M&I 05-GeometricalTolerancing2017 v01

Geometrical tolerancing
Geometrical Product Specification Why GPS/GDT

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing shall be used?
• ISO GPS system – geometrical product specification
& verification system developed in ISO by ISO/TC 213.
Plus/minus tolerancing
• GDT – Geometric Dimensioning does not provide
& Tolerancing according to ASME Y14.5 the clear specification
• GPS is a system of for verification
symbols, rules & definitions. of the distance
used to define the geometry of mechanical parts. between the holes.
• GPS is used for specifications of requirements regarding
size, form, profile, orientation, location
& runout in 3D space.
• GPS on the drawing must first & foremost
capture design intent.
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Advantages of GPS Geometrical tolerances in standards

• GPS facilitates effective communications between • ISO 1101:2017 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)
designer, production engineer & quality engineer. – Geometrical tolerancing – Tolerances of form,
It reduces speculations & ad hoc solutions orientation, location & run-out
which produce controversy between producer & customer. • ISO 5459:2011 GPS – Geometrical tolerancing
• GPS provides clear specification of the workpiece geometry – Datums & datum systems
which is not possible with plus/minus tolerancing. • ISO 2692:2015 GPS – Geometrical tolerancing
• GPS provides a clear & concise technique for defining – Maximum material requirement (MMR), least material
a reference coordinate system (datum system) to be used requirement (LMR) & reciprocity requirement (RPR)
throughout the manufacturing & inspection processes. • ISO 1660:2017 GPS – Geometrical tolerancing
• GPS reduces the need for drawing notes to describe complex – Profile tolerancing 14 identical symbols
geometry requirements on a component or assembly by but not always the same
the use of standard symbols that accurately & quickly define ………… interpretation
design, manufacturing & inspection requirements. • ASME Y14.5-2009 – Engineering drawing
• GPS improves quality, reduces cost & related documentation practices.
& makes shorten delivery time. Dimensioning & tolerancing.
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Tolerances of Form
Straightness
Circularity Tolerances of form

Geometrical Flatness
Cylindricity
Form tolerances control:
(ISO GPS)
Tolerances of Orientation A
straightness, flatness, roundness or cylindricity.
tolerances Perpendicularity
Parallelism
A B
A
Form tolerances critical to function & interchangeability
Angularity TED shall be specified because according to ISO 14405
Tolerances
the limit deviations of size are by default verified by two point
Tolerances of Location
Position A B C measurement & do not control any form deviations.
Coaxiality/concentricity
Symmetry
A B
The form tolerance specifies a zone within which
A TED
the considered feature, its line elements,
Tolerances of Profile A
Profile of a Line.
its derived median line,
Profile of a Surface or its derived median plane shall be contained.
Tolerances of Runout A
A
Circular runout
Total runout A-B

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ISO GPS system Roundness tolerance

• ISO GPS system is an international language used on drawings
to accurately describe a part. The language consists of
a well-defined set of symbols, rules, definitions, & conventions
that can be used to describe the size, form, orientation,
E
location & run-out tolerances of part features.
• ISO GPS system is an exact language that enables designers
or
to “say what they mean” on a drawing, thus improving product
designs. Production uses the language to interpret the design
intent & inspection looks to the language to determine set up. The tolerance zone, in each considered cross-section perpendicular to
By providing uniformity in drawing specifications & interpretation, the axis of the least square cylinder, is limited by two concentric circles
ISO GPS system reduces controversy, with difference in radii of 0,02 mm within which each
guesswork & assumptions extracted circumferential line of the surface shall be contained.
throughout the manufacturing & inspection process. By default the roundness deviation shall be evaluated by
Minimum Zone Circles (MZCI).
• Whenever two parts are expected CMM
When envelope requirement is applied the roundness tolerance
to fit together & function without re-work or adjustment, shall be smaller than size tolerance & other geometric tolerances
the parts must be clearly defined. that affect the roundness of the feature.
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Effect of four assessment methods Straightness
– different reference circles root-mean-square
roundness deviation
of the generating line
MZCI LSCI Any extracted generating line
MZCI – Minimum of the cylindrical surface
Zone Circles shall be contained
LSCI – Least between two parallel lines 0,03 apart
Square Circle in a plane common
MCCI – Minimum with the axis of the associated
Circumscribed Circle least square cylinder.
MICI – Maximum
Inscribed Circle The tolerance is applied
MICI independently to each
MCCI axial cross section.
It does not limit
the parallelism
of the generating lines.
The leader line shall be directed to the surface

or extension line of the surface but not to the size dimension line.
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Measurement of roundness deviation Straightness of the axis

A
The derived median line
of the feature shall be contained
within a cylindrical tolerance zone
of 0,02 mm diameter
regardless of the feature size.
Each circular element of

the surface shall be within
the specified limits of size
dmax
(two-point size)..
Where necessary
the straightness tolerance
may be greater than
RONt = f(max, , n) RONt = (dmax – dmin)/2 the size tolerance.
Indicator & V-Block Indicator & surface plate
– method for – diametral 2-point method
The tolerance frame shall be attached to the extension of the dimension line.
odd number of lobes even number of lobes
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a) b) Cylindricity
Straightness
of the axis
a) Shaft with size limit

deviations & tolerance c)
of the axis straightness;
b), c) components that
fulfil requirements; The extracted
d) component cylindrical surface
incompatible shall be contained
– straightness of the axis between two
d)
deviation coaxial cylinders
Δ = 0,07 mm Product
incompatible with with a difference
specification in radii 0,02 mm
that fit to (pipe with 0,02 mm
assembly wall thickness).
Straightness of the axis tolerance with Flatness tolerance of the plane/ median plane
maximum material requirement MMR The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes
Functional requirement – the shaft shall mate with the hole a distance equal to tolerance 0,08 (respectiviely 0,06) apart.
– two requirements (size & geometrical tolerance) are transformed into
one collective requirement – MMR
The extracted feature shall not violate

the maximum material virtual condition, MMVC,
with the maximum material virtual size MMVS = 30,02 mm The extracted (actual) surface The median plane
The extracted feature shall have everywhere a local diameter shall be contained between shall be contained between
equal or larger than LMS= 29,95 mm & equal or smaller than MMS=30 mm. two parallel planes 0,08 apart two parallel planes 0,06 apart.
Flatness tolerance of two planes (coplanarity)
CZ Combined Zone ISO 1101:2017 Common Zone ISO 1101:2012 Tolerances of orientation
Orientation tolerances control
parallelism, perpendicularity or angularity of a feature
with respect to one or more datums.
Orientation tolerances constrain
only the rotational degrees of freedom
relative to the referenced datums.
Orientation tolerances do not constrain
the translational degrees of freedom.
Flatness tolerance – each extracted surface shall be contained individually
between two parallel planes 0,04 mm apart. The orientation tolerance zone is only
Flatness tolerance CZ – one combined tolerance zone is applied to two oriented to the datum system.
separate surfaces. The both surfaces are treated as single interrupted If the primary datum feature alone
surface & shall be contained between two parallel planes 0,06 mm apart.
does not constrain sufficient degrees of freedom
When CZ is indicated in tolerance indicator all the related individual tolerance
zones shall be constrained in location & in orientation amongst themselves by additional datum feature may be specified.
explicit theoretically exact dimensions (TED) or implicit TEDs.
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±……...
Test a) Straightness tolerance of Parallelism tolerance of an axis related to datum axis
……… the Ø20 shaft generating line
T = ……………. ISO:
…………. …….. Tolerance zone: The extracted
………………………….; median line
…………. ……..
b) Straightness tolerance of shall be within
the Ø20 shaft axis per unit a cylindrical
length T = ……………. zone
±……..
Tolerance zone: of diameter

………………………….;
0,03 mm
c) Straightness tolerance of parallel to
the Ø20 shaft axis T = ……. datum axis
Tolerance zone: (axis of
………………………….;
inscribed
d) Straightness tolerance of cylinder).
the two step shaft axis
T = …………….; ASME: Regardless of feature size,
f) Cylindricity tolerance of the Ø20 shaft T = ………; Tolerance zone: …………… the feature axis (axis of unrelated actual mating
Tolerance zone: ………………………….; …………….; envelope – in scribed cylinder) shall be within
g) Flatness tolerance T = ………; e) Roundness tolerance of 0,03 mm diameter cylindrical zone parallel to
Tolerance zone: ………………………….; the Ø20 shaft T = ………; datum axis A (axis of unrelated actual mating
Tolerance zone: envelope – inscribed cylinder).
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Parallelism tolerance of a surface Perpendicularity tolerance
related to datum plane & flatness tolerance of a surface
related to datum axis
The extracted surface shall be contained between two parallel The extracted surface shall be contained between two parallel planes
planes 0,04 mm apart, which are parallel to datum plane A. 0,08 mm apart which are perpendicular to datum axis A.
The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes
a distance 0,02 mm apart & parallel to the datum plane. a distance 0,08 mm apart & perpendicular to the datum axis.
The datum plane A is the tangent plane. SZ The datum is the axis of smallest circumscribed cylinder.
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Perpendicularity tolerance of an axis related Perpendicularity tolerance of a surface related to datum

to datum plane (cylindrical tolerance zone) system defined by two planes & related to datum plane
ISO: The extracted

median line
shall be contained
within
a cylindrical zone
of diameter 0,03 mm
perpendicular
to datum plane A The extracted surface shall be contained
(tangent plane). between two parallel planes
0,03 mm apart which are perpendicular
to the datum plane A.
ASME: Regardless of feature size,
the feature axis (axis of unrelated actual mating The tolerance zone is limited by two
envelope – circumscribed cylinder) parallel planes a distance 0,03 mm
shall be contained within apart & perpendicular to the datum plane A.
0,03 mm diameter cylindrical zone The specification 0,03 mm does not set any
perpendicular to datum plane A (tangent plane). requirements against the back side of the part.
.
Perpendicularity tolerance of a surface related to datum Perpendicularity, parallelism & angularity
system defined by two planes & related to datum plane tolerance of a surface related to datum axis
Give the tolerance value for perpendicularity

with respect to the datum system defined by two planes
In each case the datum is the axis of largest inscribed cylinder.
.
In each case the tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes.
The perpendicularity & parallelism are the particular cases
of angularity with default basic angles 90º & 0º respectively.
Angularity tolerance of a surface related

Specify 4 cases of perpendicularity tolerance
to datum system defined by two planes
30
°
The extracted surface shall be contained between two parallel planes

0,03 apart that are inclined at a theoretically exact angle of 30° to primary
datum plane A & are perpendicular to the secondary datum B (plane
perpendicular to datum A that contacts datum feature B
at minimum of two points). The flatness deviation of the toleranced surface
is limited by the angularity tolerance.
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Position tolerance
Specify a case of angularity tolerance
of an axis
The extracted median line
shall be contained within
70
a cylindrical tolerance zone
of diameter 0,08 mm,
the axis of which coincides
with the theoretically exact position
of the hole,
with respect to
primary datum plane A (tangent plane),
ISO
secondary datum plane B
(plane perpendicular to datum A
that contacts datum feature B
at minimum of two points)
& tertiary datum plane C
(plane perpendicular to datums A & B
70
that contacts datum feature C at
minimum of one point).
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Position tolerance of an axis

Tolerances of location The toleranced feature is
the extracted median line
Position, coaxiality & symmetry are used to control:
a)
• centre distance between features of size The extracted hole axis coincides with the theoretically exact position
(deviation is equal to zero);
such as holes or slots & pins or bosses; According
b) to ISO
• location of features of size as a group, from datum The extracted hole axis with extreme position deviation the position
& zero perpendicularity deviation tolerance
features, such as planes & axes of cylindrical surfaces; & zero straightness deviation of the axis; limits
• coaxiality of features of size i.e. distances of extracted c) deviations
The extracted hole axis with extreme position deviation of
median line from datum axis (axis of circumscribed/ equal to the perpendicularity deviation (extreme case) perpendi-
inscribed cylinder); & zero straightness deviation of the axis; cularity
&
d)
• symmetry of features of size i.e. distances of extracted straightness
The extracted hole axis with extreme position deviation of the axis
median surface points from datum plane. equal to the perpendicularity deviation (extreme case)
which in turn is equal to the straightness deviation
of the axis (extreme case).
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Position tolerance
The datum of four hole
features order pattern related
of precedence
is critical
to datum plane
for assessment
of conformance
The extracted median
with line of each hole
specification shall be contained within
a cylindrical tolerance zone
of diameter 0,05.
The axes
of four tolerance zones
XABC > XACB are perpendicular
YABC < YACB to datum A (tangent plane)
& form rectangular pattern
– are located by edges
• The primary datum is an associated (tangent) plane; of rectangular prism
• The secondary datum is an associated plane that respects with rectangular base 18×24.
the orientation constraint from the primary datum; Theoretically exact dimensions fix
• The tertiary datum is an associated plane which respects the orientation perpendicularity to datum A
constraint firstly from the primary datum & secondly from the secondary datum. & interrelationship between the features.
Position tol. of four hole pattern related to datum system Position tol. of four hole pattern related to datum system
The extracted median & position tol. of four hole pattern related to datum plane
line of each hole
shall be within
a cylindrical
tolerance zone The extracted
of diameter 0,15
median line
the axis
of which coincides of each hole
with the theoretically in the hole pattern
exact position of shall be within
each hole, cylindrical
with respect to tolerance zone
primary datum plane A of diameter 0,15
(tangent plane), the axis of which
& secondary coincides with
datum plane B the theoretically
(plane perpendicular to exact position
datum A that contacts of each hole,
datum feature B with respect
(at minimum of two points) & tertiary datum plane C (plane perpendicular to datums to three plane
A & B that contacts datum feature C at minimum of one point). datum system.
Theoretically exact dimensions define the theoretically exact position & simultaneously contained within a cylindrical tolerance zone of diameter 0,05
from specified datum features & interrelationship between the toleranced features. perpendicular to datum A & with interrelationship 18×24 within the pattern.
Position tolerance of six hole pattern Position tolerance of a plane with respect to axis & plane
related to datum system
CZ –
Combined
zone –
is used Plus/minus
to create tolerancing
a pattern. is not unique:
The Depth
tolerance micrometer
zones – distance
are between face of the beam placed on the pin face
locked & face of micrometer spindle sited on the base
top surface (direction determined by the portion of the pin face)
at 60°
intervals. Two external micrometers – difference between
overall length and height of the base (direction?)
Digital height gauge and measuring plate – distance between the
The extracted median line of each hole shall be within a cylindrical tolerance zone bottom face & pin face (direction determined by bottom surface
of diameter 0,2 mm the axis of which coincides with the theoretically exact position of the component base).
of the considered hole, with respect to primary datum plane A – tangent plane
& secondary datum B – axis of orientation related inscribed cylinder.
The tolerance zones are located in theoretically exact positions by the theoretically
exact angle 90° & radius 35 mm & distributed by theoretically exact angles 60°.
Position tolerance of a plane with respect Functional requirement: coaxiality

to datum system (axis & plane)
The extracted
median line
of the toleranced
cylinder shall be
within a cylindrical tolerance zone
of diameter 0,1 mm, the axis of which coincides with
the datum axis A (axis of cylinder circumscribed on datum feature).
Position tolerance of a plane with respect to
primary datum A (axis of the cylinder circumscribed over the extracted pin
The axis
surface) & secondary datum B (associated plane perpendicular to datum A).
of mating
The extracted surface shall be contained in tolerance zone – between cylinder
two parallel planes a distance 0,2 mm apart symmetrically disposed about
shall be
the theoretically exact position fixed by the theoretically exact dimensions with
….
respect to datums A & B – that means around the plane situated
by the theoretically exact dimension 56 mm from the secondary datum
established in the direction defined by the primary datum.
Coaxiality tolerance – common datum axis Location,
orientation
& form
tolerances
The placement
of the hole axis
(extracted median line)
is limited by
position (location )
& parallelism (orientation)
tolerances.
The form deviation
of the hole extracted
The datum is the common axis median line is limited
constructed from two pivots. by straightness
of the axis tolerance.
The extracted median line of the toleranced cylinder
shall be within a cylindrical tolerance zone of diameter 0,08,
the axis of which coincides with the common datum axis A-B. nA≠nB
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Symmetry tolerance Specify 3 cases of the location tolerance
Symmetry is a condition where the median points of all opposed

elements of a feature shall be congruent with the centre plane.
Symmetry is the same concept as coaxiality except
that it is applied to non-cylindrical features.
The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance 0,08
apart, symmetrically disposed about the datum median plane
which is fixed by the symmetry plane of two parallel planes
at minimum separation that are adjacent to indicated part sides.
Profile tolerance of Profile tolerance
of a line/surface of a surface
Profile tolerances are used to define a tolerance zone The profile tolerance
to control form or combinations of size, form, orientation of a surface
&
& location of a feature(s) relative to a theoretically exact flatness tolerance
profile (line/surface). set similar constraints
for
Profile tolerance zones may or may not be related to datums. the toleranced surfaces.
The theoretically exact profile is a profile defined by: In both cases defined
tolerance zones
theoretically exact dimensions, theoretically exact radii, have any restrictions
theoretically exact angular dimensions, theoretically exact (constraints)
to translate or rotate.
coordinate dimensions, formulas or mathematical data.
Profile tolerance is often compared to position tolerance. Tolerance zone is the space Tolerance zone is the space
between two boundaries
According to ISO position tolerance is used to locate features equally disposed
between two parallel planes
with distance 0,01 apart.
of size (holes, slots, tabs, pins, etc.) & planes. about the theoretically exact
The profile tolerance is used to locate free form surfaces. profile with distance 0,01 apart.
The extracted surface shall be within the tolerance zone.
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Tolerances of profile Profile tolerance

of a line/surface of a surface
The profile of a line is 2D control & 3D control for a line in a space. The profile tolerance
The profile of a surface is 3D control. of a surface with modifier
>< for orientation only
The profile of a line tolerance zone is limited by two lines enveloping &
circles of diameter T the centres of which are situated on a line having parallelism tolerance
theoretically exact geometrical form (with respect to datum system). set similar constraints
for
The profile of a surface tolerance zone is limited by two surfaces the toleranced surfaces.
enveloping spheres of diameter T the centres of which are situated In both cases five degrees
on a surface having theoretically exact geometrical form (with respect of freedom are arrested
for the defined
to datum system). tolerance zones.
The zones may only move
in direction marked
Tolerance zone is the space by the arrow. Tolerance zone is the space
between two boundaries equally Tolerance zone is the space
between two boundaries
or unequally disposed about the between two parallel planes
equally disposed
theoretically exact profile. The parallel to datum plane A
about the theoretically exact
width of the tolerance zone is with distance 0,03 apart.
profile with distance 0,03 apart.
normal to the feature profile.
The actual surface shall be within the tolerance zone.
Profile tolerance
X Y
Profile tolerance
of a surface
of a surface related
The profile tolerance Y
of a surface
to datum
& system
position tolerance The
X
of a plane
set similar constraints tolerance
for zone
the toleranced surfaces. is limited
In both cases all degrees by two
of freedom are arrested equidistant
for the defined surfaces
tolerance zones. enveloping
The tolerance zones
are fixed in relation The extracte spheres of
to datum plane A. surface diameter 0,1,
shall be The profile tolerance of a surface as location tolerance.
Tolerance zone is the space between two the centres
within of which are All six degrees of freedom for tolerance zone are constrained
boundaries equally disposed by three datum planes listed in the tolerance frame.
tolerance situated on
about the theoretically exact profile zone.
(j space between two parallel planes) theoretically Datum system locates the theoretically exact surface.
located to datum plane A by theoretically exact dimension 36 with distance 0,05 apart. exact profile. The extracted surface shall be within tolerance zone.
Profile tolerance of a surface Profile tolerances of a surface

& profile tolerance of a line ><
The The extracted

profile surface shall be
within respective
tolerance
tolerance zones.
of
a conical
The profile tolerance
surface
of a surface related to
as form three plane datum system
tolerance. & two plane datum system.
Profile tolerance of a surface
related to datum plane A.
The cone is toleranced by: Profile tolerance of a surface
without datum.
• the profile tolerance of a surface T=0,15
• theoretically exact angle α=30º The tolerance 0,1 controls
• toleranced size (maximum diameter Ø=60). the surface location relative
to datum planes A, B & C.
The tolerance zone is floating conical pipe with wall thickness 0,15. The tolerance 0,04 controls the surface
The extracted surface shall be within the tolerance zone orientation relative to datum planes A & B.
Profile tolerance of a surface Profile tolerance of
for pattern of two holes of a line/surface
T=0,6 The profile tolerance may be verified with CMM, micrometers,
– controls location calipers, gages, optical comparator, indicators or visually.
of the two holes
pattern in relation How many points, how often to verify
to datums ABC & the method of verification
(perpendicularity
TED =90º, shall be determined by quality engineer
TED=10, & defined in dimensional measurement plan.
TED =8,
TED =8+60)
These decisions shall be based
on the number of parts to be checked,
acceptable risk,
the variability of the process,
T=0,4 – controls orientation in relation to primary datum A (perpendicularity)
& secondary datum B (parallelism) & controls distances between holes availability of the equipment & many other factors.
within pattern (TED =60, TED =0),
T=0,2 – controls orientation of the holes generating lines in relation to datum A
(perpendicularity) & distances between holes in the pattern (TED =60, TED =0).
The plate shall mate with rectangular nest 20 mm  40 mm

Profile tolerance
without interference & excessive clearance
of a surface -specify tolerance to fulfil the requirement
The profile tolerance of a

surface as location tolerance
for a segment of cylindrical
surface relative datum A
(axis of the inscribed
cylinder).
The extracted surface
shall be contained
between two surfaces
0,02 apart, which are
symmetrically disposed
about the theoretically exact
position of the surface, with
respect to datum axis A.
Maximum material condition MMC
MMC – the condition in which a feature of size contains
the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size.
Maximum material size
Specify MMS
– dimension defining the
tolerances maximum material condition
of a feature
MMS is equal to
upper specification limit
for external features
& lower specification limit
for internal features.
MMS is verified by GO gage.

Where MMS is violated part may be corrected (reworked).
There is minimum clearance in the fit
where each mating element reach MMC.
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Least material condition LMC

Maximum material requirement
LMC – the condition in which a feature of size contains
the least amount of material within the stated limits of size.
Least material requirement Least material size
LMS
– dimension defining the least
Reciprocity requirement material condition of a feature
Each requirement (MMR, LMR & RPR) combines

LMS is equal to
two independent tolerance requirements lower specification limit
into one collective requirement, for external features
which more accurately & upper specification limit
for internal features.
simulates the intended function of the workpiece.
MMR. LMR & RPR are used, when it is not important LMS is verified by NO GO gage.
which part of the accepted variation of the workpiece geometry Where LMS is violated part is rejected (scrap).
is consumed by size deviation & which by geometrical deviation. There is maximum clearance in the fit
where each mating element reach LMC.
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Give value of MMS Perpendicularity tolerance of pin axis with MMR
MMR – requirement for a feature of size, defining a geometrical feature
of the same type and of perfect form, with a given value for the intrinsic
characteristic (size) equal to MMVS, which limits the non-ideal feature
on the outside of the material.
Maximum material
virtual size
MMVS = MMS+T
= (150+0,05) mm
= 150,05 mm
MMS hole = ……………… MMS pin = ……………… Maximum material
size
MMS = 150 mm
Least material size LMS = 149,96 mm (IT7=0,04 mm)
Two-point size LMS ≤ ALS ≤ MMS
Maximum material virtual condition MMVC Perpendicularity tolerance with MMR – surface & axial
interpretation
MMC – state of associated feature of maximum material virtual size
Assembly of parts depends on combined effect Pin shall fit
of size & geometrical deviation. into hole
of cylindrical
ring gauge
According
to axial
interpretation
the value
of the
Maximum material virtual size MMVS: perpendicularity
tolerance
for external feature of size for internal feature of size depends on the
MMVS = MMS + T MMVS = MMS – T pin actual size.
Perpendicularity tolerance of hole axis with MMR Position tolerance for coaxiality
at MMR for toleranced hole & MMR for datum hole
The sleeve shall mate with the pin & the flat face surfaces of two parts
shall be in intimate contact. Specify the size & geometrical tolerances
for the sleeve.
• Actual toleranced feature shall not violate boundary of maximum

material virtual condition MMVC (outer boundary)
MMVS = MMS – T = 20,3 mm
• Two-point size shall be between 20,7 = MMS ≤ ALS ≤ LMS = 20,9
• Position of MMVC for toleranced feature is coaxial
with axis of MMVC for datum feature
Position tolerance for coaxiality Position tolerance

at MMR for toleranced shaft and MMR for datum shaft for two holes
pattern
• Actual toleranced feature shall not violate boundary of

maximum material virtual condition MMVC (outer boundary)
MMVS = MMS+T = 20,3 mm For any actual hole sizes (within limits of size) the surface
• Two-point size shall be between 19,9 = LMS ≤ ALS ≤ MMS = 20 of each hole shall be outside the pin of the diameter :
• …………………… for the datum system ABC
• Position of MMVC for toleranced feature is coaxial
with axis of MMVC for datum feature • …………………… for the datum A.
• …………………… for specification without datum.
Perpendicularity tolerance at LMC Specify tolerance to ensure assembly without interference
& excessive clearance
Functional
requirement:
The machining
allowance
equal
at least 0,5 mm
to produce
perpendicular
pin is required.
• Maximum material size MMS = 30 mm

• Least material size LMS = 27 mm
• Least material virtual size LMVS = LMS–T = (27–1) mm = 26 mm
defines LMVC - least material virtual condition (inner boundary)
• Two-point size LMS ≤ ALS ≤ MMS
Tolerances of run-out
Calculate
minimum
wall Circular run-out tolerance
thickness – Circular run-out tolerance – radial
– Circular run-out tolerance – axial
– Circular run-out tolerance in any direction
LMVS = ………… – Circular run-out tolerance in a specified direction
LMVC LMVC
X = ………..
Total run-out tolerance
– Total radial run-out tolerance
– Total axial run-out tolerance
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Circular run-out tolerance – radial Total radial
run-out tolerance
related to
common datum
 .003
A
Total radial run-out deviation
 = Max(Max(Ri)) – Min(Min(Rj))
A .003
The extracted surface
The extracted circumferential line in any cross-section plane shall be contained between
two coaxial cylinders with
perpendicular to datum axis A shall be contained between two
a difference in radii of 0,05
coplanar concentric circles with a difference in radii of 0,1
& the axis coincident with the
the centres of which coincide with the datum A (axis of the common datum straight line A-B.
circumscribed cylinder).
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.
Circular run-out tolerance – radial Total radial

run-out tolerance
Circular runout related to
radial deviation
 = Rmax – Rmin common datum
The tolerance zone is limited

by two coaxial cylinders with 0,05
a difference in radii of 0,05
the axes of which coincide
with the common datum
The tolerance is applied independently straight line A-B. A-B
in each circular cross-section
(the indicator may be reset at each cross section  = FIM).
The circular run-out tolerance radial control The total radial run-out tolerance control
the cumulative variations of circularity & coaxiality . the cumulative variations of cylindricity & coaxiality .
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Circular run-out tolerance – axial Specify 4 tolerances of run-out
Circular run-out
axial deviation
 = Xmax – Xmin
The extracted line

in any cylindrical section,
shall be contained between two circles
with an axial distance of 0,1 apart A
lying in the cylindrical section,
the axis of which coincides with the datum A.
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Total axial
run-out
tolerance
related
to axis
The extracted surface shall

be contained in the tolerance A
zone limited by two parallel
planes 0,1 apart,
which are perpendicular
to datum axis A.
31.12.2017 GPS07-Run-out © Z. Humienny zhu@simr.pw.edu.pl 78/79

M&amp;I 05-GeometricalTolerancing2017 v01

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Geometrical tolerancing

Geometrical Product Specification Why GPS/GDT

Advantages of GPS Geometrical tolerances in standards

Circularity Tolerances of form

Total runout A-B

ISO GPS system Roundness tolerance

The leader line shall be directed to the surface

Measurement of roundness deviation Straightness of the axis

Each circular element of

a) Shaft with size limit

The extracted feature shall not violate

Tolerance zone: of diameter

Perpendicularity tolerance of an axis related Perpendicularity tolerance of a surface related to datum

ISO: The extracted

Give the tolerance value for perpendicularity

Angularity tolerance of a surface related

The extracted surface shall be contained between two parallel planes

Position tolerance of an axis

Position tolerance of a plane with respect Functional requirement: coaxiality

Symmetry tolerance Specify 3 cases of the location tolerance

Symmetry is a condition where the median points of all opposed

Tolerances of profile Profile tolerance

Profile tolerance of a surface Profile tolerances of a surface

The The extracted

The plate shall mate with rectangular nest 20 mm  40 mm

The profile tolerance of a

MMS is verified by GO gage.

Least material condition LMC

Each requirement (MMR, LMR & RPR) combines

• Actual toleranced feature shall not violate boundary of maximum

Position tolerance for coaxiality Position tolerance

• Actual toleranced feature shall not violate boundary of

• Maximum material size MMS = 30 mm

Circular run-out tolerance – radial Total radial

The tolerance zone is limited

The extracted line

The extracted surface shall

31.12.2017 GPS07-Run-out © Z. Humienny zhu@simr.pw.edu.pl 78/79

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