Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral

Chapter
1 Indefinite Integral
Day – 1

What is Integration
If the differential coefficient of a given function F(x) is given by f(x) then

The process of finding the anti derivative of a given function is called integration
If

The function is called the integrand and the function is called the integral of ,
is known as variable of integration, is the symbol of integration.
Now, we know that

Then

But

(k is a constant) thus

 Here is an arbitrary constant, which signifies that for a fixed integrand the
integral may assume infinite number of values. Hence it is called Indefinite
Integral

What is Geometrical Significance

Form this point of view an indefinite integral is a family of curves, each of which is obtained by
translating one of the curves parallel to itself upwards or downwards.
Thus in short,

What is the Importance of constant ‘C’

We know that

Also

From 1 and 2

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Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral

This is a wrong conclusion.

If Constant of integration C is introduced then

This is true for only

It not only makes the integral general but also makes the two indefinite integral comparable.

Fundamental Integration Formulas

Based upon definition and various standard differential formulas we achieve the following
integration formulas:
1

10 –

11

12

13

14

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15

16

17

18

19

20

What are the various Operations on Integration

1.
2.

Illustration

Illustration

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Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral

Self Efforts

Solution

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Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral

Day – 2
Integration by Substitution
Theorem (i)

Proof

In a previous list of formulas, if in place of x we have ax + b, then the same formula is applicable
but we must divide by coefficient of x or derivative of (ax + b) i.e. a.
For e.g.

Illustration

Illustration

Illustration

Theorem (iii)
Integrals of the form , where m, n are positive integers.
(i) If m is odd i.e. power of is odd. Put .
(ii) If n is odd, i.e. power of is odd, Put .
(iii) When m and n are both odd positive integers substitute .

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Kaysons Education Definite Integral

Chapter
2 Definite Integral

Day – 1

What is Definite Integral?

Let be a function of x defined in the closed interval [a, b] and be another function, such that
for all x in the domain of then

Where is the definite integral of function f(x) over the interval [a, b]
a = lower limit b = upper limit
This is called Newton Leibniz formula & hold for continuous function is the interval. If it is
discontinuous at some point in [a, b], then the integral should be separately evaluated for each
interval.

Illustration

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Self Efforts

Solution

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Kaysons Education Definite Integral

Geometrical Interpretation of Definite Integral

is numerically equal to the area bounded by the
curves the x-axis and straight lines

In general represents algebraic sum of the areas of the figure bounded by. The curves
x – axis and the straight lines . The areas above x – axis are taken with
+ sign & areas below the x – axis are taken with minus sign.

If area bounded by is being asked

We should realize diff. between Area & Definite Integral.

Illustration

Illustration
Full Area enclosed by

We can see the difference between area & definite integral.

Evaluation of Definite integrals by substitution:

(1) When the variable in a definite integral is changed, the substitution in terms of new variable
should be effected at three Places.

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(1) In the integrated

(2) In the differential, e.g. dx
(3) In the limits
Please. note that substitution is not valid if it is not continuous in the interval [a. b]

Illustration

—
If we consider

Now

deferential integral cannot be negative. Moreover, substitution x = 1/t is discontinous at t = 0, the

substitution.

Properties of Definite Integrals.

Property I

Intrigation in independent of the change of variable

Proof : - Let ϕ(x) be a atideriative of f(x)

From (1) and (2)

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Kaysons Education Definite Integral

Illustration

We can see

Property II

If the limits of a definite integral are inter changed then its value changes by minus sign only
Proof:
Let ϕ(x)be Anti derivative of f(x). Then

Property III

Proof:

From (1) and (2)

Generalization

Illustration

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Kaysons Education Area

Chapter
3 Definite Integral

Day – 1

Enquiry– How it is possible to find the area enclosed by a curve and x-axis?
We know gives the algebraic sum of areas between f(x), x-axis and ordinate x = a & x = b.
Consider the strip of width δx and length y from x-axis clearly
Area ABMN < Area ABCN
< Area ABCD

As the area of lower and upper rectangle that to be equal.

Thus by
Sandwich theorem,

Area ABCN = y δx

So, Area of is given by

Illustration
Find the area common to the parabola y2 = 4ax and line x = a in first quadrant.
Curve y2 = 4ax and line x = a is plotted in adjacent figure.

Enquiry: What about change in sign of area according to the position of curve. (Above or below x axis)
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The area obtained by integration is positive.

If the curve is above x-axis and b > a as in this figure.

Area becomes negative if b > a and curve is below the x-axis.

If for any value ∈ [a, b], the curve crosses the x-axis then the value of the integral gives the
difference of areas of the portion of the curves lying below the x-axis and above the x-axis.
As in the figure

We can also write line the

will give area with –ve sign. We consider only numerical value.
Illustration
Find the area bounded by curve y = x(x 1)(x 2) and the x-axis.
Here the curve is not having any standard shape. So we make a rough sketch.
Solve with x-axis.

Let’s check where y is +ve or ve.

When 0 < x < 1, y = +ve

1 < x < 2, y = – ve C
Rough graph would be like this
A B
Shaded portion is the required area O 1 2

D
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.
Area bounded between the curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) and ordinates x = x1 and x = x2.
Method:
1. To determine the area bounded between two curves. First find out points of intersection of the
two curves.
2. If in the domain common to both (i.e. the domain given by the points of intersection) the curve
lies above x axis, then area is
Shaded portion (P1P2Q2Q1):

y y
P1 P2 f(x)
y = f(x)
g(x)
y = g(x)
Q1 Q2
x x
O x = x1 x = x2 O x = x1 x = x2

If one part of graph or both the curves lie below x axis, then the individual integral must be g
valuated according to previous knowledge.
A = OMBN + OPCD

Area enclosed between a curve y = f(x) and y-axis.

y = mx

B f(x)
M
N
b
O a
D A
P
C

1 step: y = f(x) must be inverted to x = g(x) where g(x) = δ1(x) and

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Kaysons Education Area

integral to be evaluated is

y2
x = g(y)
y1
Illustration
Find area bounded by curve 2y = 2x – x2 and x-axis.

This is equation of parabola having vertex at (1, 0). y

First solve the with x-axis, i.e. solve
and curve cuts the x-axis at x = 0 B (1, 0)
and x = 2
Required area = Area of portion OAB

(2, 0)
x
O (0, 0) A
.

Illustration
Find the area of the region included between the parabola and the line

Given parabola y
And the given line is

Solving (i) & (ii), Q

(4, 12)
(2, 3) P
Point of intersection are x
So, required are

Illustration
Find the area of the region included between the parabolas , where a > 0.
The equation of the given curve are y 2
x = 4ay
Parabola
y2=4ax
and
(4a, 4a)
Solving (i) and (ii), Putting from (ii) into (i)
x
O P
(0, 0)

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Kaysons Education Area

.
So, required area

Illustration
Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse and the straight line
.
The equation of the given curves are (0, b)

(a, 0)

is the equation of a straight line cutting x and y axes at

(a, 0) and (0, b). Smaller region is bounded by two curve is shaded.

Reg. area

Illustration

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Kaysons Education Differential Equation

Chapter
4 Differential Equation

Day – 1

An equation involving derivatives or differentials of one (or more) independent variables with respect to
one (or more) independent variable(s) is called a differential equation i.e. it will be an equation is x, y and
derivatives of y with respect to x.

Order and degree of a differential equation:

1. The order of highest derivative involved in a differential equation is called order of differential
equation.
2. The integer lower raised to highest derivative of a function is called the degree of a differential
equation.

Illustration

order = 1, degree = 1

Illustration

order = 4, degree = 1

Illustration

equation should be free from related sign

order = 2, degree = 1

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Self Efforts

Find the degree and order of differential equation.

1. 2.

3.

Solution
1. 4, 2 2. 2, 3 3. 2, not diff.

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Linear & Non-Linear Differential equation:

Equation is to be non-linear if
1. It’s degree is more than one.
2. Any of the differential coefficient has exponent more than one.
3. Exponent of the dependent variable is more than one.
4. Products containing dependent variable and its differential coefficients are present.

Illustration
The differential equation is a non-linear differential equation, because its
degree is 3, more than one.

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Self Efforts

Check whether linear or non-linear

1. 2.

3.

Solution
1. Linear 2. Non-linear 3. Linear

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Solution of a differential equation:

The solution of a differential equation is a relation between the variable involved which satisfies
the differential equation.

Illustration
Show that is a solution of the differential equation
We have
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get

Differentiating w.r.t x, we get

Thus, the function satisfies the differential equation

Hence, is a solution of the given differential equation.

Illustration
Show that is a solution of the differential equation

We have
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get

=y [Using (i)]
This shows that is a solution of the given differential equation.

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