Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Crystal Structures II
1
Question
2
Learning objectives
• Describe the common unit cell geometries
• Define and determine crystallographic
directions and crystal planes
3
Garnet Single Crystal
4
Effect of Crystal Directions and
Planes
At the scale of a single crystal, the following mechanical properties
depend on orientation with respect to crystallographic planes:
• brittle fracture occurs on specific planes
• elastic properties of crystals depend on direction of
loading
• permanent deformation occurs by sliding between
crystal planes
• low ductility of magnesium is related to the HCP
structure (low symmetry of crystal)
5
Effect of Crystal Directions and
Planes
6
Crystal Systems
7
Unit Cell Geometries
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Unit Cell Geometries (cont.)
9
Defining Crystallographic Directions
Crystallographic directions are defined as follows:
• a vector is defined such that it passes through the origin
of the coordinate system. Any vector may be translated
throughout the crystal lattice without alteration, if
parallelism is maintained.
• The length of the vector projection on each of the three
axes is determined; these are measured in terms of the
unit cell dimensions, a, b and c.
• Three indices are then defined, not separated by commas,
and are enclosed in square brackets – e.g. [uvw]. The u, v,
w integers correspond to the reduced projections along
the x, y, and z axes, respectively.
10
Crystallographic Directions, cont’d
z
projection
on x axis
(a/2)
projection on y axis (1b)
Three common
directions
12
A couple of examples
Direction A
x y z
Projections 0a -1b -1c
Projections* 0 -1 -1
Origin Reduction 0 -1 -1
Enclosure
0 1 1
Direction B
x y z
Projections 1a -1/2b 0c
Projections* 1 -1/2 0
Reduction 2 -1 0
Enclosure
2 1 0
* In terms of a,b,c
13
Modulus of Elasticity Values for
Several Metals at Various
Crystallographic Orientations
15
Crystallographic Planes
(Miller Indices)
• If the plane passes through the selected origin, either another plane
must be constructed within the unit cell by an appropriate
translation, or a new origin must be established at the corner of
another unit cell.
• At this point, the crystallographic plane either intersects or parallels
each of the three axes; the length of the planar intercept for each axis
is determined in terms of the lattice parameters a,b,c.
• The reciprocals of these numbers are taken. A plane that parallels an
axis may be considered to have an infinite intercept, and, therefore, a
zero reciprocal.
• These three numbers may be changed to the set of smallest integers
by multiplication or division using a common factor
• Finally, the integer indices, not separated by commas, are enclosed
within parentheses, thus (hkl).
16
Crystallographic Planes
z z’
a
c/2
y y’ x y z
c O O Intercepts a -b c/2
a Intercepts* -1 ½
Reciprocals 0 -1 2
b Enclosure ( 0 1 2)
-b
x x’
Origin
Enclosure
324)
2/3
19
Atomic Arrangements
(Family of planes and directions)
What plane ?
(110)
FCC
BCC
20
Family of planes
A family of planes
contains all those
planes that are
crystallographically
equivalent, in other
words having the
same atomic packing
23
Close-packed planes
FCC
HCP
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Close Packed Structures
• For FCC and HCP, APF = 0.74
• This is the most efficient way of packing
equal sized spheres in 3-D
• FCC has ABCABC stacking sequence
• HCP has ABABAB stacking sequence
25
HCP close-packed
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FCC close-packed
(111) plane
27
Solidification of Polycrystalline
Materials
28
Polycrystalline Materials
• each crystal or grain is composed from many unit
cells
• orientation of unit cells varies from grain to grain
• grain boundaries are regions of atomic disorder
and higher energy
• grain boundaries are more chemically active
• grain size is an important parameter for
mechanical properties
29
Microscopy
30
Microstructure of AA5754 – Automotive Alloy
31
Polycrystalline Structure
32
Question
33
Learning objectives
• Describe the common unit cell geometries
• Define and determine crystallographic
directions and crystallographic planes
34
Problem 3.7
Molybdenum (Mo) has a BCC crystal
structure, an atomic radius of 0.1363 nm, and
an atomic weight of 95.94 g/mol. Compute
and compare its theoretical density with the
experimental value found inside the front
cover of the book.