atthe vertices. ich diagonal divides a parallelogram into two wruent triangles. pines joining the mid-points ofthe adjacent sides of uadrilateral form a parallelogram. parallelogram that is inscribed in a circle is a "etangle. “The parallelogram that is circumscribed about a jrole is athombus, fa) Area of @ parallelogram = base * height (o) Area of parallelogram = product of any two adjacent sides x sine of the included angles. =ABx ADxsin@ 44, Perimeter of a parallelogram =2 (sum of any two "adjacent sides) 5 (AC)? + (BD)* =(4B}? + (BC)? + (CD)? +A)? =2(4B* + BC?) 16, Parallelogram that lie on the same base and between the same parallel lines are equal in area, 7, Area of @ triangle is half of the area of a pirallclogram which lie on the same base and between the same parallel lines, “18, A parallelogram is a rectangle if its diagonals are ‘equal. “Rectangle : A parallelogram in which all the four gesat vertices are right (i.e., 90°), is called a rectangle, 1. Opposite sides are parallel and equal. 2, Opposite angles are equal and of 90°. dD, Cc al B 3, Disgonals are equal and bisect each other, but not necessarily at right angles 4 When a rectangle is inscribed in a circle, the diameter of the circle is equal to the diagonal of the rectangle, 5. For the given perimeter of rectangles, a square has ‘maximum area, 6, The figure formed by joining the mid-points of the adjacent sides of a rectangle is a rhombus. 1. The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of intersection of the angle biscctors of a parallelogram is a rectangle. §, Every Peaaule is a parallelogram, 467 9, Area ofa rectangle = length * breadth (=! 6) o a A B 10. Diagonals ofa rectangle = \/* + b* 11. Perimeter of arectangle=2(J +6) {length and } breadth Rhombus : A parallelogram in which all sides are equal, is called a rhombus. Properties 1. Opposite sides are parallel and equal. 2. Opposite angles are equal. 3. Diagonals bisect each other at right angle, but they are nol necessarily equal. <7 ey 4. Diagonals bisect the vertex angles, 5. Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°. ie a 6, Figure formed by joining the mid-points of the adjacent sides of a rhombus is a rectangle. 7. & parallelogram is a thombus if its diagonals are perpendicular to each other. 8, (a) Area ofa rhombus =+ x product of diagonals (b) Area ofa rhombus = oduct of adjacent sides = sine of the included angle. Square : A rectangle whose all sides are equal or a thombus whose all angles are equal is called a square. Thus each rhombus is a parallelogram, a rectangle and a rhombus. Properties 1. Alllside are equal and parallel. 2. Allangles are right angles. 3. Diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right angle.