Fractional calculus

Fractional calculus is a branch of mathematical analysis that studies the several different possibilities of defining real number
powers or complex number powers of the differentiation operator D

and of the integration operatorJ

,[1]

and developing a calculus for such operators generalizing the classical one.

In this context, the term powers refers to iterative application of a linear operator to a function, in some analogy to function
composition acting on a variable, i.e.f ∘2(x) = f ∘ f (x) = f ( f (x) ).

For example, one may ask the question of meaningfully interpreting

as an analogue of the functional square root for the differentiation operator, i.e., an expression for some linear operator that when
applied twice to any function will have the same effect as differentiation. More generally, one can look at the question of defining a
linear functional

for every real-number values of the parametera in such a way that, whena takes an integer value n ∈ ℤ, it coincides with the usual
n-fold differentiation D if n > 0, and with the -n–th power of J when n < 0.

One of the motivations behind the introduction and study of such kind of extensions of the differentiation operator D is that the sets
of operator powers { Da | a ∈ ℝ } defined in this way are continuous semigroups with parameter a, of which the original discrete
semigroup of { Dn | n ∈ ℤ } for integer n is a denumerable subgroup: since continuous semigroups have a well developed
mathematical theory, it is interesting to apply it to other branches of mathematics.

Fractional differential equations (also known as extraordinary differential equations) are a generalization of differential
equations through the application of fractional calculus.

Contents
Historical notes
Nature of the fractional derivative
Heuristics
Fractional derivative of a basic power function
Laplace transform
Fractional integrals
Riemann–Liouville fractional integral
 Hadamard fractional integral
Atangana–Baleanu fractional integral
Fractional derivatives
Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative
Caputo fractional derivative
Atangana–Baleanu derivative
Other types
Generalizations
Erdélyi–Kober operator
Katugampola operators
Functional calculus
Applications
Fractional conservation of mass
Groundwater flow problem
Fractional advection dispersion equation
Time-space fractional diffusion equation models
Structural damping models
PID controllers
Acoustical wave equations for complex media
Fractional Schrödinger equation in quantum theory
Variable-order fractional Schrödinger equation
See also
Other fractional theories
Notes
References
Articles regarding the history of fractional calculus
Review articles
Books
External links

Historical notes
In applied mathematics and mathematical analysis, fractional derivative is a derivative of any arbitrary order, real or complex. The
first appearance of the concept of a fractional derivative is found in a letter written to Guillaume de l'Hôpital by Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz in 1695.[2] As far as the existence of such a theory is concerned, the foundations of the subject were laid by Liouville in a
paper from 1832.[3]

Nature of the fractional derivative

The derivative of a function at a point x is a local property only when a is an integer; this is not the case for non-integer power
derivatives. In other words, it is not correct to say that the fractional derivative at of a function depends only on values of
very near , in the way that integer-power derivatives certainly do. Therefore, it is expected that the theory involves some sort of
[4]
boundary conditions, involving information on the function further out.

The fractional derivative of a function to ordera is often now defined by means of theFourier or Mellin integral transforms.

Heuristics
A fairly natural question to ask is whether there exists a linear operatorH, or half-derivative, such that
 .

It turns out that there is such an operator, and indeed for any a > 0, there exists an operatorP such that

or to put it another way, the definition of dny/dxn can be extended to all real values ofn.

Let f(x) be a function defined forx > 0. Form the definite integral from 0 tox. Call this

Repeating this process gives

and this can be extended arbitrarily.

The Cauchy formula for repeated integration, namely

leads in a straightforward way to a generalization for realn.

Using the gamma function to remove the discrete nature of the factorial function gives us a natural candidate for fractional
applications of the integral operator.

This is in fact a well-defined operator.

It is straightforward to show that theJ operator satisfies

Proof

where in the last step we exchanged the order of integration and pulled out the f(s) factor from the t
integration. Changing variables tor defined by t = s + (x − s)r,
 The inner integral is thebeta function which satisfies the following property:

Substituting back into the equation

Interchanging α and β shows that the order in which the J operator is applied is irrelevant and
completes the proof.

This relationship is called the semigroup property of fractional differintegral operators. Unfortunately the comparable process for the
derivative operator D is significantly more complex, but it can be shown thatD is neither commutative nor additive in general.

Fractional derivative of a basic power function

Let us assume that f(x) is a monomial of the form

The first derivative is as usual

Repeating this gives the more general result that

Which, after replacing the factorials with the gamma function,

leads us to

The half derivative (purple curve) of the functionf(x) =

x (blue curve) together with the first derivative (red
curve).
For and , we obtain the half-derivative of the
function as

To demonstrate that this is, in fact, the "Half Derivative" (where ), we repeat the process to get:
 The animation shows the derivative operator
oscillating between theantiderivative (α=−1: y = 1⁄2⋅x2)
and the derivative (α = +1: y = 1) of the simple power
function y = x continuously.

(because

and )

which is indeed the expected result of

[5]
For negative integer power k, the gamma function is undefined and we have to use the following relation:

This extension of the above differential operator need not be constrained only to real powers. For example, the (1 + i)th derivative of
the (1 − i)th derivative yields the 2nd derivative. Also notice that setting negative values for
a yields integrals.

For a general functionf(x) and 0 < α < 1, the complete fractional derivative is

For arbitrary α, since the gamma function is undefined for arguments whose real part is a negative integer and whose imaginary part
is zero, it is necessary to apply the fractional derivative after the integer derivative has been performed. For example,

Laplace transform
We can also come at the question via theLaplace transform. Knowing that
and

etc., we assert

For example,

as expected. Indeed, given theconvolution rule

and shorthanding p(x) = xα−1 for clarity, we find that

which is what Cauchy gave us above.

Laplace transforms "work" on relatively few functions, but theyare often useful for solving fractional differential equations.

Fractional integrals

Riemann–Liouville fractional integral

The classical form of fractional calculus is given by the Riemann–Liouville integral, which is essentially what has been described
above. The theory forperiodic functions (therefore including the 'boundary condition' of repeating after a period) is the Weyl integral.
It is defined on Fourier series, and requires the constant Fourier coefficient to vanish (thus, it applies to functions on the unit circle
whose integrals evaluate to 0).

By contrast the Grünwald–Letnikov derivativestarts with the derivative instead of the integral.
Hadamard fractional integral
The Hadamard fractional integral is introduced by J. Hadamard[6] and is given by the following formula,

Atangana–Baleanu fractional integral

Recently, using the generalized Mittag-Leffler function, Atangana and Baleanu suggested a new formulation of the fractional
derivative with nonlocal and nonsingular kernel. They then constructed the following fractional integral operator:

where is a normalization function such that .[7][8]

Fractional derivatives
Not like classical Newtonian derivatives, a fractional derivative is defined via a fractional integral.

Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative

The corresponding derivative is calculated using Lagrange's rule for differential operators. Computing n-th order derivative over the
integral of order (n − α), the α order derivative is obtained. It is important to remark that n is the nearest integer greater than α ( that
is, ).

Caputo fractional derivative

There is another option for computing fractional derivatives; the Caputo fractional derivative. It was introduced by M. Caputo in his
1967 paper.[9] In contrast to the Riemann Liouville fractional derivative, when solving differential equations using Caputo's
definition, it is not necessary to define the fractional order initial conditions. Caputo's definition is illustrated as follows.

Atangana–Baleanu derivative
There is a new option of computing a fractional derivative, this option is based on the general Mittag-Leffler function as kernel. This
new version was introduced by Abdon Atangana and Dumitru Baleanu in 2016 in their work.[10] The authors introduced two
versions, Atangana–Baleanu in Caputo sense (ABC) which is the convolution of a local derivative of a given function with the
generalized Mittag-Leffler function. The second version is called Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative in Riemann–Liouville
sense (ABR) and is the derivative of a convolution of a given function non necessary differentiable with the generalized Mittag-
Leffler function.[11] Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative in Caputo sense is illustrated as follows.
And the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative in Riemann–Liouville is defined as:

The Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivatives brought new weapons into applied mathematics to model complex real-world problems
[12][13][14]
more accurately because the derivatives have the following properties:.

Other types
Classical fractional derivatives include:

Grünwald–Letnikov derivative
Sonin–Letnikov derivative
Liouville derivative
Caputo derivative
Hadamard derivative
Marchaud derivative
Riesz derivative
Riesz–Miller derivative
Miller–Ross derivative
Weyl derivative
Erdélyi–Kober derivative
New fractional derivatives include:

Machado derivative (This derivative does not exist anywhere in the literature)
Chen–Machado derivative
Coimbra derivative
Katugampola derivative
Caputo–Katugampola derivative
Hilfer derivative
Hilfer-Katugampola derivative
Davidson derivative
Chen derivative
Atangana–Baleanu derivative
Pichaghchi derivative

Generalizations

Erdélyi–Kober operator
The Erdélyi–Kober operator is an integral operator introduced by Arthur Erdélyi (1940).[15] and Hermann Kober (1940)[16] and is
given by

which generalizes theRiemann–Liouville fractional integraland the Weyl integral.

Katugampola operators
A recent generalization introduced by Udita Katugampola (2011) is the following, which generalizes the Riemann–Liouville
fractional integral and the Hadamard fractional integral. The integral is now known as the Katugampola fractional integral and is
given by,[2][17]

Even though the integral operator in question is a close resemblance of the famous
Erdélyi–Kober operator, it is not possible to obtain
the Hadamard fractional integral as a direct consequence of the Erdélyi–Kober operator. Also, there is a Katugampola-type fractional
derivative, which generalizes the Riemann–Liouville and the Hadamard fractional derivatives.[2] As with the case of fractional
integrals, the same is not true for theErdélyi–Kober operator.[2]

Functional calculus
In the context of functional analysis, functions f(D) more general than powers are studied in thefunctional calculus of spectral theory.
The theory of pseudo-differential operators also allows one to consider powers of D. The operators arising are examples of singular
integral operators; and the generalisation of the classical theory to higher dimensions is called the theory of Riesz potentials. So there
are a number of contemporary theories available, within which fractional calculus can be discussed. See also Erdélyi–Kober
operator, important in special function theory (Kober 1940), (Erdélyi & 1950–51).

Applications

Fractional conservation of mass

As described by Wheatcraft and Meerschaert (2008),[18] a fractional conservation of mass equation is needed to model fluid flow
when the control volume is not large enough compared to the scale of heterogeneity and when the flux within the control volume is
non-linear. In the referenced paper, the fractional conservation of mass equation for fluid flow is:

Groundwater flow problem

In 2013–2014 Atangana et al. described some groundwater flow problems using the concept of derivative with fractional
order.[19][20] In these works, The classical Darcy law is generalized by regarding the water flow as a function of a non-integer order
derivative of the piezometric head. This generalized law and the law of conservation of mass are then used to derive a new equation
for groundwater flow.

Fractional advection dispersion equation

[21][22][23]
This equation has been shown useful for modeling contaminant flow in heterogenous porous media.

Atangana and Kilicman extended fractional advection dispersion equation to variable order fractional advection dispersion equation.
In their work, the hydrodynamic dispersion equation was generalized using the concept of variational order derivative. The modified
equation was numerically solved via the Crank–Nicolson method. The stability and convergence of the scheme in this case were
presented. The numerical simulations showed that, the modified equation is more reliable in predicting the movement of pollution in
[24]
the deformable aquifers, than the constant fractional and integer derivatives

Time-space fractional diffusion equation models

Anomalous diffusion processes in complex media can be well characterized by using fractional-order diffusion equation
models.[25][26] The time derivative term is corresponding to long-time heavy tail decay and the spatial derivative for diffusion
nonlocality. The time-space fractional diffusion governing equation can be written as

A simple extension of fractional derivative is the variable-order fractional derivative, the α, β are changed into α(x, t), β(x, t). Its
applications in anomalous diffusion modeling can be found in reference.[24][27]

Structural damping models

Fractional derivatives are used to modelviscoelastic damping in certain types of materials like polymers.[28]

PID controllers
Generalizing PID controllers to use fractional orders can increase their degree of freedom. The new equation relating the control
variable in terms of a measurederror value can be written as

where and are positive fractional orders and , , and , all non-negative, denote the coefficients for the proportional,
integral, and derivative terms, respectively (sometimes denotedP, I, and D).[29]

Acoustical wave equations for complex media

The propagation of acoustical waves in complex media, e.g. biological tissue, commonly implies attenuation obeying a frequency
power-law. This kind of phenomenon may be described using a causal wave equation which incorporates fractional time derivatives:

See also [30] and the references therein. Such models are linked to the commonly recognized hypothesis that multiple relaxation
phenomena give rise to the attenuation measured in complex media. This link is further described in [31] and in the survey paper,[32]
as well as the acoustic attenuation article. See [33] for a recent paper which compares fractional wave equations which model power-
law attenuation.

Fractional Schrödinger equation in quantum theory

The fractional Schrödinger equation, a fundamental equation offractional quantum mechanics, has the following form:[34]

where the solution of the equation is thewavefunction ψ(r, t) – the quantum mechanical probability amplitude for the particle to have
a given position vector r at any given time t, and ħ is the reduced Planck constant. The potential energy function V(r, t) depends on
the system.

∂2
Further, Δ = is the Laplace operator, and Dα is a scale constant with physical dimension [Dα] = J1 − α·mα·s−α = Kg1 −
∂r2
α·m2−α·sα−2 , (at α = 2, D = 1/2m for a particle of mass m), and the operator (−ħ2Δ)α/2 is the 3-dimensional fractional quantum Riesz
2
derivative defined by
The index α in the fractional Schrödinger equation is the Lévy index, 1 <α ≤ 2.

Variable-order fractional Schrödinger equation

As a natural generalization of the fractional Schrödinger equation, the variable-order fractional Schrödinger equation has been
exploited to study fractional quantum phenomena[35]

∂2
where Δ = is the Laplace operator and the operator (−ħ2Δ)β (t)/2 is the variable-order fractional quantum Riesz derivative.
∂r2

See also
Acoustic attenuation
Autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average
Differintegral
Differential equation
Erdelyi–Kober operator
Riemann–Liouville integral
Weyl integral
Neopolarogram

Other fractional theories

Fractional dynamics
Fractional Fourier transform
Fractional quantum mechanics

Fractional Schrödinger equation

Notes
1. The symbol J is commonly is used instead of the intuitiveI in order to avoid confusion with other concepts identified
by similar I–like glyphs, e.g. identities.
2. Katugampola, U.N., "A New Approach T o Generalized Fractional Derivatives", Bull. Math. Anal. App. o
Vl 6, Issue 4,
15 October 2014, pages 1–15(http://www.emis.de/journals/BMAA/repository/docs/BMAA6-4-1.pdf)
3. For the history of the subject, see the thesis (in French): Stéphane Dugowson,Les différentielles métaphysiques(htt
p://s.dugowson.free.fr/recherche/dones/index.html)(histoire et philosophie de la généralisation de l'ordre de
dérivation), Thèse, Université Paris Nord (1994)
4. "Fractional Calculus" (http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath616/kmath616.htm). www.mathpages.com. Retrieved
2018-01-03.
5. Bologna, Mauro, Short Introduction to Fractional Calculus(http://www.uta.cl/charlas/volumen19/Indice/MAUROrevisi
on.pdf) (PDF), Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica, Chile
6. Hadamard, J., Essai sur l'étude des fonctions données par leur développement de aylor,
T Journal of pure and
applied mathematics, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 101–186, 1892.
7. Badr Saad T. Alkahtani, " Chua's circuit model with Atangana–Baleanu derivative with fractional order Chaos,
Solitons & Fractals", Volume 89, August 2016, Pages 547–551
 8. Obaid Jefain Julaighim Algahtani. Comparing the Atangana–Baleanu and Caputo–Fabrizio derivative with fractional
order: Allen Cahn modelChaos, Solitons & Fractals, V
olume 89, August 2016, Pages 552–559.
9. Caputo, Michele (1967). "Linear model of dissipation whose Q is almost frequency independent-II". Geophysical
Journal International. 13 (5): 529–539. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1967.tb02303.x(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2
46x.1967.tb02303.x) – via Oxford University Press. (Subscription required (help))..
10. Atangana A., Dumitru B. "New fractional derivatives with non-local and non-singular kernel: Theory and application
to heat transfer model, Thermal Science, Y
ear 2016, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 763–769".
11. Atangana A., Koca I. (2016). "Chaos in a simple nonlinear system with Atangana–Baleanu derivatives with fractional
order, Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Volume 89, August 2016, Pages 447–454".Chaos, Solitons & Fractals. 89: 447–
454. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2016.02.012(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chaos.2016.02.012)
.
12. Ervin Lenzi K., Tateishi Angel A., Haroldo Ribeiro V. (2017). "The Role of Fractional Time-Derivative Operators on
Anomalous Diffusion". Frontiers in Physics. 5: 1–9. doi:10.3389/fphy.2017.00052 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphy.20
17.00052).
13. Abdon, Atangana (2018). "Non validity of index law in fractional calculus: A fractional dif
ferential operator with
Markovian and non-Markovian properties".Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications . 505: 688–706.
doi:10.1016/j.physa.2018.03.056(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physa.2018.03.056) .
14. Atangana A., J.F.Gomez Aguila. (2018). "Decolonisation of fractional calculus rules: Breaking commutativity and
associativity to capture more natural phenomena".The European Physical Journal Plus. 133: 166.
doi:10.1140/epjp/i2018-12021-3(https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fi2018-12021-3) .
15. Erdélyi, Arthur (1950–51). "On some functional transformations".Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico
dell'Università e del Politecnico di Torino. 10: 217–234. MR 0047818 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0
047818).
16. Kober, Hermann (1940). "On fractional integrals and derivatives". The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics (Oxford
Series). 11 (1): 193–211. doi:10.1093/qmath/os-11.1.193(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqmath%2Fos-11.1.193) .
17. Katugampola, Udita N. (2011)."New approach to a generalized fractional integral"(http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci
ence/article/pii/S0096300311004309). Applied Mathematics and Computation. 218: 860–865. arXiv:1010.0742 (http
s://arxiv.org/abs/1010.0742) . doi:10.1016/j.amc.2011.03.062(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amc.2011.03.062) .
18. Wheatcraft, S., Meerschaert, M., (2008). "Fractional Conservation of Mass." Advances in aWter Resources 31,
1377–1381.
19. Atangana, Abdon; Bildik, Necdet (2013). "The Use of Fractional Order Derivative to Predict the Groundwater Flow".
Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2013: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2013/543026 (https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F5
43026).
20. Atangana, Abdon; Vermeulen, P. D. (2014). "Analytical Solutions of a Space-Time Fractional Derivative of
Groundwater Flow Equation".Abstract and Applied Analysis. 2014: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2014/381753 (https://doi.org/1
0.1155%2F2014%2F381753).
21. Benson, D.; Wheatcraft, S.; Meerschaert, M. (2000). "Application of a fractional advection-dispersion equation".
Water Resources Res. 36: 1403–1412. Bibcode:2000WRR....36.1403B(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000WRR....
36.1403B). doi:10.1029/2000wr900031(https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000wr900031).
22. Benson, D.; Wheatcraft, S.; Meerschaert, M. (2000). "The fractional-order governing equation of Lévy motion".
Water
Resources Res. 36: 1413–1423. Bibcode:2000WRR....36.1413B(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000WRR....36.141
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23. Benson, D., Schumer, R., Wheatcraft, S., Meerschaert, M., (2001). "Fractional dispersion, Lévy motion, and the
MADE tracer tests." Transport Porous Media 42, 211–240.
24. Atangana, Abdon; Kilicman, Adem (2014). "On the Generalized Mass ransport
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33. Holm S., Näsholm, S. P., "Comparison of Fractional Wave Equations for Power Law Attenuation in Ultrasound and
Elastography," Ultrasound Med. Biol., 40(4), pp. 695–703, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.09.033[1] (https://arxiv.
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References

Articles regarding the history of fractional calculus

Ross, B. (1975). "A brief history and exposition of the fundamental theory of fractional calculus". Fractional Calculus
and Its Applications. Lecture Notes in Mathematics . 457: 1–36.
Debnath, L. (2004). "A brief historical introduction to fractional calculus". International Journal of Mathematical
Education in Science and Technology. 35 (4): 487–501. doi:10.1080/00207390410001686571.
Tenreiro Machado, J.; Kiryakova, V.; Mainardi, F. (2011). "Recent history of fractional calculus".Communications in
Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation. 16 (3): 1140–1153. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.05.027.
Tenreiro Machado, J.A.; Galhano, A.M.; Trujillo, J.J. (2013). "Science metrics on fractional calculus development
since 1966". Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis. 16 (2): 479–500. doi:10.2478/s13540-013-0030-y.
Tenreiro Machado, J.A.; Galhano, A.M.S.F .; Trujillo, J.J. (2014). "On development of fractional calculus during the
last fifty years". Scientometrics. 98 (1): 577–582. doi:10.1007/s11192-013-1032-6.

Review articles
Ortigueira, M.D.; Machado, J.A. Tenreiro (2015). "What is a fractional derivative?". Journal of Computational Physics.
293: 4–13. doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2014.07.019.
U.N. Katugampola, Correction to ``What is a fractional derivative?by Ortigueira and Machado [Journal of
Computational Physics, Volume 293, 15 July 2015, Pages 4–13. Special issue on Fractional PDEs], Submitted for
publication in J. Computational Physics (2015)
V.E. Tarasov "No violation of the Leibniz rule. No fractional derivative."Communications in Nonlinear Science and
Numerical Simulation Vol.18. No.11. (2013) pp. 2945–2948.arXiv:1402.7161

Books
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Equations. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-58884-9.
Samko, S.; Kilbas, A.A.; Marichev, O. (1993). Fractional Integrals and Derivatives: Theory and Applications . Taylor &
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Telos. ISBN 3-211-82913-X.
Podlubny, Igor (1998). Fractional Differential Equations. An Introduction to Fractional Derivatives, Fractional
Differential Equations, Some Methods of Their Solution and Some of Their Applications . Mathematics in Science and
Engineering. 198. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-558840-2.
West, Bruce J.; Bologna, Mauro; Grigolini, Paolo (2003). Physics of Fractal Operators. Springer Verlag. ISBN 0-387-
95554-2.
Kilbas, A. A.; Srivastava, H. M.; Trujillo, J. J. (2006). Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations.
Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-51832-0.
Mainardi, F. (2010). Fractional Calculus and Waves in Linear Viscoelasticity: An Introduction to Mathematical
Models. Imperial College Press.
Tarasov, V.E. (2010). Fractional Dynamics: Applications of Fractional Calculus to Dynamics of Particles, Fields and
Media. Springer.
Zhou, Y. (2010). Basic Theory of Fractional Differential Equations . Singapore: World Scientific.
Uchaikin, V.V. (2012). Fractional Derivatives for Physicists and Engineers . Higher Education Press.
Daftardar-gejji, Varsha (2013). Fractional Calculus: Theory and Applications. Narosa Publishing House.
Herrmann, R. (2014). Fractional Calculus - An Introduction for Physicists . Singapore: World Scientific.
Srivastava, Hari M (2014).Special Functions in Fractional Calculus and Related Fractional Differintegral Equations .
Singapore: World Scientific.
Li, C P; Zeng, F H (2015).Numerical Methods for Fractional Calcuus. USA: CRC Press.

External links
Eric W. Weisstein. "Fractional Differential Equation." From MathWorld — A Wolfram Web Resource.
MathWorld – Fractional calculus
MathWorld – Fractional derivative
Fractional Calculus at MathPages
Specialized journal: Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis (1998–2014)and Fractional Calculus and Applied
Analysis (from 2015)
Specialized journal: Fractional Differential Equations (FDE)
Specialized journal: Progress in Fractional Differentiation and Applications
Specialized journal: Communications in Fractional Calculus(ISSN 2218-3892)
Specialized journal: Journal of Fractional Calculus and Applications (JFCA)
www.nasatech.com
Igor Podlubny's collection of related books, articles, links, software, etc.
GigaHedron – Richard Herrmann's collection of books, articles, preprints, etc.
s.dugowson.free.fr
History, Definitions, and Applications for the Engineer (PDF), by Adam Loverro, University of Notre Dame
Fractional Calculus Modelling
Introductory Notes on Fractional Calculus
Power Law & Fractional Dynamics
The CRONE (R) Toolbox, a Matlab and Simulink Toolbox dedicated to fractional calculus, which is freely
downloadable
[2]
Závada, Petr (1998). "Operator of Fractional Derivative in the Complex Plane". Communications in Mathematical
Physics. 192: 261–285. arXiv:funct-an/9608002 . doi:10.1007/s002200050299.
Závada, Petr (2002). "Relativistic wave equations with fractional derivatives and pseudodif
ferential operators".
Journal of Applied Mathematics. 2: 163–197. doi:10.1155/S1110757X02110102.

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