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BM
Transitional epithelium is found in the lining of the bladder. When the bladder
is full, the epithelium is stretched and the cells appear flat. Cells appear
rounded when the bladder is empty.
Connective Tissue
Connective tissue differs from other tissues
in that it contains large amounts of
intercellular matrix. Connective tissues
function to bind other tissues together,
provide support, provide nourishment, store
wastes, or repair damaged tissues.
Bone
Bone is a type of connective tissue that secretes a
matrix of mineral salts, such as calcium phosphate,
and the protein collagen. The minerals give bones
their hardness, while the protein gives them
strength and resiliency. Bone supports the body,
protects internal organs, provides for muscle
attachment, and serves as a calcium reservoir.
Many bones contain a marrow cavity where red
blood cells and white blood cells are formed.
Compact Bone
Compact bone consists of repeating units called osteons.
Each osteon has concentric layers of the mineralized
matrix deposited around a central canal. The canal contains
blood vessels and nerves that serve the bone cells. Bone-
forming cells, called osteoblasts, deposit the matrix around
the central canal and ultimately surround themselves with
the mineralized material, forming a pocket called a lacuna.
Once osteoblasts are surrounded by matrix, the cells are
called osteocytes. Narrow connections called canaliculi
extend from lacunae and connect osteocytes to each other
and to the central canal.
Compact Bone
cc
oc
RBCs
Red blood cells (RBCs) in humans are flattened disks because the cells lack a
nucleus. The pigment hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color, binds to
oxygen. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen to all the cells
of the body.
Leukocytes
White blood cells function mostly in fighting diseases.
Some of them move through the walls of blood vessels and
enter body tissues to engulf bacteria. There are five types
of white blood cells: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes,
eosinophils, and basophils.
Neutrophils
Axon
Cell Body
Dendrites
Pyramidal cells, like the one shown above, are found at the
surface of the precentral gyrus, in the frontal lobe of the
cerebrum. This is part of the primary motor cortex, whose
neurons control somatic motor neurons of the brainstem and
spinal cord to direct voluntary movements.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum functions in the coordination of
skeletal muscles. The cerebellum receives sensory
information from proprioreceptors about the
position of the joints and the length of muscles. It
also receives information about motor responses
sent by the cerebrum. The cerebellum uses this
information to coordinate muscle movement and
to control balance and posture.
Cerebellum
The surface of the cerebellum is highly fissured. The outer layer is the
molecular layer, which contains some glial cells but consists mostly of
dendrites and unmyelinated axons. The darkly stained area is the
granular layer and is composed mostly of nerve cell bodies of the tiny
granule cells (multipolar neurons that carry impulses to Purkinje cells)
along with some larger Golgi cells. Between the molecular and
granular layers lies the Purkinje layer.
Spinal Cord
WM
GM
CC
The spinal cord is a large tract of nerve fibers and cell bodies. In the
center of the cord is an H-shaped region known as gray matter (GM),
which contains cell bodies. The anterior horns of the gray matter
contain large motor neurons. White matter (WM) surrounds the gray
matter and is composed of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons. A
central canal (CC) runs the length of the spinal cord and contains
cerebrospinal fluid.
Muscle Tissue
Nucleus
TA TM TI
The three layers can be seen in the aorta, the largest artery
in the body. The tunica intima is a relatively thin layer of
endothelial tissue, whereas the tunica media is quite large
and is made up of smooth muscle.
Aorta
The aorta is called an elastic artery because of the
large amounts of elastic material in its walls.
Elastic arteries can expand to hold an increase in
the volume of blood, returning to their previous
size by squeezing the blood out. This arterial
elasticity helps ensure that the blood reaches every
capillary.
Veins
TI
TM
TA
Veins carry blood to the heart. The walls of veins are much
thinner than those of arteries, mostly due to the reduction
in smooth muscle in the tunica media.
Tongue
The tongue is a muscular organ containing skeletal muscle
covered with a mucous membrane. The mucous membrane
consists of stratified squamous epithelium, much of it
containing keratin. Keratin is an insoluble protein that is
also found in fingernails, hair, and skin. Keratinized cells
resist dessication and provide a protective barrier. The
tongue has numerous taste buds that allow us to perceive
flavors. The taste buds are found in the papillae of the
tongue.
Fungiform and Filiform Papillae
Filiform
Fungiform
Taste Pore
Gustatory
Cell
Taste Bud
CV
Cap
Aveolus Sac
The alveoli themselves are spaces. The cells lining the alveolar sacs
are squamous, but the sac walls contain abundant elastic fibers.
Throughout the lungs are capillary beds, closely associated with the
alveolar sacs. A cross section of a capillary (Cap) is seen here,
surrounded by alveolar sacs.
Spleen
The spleen is a highly vascular organ whose primary function is to
filter the blood. The spleen removes abnormal blood cells and other
particles through phagocytosis by white blood cells found there. The
spleen also stores iron, from the red blood cells decommissioned there.
With the large number of lymphocytes present, the spleen is the site of
immune responses by B and T cells activated by antigens circulating in
blood. The spleen contains the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in
the body.
The mass of the spleen is of two types, the white pulp that forms the
splenic nodules, and the red pulp that forms pulp cords and contains
red blood cells.
Spleen
Ovary
The ovaries are the female reproductive organs where eggs
are produced. Each ovary is enclosed by a capsule of
connective tissue and contains many follicles. A follicle
consists of one egg cell, or oocyte, surrounded by layers of
follicle cells that nourish and protect the egg cell. All of a
female’s egg cells are formed before she is born-up to
400,000. Only a fraction of these will be released during
the reproductive years. Starting at puberty and ending at
menopause, usually one follicle matures and is released
during each menstrual cycle. Release of the egg cell from
the follicle is called ovulation.
Ovary
Nucleus
Oocyte
Cortex
Medulla
Pelvis
Glomerulus