CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Water treatment is the process of removal the impurities and micro

organisms by series of treatment units to produce the clear water for drinking.
The world’s total water resources are estimated at 1.37*108 million Hectare
meter. Of these global water resources about 97.2% is salt water mainly in
oceans, and only 2.8% is available as fresh water. Out of this 2.8%, about 2.2%
is available as surface water and 0.6% is ground water. Even out of this 2.2% is
available as surface water, 21.5% is fresh water in glaciers and icecaps and only
of the order of 0.01% is available in lakes and 0.0001% in streams. This stream
water is polluted by the pollution and other human and some animal activities.
The water treatment units offer the production of good quality of water to the
peoples for all the purpose. The water treatment scheme needs the details about
the particular area, present and future population, selection of treatment units
for effective and efficient removal of impurities. The extent of treatment
required to be given to particular water depends upon the characteristics and
quality of available raw water, and also upon the quality requirements for the
daily intended use. In general , the public water supplies are mainly designed
from the view point of the quality requirements of drinking water and
simultaneously , they should made reasonably suitable for industrial purposes
like steam generation, dyeing, brewing etc. The available water must, therefore
be made safe, good in appearance, and attractive to human taste and tongue.
Various methods which are used to make the water safe and attractive to the
consumers are described in this project. However the methods adopted for
purification depend mostly upon the character of the raw water.

1
1.1 DEFINITION OF WATER TREATMENT

Water treatment is the process of converting the raw water (polluted or

contaminated) into potable water for drinking, bathing, washing etc...

1.2 Basic Terms Used In Water Treatment

1.2.1 Water demand

The water required for particular society or Individual for survival of
daily life is known as water demand and in the designing of water
schemes the consideration is “Water demandˮ for that area.

1.2.2 Per capita demand

Annual average rate of flow in litres per day per person ( i.e. litres per
capita per day or LPCD) called per capita demand.

1.2.3 Design period

The future period for which a provision made in the water supply
scheme is known as the design period.

1.3 Necessity of water treatment

Water that is used for drinking water production contains water
molecules and large variety of other substances. One of the properties of
water is that it easily dissolves other when surface water flows on the earth
it also dissolves several different substances, such as sand particles,
organic matter, micro organisms and minerals.Water that settles into the
ground and becomes ground water that contains large amount of dissolved
matter minerals as a result of contact with soil and rocks. Human activities

2
such as agriculture and industrial waste and sewer water discharge cause a
number of pollutants to enter the water. Therefore, the water treatment
gives good quality of water for drinking and other purposes.

3
 1.4 IMPURITIES PRESENT IN RAW WATER

IMPURITIES

CLASSIFICATION 1 CLASSIFICATION 2

1. PHYSICAL
IMPURITIES

2. CHEMICAL
SUSPENDED DISSOLVED IMPURITIES
IMPURITIES IMPURITIES
3. BACTERIOLOGICAL
IMPURITIES

ORGANIC INORGANIC ORGANIC INORGANIC

MATTER MATTER MATTER MATTER

LIVING NON-LIVING TOXIC NON-TOXIC

ORGANISM ORGANISMS
SG

MACRO MICRO
ORGANISMS ORGANISMS
S M

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review is carried out on the design of treatment units. Although a

number of literatures are available on the design. This section presents a brief
report on the literatures reviewed as part of this project. Some of the literatures
are:

1) Mohamed H. El-Masry ,et.al (2004) on “Purification of raw surface

water using electro coagulation method”
“A pair of aluminium electrodes was charged with low voltage
current for releasing aluminium ions in raw water to precipitate the
suspended matter. In this process nitrates, phosphates and sulphates
are reduced by 77.5%, 83.3%, 20% respectively. It also reduced
Total Viable Bacterial Count (TVBC) and Total Coliform (TC)”
2) Oladipupo Bello , et.al (2010) on “Coagulation process control in water
treatment plants”
“The proposed control strategy is developed to work effectively
with different local regions of the chemical dosing unit where
coagulation takes place to improve the quality of portable water
distributed for public consumption”
3) Santhosh kumar garg (2012) gives a detailed study about the treatment
of raw water for the distribution of water for public consumption.
“The common method and simple one is used in the treatment
process which improves the quality of water”

5
4) Olfat M. Sadek (2011) gives the proper treatment system of raw water.
“The treatment system is made up of raw water intake from the
river including screening, sedimentation tank, aeration tank,
coagulation, filtration system and disinfection.
5) Aras Ahmadi (2013) details the quality increase by filtration is able to
segregate bacteria and viruses from the filtrate to ensure drinking water
for human consumption.
“According to conventional drinking water plants the quality of
water produced has to be optimized together with other
environmental and economic objectives in order to grant fair
design solutions”
6) Manual of water supply and treatment, CPHEEO, recommends the
design criteria for treatment of raw water for the distribution of human
consumption.

6
 CHAPTER 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Water is usually tasteless, odourless, and colourless, a liquid in its

pure state but water is one of the best naturally occurring solvent on earth
and almost any substance will dissolve in it to some degree. Because of
this only the surface and ground water contains several impurities. These
are explaining by the physical, chemical and bacteriological properties.

PHYSICAL CHARACTER:
Turbidity
Colour
Taste and odour
Temperature
Specific Gravity

Colour can be separated from water by filtration.

7
 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTY AND IMPURITIES

TREATMENT
PROPERTY CAUSE EFFECTS UNITS
PROCESS

Algae and Colour ,odour Coagulation and

Colour
Protozoa diseases Filtration

Oxidation by
Particles Aeration ,
cl2,coagulation by
Turbidity of slit and Turbidity sediment
cl2,coagulation and
clay ation
filtration

Coagulati
on,
Activated carbon
Bacteria filtration,
Taste and Taste and adsorption , coagulation,
Algae and Aeration
odour odour Disease filtration, and
Protozoa and
chlorination
chlorinati
on

8
 3.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTY AND ITS IMPURITIES

TREATMENT
PROPERTY CAUSE EFFECTS UNITS
PROCESS

Bicarbonates Precipitation as
of calcium Alkalinity Mg(OH2)&
Calcium and
and Hardness and CaCO3 on Softening
magnesium
magnesium corrosion addition of lime
sulphates and soda

Taste. Red
Iron oxide, water, Aeration,
Iron and Oxidation,
corrosion, Sedimentatio
manganese Precipitation
Manganese Brown or n
Black water

Sodium,
More than 45
Sodium ,
mg/l causes Expensive
sulphate , sulphates,
blue baby Desalination
Nitrate
syndrome
Nitrates

Addition of acid
pH RO
or alkali

Some fluorides Softening,

Fluorides of Mottled enamel
Fluorides precipitation, RO
Na of teeth
Desalination

9
3.3 BACTERIOLOGICAL AND RADIO ACTIVITY
PROPERTY

TREATMENT
PROPERTY CAUSE EFFECTS UNITS
PROCESS

Presence of
albuminoid
nitrogen Disinfection-coli form
Pathogenic
and little less than 50/100ml
Bacteria Bacteria Disinfection
free Coagulation – coli
contamination
ammonia form 50-500/100ml

Coagulation,
Radio
filtration, Activated Coagulation,
Radioactivity activity Causes Diseases
carbon adsorption, Ion Filtration
rays
exchange process

10
 CHAPTER 4

POPULATION FORECASTING

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply
scheme is known as the DESIGN PERIOD. In order to ensure a reliable water
supply even after the design period it is necessary, that the scheme be designed
for a population at the end of the design period. It is therefore, necessary to
estimate the future population as accurately as possible. Depending upon the
possibilities of future development of the town, the possible future population of
the region at the end of the design period is generally estimated, by following
method: INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD.

4.2 FUTURE POPULATION:

The following population data were collected from

Thirukalukundram municipality

YEAR POPULATION

1994 18864

2004 24716

2014 36549

11
4.3 POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS USED

I. Arithmetic increase method

II. Geometric increase method
III. Incremental increase method
IV. Decreasing rate method

4.4 Incremental increase method

Population in incremental increase method is expressed by the

following expression

𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
Pn = P0 + n x +
𝟐

Where,

Pn= prospective or forecasting population after n decade.

P0= population at present.

X= Average increase of population of known decades.

Y= Average of incremental increase in known decades.

12
 INCREASE IN INCREMENTAL
YEAR POPULATION
POPULATION INCREASE

1994 18864 - -

2004 24716 5852 -

2014 36549 11833 5981

X = 17685/2=8843.

Y = 5981.

Population at 2024,

1(1+1)
P2024 = 36549+1(8843) + 5981
2

= 51373 persons

2(2+1)
P2034 = 36549+2(8843) + 5981
2

= 72178 persons

3(3+1)
P2044 = 36549+3(8843) + 5981
2

= 98964 persons

Therefore, Population at 2044 = 99000 persons

13
4.5 FLOW CALCULATION

Per capita demand @ 2044 = 135 lpcd

Population @ 2044 = 99000 persons

= 99000×135

=13.365×106lit/day

Peak factor =1.8

Water required =1.8×13×106lit/day = 24×106lit/day.

14
 CHAPTER 5

DESIGN OF TREATMENT UNITS

INTRODUCTION

The required units for complete treatment of water are as follows:

I. Screening chamber
II. Aeration unit
III. Pre- sedimentation tank
IV. Coagulation
a. Chemical feeding device
b. Mixing basin unit
c. Sedimentation cum flocculation unit
V. Filtration unit
VI. Disinfection unit.

5.1 SCREENING:

Screens are generally provided in front of the pumps or the intake

works. Workers so as to exclude the large sized particles such as debris,
animals, trees, bushes, branches etc. The Coarse screens and fine screens are
type of the screens. The coarse screens first remove the bigger floating bodies
and organic solids and the fine screens then remove the fine suspended solids.
The fine screens normally get clogged and are to be cleaned frequently.

15
DESIGN CRITERIA

Adopt Velocity of flow =0.8 to 1m/s

Inclination of screens =45° to 60°

Thickness of bar (t bar) =10mm.

DESIGN OF SCREEN CHAMBER

Water to be treated per day = 24×106lit/day

= (24×106)/1000×24×60×60

= 0.2778m3/s.

Velocity of flow = 0.9m/s

Area of clear opening required = Q/V

A = 0.2778/0.9

= 0.308m2.

The ratio between depth and width is taken as 1.5

d/b = 1.5

d = 1.5b

Area = 1.5b×b

0.308 = 1.5b2

16
 Width = 0.5m.

Depth = 1.5×0.5

= 0.679m (or) 0.7m.

Number of bars in screen,

n t bar + (n-1)s = width

n (0.01) + (n-1)0.03 = 0.453

0.01n+0.03n-0.03 = 0.453

0.04n = 0.453+0.03

n = 12.07 ~ 12 bars.

No of clear openings = 12+1

= 13 openings

Spacing of screen = 30 mm

Total width of the screen = (12×30+12×10)

= 480mm = 0.48m

Area of screen chamber = 0.48m × 0.7m

Length of chamber = (0.03+0.7) tan600 + (3×0.48)

= 2.76 m = 3m

17
Hence, provide a screen chamber with a following dimension

Length of screen chamber = 3m

Width of screen chamber = 0.48m

Depth of screen chamber = 0.7m

18
Fig 5.1 DESIGN OF SCREEN CHAMBER

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN m

19
5.2 AERATION

Aeration is the process of “bring the water to content with air” it is

necessary to promote the exchange of gases between the water and the
atmosphere.

In water treatment, aeration is practiced for three purposes:

1. To absorb oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide gas.

2. To kill the bacteria and remove the volatile substances causing taste
and odour etc.
3. To remove H2S gas and iron manganese from water.

Hence water fall or multiple tray aerators is adopted for drainage.

DESIGN CRITERIA

Coarse media = coke, stone, ceramic balls size ranging

from 50 to 150mm.

No of trays = 4 to 9 numbers

Spacing of tray = 300 to 750mm

Velocity of flow = 0.6m/s

Width of tank = 3 to 9m

Height of tank = 1 to 3m

Removal efficiency = 65 to 90% of CO2, 60 to 70% of H2S.

20
DESIGN

Water to be treated/ day = 0.2778m3/s.

Capacity of tank = 0.2778×900

= 250 m3.

Assume depth of aeration tank = 3m

Area of the tank = 83.33/3

= 27.77m2

Assume width of the tank = 3m

Therefore length of the tank = area/width

= 27.77m

Free board = 0.5m

Overall depth, D = 3.5m

Dimension of the tank = 27.77m×3m×3.5m.

Provide 7 trays with dimension 27.22m×3m.

Spacing between trays = 0.45m

Provide coarse media of coke.

The size varies from 50 to 150mm in dia.

21
Fig 5.2 DESIGN OF AERATOR

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN m

22
Hence, provide an aeration tank with a following dimension

Length of aeration tank = 27.77m

Width of aeration tank = 3m

Depth of aeration tank = 3.5m

5.3. PRE-SEDIMENTATION

Most of the suspended impurities present in the water do have

specific gravity greater than of water. These impurities tend to settle down
under gravity, but they remain in suspension because of turbulence in water. By
offering the storage to the water, these suspended particles tend to settle down at
the bottom of tank. This is the principle of “sedimentation ˮ.

The basin in which the flow of the water is retarded is called as settling tank or
sedimentation tank and settlement of the particles depends on following
factors are
1. The velocity of flow.
2. The viscosity of the water.
3. The size, shape and specific gravity of the particles.

RECTANGULAR TANK WITH LONGITUDINAL FLOW

DESIGN CRITERIA

Detention period = 2 hours = 7200sec.

Velocity of flow = 0.15 to 0.9m/sec

Depth of the tank = 3 to 4.5m

23
DESIGN

Water to be treated = 24×106lit/day

= 0.2778 m3/sec

Capacity of tank = 0.2778×7200

= 2000m3

Assume flow velocity, Vf = 0.3m/min

= 5×10-3m/sec

Length of tank = Vf ×t

= 5×10-3×7200

Length = 36m

volume
Area of the tank =
length

2000
= = 55.55m2
36

Assume depth =4m

Area =B×d

55.55 =B×4

Breadth = 14m

Free board = 0.5m

24
 Overall depth = 4 + 0.5 = 4.5m

Hence, provide a sedimentation tank with a following dimension

Length of sedimentation tank = 36m

Width of sedimentation tank = 14m

Depth of sedimentation tank = 4.5m.

25
Fig 5.3 DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN m

26
5.4 COAGULATION

Very fine suspended mud particles and the colloidal matter present in the
water cannot settle down in plain sedimentation tank of ordinary detention time.
They can be removed by increasing their size by changing them into flocculated
particles. For this certain amount of chemical compounds called coagulants, are
added to the water, which on thorough mixing form a gelatinous precipitate
called floc. The bigger size floc particle settles in the sedimentation tank.

Coagulation is a chemical technique which is directed towards the

destabilization of the charged colloidal particles.

The steps involved in the coagulation,

1. Estimation of chemical dosage.

2. Selection of feeding device.
3. Design of mixing basin.
4. Design of sedimentation cum flocculation tank.

5.4.1 Estimation of chemical dosage

The coagulant chemicals are most effective when water is slightly

alkaline. These chemicals react with particles forms the floc for the
sedimentation. In the absence of alkalinity some alkalis are added to the water
along with coagulants. The most common coagulants are Aluminium Sulphate
and Iron salts.

Hence Alum is used for design purpose.

27
QUANTITY OF ALUM DOSAGE

Peak alum dosage =10 to 20mg/l

pH value range = 6 to 8

Adopt 20mg/l of alum for coagulation.

Alum required = (20) *(24×106)

= 480×106mg/day

= 480 kg/day

In normal condition 20% of 480kg alum is required for per day.

The required amount of alum per day = (20/100) ×480

= 96 kg/day.

5.4.2 Selection of feeding device

The chemical coagulant is first of all, fed (either dry or solution form) into
the raw water through feeding device. There are two types of feeding device.
There are two types of feeding device.

Dry feeding device

Wet feeding device

The choice between these two types equipment depends upon

following factors.

1. The characteristics of coagulant and the convenience with

which can be applied.
2. The amount of coagulant to be used.
3. The cost of coagulant and the size of the plant.

28
Hence, large plants naturally use wet feeding and smaller plants utilize dry
feeding.

Adopted feeding device: Dry feeding device

5.4.3 Mixing basin

After addition of the coagulant to the raw water the mixture is thoroughly
and vigorously mixed, so that the coagulant gets fully dispersed into the entire
mass of the water. This can be achieved by mixing devices in the mixing basin.

Types of mixing basin

a. Mixing basin with baffle walls.

b. Mixing basin equipped with mechanical devices.

Adopted mixing basin,

MECHANICAL EQUIPPED MIXING BASIN

DESIGN CRITERIA

Assumptions

Design flow to be treated = 0.2778m3/s

Detention time = 20 to 60 sec

Ratio of tank height to diameter = 1 to 1.5:1m

Ratio of impeller diameter to tank

Diameter = 0.2 to 0.4:1

Rotation speed of impeller = 100 to 10 rpm

Velocity gradient = 600m/s

29
DESIGN

Volume = flow × detention time

= 0.2778×60

= 16.668m3

Height to diameter H/D = 1.5

Volume of the tank = 𝜋/4(D2) ×1.5D

16.668 = π/4×1.5×D3

Diameter of tank = 2.5m.

Height of the tank = 1.5D

= 1.5×2.5

= 3.75m

Total height of tank = Height + freeboard

= 3.75 + 0.25

=4m.

POWER REQUIREMENT

Power spent = 𝜇𝐺 2V

𝜇 = 1.003x 10-3

= 1.003 ×10-3×6002×16.668

= 6018.48 watts

Power/unit volume = 6018.48/0.2778

30
 = 21664.79 watt/m3/s

Power /unit flow of water = 6watts/m3/hr

Dimension of the flat blade and impeller

Impeller diameter to tank diameter = 0.4:1

Diameter of the impeller = 0.4×D

= 0.4×2.5

= 1m.

𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒏
Velocity of impeller =
𝟔𝟎

𝟐𝝅×𝟎.𝟓×𝟏𝟐𝟎
=
𝟔𝟎

= 6.28m/s

𝜋
Area of impeller = × d2
4

𝜋
= × 12
4

= 0.785m2.

31
Fig 5.4 DESIGN OF MIXING BASIN

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN m

32
5.4.4. Design of sedimentation cum flocculator tank

The flocculation tank along with the sedimentation tank is known as

coagulation sedimentation tank. In such tank a plain floc – chamber without any
mechanical equipment is provided before the water enters the sedimentation
chamber. The water from the mixing basin enters the tank and the clarified
water comes out of the out let end. The design principles for such tank are the
same as those applied to a plain sedimentation tank except that these are kept
deeper.

DESIGN CRITERIA

Assumption overflow rate = 15 to 30 m3/m2/day

Minimum side water depth = 25m

Water lost in de suldging = 2%

Detention time = 2 to 4 hrs.

Ratio of length & width = 3:1 to 5:1

Detention time to flocculation = 10 to 30 minutes

Dimension of the tank

Water to be treated = 0.2778 m3/s

Water lost in de sludging = 2%

= 0.2778/0.98

= 0.283m3/s

Assume Detention time = 3.5hours = 12600 sec

Effective storage of tank = 0.283×12600

33
 = 3565.8m3

Assume effective depth H = 4.5m

Area of tank required = 3565.8/4.5

= 792.4 m2

Assume, L/B = 3:1

Thus,

Area = L×B

792.4 = 3B2

B = 16.25m

L = 48.75m

Hence, provide a sedimentation chamber with a following dimension

Length of sedimentation tank = 48.75m

Width of sedimentation tank = 16.25m

Depth of sedimentation tank = 4.5m

Design of flocculation chamber

Assume, Depth = 2.5m

Detention time = 20 min = 1200 sec

Capacity of tank = 0.2778×1200

= 333.36m3

Area of tank = 333.36/2.5

34
 = 133.344m2

Width of chamber = 16.25m

Length of floc chamber = 333.36/(16.25×2.5)

= 8.2m

Hence provide a flocculation tank with a following dimension

Length of flocculation tank = 8.2m

Width of flocculation tank = 16.25m

Depth of flocculation tank = 2.5m.

35
Fig 5.5 DESIGN OF COAGULATION

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN m

36
5.5 FILTRATION

Screening and sedimentation removes a large percentage of the suspended

solids and organic matter present in raw supplies. But however, the resultant
water will not be pure, and may contain some very fine suspended particles and
bacteria present in it. To remove the remaining impurities and to produce
portable and palatable water, the water is filter through the beds of fine granular
material, such as sands etc. The process of passing the water through the beds of
such granular materials is known as filtration. Filtration may help in removing
colour, odour, turbidity, and pathogenic bacteria from the water.

Two types of filters

1. The slow sand gravity filters

2. The rapid sand gravity filters

Adopt Rapid sand filter unit for filtration purpose

DESIGN CRITERIA

Water to be filter = 24×106lit/day

Rate of filtration = 3 to 6 m3/m2/day

Quantity of back wash water = 4 - 5% of filtered water

Time lost during back washing = 30minutes

Under drainage system = central manifold

Size of perforations = 6 to 13mm

37
a. Dimension of the filter unit

Water to be filtered per day = 24×106lit/day

Assume 4% filtered water is required for washing filter,

Total wash filter = 24×106 / (1- 0.04)

= 25 ×106 lit/day

Assume 0.5hour is lost every day in washing filter,

Filtered water per hour = (25×106)/23.5

= 1.063×106lit/hr

Assume Rate of filtration is 5000 lit/m2/hr

Area of filter = (1.06×106)/5000=212.76m2

Length to width ratio = 1.5

L/B = 1.5

L = 1.5 × B

For two beds,

Area = 2(L×B)

212.76 = 2(1.5B×B)

3B2 = 212.76

B = 8.4m

L = 1.5×8.4

= 12.6 m

38
Hence, provide a 2 filter each with a following dimension

Length of filter unit = 12.6 m

Width of filter unit = 8.4 m

b. Design of under drainage system

Assume total area of perforation in all laterals is 0.2% of total filter area,

Total area of perforation = 0.2% × filter area

= 0.2 /100× (12.6 × 8.4)

= 0.211m2

Total area of laterals = 2 × Total area of perforation

= 0.423 m2

Area of manifold = 2 × area of laterals

= 2 × 0.423 = 0.846 m2

Diameter of manifold,

𝜋
Area = ×d2
4

𝜋
0.846 = ×d2
4

d = 1.03m

Spacing of manifold = 15cm = 0.15m

No of laterals = L/Spacing

= 12.6/0.15

= 84 laterals.

39
Hence use 168 laterals in 2 units.

Length of each lateral = (width of lateral/2) – (Diameter of manifold /2)

= (8.4 /2 ) – ( 1.03 /2 )

= 3.685 m

Total area of perforation = 0.211 m2

Adopt 13mm diameter perforation in laterals,

𝜋
0.211 = x. (0.013)2
4

Total no of perforation x = 1590 numbers

No of perforation in each lateral,

= 1590/168

= 9.4

= 10 numbers

Area of perforation/lateral

=10 ( 𝜋⁄4 × (0.013)2 )

= 0.0013m2

Area of each lateral = 2 × 0.0013

= 0.0026 m2

Area = 𝜋 ⁄4 × d 2

0.0026 = 𝜋⁄4 × d2

Depth = 0.05 m.

40
Design of wash water trough

Rate of washing = 0.6m/min = 0.01 m/s

Wash water discharge = 0.01×12.6×8.4

= 1.058 m3/s

Q = 1.376 b 𝑦 3/2

Where,

Y= water depth in trough

b= width of trough = y (assume)

Provide 3 trough, = 8.4 / 3 = 3m apart

Discharge / trough = 1.058 / 3 = 0.35 m3/s

Q =1.376 y 𝑦 3/2

0.39 =1.376 y 𝑦 3/2

𝑦 5/2 = 0.283

y = 0.6m

Free board = 0.5m

Total depth = 0.6 + 0.5 = 1.1 m.

41
Fig 5.6 DESIGN OF FILTRATION UNIT

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN m

42
5.6 DISINFECTION

The filter water which is obtained either from the slow sand filters
or rapid gravity filter, may, normally contain some harmful disease producing
bacteria in it. These bacteria must be killed in order to make the water safe for
drinking. The chemicals used for killing these bacteria are known as
disinfectants, and the process is known as disinfection or sterilization.

Methods of disinfection

1. Boiling of water

2. Treatment with excess lime

3. Treatment with ozone

4 .Chlorination

Chlorination

Normal dose of chlorine = 0.3ppm = 0.3mg/l

Water to be treated = 24×106 l/day

Chlorine / day = 0.3×24×106/106

= 7.2 kg

100 kg of bleaching powder contain 30% cl2,

Bleaching powder required = (100 × 7.2) / 30

= 24 kg of bleaching powder

43
CONCLUSION

i. The design concepts of sewage water treatment units

are studied.
ii. The different types of sewage treatment units involved
in the water treatment plant are designed according to
the design concepts.

44
REFERENCES

 Mohamed H. El-Masry ,et.al (2004) on “Purification of raw surface

water using electro coagulation method”
 Oladipupo Bello , et.al (2010) on “Coagulation process control in water
treatment plants”
 “MANUAL ON WATER SUPLY AND TREATMENT ˮ (Third edition)
Ministry of urban development New development, New Delhi (1990)

 Population and water supply detail from Thirukalukundram municipality

45