CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background
Separation and purification is a method to separate or purify a compound or group of
compounds that have a chemical structure of a substance related. In principle, the separation is done
to separate two or more substances are mixed while purification is done to get a pure substance from
a substance that is mixed.
Normally a pure substance has been mixed with other substances to form a mixture that is
homogeneous and heterogeneous depending on the type of components that depend therein.
Pure substances there are two elements and compounds, while the mixture is a combination of
two pure substances with arbitrary composition. Pure substances that have been mixed contain other
substances in the form of gas, liquid, or solid.
Substances or materials can be separated from the mixture because the mixture has a different
nature. That is the underlying basis of the separation of mixtures or separation. In reality, separation
and purification can not be separated from each other. We will see that when the separation and
purification methods are developed. The chemistry will get great progress. The importance of the
separation and purification is the background of these trials could.
The mixture can be separated using a variety of methods. These methods are, sifting,
filtration, centrifugation, evaporation, separation of mixtures by using magnets, sublimation,
distillation, and chromatography separation funnel. Dekntil method used to separate mixtures of the
constituent in the form of liquids and solids.
Therefore these experiments, need to be done so that we can know the various ways pemishan
and release the solution to obtain pure substances. In addition, not only can be done on any liquid
substances, and also can dilkukan the mixture formed by two types of solids. In the process of
separation and purification of this we will learn the different types of solid mixtures or liquid mixture
and can also determine the types of separation and purification. So that we can perform separation
and purification methods appropriately.

1.2 Objectives
- Knowing Catra-purification a mixture

- Knowing the pure substance of substances that have been contaminated or mixed

- Knowing the classification of the mixture

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The mixture used for the separation and purification can be classified into three, namely:

The solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances dispersed as molecules or ions
whose composition can vary. It looked homogeneous solution (continuous, without boundary) and
having the same composition in every part. Components - components contained in the solution can
not be separated by filtration, for example, water and sugar. The solution consists of a solvent and
solute. In general, the number of components terbanyaklah regarded as solvent. For example syrup
that is, mixtures containing more sugar than in the water. In addition, solid or liquid dissolved in the
liquid, then the mixture occurs pull - pull between molecules (intermolecular) solute and solvent. In
addition there is a tensile force in a molecule or ion remains united. The solution can be changed
solids, smaller condensation particle diameter 1 nm (Yazid, 2005).

Colloid is a mixture form whose state lies between rugged and solvent mixtures. In makropis
colloidal looks homogeneous, but heterogeneous colloidal mikropis. Therefore, colloidal classified
into a heterogeneous mixture. The mixture of colloids are generally stable and is not filtered.
Colloidal particle size is 1 -100 nm, is between a solution and a solution of crude or suspensions, so
it is still small enough to penetrate the ordinary filter paper, large enough to penetrate the membrane
or filter ultra (Yazid, 2005).

The suspension is a mixture of coarse and heterogeneous. Inter components are still there the
boundary and often indistinguishable without a microscope. Once the suspension is usually inserted
to a heterogeneous mixture of solids in liquids. Suspension looks cloudy and unstable substance will
gradually separate suspension due to gravity (experienced sedimentation). The suspension can be
separated by filtration. Suspension particle diameter is more than 100 nm. Examples suspension
mixture is a mixture of flour or chalk with water (Keenan, 1999).

The mixture is formed of two or more substances of different substances which still have the original
substance properties. In daily life - today we encounter a mixture. For example river water, soil, air,
food, drinks, etc. The mixture is divided into two, namely:

Homogenous mixture is the combination of 2 or more single substance which all the particles spread
evenly to form one phase. The so-called first phase is a substance whose properties are similar in
composition between one part and another nearby. Examples of sugar and water, the sweet taste of
sugar water in all parts of the same vessel either above or below and dipinggirnya because it is so
small and the prevalence of sugar particles that can not be seen even with a microscope (Shukri,
1999).

Heterogeneous mixture is uneven merger between two or more single substance that the ratio of
components with one another is not the same in different parts of the vessel. For example, a mixture
of water with kerosene. At first the two substances do not mix, but once shaken vigorously spread oil
in water in the form of bubbles - tiny bubbles. In the bubble there is only oil, while the other is water.
So oil is not spread evenly like sugar and water. In other words, in a heterogeneous mixture was still
no boundary between the two components or contain more than one phase (Shukri, 1999).
To separate or homogeneous mixture can be done through the process of separation and purification.
The separation is done to separate two or more substances are intermingled, while refining is a way
to get a pure substance from a substance that has been contaminated or mixed by other substances
(Shukri, 1999)

Separation and purification is the process of separating two or more substances are intermingled and
to obtain pure substances of a substance that has been contaminated or mixed. The mixture is faithful
examples of material that is not pure, that is not an element or a compound. The composition of a
mixture is not the same as a substance, it can vary, the mixture can be homogeneous and
heterogeneous (Petrucci, 1996).

Two important insights in the solution is (a substance that is dissolved) and (solvent). This
understanding can be expressed when the compounds in larger quantities then called solvent.
Nevertheless this statement can be reversed when more precise (Shukri, 1999).

Separation and purification methods.

Decantation is the process of separating solids that are not dissolved in the solvent by means of
poured, so consequently the liquid will be separated from the solids are mixed (Sudjadi, 1998).
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENT
3.1 Tools and materials
3.1.1 Tool

- Spoon / spatula - 50 ml beaker - Funnel glass

- Funnel separation - Grail vaporizer - Spray bottle
- Needles - Rod stirrer - Mortar and pestle
- 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask - The stand and clamp - Hotplate
- Scissor - Stationary - Brace tube
- Kanebo - Brush the test tube

3.1.2 Material
- Sand - Chalk - Camphor (naphthalene)
- Table salt - Cooking oil - distilled
- CuSO4 - Filter paper - Tissue roll
- Sunlight

3.2 Experimental Procedure

3.2.1 decantation
- Entered 50 ml of distilled water into a beaker of 50 ml.

- Fused 3 scoops of sand into a beaker using Spatula.

- Stirred using stirring bar.

- Observed.

3.2.2 Filtration
- Entered 50 ml of distilled water into a beaker of 50 ml.

- The crushed 1 stick of chalk by using a mortar and pestle.

- Fused powdered chalk as much as 3 tablespoons in a glass chemistry by using a spatula.

- Stirred menggunakn stir bar.

- Filtered using filter paper and funnel into a glass flask 100 ml Erlenmeyer.

- Observed.

3.2.3 Recrystallization
- Entered 10 ml of distilled water into a beaker of 50 ml.
 - Fused CuSO4 in 1 spoon spatula.

- Stirred using stirring bar.

- Heated using a hotplate.

- Observed.

3.2.4 Sublimation
- The crushed naphthalene using a mortar and pestle.

- Entered as much as 1 tablespoon powdered naphthalene.

- Fused salt as much as 6 tablespoons.

- Stirred using stirring bar.

- Closed cup evaporator with filter paper that has been hollowed small, covered again with a
glass funnel upside down with the tip of his neck corked with a tissue.

- Heated above the hotplate.

- Observed.

3.2.5 Extraction
- Entered into enough distilled water separating funnel.

- Mixed cooking oil in the ratio 1: 1.

- Shaken direction.

- Installed in the stand and clamps.

- Observed to separate oil and distilled water.

CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION
Some of the principles used in the process of separation and purification of the mixture:

a. Differences in particle size

If the size of the particles of a desired substance is different, with undesirable substances (substances
mixer) can be separated by the method of filtration (filtration). For this purpose should use a filter of
appropriate size. Substance particles will pass through the filter and the results used to dilute
substances are prevented called residue.

b. Boiling point

To separate a mixture of substances which have a boiling point can do sublimation method.
Substances which have a lower boiling point will be used to evaporate. If desired is a substance that
has a low boiling point, then further condense vapors from these substances and subjecting it to a
specific container. If desired is a substance that has a high boiling tiitk then simply heating the
mixture wrote, until the temperature reaches the boiling point of a substance we were looking for.

c. Differences in density

Temperature deposition of substances will have different speeds precipitate in solution is different.
Substances that have densities greater than in the solvent would be easy to settle. When a mixture
containing one or more substances with pengendaan different speeds, then do the separation of the
mixture by sedimentation method. But if the mixture there is more than one desired substances, then
use a filtration method.

d. adsorption

Adsorbs the withdrawal of a substance by another substance that sticks to the surface of the
adsorbent material. The use of this method applied to the purification of water and dirt-organism or
organism.

e. absorption

Absorption is a phenomenon or a physical or chemical absorption process that occurs in all parts of
the surface.

f. solubility difference

A substance always has particularly specifications of different solubility, which means that a
substance may be dissolved in a solvent but not soluble in the solvent B, or vice versa. In general, the
solvent is divided into two, namely a polar solvent and non-polar solvents. Polar solvent easily
soluble in polar solvents and polar compounds easily soluble in non-polar solvents. With this using
solubility difference obtained separation of mixtures with certain solvents.

g. Diffusion

Diffusion is the event flow / migration of a substance in the solvent from the high concentration to
low concentration part. Differences in concentrations that exist in the two solutions is called a
concentration gradient. Diffusion will continue to occur until all particles are widely distributed
evenly or achieve a state of equilibrium in which the movement of molecules remain despite no
difference in concentration. For example, the provision of sugar in the liquid fresh tea.

In the first experiment a mixture of water and distilled water can be separated by decantation. In the
decantation process a mixture of sand and allowed to stand in a beaker of distilled water 50 ml. The
outcome of this process is the sand settles at the bottom of the beaker and the water is at the top of
the sand deposits. This happens because they are influenced by gravity, but it mengendapnya sand
also affected by the density difference between the sand and distilled water. The density of the sand
is greater than the density of distilled water, the density of the sand is 1.9 g / cm3, while the density
of distilled water is 1 g / cm3. In this experiment heterogeneous mixture that can be separated
mechanically.

In a second experiment, the chalk with distilled water separation is done by means of filtration. The
results of the experiment is the solution turns into a murky and when filtered chalk retained on the
filter paper for particle size larger than the pores of the paper. Kapur retained on the filter paper
called residuals, while distilled water is called filtrate.

In the third experiment recrystallization, a mixture of CuSO4 with distilled water. In the
recrystallization process a mixture of CuSO4 and distilled water heated over a hotplate. The outcome
of this process is distilled water evaporates faster, run out and what remains is crystal CuSO4 bottom
of the beaker. This occurs because a lower boiling point distilled from CuSO4. Aquades boiling point
is 100 ° C while CuSO4 didh point is 150oC. This experiment is affected by the boiling point and
steam point. Whereby if the vapor point higher then the boiling point is low and vice versa if the
boiling point is low then high boiling point.

In the fourth experiment sublimation, mixing between naphthalene and salt. In the process of
sublimation of naphthalene and salt mixture on a plate evaporator covered with filter paper that has
been hollowed into small pieces using a needle. Then closed again using a glass funnel upside down
which ends capped with a tissue, and then heated. The outcome of this process is contained
naphthalene crystals attached to the wall of the glass funnel. This trial is influenced by the boiling
point. It happened because the naphthalene boiling point lower than the boiling point of the salt.
Naphthalene boiling point is 218oC while the boiling point of the salt is 1465oC. So naphthalene
attached to the wall of the glass funnel.

In the fifth trial extraction, separation of water and cooking oil. In the extraction process water and
cooking oil was added to the separating funnel is then shaken and then allowed to stand. The results
of this process are water and oil separate. Cooking oil is above water. It is caused by the density of
the oil is smaller than the density of water. The density of oil is 0.92 g / cm3, while the density of
water is 1 g / cm3. Besides this experiment also uses the principle of polarity. Oil and water can not
mix because water is polar compounds electronegative means that much different between the
constituent atoms. While oil is non polar, oil has a relatively small electronegativity difference or
even zero. When the faucet on separating funnel funnel is opened and closed in a closed condition,
the fluid came out very slowly. Whereas when separating funnel lid is opened, the fluid flow quickly.
This is due to the influence of gravity.

There are several treatment functions performed, the first being stirred. This is done so that the
solution becomes mixed. The second screening, filtering function is that the residue separated from
the filtrate. The third blockage, blockage of the funnel glass function is done so that the crystal steam
does not come out. The fourth heating, heating function to evaporate the solute so separately with the
solvent. Fifth shuffle, shuffle function is to mix oil and water. Sixth silenced, silenced function is to
look at the process prmisahannya and that can be easily observed. The seventh perforated small,
perforated small function at the sublimation is that substances that evaporate can pass through the
paper and is not detained.

The properties of distilled water is colorless, liquid, odorless, has a molecular formula H2O, do not
come in standard conditions, they are polar and have the ability to dissolve many chemicals.

The properties of naphthalene is having the chemical formula C10H8, a solid, white crystals, has a
strong odor, is volatile and flammable volatile and insoluble in water.

The properties of CuSO4 is blue, can react with metals Zn, is hygroscopic and can Lart in water.

Error factor in this experiment is, in experimental solubility recrystallization occurs when the
solution is mixed with distilled water when heated CuSO4 blue solution should turn green this
happens because the tools-a; at used dirty or unwashed. An error occurred on the extraction
experiment, when the faucet is opened, the oil come out along with the water this is happening
because of inaccuracy praktikan when closing the tap.
CHAPTER 5 CLOSING
Conclusion
- Separation and purification is based on these contaminated substances. For example a mixture of
water and sand are separated using precipitation or decantation. The mixture of water and salt is
separated by using a crystallization method. The mixture of water and lime is separated using
filtration or filtration methods and so on.

- Separation and purification aims to obtain pure substances of a of a substance that has been mixed
or contaminated. Substances or materials can be separated from the mixture because as the mixture
has a different nature. That is what underlies the separation and purification of the mixture. Here are
some principles that are used in the process of separation and purification of the mixture.

1. The difference in particle size

2. The difference in boiling point

3. Differences in densities

4. The difference in solubility

5. Absorption

6. adsorption, and

7. Diffusion.

- There are two kinds of mixture is homogenous and heterogeneous. Homogenous mixture is a
merger of two or more substances that all the particles spread evenly to form phase. For example, a
mixture of water with sugar. Heterogeneous mixture is uneven merger between two or more single
substance that makes comparison components to one another is not the same in different vessels. For
example, such a mixture of water and oil.

REFERENCES:

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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Kitty. 1996. "Kimia Fisika Jilid 2 Edisi Keempat". Jakarta : Erlangga
Petrucci. 1996. "Kimia Dasar Jilid 1". Jakarta : Erlangga
Petrucci. 1987. "Kimia Dasar". Bogor : Erlangga
Sudjadi. 1998. "Metode Pemisahan". Yogyakarta : Fakultas Farmasi UGM
Suyitno. 1989. "Kimia Fisika Untuk Universitas". Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Pustaka
Svehla, G. 1978. "Vogel Buku Teks Analisis Anorganik Kualitatif Makro dan
Semimakro Jilid 1 Edisi Kelima". Jakarta : PT. Kalman Media Pustaka
Syukri, S. 1999. "Kimia Dasar 1". Bandung : ITB
Syukri, S. 1991. "Kimia Dasar 1". Bandung : ITB
Yazid, Estien. 2005. "Kimia Fisik Untuk Parametis". Yogyakarta : Andi