Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fluids
25 •• One sphere is made of gold and has a radius rAu and another sphere is
made of copper and has a radius rCu. If the spheres have equal mass, what is the
ratio of the radii, rAu/ rCu?
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of density to find the ratio of the
radii of the two spheres. See Table 13-1 for the densities of gold and copper.
given by:
3
Dividing the first of these equations m Au 43 πρ Au rAu
3
ρ ⎛ rAu ⎞
by the second and simplifying yields: = 4 = Au ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
mCu 3 πρ Cu rCu ρ Cu
3
⎝ rCu ⎠
Picture the Problem Assuming the density of the air to be constant, we can use
the definition of pressure and the expression for the variation of pressure with
depth in a fluid to find the net force on one’s ear drums.
1259
1260 Chapter 13
( )( ) (
F = 1.293 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 (2400 m ) 0.50 cm 2 = 1.5 N )
37 •• Many people have imagined that if they were to float the top of a
flexible snorkel tube out of the water, they would be able to breathe through it
while walking underwater (Figure 13-33). However, they generally do not take
into account just how much water pressure opposes the expansion of the chest and
the inflation of the lungs. Suppose you can just breathe while lying on the floor
with a 400-N (90-lb) weight on your chest. How far below the surface of the
water could your chest be for you still to be able to breathe, assuming your chest
has a frontal area of 0.090 m2?
Picture the Problem The depth h below the surface at which you would be able
to breath is related to the pressure at that depth and the density of water ρw
through P = ρ w gh .
400 N
h= = 45 cm
⎛⎜ 0.090 m 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜1.00 × 10 3 kg/m 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 9.81 m/s 2 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
Fluids 1261
Substitute numerical values and evaluate the fractional change in volume of the
sinker:
ΔV
=−
( )( )
1025 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 (10.9 km )
= − 1.4%
V 7.7 GPa
Buoyancy
Picture the Problem The scale’s reading will be the difference between the
weight of the piece of copper in air and the buoyant force acting on it.
Picture the Problem The forces acting on the cork are B, the upward force due to
the displacement of water, mg, the weight of the piece of cork, and Fs, the force
exerted by the spring. The piece of cork is in equilibrium under the influence of
these forces.
w + Fs
w − ρ cork =0
ρw
48 •• A helium balloon lifts a basket and cargo of total weight 2000 N under
standard conditions, at which the density of air is 1.29 kg/m3 and the density of
helium is 0.178 kg/m3. What is the minimum volume of the balloon?
2000 N
V = = 183 m 3
( )(
1.29 kg/m − 0.178 kg/m 9.81 m/s
3 3 2
)
49 •• [SSM] An object has ″neutral buoyancy″ when its density equals that
of the liquid in which it is submerged, which means that it neither floats nor sinks.
If the average density of an 85-kg diver is 0.96 kg/L, what mass of lead should, as
dive master, suggest be added to give him neutral buoyancy?
Picture the Problem Let V = volume of diver, ρD the density of the diver, VPb the
volume of added lead, and mPb the mass of lead. The diver is in equilibrium under
the influence of his weight, the weight of the lead, and the buoyant force of the
water.
=
(11.3 ×10 kg/m )(1.00 ×10 kg/m − 0.96 ×10 kg/m )(85 kg ) =
3 3 3 3 3 3
3.9 kg
m Pb
(0.96 ×10 kg/m )(11.3 ×10 kg/m − 1.00 ×10 kg/m )
3 3 3 3 3 3
Picture the Problem Let A1 represent the cross-sectional area of the larger-
diameter pipe, A2 the cross-sectional area of the smaller-diameter pipe, v1 the
speed of the water in the larger-diameter pipe, and v2 the velocity of the water in
the smaller-diameter pipe. We can use the continuity equation to find v2 and
Bernoulli’s equation for constant elevation to find the pressure in the smaller-
diameter pipe.
2
Substitute numerical values and ⎛ d ⎞
evaluate v2: v 2 = ⎜⎜ 1 1 ⎟⎟ (3.00 m/s ) = 12.0 m/s
⎝ 2 d1 ⎠
( )[
P2 = 200 kPa + 12 1.00 × 103 kg/m 3 (3.00 m/s ) − (12.0 m/s ) = 133 kPa
2 2
]
1266 Chapter 13
2
Substitute numerical values and ⎛d ⎞
evaluate IV2: π⎜ 1 ⎟
2
I V2 = ⎝ ⎠ (12.0 m/s )
4
π d12
= (3.00 m/s)
4
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the volume flow rate to find
the volume flow rate of blood in an aorta and to find the total cross-sectional area
of the capillaries.
evaluate IV:
m 3 60 s 1L
= 7.634 × 10 −5 × × −3 3
s min 10 m
= 4.58 L/min = 4.6 L/min
Picture the Problem Let the subscript 60 denote the 60.0-cm-radius pipe and the
subscript 30 denote the 30.0-cm-radius pipe. We can use Bernoulli’s equation for
constant elevation to express P′ in terms of v60 and v30, the definition of volume
flow rate to find v60, and the continuity equation to find v30.
P
P'
r60 = 60.0 cm
r30 = 30.0 cm
v 60 v30
⎛ ⎛ I ⎞2 ⎛ I ⎞2 ⎞ ρI 2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
P' = P + ρ ⎜ ⎜⎜ V2 ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ V2 ⎟⎟ ⎟ = P + V2 ⎜⎜ 4 − 4 ⎟⎟
1
2
⎜ ⎝ π r60 ⎠ ⎝ π r30 ⎠ ⎟ 2π ⎝ r60 r30 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ 1h ⎞
( )
3
5 m 1d
3
⎜
800 kg/m ⎜ 2.40 × 10 × × ⎟⎟
⎝ d 24 h 3600 s ⎠
P' = 180 kPa +
2π 2
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
× ⎜⎜ − ⎟
4 ⎟
⎝ (0.600 m ) (0.300 m ) ⎠
4
= 144 kPa