Question 1

(a) Starch was digested in the buccal cavity

Ex 4.1 Nutrition in before reaching A, the stomach;
• By salivary amylase into maltose which is a
Mammals reducing sugar;
(b) Intestinal juice;
(c) White emulsion observed [1/2]
June Holiday Homework
• Bile from X (bile duct) emulsifies fats/oil into
small fat globules;
• Globules suspended in water [1/2]
• Bile is not an enzyme, not denatured by
boiling/action not affected by boiling;

Question 2
Question 1 •Points correctly marked;
•Best-fit line drawn;
(d) Man cannot digest cellulose/dietary fibre as
the body does not produce the enzymes
needed (cellulase), hence 100% fibre found in
D (colon);
(e) Small and large intestine; through osmosis;
(f) Blood vessel 1 (Hepatic vein) [1/2]
• No food enters gut during starvation [1/2]
• Glycogen is converted to glucose in the liver
and carried away to the heart via vessel 1 to
be distributed around the body;

Question 2 Change = +0.7 g

(b) G
(c) A
(d) 13 g/100 cm3
(e) When WP of sugar solution = WP of cell sap,
No osmosis, no change in mass;
This is where line cuts graph at x axis, conc
of sugar solution is ~ 13 g/100 cm3;

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 Question 2(g) Question 3
• From graph D: +0.2g, A: -0.7g
• Function of carbohydrates:
• Shorter strip [1/2]
• Source of energy for respiration;
• Strip will bend downwards [1/2]
• Conversion into other organic compounds;
• Synthesis of nucleic acids (eg. DNA) &
lubricants (eg. mucus);
• Dietary fibre required to aid in peristalsis
and prevent constipation;

Question 3 Question 4
• Function of lipids: • Burger is physically broken down into smaller
• Energy stores [1/2] pieces due to chewing action of teeth;
• Insulation; • Starch digested in buccal cavity by salivary
• Solvent (fat-soluble vitamins) [1/2] amylase into maltose;
• Reduce water loss (sebum) [1/2] • Food is churned in the stomach, physically
• Part of protoplasm (membranes); breaking down further [1/2]
• Function of proteins: • Proteins in burger denatured by acid secreted
• Synthesis of protoplasm; by stomach [1/2]
• Synthesis of enzymes, antibodies, hormones; • Proteins digested in stomach by pepsin into
• Energy source [1/2] peptones;

Question 4
• Proteins in small intestine digested by pancreatic
trypsin into peptones;
• Peptones digested by intestinal erepsin into amino
acids;
• Starch in small intestine digested by pancreatic
amylase into maltose;
• Maltose digested by intestinal maltase into glucose;
• Fats emulsified by bile from liver into fat globules;
• Fats digested by pancreatic and intestinal lipase into
fatty acids and glycerol;
Question 5
• Serous coat/ serosa:
• Secretes fluid that reduces friction between
outside of gut;
• Muscle layer:
• Wave-like contractions of muscles result in
peristalsis to push food along;
• Circular muscle contracts behind food,
longitudinal muscle relaxes to narrow lumen and
push food forward;
• Circular muscle in front of food relaxes,
longitudinal muscle contracts to allow lumen to
widen to receive food;

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 Question 5
• Submucous coat/submucosa:
• Contains blood vessels & lymphatic vessels which
would carry digested food away;
• Mucous coat/mucosa:
• Layer is folded to increase surface area for
absorption of digested food;
• Presence of villi and microvilli to further increase
surface area;
• Presence of gland cells that secrete mucus for
lubrication [1/2]
• Presence of intestinal glands that secrete enzymes
(maltase, lactase, sucrase, enterokinase, erepsin,
lipase) [1.5]
• Presence of capillaries & lacteals to absorb
digested food products;