TELECOMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION
Telecommunication is a global term that indicates to the exchange of information through INSTALLATION PROCESS
electronic or electrical means over a significant distance (Janssen, n.d.).The means include
telegraph, telephones, radio, microwave communication arrangements, fiber optics, satellites
and the Internet (MSU, n.d.). 5
The cables from TC are then distributed
A primary telecommunication system consists of three main parts which are a transmitter, to each Telecommunication Outlet (TO)
transmission medium, and a receiver (Alexander, n.d.). A transmitter takes information and at the floor. TO is a fixed connecting
converts it to a signal. A transmission medium also called the physical channel carries the device where the horizontal cable
message. A receiver receives the signal from the channel and turns it back into usable terminates. There are several method of
information for the recipient. horizontal closed cabling such as under-
floor, raised floor, cellular floor, ceiling,
Data is transmitted in the form of electrical signals that is known as carrier waves, which is then perimeter raceway, and poke-through
modulated into either analog or digital signals for transmitting the information (Teko Telekom, (Kish,2002). Each depends on the duct
n.d.). Analog modulation which is used in radio broadcasting is an amplitude modulation. layout whether it is using the grid,
Whereas digital modulation is just an updated form of it (Tech Term, 2014). branching, or perimeter layout.

As both the analog and digital communication depend on electric signal transmitted, data is
obtained almost instantaneously, regardless of the distance. This will allow users to quickly
communicate with others across the street or across the globe.
4 Telecommunication Closet (TC) is an enclosed space to house
telecommunication equipment, cable termination, and cross-connect
cabling. In other word, TC receive and host riser before distribute the
3 cables horizontally. TC usually located centrally at each floor level of
The cables from the MDF will then distributed to each level of the the building.
building with riser to the. Riser is vertical passage enclosed by
concrete or brick walls that carry the telecommunication cables to
various floors (CI&M,1997).
2 Telecommuncations room (TR) is a space provided to give access to
network provider to enable the supply of telecommunication service to
1 The typical process of telecommunication system distribution for the customer. Inside TR, the cables from underground duct ways are
a high rise buildings starts from cables in underground ductways connected to the Main Distribution Frame (MDF). The cables are
hosted by manholes to connect to the Main Distribution Frame connected to terminal block fixed on the MDF
(MDF) (Duae, n.d.). The manholes are provided to allow service
provider, like TM’s personel, connect their underground network.
Besides, The number of duct-ways usually depend on the size
and type of the building.
6 For other special telecommunication system installation, such as
Automated Teller Machines (ATM), public phones, and retail kiosks,
the cabling usually distributed directly from the MDF. However, there
TR are still alternative which enable it to connect from nearby TC and TO.
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM All as according to the service provider’s approval.

A private branch exchange (PBX) is a device for switching calls from a telephone
within a building. Before PBXs were computerised, the operator manually connects
the caller and the receiver of the call by physically inserting a cord. It became a
means of providing a telephone switching to many different telephone user within
the buildings. The subscriber of PBX can subscribe only one line and have many
users using it, with each having a telephone at the desk with a different number.

Functionally, the PBX responsible in four main call processing
(Unuth, 2018):
i. To switch between telephone users thereby creating
connections,
ii. To make sure the connection remains in place correctly by
keeping its resources,
iii. To properly end the connection when a user hangs up, and
iv. To record the quantities, statistics, and metering related to
the calls.
PABX merely is an automatic version of the PBX. The PABX is capable of handling more telephone calls at the same
time with faster data communication. Since 1960, it is commonly used in a high-rise building which makes things more
comfortable for the user (Gail, 2013). PABX is a technology used by call centres and other large organisations which
allows a single access number to provide several lines to outside callers while providing a range of external lines to
internal callers or staff. PABX allows making calls within the structure and connects to an outside line without having to
go through a receptionist. With PABX, the only time an operator is needed is when supplying information and to
occasionally provide manual connections for callers who are unfamiliar with the system or the organisation.Eventually,
by using PABX to manage the telecommunication system eventually reduce the costs by cutting down the phone calls
within the same building.

ADVANTAGES
Compared to other materials, fibre optics is the most commonly used material in
telecommunications. As good as it sounds, fibre optics does have its disadvantages.

Broad bandwidth, lightweight, and small diameter

Installations are now easy and practical and save valuable conduit space since the
optical cable is relatively small in diameter and lightweight (Seibert, 2009).
Resistance to electromagnetic interference
As a result of fibre being so resistant to electromagnetic interference, fibre has a meagre
rate of bit error (10 EXP-13) (Etisalat,2013). Fibre-optic transmissions are virtually noise
free.
Long-distance signal transmission DISADVANTAGES
The low attenuation and superior signal integrity found in optical systems allow much
longer intervals of signal transmission than metallic-based systems (Massa, 2000). Susceptibility to physical damage
Designed for future applications Since fibre small and lightweight, it is likely to become damaged or cut during installation. It is
As electronics prices drop, the optical cable pricing remains low. In many cases, fibre necessary to take into consideration restoration, backup and survivability when fibre optic
solutions are cheaper than copper. cabling is chosen as the transmission medium (Weaver,n. d.)
Security Special test equipment is often required
Hacking into the fibre requires intervention that cannot go undetected by security. These The test equipment initially used for electron-based networking is useless in a fibre optic
circumstances make fibre extremely attractive to those with significant security concerns. network. Equipment such as an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is required, an
Unlike metallic-based systems, the dielectric nature of optical fibre makes it impossible to expensive, specialised optical test equipment are needed at most fibre endpoints and
detect the signal being transmitted within the cable remotely. connection nexuses to provide testing of an optical fibre accurately.
 CASE STUDY
MACC Headquarters
Project Title :
The Design and Build project consists of 3 office Contractor : Pembinaan Mitrajaya Sdn. Bhd. Facilities : Multipurpose hall, auditorium,
towers & 1 podium block for carpark for Construction Cost : RM427.94 million childcare centre, gymnasium,
Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia Contract Duration : 36 months 5 shooting simulation rooms,
(SPRM) at lot 7G1, Putrajaya next to Ibu Pejabat Date of Completion : 21/07/2017 and press conference room.
Bomba & IPPD Putrajaya.
Architect. : Arqhitect NIA
Developer. : Putrajaya Holdings Sdn. Bhd. Design brief. : Three office towers based on
Location : Precinct 7, Putrajaya traditional local housing
Size of site. : 2.07 Hectare concepts founded on
Building capacity : 1,800 staff in the same time columns and piles.

ICT Consultant : MNHR Resources Sdn. Bhd.

Findings And Explanation

Telecommunication Room (TR)
Location. : 3rd Floor, Tower B.
Dimension. : 42 square meters (7m x 6m x 3m).
Storage : 2 nos 18-inch rack of Building Main Distribution Frame (BMDF), 1 no. 18-inch
rack Subscriber Distribution Frame, including Private Automated Branch
Exchange (PABX)
Requirement : No ducting, sewerage pipes, air-condtioning pipes, etc. pass through TR
Temperature : Air-conditioned to maintain below 30 degrees respectively under all conditions.
Power : 415V, 3 Phase, 4 Wires, 50 Hz with solidly earth system, power backup, and
connected to power generator.
Accessibility : No opening except for the door, the ventilation and cabling ducts. Walls and
ceiling painted with vinyl emulsion. Floor finished with Anti-static vinyl mat.
150mm kerb across doorway to prevent water from entering the room.
Security : Locked all the times and only authorised personnel allowed to access.
Fire safety : Equipped with emergency lighting, smoke and heat detector, and gas
suppression system, and fire extinguirsher Fire rated door with 2 hours fire
resistance

Server Room
Location. : 13th floor, Tower B
Dimension : 102 square meters (17m x 6m x 3m)
Storage : 10 nos 18-inch rack of Data Servers, 2 Nos Power Distribution Module (PDM), and
2 Surger Suppressor
*Also known as Data Centre
*Similar specification to TR in term of requirement, temperature, accessibility, security, and fire
safety
*Function: To continuously operate the computer servers using remote administrative software

Riser System
Backbone Wiring : Balanced UTP Cat-5e and 12 core multimode fibre optic cable to enable
data
transmission of up to 1GB/s
Trunking. : Galvanised steel plate, coated with epoxy powder, and painted in orange
Size of trunking : 150mm wide and 100mm depth

Telecommunication Closet (TC)

Location. : Centrally at each tower, not more than 30m away from every
Telecommunication Outlet (TO), 36 nos. in total.
Dimension. : 2.16 square meters (1.8m x 1.2m x 3.0m)
Accessibility. : No opening except for the door and cabling ducts with 150mm kerb across
doorway
Security. : Locked all the times and only authorised personnel allowed to access
*No fire safety requirement except fire rated door, not air-conditioned, no finished necessary.

Horizontal Cabling
*Cables from TC are distributed under floor designed according to perimeter duct
*Feeder ducts are located approximately 450mm from the outside wall and has short brach ducts
to junction boxes.

Telecommunication Outlet (TO)

Location : 300mm above floor level and 300mm from the corner of the wall or from electrical
points. More than 500 nos. in total.
Finishes : Outlet are boxed and plates are flush mounted, fabricated from a non-corrosive
material, and fully shielded.
Sockets. : Ethernet, and Fiber optics
 CASE STUDY
Findings and Explanation ( Cont'd)
Riser
Telecommunication
Closet (TC)

Server Room

Telecommunication
Room (TR)

Recommendation for future improvements

To assists with the telecommunication of the various office
Besides, IP PBX is more scalable than the PABX
departments, a PABX is installed. PABX is a local . However,
system.With IP PBX, the subscribers able to add extensions
due to the progressive change in time and technology, PABX
easily to increase the concurrent calls with consideration of
has become obsolete. Now, due to technology advancement,
the hardware’s capabilities.
IP PBX is introduced as the improved version of PABX
system.
The expensive cost of installation of the systems limited the
effort to instantly upgrade the system from PABX to IP PBX
IP PBX support VoIP which use the internet to lower the
regardless of the advantages. Besides, there are still no
costs of routing calls including a long distance call.
standard and provision set up by Malaysian Communication
And Multimedia Commission (MCMC). As a result, the older
Other than voice, IP PBX is capable of handling data
PABX system is still in use today in most Malaysian high rise
synchronised with outlook since the system is designed to
office buildings.
operate with packet switched networks.

In a nutshell, IP PBX is much economic compared to PABX

As for internal operations, IP PBX equipped with consistent
systems as it has VoIP support, able to handle both calls and
improvement of microprocessor technology used in its
data, scalable, replace functionalities from hardware to
software compared to the internal hardware operations used
software, and technologically advanced.
by the older PABX system.

Learning from group work project

In this report assignment we have learnt that telecommunications is very important within a building. Through the various applications communication can be achieved as a result. It is
essential that these applications are up to standards. These standards or requirements may vary from different countries but however it follows the same purpose of providing safe
transmission of data to the receiver.

We also discovered that Telecommunication systems in a high rise building which are more often to be commercial buildings differs from a low rise building by having a much more complex
design and it requires transmission to a longer range compared to other buildings. Furthermore it should be taken into account that the quality of the materials and cabling will enable the
system to be more improved and effective. Good management will allow the system less of maintenance throughout the life span of the building. The rooms are to be kept in a required
temperature and follow fire safety requirement.

During the course of producing the assignment, we found it challenging to find the information gathered. In addition, the content includes several technical terms relevant to
telecommunication and electrical engineering. However we were able to produce a cohesive report and information which were very knowledgeable.

Janssen, C. (n.d.). Telecommunications. Retrieved 2 November, 2014, from Techopedia:

References
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