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Outline
4. Permanent Monitoring
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1. Why Measure Partial Discharge?
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1. Why Measure Partial Discharge?
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2. What is Partial Discharge
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2. What is Partial Discharge
Partial Discharge
• Generation of free charge carriers
• Partial breakdown of the
insulation system
• E.g. Inhomogeneous field
• Discharge criteria are met only
in certain parts of the dielectric
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2. What is Partial Discharge
[1]
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2. What is Partial Discharge
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2. What is Partial Discharge
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2. What is Partial Discharge
Simple example:
Townsend Discharge
Glow Discharge
• Independent (PD creates further PD) Ignition electrons for further
avalanches caused by photo
ionization
• Photoionization
• Space charge effects apply
• Streamer, Leader Discharge
(-) Cathode
[1]
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2. What is Partial Discharge
Streamer Mechanism
• Multiple avalanches
[1]
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2. What is Partial Discharge
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2. What is Partial Discharge
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2. What is Partial Discharge
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2. What is Partial Discharge
[1]
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
1. PD Measurement Theory
2. Factory Acceptance Testing
3. On-Site Testing
1. Bushing Tap Measurement/Monitoring
2. UHF PD Measurement/Monitoring
3. HFCT PD Measurement
4. Acoustic PD Location
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
Pressure Wave
Mechanical Opto-acoustic
(Sound)
Discharge Effects
Dielectric Losses
Electrical IEC 60270
High Frequency
Waves
HF/VHF/UHF
Heat
All detection principles are based on the energy conversion during the discharge event
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
without PD
inception volt.
extinction volt.
with PD
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
Source: [3]
D. J. Kraaij, G.S. Schemel, F.M. Wegscheider: Die Prüfung von Leistungs-
Transformatoren, Buchverlag Elektrotechnik 1983
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
Corona Discharge
a) Corona in gas at a tip
against a plate. Evenly
distributed pulses of
constant magnitude. Needle HV Needle GND
Pulse frequency
increases with voltage
(with increasing voltage additional pulses in the other half of the period appear)
[1]
[1]
d) Void or surface discharge
without contact to an (Magnitudes in both halves of the
electrode period differ by a maximum
(Discharge between factor of 3)
insulated conductors)
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
Tank
Valve
Connector
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
High-pass filter
Input
Transformer
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
Cannot be calibrated
Physical mechanism
Usually time domain measurement
Commonly used bandwidth 10 – 300 kHz
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
[9]
Good signal to noise ratio in laboratory as well as on site
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
Problem desription:
S3 (x s3 , ys3 , z s3 )
Schematic display of a
transformer with i acoustic
sensors
S D3
(x s4 , y s44, z s4 )
D4 D2 S2 x x y y z z v T
s1
2
s1
2
s1
2
s S1
2
Si
(x si , y si , z si ) Di PD
(x s2 , y s2 , z s2 )
x xs 2 2 y ys 2 2 z zs 2 2 vs TS 2 2
(x, y, D1
x xs3 2 y ys3 2 z zs3 2 vs TS 3 2
z) S (x , y , z )
1 s1 s1 s1
Iterative Solution
Mixed-acoustic signal runtimes (PD-Sensor) (e.g. electrical/UHF-acoustic)
Algebraic Solution
electricT S1
S1 TS 2 S2 S3 (GPS Algorithm) [9]
U(t) TS 3
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
Summary
PD Measurement
periodic periodic
On indication
permanent permanent
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3. PD Measurement Approaches on Transformers
Summary
IEC/IEEE
Non IEC
bushing tap
HFCT
UHF
Acoustic
with limitations
DGA
with limitations with limitations
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4. Permanent Monitoring
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4. Permanent Monitoring
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
S3 (x s3 , ys3 , z s3 )
S D3
(x s4 , y s44, z s4 ) D2
D4 S2
Si (x s2 , y s2 , z s2 )
(x si , y si , z si ) Di PD
(x, y, D1
z) S (x , y , z )
1 s1 s1 s1
electricT S1
S1 TS 2 S2 S3
U(t TS 3
)
t
x x y y z z v T
s1
2
s1
2
s1
2
s S1
2
x xs 2 y ys 2 z zs 2 vs TS 2 2
2 2 2
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
HV neutral LV neutral
H1 No PD on H1
H2 PD on H2 termination
H3 PD on H3 / H3 termination
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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5. Case Studies and Examples
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References