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Electrical Properties I
Question
2
Learning objectives
3
Examples of applications where electrical properties
are relevant
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www.conductive-concrete.unomaha.edu/conductiveconcrete.htm
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Si chips: an Intel processor
A
(cross
sect. I
area) V
L
• Ohm's Law:
V=IR
resistance (Ohm)
voltage drop (Volt) current (Amp)
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Resistance, Resistivity and Conductivity
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Electrical Properties l
R
A
Which will have the greater resistance?
Case 1 2ℓ
2 rℓ 8r ℓ 8r ℓ
D1 R1 = = = 2
æ D ö p D1 p x
2 2
pç 1÷
è2ø
Case 2
rℓ rℓ
R2 = =
D2 æ D2 ö
2
p x2
pç ÷
è 2 ø
D1 = x, D2=2x
R1 = 8R2
Analogous to flow of water in a pipe
Resistance depends on sample material and
geometry
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Alternative view of A
(cross
Ohm’s Law sect.
area)
I
V
L
Further definitions
J = se <= another way to state Ohm’s law
current I
where, J is the current density = = (Amps/m 2 )
surface area A
e is the voltage gradient = V/L
dT
J = (V/L) q k
dx
Analogous to the expression
Electron flux conductivity voltage gradient
for heat transfer
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Conductivity: Comparison
• Room T values (Ohm-m)-1= ( - m)-1
METALS - Conductors CERAMICS - Insulators
-10
Silver 6.8 x 10 7 Soda-lime glass 10 -10-11
Copper 6.0 x 10 7 Concrete 10 -9
Iron 1.0 x 10 7 Aluminum oxide <10-13
Selected values from Tables 18.1, 18.3, and 18.4, Callister 8e.
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Example: Conductivity in metals
What is the minimum diameter (D) of a copper wire carrying 2.5A so
that the voltage drop over 100 m is less than 1.5 V?
L 100 m
Cu wire - I = 2.5 A +
100 m
< 1.5 V
L V
R
D 2 A I 2.5 A
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Understanding Electrical Conduction
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Understanding Electrical Conduction
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Understanding Conductivity
Electron Energy Band Structures
As discrete atoms are brought into close proximity with one another, such as
occurs in a solid, the influence of each atom on the other results in the splitting of
the electron states (1s, 2s…) into electron energy bands.
Adapted from Fig. 18.2, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Recall: Pauli Exclusion Principle requires all
electrons to have different energy states
Understanding Conductivity
Band Structure Representation
• Therefore, at a given r0, there are a series of Energy bands and Energy gaps
that form.
• The band that contains the highest energy is called the conduction band (taupe)
and the band with the next highest energy is the valence band (blue)
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Conductors (Metals)
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Conduction & Electron Transport in Metals
Only electrons with energies greater than Fermi energy, Ef, may be
accelerated in the presence of an electrical field.
The energy required to elevate and electron into the conduction band,
may be provided by and electric field (voltage difference), thermally or
by light.
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Conduction & Electron Transport in Metals
There are two electron band structures found in metals: State 1 – partially
filled valence; and State 2 - overlap of the filled valence band with the
conduction band.
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Conduction & Electron Transport in Metals
• Electron States
Empty conduction band above
z
• Example
Ef Magnesium
Filled valence band
filled
empty
Conduction & Electron Transport in Metals
n e e
n # of charge carriers
• Metals (Conductors):
- high density of available charge carriers
- also, high mobility of electrons in metals
rtotal = ri + rT + rd
Influence of Temperature and Impurities on
Resistivity of metals
Question
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