Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives DERIVATIVES 11. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION Lety = f(x) be a function defined on an interval [a,b]. Let fora small increment xin x, the corresponding increment in the value of y be ay. Then y= fx) and y + 8y = f(x + 8x) (On subtraction, we get By = fl + 8x) ~ fox) (x+8x)-f00) bx ix or Taking limit on both sides when 8x —>0 we have, lim 5 fas) if this limit exists, is called the derivative or differential coefficient of y with respect to x and is yy writen as S* or £"(x). Thus ax dy by £(x+8x)- f(x) dim ei, x This is called Differentiation from first principle. Deri at a point: The value of f(x) obtained by putting dy oy #40) 0 {24 a, is called the derivative of f(x) at and itis denoted dy da d % note: His Z(y) inwnich & is simply a symbol of operation and not‘ divided by é 12. SOME DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAE a - das o rr (constant) = 0 (i) x (x’) = nx’ , 4 iy ge ay & ese (iv) Se (2!) = at log, 4 4 & UlogxX= y Wi) & (09%) = Xog, a = a = wi x (sin x) = cos x (vil ax (008 x) = — sinx 6 FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhie110016 @ Ph. (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320Mathematics: Limits and Derivatives NARAYANA a d 2 d . 2 ta) (an = sec? x to (cot) =~ conse 4 eee x) = s00 xt a : tay & (o0e x)= see x tan x cxiy & (cosee x)= ~ coseox cote Foose’ xiv) Sx (C08) (sin x) = a oe we) & an) wey (oot = bv) a ) ivi) J Te 4 ee" 4 cosee hy = —2! (xvii) x (sec x) (xviii) x (cosec”'x) = ikWeat (an) Zo sn) =e osnbe +b csbxy = (GFF ean be +t 2) dae yae™ f 2 ab (x) Gy (e% cos bx) = e™ (a cosbx ~ b sinbx) = Ja? +b? "cos (bx + tan” 2) a -*%,, Gxt) FPL Tq or es xO 4 a4 oxi, & tog bd = + 13. ALGEBRA OF DIFFERENTIATION () Sum and difference rule a 4 a Lttoo + 2001= Lth00r + S001 (i) Scalar muttipte rule Ate 001 = kL At00), where k is any constant (i) Product rule a d a Ati0.2001= tho 21600146001 Shoo) () Quotient rule Sth) -f00) [OF 6 [io dx |F,00) () Chain rule y_dy v du ify = fu), u= fy) and v= fo then Sy" ga ay 7 FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vinar, New Delhi1 0016 © Ph. (011) 32001131/32 Fax :(0"1) 41828320Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives 14. DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS Let x and y are two functions of variable '' (parameter) such that x = f(t) and y = g(t). then dy gy _| at |_ oe) o& | ak | FH a 4 Example <1 11x= alae + xn, y= ats — oe) ten ta ox gy Solution: X=al-sin0+ sino + 0c0s0]=adcos0:; =a(cos0 -cos0 + 0sin®) = adsino dy Bi =tano 15. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS I in an equation, x and y both occur together. Le. f(x, y) = 0 or f(x, y) = © and this function can not be solved elther for 'y' or 'x’ then f(x, y) is called the implicit function of x (or y) dy "Ox logy) x oF Wegery™) Ite’ + y's al, then 15.1. WORKING RULE FOR FINDING THE DERIVATIVE Method — 4 () Differentiate every term of f(x, y) = 0 with respect to 'x. oy gy (i) Collect the coefficients of Gy and obtain the value of Sy Method - 2 af at wy where 3y and Fy are partial differential coefficients of HQ y)= constant then =p =F ay f(x, y) with respect to x and y respectively. WB note: 16. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION WITH RESPECT TO ANOTHER FUNCTION Let y = f(x) and z = g(x) be two functions of x’ then the derivative of f(x) wert g(x) or derivative of An implicit function can be differentiated either with respect to ‘x’ or with respect to ‘y' ‘ gy gy lax} foo az (dz) om) (5) 8 FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhie110016 @ Ph. (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320