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476 FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J., Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 476–482 (October 2012)
T. Sato et al.: Application Examples of Electromagnetic Field Analysis at Fujitsu
In particular, if definite measures are not field analysis of compound-noise problems with
taken against problems such as EMI, ESD, and high precision requires the creation of a detailed
degraded antenna receiver sensitivity during device model and its environment (Figure 1).
the design stage, failures will occur and only be At Fujitsu, such electromagnetic field
detected during prototype testing, so extensive analysis of a device is done using Fujitsu’s finite
reworking of designs will be needed. Such difference time domain (FDTD) method (which
reworking often increases costs due to multiple offers outstanding analysis scalability). With
redesigns of components and implementation FDTD, the analysis space is conventionally
of excessive countermeasures, in addition to divided into a grid mesh with uniform cell size.
extending development times. To deal with However, high-precision analysis requires that
these noise problems, countermeasures based a fine mesh be used, resulting in an enormous
on electromagnetic field analysis using either number of cells for a detailed device model.
element models focusing on device interiors or The required memory space and extremely long
simplified housing models have been investigated. analysis time for such a mesh makes analysis
Owing to a lack of precision, however, definite practically impossible. More specifically, the
measures have not been sufficiently implemented widths of fine wiring patterns on PCBs are of
during the design stage. This situation has led the order of 100 μm; accordingly, to analyze such
to increased equipment costs due to the need patterns with high precision, the cell size (i.e.,
for design rework during the prototype testing mesh size) must be set to less than several tens
stage and the implementation of excessive of micrometers. This means that, for devices like
countermeasures. those produced by the Fujitsu Group, the number
Fujitsu is aiming to improve the precision of cells is of the order of 1013 (i.e., ten trillion)
of electromagnetic field analysis by establishing (Figure 2). At such a mesh scale, analysis is
and applying a large-scale electromagnetic field impossible. To make analysis possible, it is
analysis system that can execute high-precision necessary to greatly reduce the mesh scale while
analysis using fine models of devices.2),3) Since ensuring adequate analysis precision. To meet
this system will enable analysis of a complete this requirement, several schemes for dividing
device with high precision and a short turnaround the analysis space into a grid mesh have been
time (TAT), it will enable noise countermeasures devised and implemented.
designed using electromagnetic field analysis to While the analysis space for components
be incorporated into the device design process. that require a fine mesh wiring pattern is
This paper presents case studies of the
efforts of Fujitsu to craft countermeasures
against compound noise (represented by EMI, EMI Transmission-line noise
ESD, and degraded antenna receiver sensitivity)
during the early stage of design. Signal layer
Since the PCB connectors in a device, the LSI noise Power-supply noise
Analysis area
PCB
130 µm
Wiring pattern
Device body 35 µm 70 µm
: Insulator
100 µm : Resist
: Wiring
Figure 2
Figure
Device 2 using fine mesh with reduced scale.
analysis
Device analysis using fine mesh with reduced scale.
divided into a fine mesh, the space for the device device analysis with a short TAT. However,
package and its environment is divided into a when data from a large-scale electromagnetic
coarser mesh. However, the mesh size is still field analysis is placed in an Engineering
sufficiently smaller than the wavelength of Cloud environment and when video images of
the electromagnetic waves determined by the electromagnetic field maps are presented on the
operating frequency of the device. At the same client side via a network, the volume of data is
time, enlarging the mesh size while preserving the large (~50 GB) when conventional technology is
device configuration during modeling—in other used. This greatly reduces the display speed (to
words, simplifying the device configuration— ~0.3 frames per second). To solve this problem,
has a limit. Consequently, the mesh size is Fujitsu has developed a unique high-speed
optimized by achieving a good balance between technology and used it to speed up the display
wavelength and configuration preservation. rate one hundred times (i.e., to 30 frames per
By incorporating the above-described schemes second) compared with that possible with
into Fujitsu’s large-scale electromagnetic field conventional technologies.4)
analysis system and automating them, it became The configuration of the constructed large-
possible to significantly reduce mesh scale to the scale electromagnetic field analysis system
order of 109 (i.e., one billion). incorporating the various new technologies
As a result of incorporating large-scale described above is shown in Figure 3. This
electromagnetic field analysis in the design system links a PCB-layout/interconnection CAD
process, which makes it possible to design system and a 3D-CAD system (which form an
noise countermeasures in the design stage, the integrated design and development environment
maximum allowable TAT for device analysis called a “Flexible Technical Computing
is a few days. However, even if the mesh Platform” [FTCP]), captures PCB design data
scale is reduced to the order of 109 through the and structural data, automatically generates
abovementioned schemes, the analysis time for electromagnetic field analysis models, and
analysis executed on a single PC will be several transfers these models to a 3D electromagnetic
months. field solver. The 3D electromagnetic field solver
In response to those circumstances, can execute large-scale calculations with a short
Fujitsu has constructed a large-scale PC cluster TAT by utilizing the parallel-computing function
environment composed of several hundred PCs of the PC cluster. Moreover, electromagnetic
and incorporating an electromagnetic field solver field distribution data from the analysis results
in an Engineering Cloud environment to enable placed in the PC cluster environment can be
478 FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J., Vol. 48, No. 4 (October 2012)
T. Sato et al.: Application Examples of Electromagnetic Field Analysis at Fujitsu
Mechanical-system model
(body, cable, etc.) HUB HUB HUB
+
HUB
Figure 3
Configuration of large-scale electromagnetic field analysis system.
rapidly presentedFigure
via a network
3 as video images of EMI in the ultra-gigahertz band is becoming
on the client side by means of a high-speed more and more apparent.
Configuration of large-scale electromagnetic-field analysis system.
display function. Electromagnetic field analysis for
conventional server equipment is generally
3. Application examples of large- performed on both boards and housings, and
scale electromagnetic field designs to counter electromagnetic waves
analysis are devised in the design stage. However,
3.1 Analysis of EMI affecting the K implementing electromagnetic wave
computer note)i
countermeasures during the design stage for
An example application of electromagnetic equipment operating in the ultra-gigahertz
field analysis to EMI is its use to develop band necessitates electromagnetic field analysis
countermeasures against EMI affecting a of the whole apparatus—from the PCBs to the
supercomputer, namely, the K computer being housing. We have made it possible to analyze
developed by RIKEN and Fujitsu under the the whole apparatus by setting up a calculation
guidance of the Ministry of Education, Culture, environment suitable for such large-scale
Sports, Science and Technology. electromagnetic field analysis and by improving
Developed with higher clock frequencies the interface function, which makes it possible
for the CPU, internal bus, interface bus to simplify the design of models obtained from
between I/O devices, and other components, the PCB-design and mechanical-design CAD
this supercomputer has reached operation systems that are used for solving Maxwell’s
frequencies in the ultra-gigahertz band. To be equations. Shortening the analysis TAT to
able to operate in this band, however, it must within a few days made it possible to incorporate
have an abundance of external-component this electromagnetic field analysis into the
interfaces and cooling apertures, so the problem device-design flow and thereby make it available
note)i “K computer” is the English name in practice.
that RIKEN has been using for this Another example is the use of
supercomputer since July 2010. “K” comes electromagnetic field analysis to identify the
from the Japanese word “Kei,” which means
ten peta or 10 to the 16th power. mechanism by which the ultra-gigahertz-band
FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J., Vol. 48, No. 4 (October 2012) 479
T. Sato et al.: Application Examples of Electromagnetic Field Analysis at Fujitsu
electromagnetic waves emitted by the system 3.2 Analysis of ESD affecting notebook
clock leak from the equipment and to develop PCs
a countermeasure that effectively reduces the An example application of electromagnetic
resulting EMI. As shown in Figure 4, the field analysis to ESD is its use to develop
countermeasure is the placement of a gasket countermeasures against ESD in notebook PCs.
in the gap between the metal sheets of the Rough CAD data obtained during the upstream
housing to prevent electromagnetic radiation design stage is used to construct models of the
from escaping from the CPU to the exterior of metal parts of the housing, connectors, and
the housing. As shown in Figure 5, introducing power-supply cables. Only the ground layer of
the gasket reduced EMI by more than 5 dB in the PCBs is modeled, and electrical discharge
the ultra-gigahertz band, thereby ensuring that (whereby static electricity directly contacts
the margin specified in the VCCI CLASS-A connectors) is simulated. The analysis scale
standards is attained. for such a simulation is a mesh size of 2.3×108.
Although this is a scale rarely seen for tools
used by other companies, utilizing a large-scale
analysis environment made it possible to execute
CPU analysis on 80 CPUs and complete it in about
nine hours.
Two cases were simulated in this example
application (Figure 6): a notebook PC circuit
board was either grounded or ungrounded to
Gasket
a heat sink (for CPU cooling). It was grounded
in three places (three fixing screws). The effect
of grounding on ESD noise was determined
by visualizing the electromagnetic field
distribution in each case. The distributions
before implementing the countermeasure
(ungrounded state) and after implementing the
Figure 4 countermeasure (grounded state) are shown in
Figure 4 of gasket in gap between metal sheets
Placement
of housing as countermeasure against EMI. Figures 7 (a) and (b), respectively. It is clear
Placement of gasket in gap between from the figures that the electric field around the
metal sheets of housing as CPU (marked by the ellipse in the figures) was
Before
After
7 dB CPU heat sink
Fixing screw
CPU circuit
CPU
board
2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
Frequency (GHz)
Figure 6
Figure 5 Grounding
Figure 6 of notebook PC circuit board
Figure
Effect 5
of countermeasure (gasket) on EMI. toGrounding
CPU heat sink through fixing screws.
of notebook PC circuit board to
Effect of countermeasure (gasket) on EMI. CPU heat sink through fixing screws.
480 FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J., Vol. 48, No. 4 (October 2012)
T. Sato et al.: Application Examples of Electromagnetic Field Analysis at Fujitsu
dB (μV/m) Z dBi
Frequency (GHz) 0
200
Fixing screw CPU 1.700
190
−5
180
170
−10
160
150 −15
(a) Before Electric field
is reduced. dB (μV/m)
200
−Z
−20
190
Figure
Figure 8
8
180 Model
Model ofof antennas,
antennas, LCDand
LCD panel, panel, and their
their periphery periphery
in notebook PC. in
notebook PC.
170
160
150
(b) After
Figure
Figure 7 7 d
Effect of grounding notebook PC circuit board to d
Effect
CPU heatofsink.
grounding notebook PC
circuit board to CPU heat sink.
Figure 9
reduced about 10 to 15 dB by the grounding. This Combined electric-field emission pattern for antennas
demonstrates that grounding the circuit board to in notebook PC.
the CPU heat sink is an effective countermeasure Figure 9
for reducing ESD. and the analysis time
Combined was 4.5 hours
electric-field on 40 CPUs.
emission pattern
Since antenna efficiency is the ratio of the
for antennas in notebook PC.
3.3 Analysis of radiation efficiency of antenna’s input power to its output power, it is
notebook PC antennas necessary to determine the field emission pattern
Another example application of for each antenna and to sum up the magnetic
electromagnetic field analysis is its use to fields. The combined field emission pattern for
establish a technique for analyzing antenna the antennas is shown in Figure 9. This surface
radiation efficiency as a basis for evaluating area gives the total electric field Etotal. Antenna
antennas in notebook PCs. The antennas and efficiency is given by
liquid crystal display (LCD) panel (including
1
4π ∫
the metal hinge, i.e., the antenna ground) of a η= Etotal sinθ dθ dφ .
notebook PC and their periphery were modeled
as shown in Figure 8. The antennas were the As shown in Figure 10, the measured and
main and sub-antennas for Universal Mobile analyzed antenna efficiencies agree well. Even
Telecommunications System (UMTS) connection in the high-frequency band (around 2 GHz),
and four antennas on the edge of the LCD panel they agree well despite the high-frequency loss.
for wireless LAN connection. There were 77 Incorporating this large-scale electromagnetic
million cells in the mesh used in the analysis, field analysis into the design process would make
FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J., Vol. 48, No. 4 (October 2012) 481
T. Sato et al.: Application Examples of Electromagnetic Field Analysis at Fujitsu
482 FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J., Vol. 48, No. 4 (October 2012)