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9-1 The Center of Mass

Center of mass in three dimensions

The positions of the center of mass for n particles in three dimensions are
n
1
x com = ∑ mx
Chapter 9 M i =1
i i

Center of Mass and Linear Momentum y com =

1 n

∑ my i i
→
r com =
1 n

∑mr
→
i
M i =1 M i =1
i
9-1 The Center of Mass
∧ ∧ ∧
9-2 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles 1 n →
r com = x com i +y com j + zcomk
9-3 Linear Momentum zcom =
M
∑ mz
i =1
i i
∧ ∧ ∧
9-4 The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles →
r i = xi i +yi j + zik
9-5 Collision and Impulse
9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum
9-7 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions
9-8 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
9-9 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
9-10 Collisions in Two Dimensions

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 2 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 5

9-1 The Center of Mass 9-1 The Center of Mass

A special point Center of mass of solid bodies

Analysis of motion can be simplified if we work with the center of mass. Solids objects have continuous
If the object has uniform density ρ
distribution of matter
dm M
ρ= =
dV V
M
Δmi dm = dV
n
V
1
x com =
M
∑ Δm x
i =1
i i
x com =
1
∫ x
M
dV
M V
dm is a differential dV is a differential
For Δmi → 0 mass element = volume element =
very small mass very small volume
1 1
x com =
M ∫ x dm x com =
V ∫ x dV
1 1
The motion of the knob of a baseball The center of mass of the baseball y com =
M ∫ y dm y com =
V ∫ y dV
bat does not follow a simple path bat follows a simple parabolic path.
1 1
The other parts of the bat move
around the center of mass.
zcom =
M ∫ z dm zcom =
V ∫ z dV

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 3 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 6

9-1 The Center of Mass 9-1 The Center of Mass

Center of mass in one dimension Center of mass and symmetry
The center of mass of an object is the point that moves as though For objects with uniform density, we can use the symmetry of the object to
all of the object's mass were concentrated there locate of the center of mass.
and
all external forces were applied there. The center of mass of a
For two particles A sphere has a point of symmetry. uniform sphere is the
y com
center of the sphere.
The position of the center of mass
x COM
m1x1+ m2 x 2 m x + m2 x 2 m1 m2 The center of mass of
x com = = 1 1 A cone has a line of symmetry.
m1+ m2 M x com a uniform cone lies on
x1 com the axis of the cone
Total mass x2

For n particles
The center of mass need not lie within the object.
m1x1+ m2 x 2 + m3 x 3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + mn xn
x com =
M com
1 n
x com = ∑ mixi
M i =1

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9-1 The Center of Mass 9-2 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles
Checkpoint 1 Acceleration of the center of mass
A uniform square plate from which four identical squares at the corners will be
The center of mass moves like a particle whose mass is equal to the total
removed. Where is the center of mass? Answer in terms of quadrant, axes, or points.
mass of the system.
y Solution y Solution We can assign a position, a velocity, and acceleration to the center of mass.
1 2 2
x Origin x Origin The net force of all external
3 4 3 forces that act on the system.

y y
→ →
2 Fnet = M a com
x 4th quadrant x 3th quadrant
3 4 3 The total mass Acceleration of the
of the system center of mass
y y

On the y axis
x below the x Origin
3 4 origin

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 8 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 11

9-1 The Center of Mass 9-2 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles
Example 1 Billiard balls
Three particles of masses m1 =1.2 kg, m2 =2.5 y (cm) The velocity of the center of mass of two colliding billiard
m3
kg, and m3=3.4 kg form an equilateral triangle of 121 balls does not change. →
v1f
edge length a = 140 cm. Where is the center of
mass of this system? a a
com
Solution m1 m2
a x (cm) → →
Particle Mass (kg) x (cm) y (cm) 70 140 Fnet = M a com
→
1 1.2 0 0 v1i →

com
Fnet = 0
2 2.5 140 0 x 3 = (140 cm) cos 60° →
3 3.4 70 121
a com = 0
y 3 = (140 cm) sin 60°
Since there is no external
Snapshots of a collision between forces acting on the balls
m x + m2 x 2 + m3 x 3 in the horizontal plane, the
x com = 1 1 = 83 cm two billiard balls. Initially, the
m1+ m2 + m3 blue ball moves to the right acceleration of their center
towards the stationary red ball. of mass is zero.
m1y1+ m2 y 2 + m3 y 3
y com = = 58 cm The balls move on a horizontal →
v 2f The velocity of their center
m1+ m2 + m3 frictionless table. of mass does not change.

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 9 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 12

9-1 The Center of Mass 9-2 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles
Example 2 Exploding projectile
Where is the center of mass of the uniform metal plate P? y
The center of mass of the fragments of an exploding projectile follows the
same parabolic trajectory that the projectile would have followed had it not
Solution exploded.
From symmetry, the center of mass is located on the R 2R
x axis. x Explosion
comP
Fill the empty disk with a disk S of the same material. Empty
We can assume that the mass of an object is Plate P Snapshots of an
concentrated in the objects' center of mass. exploding projectile com

mP xP + mS x S mass = (density)(volume)
xP+S = y
mP + mS = (density)(thickness)(area) Projectile trajectory
From symmetry, xP+S = 0 Plate P and disk S have the
xS = - R same density and thickness 2R
R → →
mP xP - mSR mS
=
areaS x The gravitational is the only external Fnet = M a com
0= mP areaP
comS comP+S comP
mP + mS force acting on the projectile. The → →
Disk S Fnet = M g
mS πR 2 1 Plate P forces of the explosion are internal.
= =
mP π(2R)2 - πR2 3 The center of mass has the free fall → →
xP =
mS
R =
1
acceleration.
a com = g
R x
mP 3 comS comP+S comP

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9-2 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles 9-3 Linear Momentum
Derivation Single particle
For a system of n particles Linear momentum of a particle
→ → → →
M r com = m1 r 1 + m2 r 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + mn r n → →
p=mv
Differentiating with respect to time
→ → → →
M v com = m1 v 1 + m2 v 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + mn v n Mass Velocity

Differentiating with respect to time Linear momentum is a vector quantity.

→ → → →
M a com = m1 a1 + m2 a 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + mn a n
We can express Newton's second law as
→ →
Using Newton's' second law for particles → dp Fnet = m a
→

→ → → → Fnet = →
M a com = F1 + F 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + Fn dt dv
=m
By Newton's' third law, the internal forces that the partilcles exerts on The net force acting on a particle is the time rate dt
→
each other form third-law pairs and cancel out. of change of the momentum of the particle. dmv
→ → =
M a com = Fnet dt
→
The net force of all external If there is no external force, the linear momentum dp
=
forces that act on the system. cannot change. dt

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 14 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 17

9-2 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles 9-3 Linear Momentum
Checkpoint 2 Checkpoint 3
Initially the two men are at rest. A particle moves along an axis. p
Where do they meet if
A tries to move toward B? B
2
A
B tries to move toward A? 45 kg rod of 90 kg 1
They try to move toward each other? Rank the four regions according to the 3
negligible mass magnitude of the force, greatest first.
com

Frictionless In which region is the particle slowing? 4 t

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x(m)
Solution
Solution A B
The particle is moving in one dimension.
dp
A tries to move toward B com
Fnet = The force is the slope of the p-versus-t curve.
dt
Frictionless The forces in regions 1 and 3 have the same magnitude.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x(m) The forces in regions 2 and 4 have the same magnitude = 0.

In all cases, they will meet at the position of their initial center of mass. In region 3,
Since there is no net external force acting on the two men, the velocity of their com the particle is moving along the +ve x axis (momentum is positive), and
does not change. the force is along the -ve x axis negative (slope is negative)
slowing
The initial velocity of the com is zero, so its position does not change.

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 15 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 18

9-2 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles 9-4 The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles
Example 3 System of particles
→
→
F1 = 6.0 N, F2 = 12 N, and F3 = 14 N. F1 F2 Linear momentum of a Linear momentum Linear momentum of
What is the acceleration of the center of mass? system of n particles of the 1st particle the nth particle
4.0 kg 45°
→ → → →
Solution
→ →
8.0 kg P = p1 + p 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + p n
Fnet = M a com → → →
→ → → → F3 P = M v com
F1 + F 2 + F 3 = M a com 4.0 kg
→ → → Velocity of the
→ F + F 2 + F3
1 Total mass of the center of mass
a com =
M system
F +F +F - 6.0 N + (12N) cos 45°+14N The linear momentum of a system of particles is equal to the product of
acom,x = 1x 2x 3x = = 1.0 m/s2
M 16 kg the total mass M of the system and the velocity of the center of mass.
F +F +F 0 + (12N) sin 45° + 0 → → → →
acom,y = 1y 2y 3y = = 0.53 m/s2 M r com ≡ m1 r 1 + m2 r 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + mn r n
M 16 kg
Differentiating with respect to time
2
acom = acom,x 2
+acom,y = 1.2 m/s2 →
a com →
→ → →
M v com = m1 v 1 + m2 v 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + mn v n
→
a com,y
→ → →
acom,y = p + p2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + pn
1
θ = tan-1 = 27° 27° →
com →
acom,x a com,x =P

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9-4 The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles 9-5 Collision and Impulse
Newton's second law Impulse and Newton's third law
Newton's second law for a system of particles
The net force of all external
forces that act on the system.
Force on the bat → → Force on the
F pt F tp
→ → from the ball ball from the bat
Fnet = M a com Bat Ball
Projectile Target
→
→ dP →
Fnet = M a com
→
Fnet =
dt dvcom
→

=M
dt By Newton's third law, the impulse on the bat has the same
→
If there is no net external force acting on the dM vcom magnitude but the opposite direction as the impulse on the ball.
=
system, the linear momentum of the system dt
→
cannot change. dP
=
dt

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 20 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 23

9-5 Collision and Impulse 9-5 Collision and Impulse

Single collision Series of collisions
Consider a collision in which a moving What is the average force on a fixed object when it undergoes a series of identical
→
particle-like object (a projectile) collides F repeated collisions? →
v
with another particle-like object (a target). The impulse on the projectiles during Δt Fixed
Bat Ball
The collision is usually brief and the ball Projectile Target target
experiences a force that varies during n Δp
the collision. The force that
→ F acts on the ball number of particles If the projectiles stop upon
→ dp The impulse on
F= colliding with target in
one projectile impact, then
dt time interval Δt, Δv = v f - v i = 0 - v = - v
In time interval dt, the change in the ball's The impulse on the target during Δt
If the projectiles bounce
linear momentum is → J = - n Δp
→ directly backward from the
dp = F dt
target with no change in speed
The net change in the ball's momentum
t The average force mass collides with the
ti tf acting on the target target during Δt = Δm
Δv = v f - v i = - v - v = -2 v
due to collision is tf
→
tf
→
∫ dp =∫ F dt tf
→ → → J nΔp n m Δv Δm
Δv
ti ti
tf
∫ dp =
ti
pf - pi Favg =
Δt
=-
Δt
=-
Δt
=-
Δt
→ →
→
= Δp
Δp = ∫ F dt
ti
The rate at which mass
collides with the target

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9-5 Collision and Impulse 9-5 Collision and Impulse

Impulse Checkpoint 4
The net change in tf
→
→ → The stopping time when
∫ F dt
→
the ball's momentum Δ p = =J F
due to collision ti
falling on sand is much
Bat Ball greater than when falling
The impulse of the collision Projectile Target on concrete.

For the x component Fx

Δpx = Jx
concrete sand
tf For both cases, compare
pfx - pix = ∫F x dt
Jx = the change in momentum of the man due to the collision with the floor,
ti
area the impulse of the collision on the man , and
The component of the impulse along the x axis Jx is the
area between the force-versus-time curve and the t axis. t the average force on the man during the collision.
ti tf
Solution
In many situations, the variation of the force is not Fx Same area
→ →
known. If Δpx and the duration of the collision Δt is Δp = m Δ v ΔpyConcrete = ΔpySand
known, we can calculate the average force acting Δt → →
on the target from Favg Δp = J JyConcrete = JySand
pfx - pix = Favg Δt Jx =
→
p -p area → Δp
Favg = fx ix t F avg = FyAvgConcrete > FyAvgSand
Δt ti tf Δt

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9-5 Collision and Impulse 9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum

Checkpoint 5 No net external force
→
A ball bounces from a wall without y → dP →
Fnet = =0 Æ P = constant
any change in its speed. dt → →
Pi = Pf
Law of conservation of linear momentum
If no net external force acts on a closed system of particles, then
x
the total linear momentum of the system cannot change.
Wall
Is Δpx positive, negative, or zero? Isolated system = no external net force.
Is Δpx positive, negative, or zero? Closed system = no particles enter of leave the system.
→
What is the direction of Δp
Conservation of linear momentum along an axis
Solution dPx
Δpx = pxf - pxi = 0 Fnet,x = =0 Æ Px = constant
→ →
p
→
p dt
Δpy = pyf - pyi > 0 pyi i f → If the component of the net external force on a closed system
pyf
→ is zero along an axis, then
The direction of Δp is along the positive y axis. → →
pxi pxf
the component of the linear momentum of the system along
that axis cannot change.

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 26 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 29

9-5 Collision and Impulse 9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum

Example 4 Checkpoint 6
A car collides with a wall. Wall An initially stationary device lying on a Before stationary
vi = 70 m/s vf = 50 m/s 30° 10° frictionless floor explodes into two pieces, explosion
x
Driver's mass m = 80 kg one piece slides in the positive direction →
of the x axis. After v
What is the impulse on the driver due to the collision?
explosion
? x
Solution What is the sum of momenta of the two pieces after the explosion?
→ → → → →
J = pf - pi = m ( vf - vi ) Can the second piece move at an angle to the x axis?
What is the direction of the momentum of the second piece?
Jx = m (v x f - v x i) = (80 kg)((50 m/s)cos (-10°) - (70 m/s)cos 30°) = -910 kg m/s
Jy = m (v y f - v y i) = (80 kg)((50 m/s)sin (-10°) - (70 m/s)sin 30°) = -3500 kg m/s Solution
→ Since no net external force acts on the system, the total linear momentum of the
y pi
→ system cannot change.
J =(-900iˆ - 3500j) Pxf = 0 = p1xf + p2xf →
ˆ kg m/s
→ → → p2xf = - p1xf
Jx Pi = 0 = Pf
30°
10° → x Pyf = 0 = p1yf + p2yf → p2yf = - p1yf = 0
2 2
J = J + J = 3600 kg m/s
x y
pf
105°
J The second piece cannot move at an angle to the x axis, since p2f = 0.
θ = tan-1 y =75° - 180° = -105°
Jx →
The direction of the momentum of the second piece is along the negative direction of
J →
Jy the x axis.

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 27 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 30

9-5 Collision and Impulse 9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum

Example 5 Example 6
A car collides with a wall. Wall
A box slides across a frictionless floor. →
vi = 70 m/s vf = 50 m/s 30° 10° Before v
m = 6.0 kg explosion m x
Driver's mass m = 80 kg v = 4.0 m/s
The magnitude of the impulse on the driver due to the collision m1 = 2.0 kg m2 m1
→ →
J = 3600 kg m/s v1 = 8.0 m/s After v2 v1
What is the average force on the driver during the collision that explosion
x
lasts for 14 ms? What is the velocity of the second piece?
What is the average acceleration of the driver during the
collision in terms of the free fall acceleration? Solution
Solution Since no net external force acts on the system, the total linear momentum of
the system is conserved.
J 3600 kg m /s
Favg = = = 2.6 x 105 N Pyi = 0 = Pyf = p1yf + p2yf → p2yf = - p1yf = 0
Δt 14 x 10-3 s → →
Pi = Pf
Favg 2.6 x 105 N m Pxi = Pxf = p1xf + p2xf → p2xf = Pxi - p1xf
aavg = = = 3.2 x 103 2
m 80 kg s m2v 2 = m v - m1v1
(4.0 kg) v 2 = (6.0 kg)(4.0 m/s) - (2.0 kg)(8.0 m/s)
m 1g
aavg = (3.2 x 103 )( ) = 330 g v 2 =2.0 m/s
s2 9.8 m/s2

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9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum 9-7 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions
Example 7 Elastic and inelastic collisions
M →
A rocket ejects a module in space. Before V
Mass of the rocket and module = M. ejection x Total Total
Mass of the module = 0.2 M. linear momentum kinetic energy
v = 2100 km/h relative to the sun. 0.2 M → 0.8 M → Elastic collision conserved conserved
After the ejection, the rocket moves After v MS v RS
ejection
x
500 km/h faster than the module. Inelastic collision conserved Not conserved
What is the velocity of rocket relative to the sun?

Solution
Since no net external force acts on the system, the total linear momentum of In real life, some energy is always transferred from kinetic energy to other
the system is conserved. forms of energy such as thermal energy or energy of sound.
Pxi = Pxf = p1xf + p2xf v MS = v MR + v RS
If the loss of energy is small, we may approximate the collision as elastic.
M V = (0.8 M) vRS + (0.2 M) v MS
Module Module Rocket
V = (0.8) v RS + (0.2) (vMR + vRS ) to to to The greatest loss occurs if the bodies stick together. In this case, the
Sun Rocket Sun collision is called completely inelastic collision.
km km
2100 = (0.8) v RS + (0.2) (- 500 + v RS )
h h
v RS = 2200 km/h v MR = - 500 km/h

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 32 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 35

9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum 9-8 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension

Example 8 Conservation of momentum
Before After
An object, of mass M, initially at rest explosion explosion Two colliding particles form an isolated and closed system.
→ →
explodes into three pieces that slide on y The total linear→momentum
→
is conserved. Before v 1i v 2i
→ 100° → x
frictionless floor. vA vC Pi = Pf collision m m2
→ → → → 1
→ →
MC = 0.30 M MB = 0.20 M p1i + p2i = p1f + p2f v 1f v 2f
After x
vC = 5.0 m/s At rest A C → → → →
80° m1 v1i +m2 v 2i = m1 v1f +m2 v 2f collision m1 m2
What is vB and vA?
B Completely inelastic collision v
→ →
v 2i
Solution 50° x
Before 1i
Mass = M → →
collision m
x
Since there is no net external force,
→ →
P = Pfi 1 m2 →
→ →→
the momentum is conserved. Pi = Pf → p + p = Pf After V
→ → →
0 = p A + pB + pC vB →
1i
→
2i
→ x
m1 v1i +m v = (m1+m2 ) V collision
2 2i
Along the y axis → → m1+m2
p1i + p2i
→
stuck together
0 = m A v Ay + mB v By + mC v Cy V=
m1+ m2
0 = 0 - 0.2 M v B sin 50°+ 0.30 M (5.0 m/s) sin 80°
v B = 9.6 m/s → → →

Along the x axis P = M V com = (m1+ m2 ) V com

→ → →
In a closed, isolated system, the
0 = mA v Ax + mB v Bx + mC v Cx P = p1i + p2i velocity of the center of mass
→ →
0 = -0.50 M v A + 0.2 M(9.6 m/s)cos 50°+ 0.30 M(5.0 m/s)cos 80° → p + p2i cannot be changed by a collision.
V com = 1i
v A = 3.0 m/s m1+ m2

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 33 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 36

9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum 9-8 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension

Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint 8
Before After
→ →
Suppose the object in the pervious Explosion Explosion In a completely inelastic collision, what is Before v 1i v 2i
example is accelerating along the y the final momentum if the initial momenta collision m x
→ 100° → m2
negative direction of the x axis.
→
a vA vC of the two particles are, respectively,
1 →
After V
(a)15 kg m/s and 0; x
A C collision
Is the total linear momentum (b)15 kg m/s and 5 kg m/s;
80° m1+m2
conserved along (c)15 kg m/s and - 5 kg m/s? stuck together
(a) the x axis, and B
(b) the y axis? 50° x
Solution → → →
→
vB p1i + p2i = Pf
Solution
(a) Pf = 15 kg m/s.
(a) Not conserved, because of the net force along the x axis.
(b) Pf = 20 kg m/s.
(b) Yes.
(c) Pf = 10 kg m/s.

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9-8 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 9-9 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
Example 8 Stationary target
Mass of the block M = 5.4 kg Everyday collisions are inelastic but Projectile
Mass of the bullet m = 9.5 g we can approximate some of them Stationary target
h = 6.3 cm. as being elastic. → →
Bullet → Before v 1i v 2i = 0
What is the speed of the bullet? v h In elastic collisions, the total kinetic x
Block Momentarily collision m1 m2
energy of the system does not
At rest at rest → →
change. After v 1f v 2f
collision
x
Solution In a head-on collision, the particles m1 m2
Mechanical energy is not conserved (transfer to thermal energy, sound move in one dimension.
Elastic collision
energy, and energy to break apart the wood) Conservation of total linear momentum Initially stationary target
→ → → →
p + p = p + p
1i 2i 1f 2f m1- m2
v1f = v1i
→
Bullet v
→ m1v1i = m1v1f + m2v 2f m1+ m2
V h
Block Momentarily
at rest Conservation of total kinetic energy 2 m1
At rest v 2f = v1i
K1i + K 2i = K1f + K 2f m1+ m2
1 1 1
Study motion in two steps: collision rise m1v1i2 = m1v1f2 + m2 v 2f2
2 2 2

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9-8 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 9-9 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
Example 8 Direction of motion
Mass of the block M = 5.4 kg Elastic collision → →
Mass of the bullet m = 9.5 g Initially stationary target Before v 1i v 2i = 0
collision
x
h = 6.3 cm. m1 m2
What is the speed of the bullet? Bullet →
v
→
v =0
→
h m1- m2 After 1f v 2f
Block Momentarily v1f = v1i collision
x
at rest m1+ m2 m1 m2
At rest Equal masses
Solution 2 m1
v 2f = v1i Before v 1i
→ →
v 2i = 0
The collision is so brief that the m1+ m2
collision
x
m1 m2
system has no time to move much.
→ →
So, we can assume that during the Bullet →
→
V After v 1f v 2f
v x
collision, the gravitational force Block collision m1 m2
balances the tension force. Thus, the At rest V2f > 0 Always Massive projectile
system is isolated and the total → →
→ →
momentum is conserved Pi = Pf V1f = 0 If m1 = m2 Before v 1i v 2i = 0
collision V1f > 0 If m1 > m2 collision
x
→ → m1 m2
m v = (m+M) V V1f < 0 If m1 < m2 → →
After v 1f v 2f
m x
V= v collision m1 m2
m+M Massive target

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 39 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 42

9-8 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 9-9 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
Example 8 Moving target
Mass of the block M = 5.4 kg
Mass of the bullet m = 9.5 g → →
h = 6.3 cm. Before v 1i v 2i
x
What is the speed of the bullet? Bullet →
v h
collision m1 m2
Block Momentarily → →
at rest After v 1f v 2f
At rest
collision
x
Solution m1 m2
Wext = ΔEmech
The mechanical energy of the bullet-
Conservation of total linear momentum Elastic collision
block-Earth system is conserved since
→ → → →
the tension force is always perpendicular →
p1i + p2i = p1f + p2f m1- m2 2 m1
to motion of the block and hence the V h v1f = v1i + v 2i
Momentarily m1v1i +m2v 2i = m1v1f + m2v 2f m1+ m2 m1+ m2
tension force does no work. m
0 = ΔK + ΔU V= v at rest
m+M Conservation of total kinetic energy 2 m1 m-m
1 v 2f = v1i + 1 2 v 2i
0 = - (m + M)V 2 + (m + M) g h K1i + K 2i = K1f + K 2f m1+ m2 m1+ m2
2 rise
2
V =2gh 1 1 1 1
m1v1i2 + m2 v 2i2 = m1v1f2 + m2v 2f2 If we exchange the subscripts 1
m m+M 2 2 2 2
( v)2 = 2 g h v= 2 g h = 630 m/s and 2, we get the same set of
m+M m equations.

7
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Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 43 Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 46

9-9 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 9-10 Collisions in Two Dimensions

Checkpoint 9 Checkpoint 10
The initial linear momentum of the projectile = 8 kg m/s. For the projectile:
The final linear momentum of the projectile = - 4 kg m/s. The initial momentum = 8 kg m/s. After
What is the final linear moment of the target? The final x componet of the momentum = 3 kg m/s. collision
The final y componet of the momentum = - 2 kg m/s. →
The initial kinetic energy of the projectile = 15J y v 2f
Projectile
The final kinetic energy of the projectile = 10J Stationary target For the target: Before
What is the final kinetic energy of the target? → →
What is the final x componet of the momentum? collision
Before v 1i v 2i = 0 What is the final y componet of the momentum?
collision
x m2 θ2
m1 m2 x
Elastic collision Solution
Initially stationary target
→
v
→
v 2f → θ1
After 1f m1 v
collision
x The total linear momentum does not change. 1i
m1 m2
→
Along the x axis v1f
Solution p1xi = p1xf + p2xf
Total linear momentum does not change. Glancing
p2xf = p1xi - p1xf = 5 kg m/s
p1i = p1f + p2f p2f = p1i - p1f collision
= (8 kg m/s)- (-4 kg m/s) = 12 kg m/s Along the y axis
Total kinetic energy does not change. 0= p1yf + p2yf
K1i = K1f + K 2f K 2f = K1i - K1f p2yf = - p1yf = 2 kg m/s
= 15 J - 10J = 5 J

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 44

9-9 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

Example 9
Ball 1 released from rest.
m1 = 30 g m2 = 75 g Cord
h1 = 8.0 cm
What is the velocity of the ball after the collision? m1
h1
Solution m2
The mechanical energy of the ball-Earth system is
conserved since the tension force is always
perpendicular to motion of the ball and hence the
tension force does no work.
0 = ΔK + ΔU →
1 v1i
0= m1 v1i2 - m1 g h1
2 Before collision
v1i = 2 g h1 =1.3 m/s
The collision is so brief that the system has no
time to move much. So, we can assume the total
momentum is conserved and the collision is one- → →
dimensional. v1f v 2f
m1- m2 After collision
v1f = v1i = -0.54 m/s
m1+ m2

Aljalal-Phys101-Nov 2007-Ch9-page 45

9-10 Collisions in Two Dimensions

Glancing collision
The total linear momentum is conserved
After
→ → → →
p1i + p2i = p1f + p2f collision
→
Along the x axis y v 2f

m1v1i = m1v1f cosθ1+ m2v 2f cosθ2 Before

collision
Along the y axis m2 θ2
x
0 = - m1v1f sinθ1+ m2 v 2f sinθ2 → θ1
m1 v
1i

→
If the collision is elastic, then the total v1f
kinetic energy is conserved.
Glancing
K1i + K 2i = K1f + K 2f collision
1 1 1
m1v1i2 = m1v1f2 + m2v 2f2
2 2 2