7A Definite Integration PDF

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DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Let f(x) be a function defined on [a, b]. If ∫ f (x) dx = F(x) , then F(b) – F(a) is called the definite
b
integral of f(x) over [a, b]. It is denoted by ∫ f (x)dx . The real number ‘a’ is called the lower limit
a
and the real number ‘b’ is called the upper limit.

This is known as fundamental theorem of integral calculus.
b
Geometrical Interpretation of Definite Integral: If f(x)>0 for all x in [a, b] then ∫ f ( x ) dx
a
is
numerically equal to the area bounded by the curve y =f(x), the x-axis and the lines x=a and x=b
b
i.e., ∫ f ( x ) dx
a
.
Properties of Definite Integrals:

b b
1. ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (t)dt i.e., definite integral is independent of its variable.
a a
b a
2). ∫ f (x)dx = −∫ f (x)dx .
a b
b c b
3. If a < c < b then ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx .
a a c
a a
3. ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 0
b b
4. ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a a
a a
5. ∫ f (x)dx = 2∫ f (x)dx , if f(x) is an even function
−a 0
= 0, if f(x) is an odd function.

2a a
6. ∫ f (x)dx = 2∫ f (x)dx if f(2a – x) = f(x)
0 0
= 0 if f(2a – x) = –f(x).
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Theorem:
If f(x) is an integrable function on [a, b] and g(x) is derivable on [a, b] then
b g(b) b g(b)
∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx ∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx .

a g(a ) a g(a )
PROBLEMS
Evaluate the Following as Limit of Sum
5
1. Evaluate ∫ (x + 1)dx .
0
Sol: We use the following formula for p = 5 and f(x) = x2 + 1, x ∈ [0, 5] and f is continuous over
[0, 5].
5 p
1 np  i 
∴ ∫ (x + 1)dx = ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∑f  
n →∞ n i =1  n 
0 0
1 5n  i 
= lim ∑ 
n →∞ n i =1  n
+ 1

1 1 2 3 4  5n  
= lim  + 1 + + 1 + + 1 + + 1 +  + 1 
n →∞ n  n n n n  n 
1  1 2 3 5n  
= lim   + + ... +  + 5n 
n →∞ n  n n n n  
1
= lim
n →∞ n 2
[1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 5n terms] + 5
 n(n + 1) 
∵ Σn = 
 2 
1 5n(5n + 1)
= lim +5
n →∞ n2 2
 1
n2 ⋅5 5 + 
= lim 2
1  n
+5
n →∞ n 2
25 35  1 
= +5 = ∵ lim   = 0 
2 2  n →∞  n  
4
2. Evaluate ∫ x 2dx .
0
4
1 np  i 
Sol: ∫ x dx = lim
2
∑f  
n →∞ n i =1  n 
0
Here p = 4 and f(x) = x2

4 2
1 4n  i 
∴ ∫ x 2 dx = lim ∑ 
n →∞ n i =1  n 
0
1  1   2   3 
2 2 2 2
 4n 
= lim   +   +   + ... +   
n →∞ n  n  n n  n 
 
1 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + (4n) 2 

= lim  
n →∞ n
 n2 
1  4n(4n + 1)(8n + 1) 
= lim  
n →∞ n 3 6
 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 
∵ Σn =
2

 6 
1  3  1  1  
= lim  n  4  4 +  8 +  
n →∞ 6n 3
   n  n  
1 64  1 
= 4(4)(8) = ∵ nlim = 0
6 3  →∞ n 
4
3. Evaluate ∫ (x + e 2x )dx .
0
Sol: Here p = 4, and f(x) = x + e2x

4
1 np  i 
∴ ∫ (x + e2x )dx = lim ∑f  
n →∞ n i =1  n 
0
1 4n  i 
= lim ∑ 
n →∞ n i =1  n
+ e 2i / n 

1  1 2/n   2 4/n   3 6/n   4n 8n/n  

= lim   + e  +  + e  +  + e  + ... +  +e 
n →∞ n  n  n  n   n 
1  n
2 4 8n 
1 1 2 3 4n 
= lim  + + + ... +  + lim e + e + ... + e n 
n
n →∞ n  n n n n  n →∞ n
2
1 1
= lim 2 [1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 4n terms ] + lim e n 1 + e2/n + ... + e4n/n 
n →∞ n n →∞ n
1  4n(4n + 1)  1 2/n  (e 2/n )4n − 1 

= lim 2   + lim e  2/n 
n →∞ n  2  n →∞ n  e −1 
  1
 4 4 +  
2  e2/n (e8 − 1)  1  
= lim 2  
n n
+ lim  2/n  
n →∞ n  2  n →∞   e − 1   2  
  2/n  
  
 e8 − 1  16 + e8 − 1
= 8+ =
 2  2
 1  e2 / n − 1  
∵ Lt   = 0 and Lt   = 1
 n →∞  n  2 / n →0
 2/n  
15 + e8
=
2
 2  ex − 1  
∵ Lt = 0 and Lt   = 1
n →∞ n x →0 x
   
1
∫ (x − x
2
4. )dx
0
Sol: Here p = 1 and f(x) = x – x2

1
1 n i
∴ ∫ (x − x 2 )dx = lim ∑f  
n →∞ n i =1  n 
0
1 n i i 
2
= lim ∑  −   
n →∞ n i =1  n  n  
 
1  1   2  n 
2 2 2
1 1 2 n
= lim  + + ... +  − lim   +   + ... +   
n →∞ n  n n n  n →∞ n  n   n   n  
1 1
= lim
n →∞ n 2 [1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n ] − lim 3 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n 2 
n →∞ n
 1 n(n + 1)  1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)

= lim  2  − lim 3
n →∞  n 2  n →∞ n 6
 2 1   1  1
 1 n 1 + n   n 3 1 +  2 + 
= lim  2    − lim 1  n  n
n →∞  n 2  n →∞ n 3
6
1 2 1 1 1  1 
= − = − = ∵ nLt   = 0 .
2 6 2 3 6  →∞  n  
Very Short Answer Questions
I. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
∫ (a x − x 3 )dx
2
1.
0
a
a
 a 2x2 x4  a4 a4 a4
Sol. ∫ (a x − x )dx = 
2 3
−  = − =
0 
 2 4 
 0
2 4 4
3
2xdx
2. ∫ 1 + x2
2
3 3
2xdx
Sol. ∫ = ln |1+ x2 | = ln10 − ln5 = ln(10/ 5) = ln2
2  2
2 1+ x
π
3. ∫ 2 + 2 cos θdθ
0
π π π
2θ
Sol. ∫ 2 + 2cosθdθ= ∫ 2 ⋅ 2 cos dθ = ∫ 2cos(θ / 2)dθ
0 0
2 0
π
 θ  π 
=  4sin  = 4  sin − sin 0  = 4
 2 0  2 
∫ sin x ⋅ cos3 xdx

3
4.
0
π π
Sol. ∫ sin 3 x ⋅ cos3 xdx = ∫ sin 3 (π − x) cos3 (π − x)dx
0 0
π
= − ∫ sin 3 x cos3 x dx = −I
0
⇒ 2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0 = − I ⇒ 2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0
2
5. ∫ |1 − x | dx
0
2 1 2
Sol. ∫ |1 − x | dx = ∫ −(x − 1)dx + ∫ (x − 1)dx
0 0 1
1 2
= ∫ (− x + 1)dx + ∫ (x − 1)dx
0 1
1 2
 −x 2   x2 
= + x +  − x
 2  0  2 1
1 4  1  1 1
= − + 1 +  − 2  −  − 1 = + = 1
2 2  2  2 2
π/ 2
cos x
6. ∫ dx
−π / 2 1 + e
x
π/2
cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx … (i)
−π /2 1 + e
x
π/2
cos(π / 2 − π / 2 − x)dx  
b b
I= ∫
 ∫ ∫
∵ f (x)dx = f (a + b − x)dx 
−π /2 1 + e− x  a a

 Adding (1) and (2),
π /2
e x cos xdx
= ∫ 1 + ex
− − − −(2)
−π /2
π/ 2 π/2
cos x(1 + e x )
2I = ∫ 1 + ex
dx = ∫ cos xdx
−π / 2 −π / 2
π /2
2I = 2 ∫ cos x dx (∵ cos x is even function )
0
π /2
⇒ I = [sin x ]0 ⇒ I =1
1
dx
7. ∫ 3 − 2x
0
1
Sol. 1  2 3 − 2x 
∫
dx
=
3 − 2x  −2
 = − ( ) (
3 − 2.1 − 3 − 2.0 = − 1 − 3 =) ( )
3 −1
0 o
a
8. ∫( a − x ) 2 dx
0
a a
Sol. ∫ ( a − x ) dx = ∫ (a + x + 2 a x )dx
2
0 0
a
 x2 2
= ax + − 2 a ⋅ x 3/ 2 
 2 3 
0
a 2 4 2 6a 2 + 3a 2 − 8a 2 1 2
a2 + − a = = a
2 3 6 6
π/4
9. ∫ sec4 θdθ
0
π/4 π /4 π/4
∫ sec θdθ = ∫ sec θ.sec θdθ = ∫ sec θ(1 + tan 2 θ)dθ

4 2 2 2
0 0 0
π /4 π /4 π /4
Sol. Let = ∫( sec2 θ + sec 2 θ tan 2 θ dθ = ) ∫ sec2 θdθ + ∫ tan 2 θ sec2 θdθ
0 0 0
π /4
 tan 3 θ  1 4
= tan θ)o π/4 + 
 3 
= 1− 0 + (1 − 0 ) =
 o 3 3
3
x
10. I = ∫ dx
0 x + 16
2
Sol. x2 + 16 = t2 9 + 16 = t2
2x dx = 2t dt 0 + 16 = t2
x dx = t dt
5 5
tdt
I=∫ = ∫ dt = [t]54 = 5 − 4 = 1
4
t 4
1
−x2
11. ∫ x ⋅e dx
0
1 1
1
Sol. ∫ x ⋅ e− x dx = 2xe− x dx, put − x 2 = t
2 2
20∫
0
⇒ −2xdx = dt ⇒ 2xdx = −dt

x = 1 ⇒ t = 1, x = 0 ⇒ t = 0
−1
1 1  t  −1
I= ∫ −e dt = −e
t
2 0
2  0
1  0 −1  1  1 
= e −e = 1−
2  2  e 
5
dx
12. I = ∫
1
2x − 1
Sol. Let 2x – 1 = t2 UL : t = 3
2 dx = 2t dt LL : t = 1
dx = t dt
3 3
tdt
= ∫ dt = [ t ]1 = 3 − 1 = 2
3
=∫
1
t 1
Short Answer Questions
4
x2
1. ∫ 1 + x dx
0
4 4 4 4
x2 x2 −1+ 1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx ⇒ I = ∫ (x − 1)dx + ∫
0
1+ x 0
1+ x 0 0
1+ x
4
 x2 
=  − x  + [ log(1 + x) ]0
4
 2  0
42
= − 4 + log 5 − log1 = 4 + log 5
2
2
x2
2. ∫ x 2 + 2 dx
−1
2 2
x2 + 2 −1  2 
Sol. ∫ x +22
dx = ∫ 1 − x 2 + 2  dx
−1 −1
2 2
dx
= ∫ dx − 2 ∫ x 2 + ( 2)2
−1 −1
2
1  −1  x  
= [ x ]−1 − 2 ⋅
2
 tan  
2   2 
  2  −1  1 
= [2 − (−1)] − 2  tan −1   − tan  − 
  2  2 
  1 
= 3 − 2  tan −1 ( 2) − tan −1  − 
  2 
  1  
= 3 + 2  tan −1  − −1
 − tan ( 2) 
  2 
1
x2
3. ∫ x 2 + 1 dx
0
1 1 1 1
x2 x 2 + 1 −1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx − ∫
0 x +12
0 x +1
2
0 0 x +1
2
1 π
[ x ]10 −  tan −1 x  0 = 1 − tan −1 1 = 1 −
4
π/2
4. ∫ x 2 sin xdx
0
π/2 π /2 π /2 π/2
Sol. ∫ x sin xdx =  x 2 (− cos x)  −
2
∫ (2x)(− cos x)dx = (0 − 0) + 2 ∫ x cos x dx
 0
0 0 0
π/2
π/ 2
= 2 [ x sin x ]0 − ∫ (2x)(− cos x)dx
0
π  π/ 2
= 2  ×1 + 2 [ cos x ]0
2 
= π + 2(0 − 1) = π − 2
4
5. ∫ | 2 − x | dx
0
2 4
Sol. ∫ | 2 − x | dx + ∫ | 2 − x | dx
0 2
2 4
= ∫ (2 − x)dx + ∫ (x − 2)dx
0 2
 2 2
 x2 
4
x
=  2x −  +  − 2x 
 2   2
0  2
 4   4 
=  4 −  −  (8 − 8) −  4 −  
 2   2 
= 2−0+2 = 4
π/2
sin 5 x
6. ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx
0
π/ 2
sin 5 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx … (1)
0
π /2
sin 5 (π / 2 − x)dx
I= ∫ sin 5 (π / 2 − x) + cos5 (π / 2 − x)
0
 a a 
∵ ∫ f (a − x)dx = ∫ f (x) 
 
 0 0 
π/2
cos5 xdx
= ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
… (2)
0
Adding (1) and (2) ,

π/2 π/ 2
sin 5 x + cos5 x
2I = ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx = ∫ 1⋅ dx
0 0
π π
2I = ⇒I=
2 4
π/2
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
7. ∫ sin 3 x + cos3 x
dx
0
π/ 2
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin 3 x + cos3 x
dx … (1)
0
π /2
sin 2 (π / 2 − x) − cos 2 (π / 2 − x)
I= ∫ sin 3 (π / 2 − x) + cos3 (π / 2 − x)
dx
0
 a a 
∵ ∫ f (a − x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx 
 
 0 0 
π/ 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x
I= ∫ cos3 x + sin 3 x
dx … (2)
0
Adding (1) and (2),

π/2
0dx
2I = ∫ cos x + sin 3 x
3
dx ⇒ I = 0
0
n + 1 + n + 2 + ... + n + n
8. Evaluate lim
n →∞ n n
Sol: For determining the limit we use the result that if f is continuous on [0, 1] and
 1 2 n −1  1
1 n i
P = 0, , ,..., ,1 is a partition then ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∑ f  
 n n n  n →∞ n i =1  n 
0
 n + 1 + n + 2 + ... + n + n 
Given lim  
n →∞ n n
 
 n  1  2  n
 ∑ n  1 +  + n  1 +  + ... + n  1 +  
 n  n  n
= lim  i =1
1
n →∞ n 

n 
1 n i
= lim ∑
n →∞ n i =1
1+
n
1
2 1
= ∫ 1 + x dx = (1 + x)3 / 2 
0 3 0
2 3/ 2 2
=  2 − 1 =  2 2 − 1
3  3 
 1 1 1 
9. lim  + + ... + 
n →∞  n + 1 n + 2 6n 
 1 1 1 
Sol: lim  + + ... +
n →∞  n + 1 n + 2 n + 5n 
1 1 1 1 
lim  + + ... +
n →∞ n 1+ 1 2 5n 
 1+ 1+ 
 n n n 
5
1
dx = [ log(1 + x)]0 = log 6
5
=∫
0 1+ x
  1 2  
 Here P = 0, n , n ,...5 is a partition of 
   
 5 
[0,5] and f(x)dx = lim 1 f  i 
n

 ∫ ∑  
n →∞ n i =1  n  
 0 
1 π 2π nπ 
10. lim  tan + tan + ... + tan 
n →∞ n  4n 4n 4n 
1 π 2π nπ 
Sol: lim  tan + tan + ... + tan 
n →∞ n  4n 4n 4n 
1 iπ
= lim
n →∞ n
∑ tan
4n
1
xπ
= ∫ tan dx
0 4
1
4  xπ  
= log sec   
π  4 0
4 π 
=  log sec − log sec 0 
π 4 
4
= log 2  − 0
π
4 1 2 log 2
= ⋅ log 2 =
π 2 π
n i3
11. lim ∑
n →∞ i =1 i 4 + n 4
n i3
Sol: lim ∑
n →∞ i =1 i 4 + n 4
3
i3 1 i
⋅  
n 1
x3
= lim ∑ n 4 n = lim ∑  4 = ∫ 4
3 1 n
dx
0 x +1
n →∞ i =1 i n →∞ n
  i
 n  +1   +1
  n
1
x4 + 1 = 5 then x3 dx = dt .
4
Upper limit when x = 1 is t = 2.
Lower limit when x = 0 is t = 1.

1
x3 1 2 dt
∴∫ dx = ∫
0 x +1
4
41 t
1 1
= [ log t ]12 = (log 2)
4 4
n 1
12. lim ∑
n →∞ i =1 n + i 2
2
n 1
Sol: lim ∑
n →∞ i =1 n 2 + i 2
Dividing numerator and denominator by n2 we get
1
1 n
= lim ∑ n
n →∞ n i =1 2
1
1+  
n
1
x dx
=∫
0 1+ x
2
1
Let 1 + x2 = t then x dx = dt
2
Upper limit when x = 1 is t = 2.

1
x dx 1 2 dt 1
= ∫ = [ log t ]1
2
∴∫
0 1+ x
2
21 t 2
1
= log 2 = log 2.
2
 1 + 24 + 34 + ... + n 4 
13. lim  
n →∞
 n5 
 1 + 24 + 34 + ... + n 4 
Sol: lim  
n →∞
 n5 
1 n i4
= lim ∑
n →∞ n i =1 n 4
4
1 n i
= lim ∑  
n →∞ n i =1  n 
1
1  x5  1
= ∫ x dx =   = .
4
0  5 0 5
1/ n
 1   22   n 2  
14. lim 1 + 2  1 + 2  ... 1 + 2  
n →∞  n   n   n  

Sol: Let
1/ n
 1   22   n 2  
y = lim 1 + 2  1 + 2  ... 1 + 2  
n →∞  n   n   n  

1/ n
 n 2 + 12  n 2 + 22   n 2 + n 2  
= lim  2  2  ...  2 
n →∞ 
 n  n   n  
1/ n
 n 2 + i2 
= lim  2 
n →∞
 n 
1/ n
 n 2 + i2 
∴ y = lim  2 
n →∞
 n 
1/ n
1  n 2 + i2 
∴ log y = lim log  2 
n →∞ n
 n 
1   i 2 
= lim log 1 +   
  n  
n →∞ n
1
= ∫ log(1 + x 2 )dx
0
(Using integration by parts)

1
1 2x
=  x log(1 + x 2 )  − ∫ x dx
0
0 1+ x2
1 2
x + 1−1 
= log 2 − 2 ∫  2  dx
0 x + 1 
= log 2 − 2 [ x ]0 + 2  tan −1 x 
1 1
0
−1
= log 2 − 2 + 2(tan 1)
π
= log 2 − 2 + 2
4
π
∴ log e y = log 2 − 2 +
2
y = elog 2−2+π / 2
π
−2
loge 2⋅e 2
=e
π− 4
= 2e 2
1/n π− 4
 1   22   n 2  
∴ lim 1 + 2  1 + 2  ...  1 + 2   = 2e 2 .
n →∞  n   n   n  

 (n!)1/ n 
15. lim  
n →∞
 n 
 (n!)1/ n 
Sol: lim  
n →∞
 n 
 ( n)1/ n 
= lim  
n →∞
 n 
1/ n
 ( n) 
= lim  n 
n →∞  n 
1/ n
 ( n) 
Let y = lim  n 
n →∞  n 
1  1   2   i   n  
log e y = lim log     ...   ...   
n →∞ n  n   n   n   n  
1 n r
= lim ∑
n →∞ n r =1
log
n
1 r
= lim ∑ log  
n →∞ n n
1 1
= ∫ log e x = [ x log x ]0 − ∫ dx
1
0 0
= [ x log x − x ]0
1
= [ x(log x − 1) ]0 = −1
1
1
∴ y = e−1 = .
e
Long Answer Questions

π/2
dx
1. ∫ 4 + 5cos x
0
π/2 π/2
dx dx
Sol. ∫ 4 + 5cos x
= ∫  x
1 − tan
0 0 2
4 +5 2
x
1 + tan 2 
 2
π /2
dx
= ∫  x   x
0 4  tan 2 + 1 + 5 1 − tan 2
 2   2 
 2x 
 tan 2 + 1
x 1 x 2dt
put tan =tsec 2 dx = dt ⇒ dx =
⇒
2 2 2 1 + t2
π
x = 0 ⇒ t = o and x= ⇒ t = 1
2
=∫
1
(1 + t )
2
2dt
0 4t + 4 + 5 − 5t 1 + t 2
2 2
1 1
2 2  3+ t 
=∫ dt = ln
0 9−t
2 2 ⋅ 3  3 − t  0
1  4 1
= ln  = ln 2
3  2 3
b
2. ∫ (x − a)(b − x)dx
a
b b
Sol. ∫ (x − a)(b − x)dx = ∫ − x 2 + (a + b)x − abdx
a a
b 2 2
 b − a    a + b 
=∫   − x −    dx
a  2    2  
  2 2 

(
∵ − x 2 + (a + b)x − ab = − x 2 − (a + b)x + ab = −   x −

a+b a+b
  −  )
+ ab 

 2   2  
 
 2 2 
 =  b − a  −  x −  a + b   
  2    2  
   
b
   a + b 
  x − 
= 1   a + b  (b − a) 2
 2 
 x −   (x − a)(b − x) + sin −1 
2   2  4⋅2  b−a  
   
  2  a
(b − a)2  −1
= 0+ sin (1) − sin −1 (−1) 
8  
(b − a) 2 π π π
=  2 + 2  = 8 (b − a)
2
8
x sin −1 x
1/ 2
3. ∫ dx
0 1− x2
1
put sin −1x = t ⇒ dx = dt
1 − x2
Sol. and x=sint
1 π
x=0 ⇒ t=0 and x= ⇒t=
2 6
π π
1/2 −1 π
( )
6 6
x sin x
∫ dx = ∫ t.sin tdt = t ∫ sin tdt 6 − ∫ 1. ( − cos t )dt
0 1− x2 0 0 0
π π
π 3 1
= t ( − cos t ) 6 o + ( sin t ) 6 o =  −  − 0 + − 0
6 2  2
1 3
= −π
2 12
π/4
sin x + cos x
4. ∫ 9 + 16sin 2x
dx
0
π/4 π /4
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
Sol. ∫ 9 + 16sin 2x
dx = ∫ 9 + 16[1 − (sin x − cos x)2 ]
dx
0 0
put sin x − cos x = t ⇒ (cos x + sin x)dx = dt

π
x = 0 ⇒ t = −1 and x= ⇒ t = 0
4
0 0
dt 1 dt
=∫ = ∫
−1 25 − 16t
2 16 −1 25 − t 2
16
0
 5 
+t
1 1  4 
= × ln 
16 2 × 5  5
−t 
4  4  −1
1  1/ 4  1 1
=− ln   = ⋅ 2 ln⋅ 3 = ln 3
40  9 / 4  40 20
π/2
a sin x + b cos x
5. ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
π/2
a sin x + b cos x
Sol. let I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx ---- (1)
0
π  π 
π /2 a sin  − x  + b cos  − x   a π /2
 ∵ f (x)dx = f (a − x)dx  I =
a
2  2 a cos x + b sin x
= ∫ π  π   0∫ ∫  ∫ sin x + cos x
dx ------- (2)
0 sin  − x  + cos  − x  0  0
2  2 
π/2
a(sin x + cos x) + b(sin x + cos x)
(1)+(2) ⇒ 2I = ∫ cos x + sin x
dx
0
π/2
π π
= ∫ (a + b)dx = (a + b)
2
⇒ I = (a + b)
4
0
∫ x(a − x)
n
6. dx
0
a
Sol. let I = ∫ x(a − x) n dx …… (1)
0
a
I = ∫ (a − x)(x)n dx …… (2)
0
a
I = ∫ ax n dx − x n +1dx
0
a
 ax n +1 x n + 2  a n +2 a n +2
= −  = −
 n + 1 n + 2  0 n + 1 n + 2
a n+2
I=
(n + 1)(n + 2)
2
7. ∫x 2 − x dx
0
a
Sol. I = ∫ x 2 − x dx
0
a a
∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 0
2 2
= ∫ (2 − x) xdx = ∫ (2 x − x x )dx
0 0
2
2
 2x 3/ 2 x 5 / 2 
= ∫ [2(x) 1/ 2
−x 3/ 2
]dx =  − 
0  3 / 2 5 / 2 
0
4 3/ 2 2 5 / 2  8 8  16 2
= (2) − (2) = 2  −  =
3 5 3 5 15
∫ x sin
3
8. xdx
0
π π  a a 
Sol. I = ∫ x sin xdx 3
= ∫ (π − x) sin (π − x)dx
3
∵ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx 
 
0 0  0 0 
π π π
I = ∫ (π − x) sin 3 xdx = ∫ π sin 3 xdx − ∫ x sin 3 xdx
0 0 0
π
= ∫ π sin 3 xdx = I
0
π π
3sin x − sin 3x
⇒ 2I = ∫ π sin 3 xdx = π ∫ dx
0 0
4
π
π cos 3x  π 1 1
=  −3cos x +  =  −3. − 1 − + 3 − 
4 3 0 4 3 3
π π
= ( 6 − 2 / 3 ) = .16 / 3
4 4
π 16 2π
∴I = =
2.4 3 3
π
x
9. ∫ 1 + sin x dx
0
π
x
Sol. I = ∫ dx … (i)
0
1 + sin x
π π π
(π − x)dx πdx xdx
I=∫ =∫ −∫
0
1 + sin(π − x) 0 1 + sin x 0 1 + sin x
π
πdx
=∫ − I − − − − − (ii)
0
1 + sin x
π π
πdx π dx
2I = ∫ ⇒I= ∫
0
1 + sin x 2 0 1 + sin x
π π
π (1 − sin x) π  1 − sin x 
= ∫
2 0 1 − sin 2 x
dx =
2 ∫0  cos 2 x 
dx
π π
π 1 sin x 1 
2  0 cos 2 x ∫0 cos x cos x 
= ∫ − ⋅ dx 
π π
π
= ∫ sec 2 xdx − ∫ sec x ⋅ tan xdx
20 0
=
π
2
(
[ tan x ]0π − [sec x ]0π )
π π
= [ (0 − 0) − (−1 − 1) ] = ⋅ 2 = π
2 2
π
x sin 3 x
10. ∫ 1 + cos2 x dx
0
π
x sin 3 x
Sol. I = ∫ dx
0 1 + cos x
2
π π
(π − x)sin 3 (π − x) (π − x) sin 3 x
=∫ dx = ∫ dx
0 1 + cos 2 (π − x) 0 1 + cos 2 x
π π
sin 3 x x sin 3 x
= π∫ dx − ∫ dx
0 1 + cos 0 1 + cos
2 2
x x
… (1)
π 3
sin x
= π∫ dx − I
0 1 + cos x
2
π
sin 3 xdx
2I = ∫
0 1 + cos
2
x
Put t = cos x ⇒ dt = –sin x dx

−1 1
(1 − t 2 ) 1− t2
2I = ∫− 1+ t2
dt = ∫ 1 + t 2 dt
1 −1
1
 2   −1 1
= ∫  1 + t 2  
− 1 + dt = − t + 2 tan t
 −1
−1
=  −1 + 2 tan −1 1 −  −1 + 2 tan −1 (−1) 

   
π  π π π
= −1 + 2 ⋅ +1− 2 −  = + = π
4  4 2 2
log(1 + x)
1
11. ∫ 1 + x 2
dx
0
log(1 + x)
1
Sol. ∫ dx
0 1+ x
2
Put x = tan θ
dx = sec2 θ dθ
l.l : x = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
u.l: x = 1 ⇒ θ = π/4
π /4
log(1 + x) log(1 + tan θ) sec2 θdθ
1
I=∫ dx = ∫
0
1+ x2 0
(1 + tan 2 θ)
π /4
= ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0
π /4
let I = ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0
 π
π 
π/ 4
 tan − tan θ 
  π   4
4
= ∫ log 1 + tan  − θ   dθ = ∫ log 1 +  dθ
 4  π
0 0  1 + tan tan θ 
 4 
π /4 π /4
π/ 4 π/ 4 2
= ∫
 1 − tan θ 
log 1 +
 1 + tan θ 
dθ = ∫
 1 + tan θ + 1 − tan θ 
log 
 1 + tan θ  d θ
= ∫ log
1 + tan θ
dθ = ∫ [log 2 − log(1 + tan θ)] dθ
0 0 0 0
π /4 π /4 π /4
π /4 π
= log 2 ∫ dθ − ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ = log 2 ∫ dθ − I 2I = log 2(θ)0 = (log 2)
4
0 0 0
π
∴I = log 2
8
π
x sin x
12. ∫ 1 + cos2 x dx
0
π π
x sin x (π − x)sin(π − x)dx
Sol. I = ∫ dx = ∫
0 1 + cos x 1 + cos 2 (π − x)
2
0
π π π
(π − x)sin x sin xdx x sin xdx
=∫ dx = ∫ −∫
0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x
2 2 2
{ }
π
= π tan −1 (− cos x) −I
0
π π π2
{
2I = π tan −1 1 − tan −1 (−1) = π  +  = 2
4 4
}4
π
π2 x sin x π2
I= ⇒∫ dx =
0 1 + cos x
2
4 4
π/ 2
sin 2 x
13. ∫ cos x + sin x
dx
0
π/ 2
sin 2 x
Sol,. I= ∫ cos x + sin x
dx ----1.
0
π 
π/ 2 sin 2  − x 
2 
= ∫  π  π 
dx
0 cos  − x  + sin  − x 
2  2 
π /2
cos 2 xdx
= ∫ sin x + cos x
----2.
0
Adding 1. and 2.
π/2
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
2I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
π/2
1 1
⇒ I ==
2 ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
π/2
dx
Consider ∫ sin x + cos x
0
Put tan(x/2) = t
2dt 1− t2 2t
dx = , cos x = , sin x =
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
1+ t2
π/2 1
dx 2tdt
∫ =∫
sin x + cos x 0 2t + (1 − t 2 )
0
1
1  2 + t − 1
1
dt
= 2∫ = 2 ⋅  log 
0 ( 2) − (t − 1) 2 − t + 10
2 2
2 2
1  2 −1 
=  log1 − log 
2 2 + 1 
1 2 +1 2 +1
= log ×
2 2 −1 2 +1
1 2
= log( 2 + 1)2 = log( 2 + 1)
2 2
1
I= log( 2 + 1)
2
14. Suppose that f: R → R is a continuous periodic function and T is the period of it. Let
a + nT a +T
a ∈ R. Then prove that for any positive integer n, ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx .
0 0
a + nT a +T a + 2T a + (r +1)T a + xT
Sol. ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ... + ∫ f (x)dx + ... + ∫ f (x)dx … (1)
0 0 a +T a + rT a + (x −1)T
Consider ( r+1)th integral of RHS

a + (r +1)T
∫ f (x)dx
a + rT
Let x = y + rT ⇒ dx = dy
x = a + rT ⇒ y = a
x = a + (r + 1)T ⇒ y = a + T
a + (r +1)T a +T
∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (y + rT)dy
a + rT a
a +T a +T
= ∫ f (y)dy (f is periodic) = ∫ f (x)dx
a a
a +T
Similarly we can show that each integral of (1) is equal to ∫ f (x)dx .
a
a + nT a +T a +T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ...n terms
0 0 0
a +T
=n ∫ f (x)dx
0
π
1
15. ∫ 3 + 2 cos x dx
0
x
Sol: Let tan = t then
2
2dt 1− t2
dx = And cos x =
1+ t2 1+ t2
Upper limit when x = π is t = ∞
2dt
π ∞ ∞
∴∫
dx
=∫ 1+ t2 =
2dt
∫
0 3 + 2 cos x  1− t2  0 5 + t2
0
3 + 2 2 
 1+ t 
∞ ∞
dt 2  −1 t 
= 2∫ = Tan 
0 ( 5) + t
2 2
5 5 0
2
=  tan −1 ∞ − tan −1 0 
5 
2 π π
= ⋅ = .
5 2 5
1
 2x 
16. ∫ sin −1  2 
dx
0  1+ x 
Sol: Let x = tan θ then dx = sec2 θ dθ
π
∴ Upper limit when x = 1 is θ =
4
And lower limit when x = 0 is θ = 0.

1
 2x 
∴ ∫ sin −1  2 
dx
0  1+ x 
π/ 4
 2 tan θ  2
= ∫ sin −1  2 
sec θdθ
0  1 + tan θ 
π/ 4
= ∫ sin −1 (sin 2θ) sec2 θdθ
0
π/ 4
= ∫ 2θ ⋅ sec2 θdθ
0
π/ 4
= [ 2θ tan θ]0
π/4
− ∫ 2 ⋅ tan θ dθ
0
= [ 2θ tan θ]0 − 2 [ log(sec θ) ]0

π/4 π/4
2π  π 
= − 2 log sec   − 0 
4  4 
π
= − 2 log 2
2
π 1
= − 2   log 2
2 2
π
= − log 2
2
1
−1
17. ∫ xTan x dx
0
Sol: Let x = tan θ then dx = sec2 θ dθ
π
∴ Upper limit when x = 1 is θ =
4

1 π/ 4
−1
∴ ∫ xTan x dx = ∫ θ tan θ sec2 θ dθ
0 0
Using integration by parts by taking u = θ and v = tan θ sec2 θ we get
π /4 π /4
 tan 2 θ  1 π /4 2
∫ θ tan θ sec θ dθ = θ ⋅ − tan θdθ
2 ∫0
2

0  2 0
π  1  1 π/4
=   − ∫ (sec θ − 1)dθ
2
42 2 0
π 1 π/4 2 1 π/4 π 1 1 π/4
− ∫ sec θdθ + ∫ dθ = − [ tan θ]0 + [ θ]0
π /4
=
8 2 0 2 0 8 2 2
π 1 1 π π π 1 π 1
= − [1] +   = + − = − .
8 2 2 4 8 8 2 4 2
3/ 2
18. ∫ | x sin πx | dx
−1
Sol. We know that |x⋅sin πx| = x⋅ sin πx
Where –1 ≤ x ≤ 1
And |x⋅sinπx| = –x sin πx where 1 < x ≤ 3/2
3/ 2 1 3/ 2
∴ ∫ | x sin πx | dx = ∫ | x sin πx | dx + ∫ | x sin πx | dx
−1 −1 1
1 3/ 2
= ∫ x sin πx dx − ∫ x sin πx dx
−1 1
1 3/ 2
 x ⋅ cos πx sin πx   cos πx sin πx 
= − + 2 
−  −x ⋅ + 
 π π  −1  π π2 1
1 (−1)(−1)  1 1 
= + − − 2 − 
π π  π π
1 1 1 1 3 1
= + + + = +
π π π2 π π π 2
π
x sin x
19. ∫ 1 + cos2 x dx
0
π
π − x)dx  
Sol.= ∫ ( π − x) ⋅ sin(
a a
 ∫
1 + cos (π − x)
2
f (x)dx =
∫ f (a − x)dx  
0 0 0 
π π
(π − x)sin xdx sin xdx
= π∫ = π∫ −I
0 1 + cos 2
x 0 1 + cos 2
x
π π
sin xdx π sin xdx
2I = π ∫ ⇒I= ∫
0
1 + cos x
2
2 0 1 + cos 2 x
t = cos x dt = − sin x dx
π −1
−dt
1 1
sin xdx dt dt
∫ 1 + cos2 x = ∫ 1 + t 2 = ∫ 1 + t 2 = 2∫ 1 + t 2
0 +1 −1 0
f(x) is even
( )
1
= 2 tan −1 t = 2(tan −1 1 − tan −1 0)
0
π  π
= 2 − 0 =
4  2
π π π2
I= ⋅ =
2 2 4
a
dx
20. ∫x+ a2 − x2
0
a
dx
Sol. ∫
0 x + a2 − x2
Put x = a sin θ ⇒ dx = a cos θ dθ
x=0⇒θ=0
x = a ⇒ θ = π/2
π/ 2
a cos θdθ
I= ∫ a sin θ + a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ
0
π/ 2
a cos θ dθ
= ∫ a(sin θ + cos θ)
0
π 
π/ 2 cos  − θ  π/2
2  sin θdθ
= ∫ π  π 
= ∫
cos θ + sin θ
0 sin  − θ  + cos  − θ  0
2  2 
π/ 2
sin θdθ
I= ∫ sin θ + cos θ
0
π 
π/ 2 sin  − θ  dθ
2 
= ∫ π  π 
0 sin  − θ  + cos  − θ 
2  2 
π/ 2 π/2
cos θ dθ 1 (sin θ + cos θ)dθ
= ∫ =
cos θ + sin θ 2 ∫ sin θ − cos θ
0 0
π/ 2
1 1 1 π π
= ∫ dθ = (θ)0π / 2 = ⋅ =
2 0
2 2 2 4
π/4
21. ∫ log(1 + tan x)dx
0
π/ 4
 π 
Sol. I = ∫ log 1 + tan  − x   dx
 4 
0
 π 
π/ 4
 tan − tan x 
4
= ∫ log 1 +
π  dx
0  1 + tan tan x 
 4 
π/ 4
 1 − tan x 
= ∫ log 1 +  dx
 1 + tan x 
0
π/ 4
 1 + tan x + 1 − tan x 
= ∫ log 
 1 + tan x
 dx

0
π/ 4
= ∫ [log 2 − log(1 + tan x)dx ]
0
π/ 4 π/ 4
= ∫ log 2dx − ∫ log(1 + tan x)dx
0 0
= log 2(x)0π / 4 − I
π π
2I = log 2 ⇒ I = log 2
4 8
Reduction Formulae:
Theorem-1:
π/ 2
n −1
If I n = ∫ sin n x dx then In =
n
In −2 .
0
Proof:
π /2 π /2
n −1
In = ∫ sin x dx = ∫ sin
n
x.sin x dx
0 0
π /2
π /2
=  − sin n −1 x cos x  + ∫ (n − 1)sin
n −2
x.cos 2 x dx
0
0
π /2
n −2
= (n − 1) ∫ sin x(1 − sin 2 x)dx
0
 π / 2 n −2 π/ 2 
= (n − 1)  ∫ sin x dx − ∫ sin n x dx 
 0 0 
= (n − 1)I n −2 − (n − 1)In
I n (1 + n − 1) = (n − 1)I n −2 ⇒ In n = (n − 1)In −2
n −1
∴ In = I n −2 − − − − − −(1)
n
Note:
n −1 n −3 n −5
In (1), replace n by n-2,n-3,------------- then In = I n −2 ⇒ In −2 = In −4 ⇒ I n −4 = I n −6
n n−2 n−4
n −1 n − 3 n − 5
∴ In = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ......I0 Or I1 according as n is even or odd.
n n−2 n−4
π/2 π/ 2
π
dx = [ x ]0
π/2
But I0 = ∫ sin 0 x dx = ∫ =
2
0 0
π/ 2
sin x dx = [ − cos x ]0
π/2
I1 = ∫
0
π
= − cos + cos 0 = −0 + 1 = 1
2
π/2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 1 π
∴ ∫ sin n x dx = ⋅ ⋅
n n −2 n −4
⋅ .... ⋅ If n is even.
2 2
0
π/2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 2
∴ ∫ sin n x dx = ⋅
n n−2 n−4
⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅1 If n is odd.
3
0
Theorem- 2:
π/2
n −1
If I n = ∫ cos n x dx then In =
n
In −2 .
0
π /2 π /2 π /2
π 
In = ∫ cos n x dx = ∫ cos n  − x  dx = ∫ sin
n
x dx
0 0 2  0
Theorem- 3:
π/ 4
1
If In = ∫ tan n x dx then I n + I n −2 =
n −1
.
0
Proof:
π/ 4 π/ 4
In = ∫ tan x dx =
n
∫ tan n −2 x tan 2 x dx
0 0
π /4 π /4 π /4
= ∫ tan n −2 x(sec2 x − 1)dx = ∫ tan n −2 x sec 2 x dx − ∫ tan
n −2
x dx
0 0 0
π/ 4
 tan n −1 x  1
=  − In −2 = − I n −2
 n − 1 0 n −1
1
∴ In + I n −2 =
n −1
Theorem-4:
π/ 4
( 2) n −2 n − 2
If In = ∫ secn x dx then I n =
n −1
+
n −1
I n −2 .
0
Proof:
π/4 π/ 4
In = ∫ sec x dx =
n
∫ secn −2 x sec 2 x dx
0 0
π/4
π/4
= sec n −2 x tan x  − ∫ (n − 2) sec n −2 x sec x tan 2 x dx
0
0
π/4
= ( 2) n −2 − (n − 2) ∫ secn −2 x(sec 2 x − 1) dx
0
π / 4 π/4 
= ( 2) n −2 − (n − 2)  ∫ secn x dx − ∫ sec n −2 x dx 
 0 0 
= ( 2) n −2 − (n − 2)I n + (n − 2)In −2
I n (1 + n − 2) = ( 2)n −2 + (n − 2)I n −2
⇒ In (n − 1) = ( 2) n −2 + (n − 2)In − 2
( 2) n −2 n − 2
∴ In = + I n −2
n −1 n −1
π/2 π/2
Theorem 5: If I m,n = ∫ sin x cos x dx then I m,n = ∫
m n
sin m x cosn x dx .
0 0
Proof:
π/ 2 π/ 2
I m,n = ∫ sin m x cos n x dx = ∫ sin m −1 (sin x cos n x)dx
0 0
π /2 π /2
 − sin m−1 x cosn +1 x  cos n +1 x
=  + ∫ (m − 1) sin m−2 x cos x dx
 n +1 0 0
n +1
π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m −2 x cos n x cos 2 x dx
n +1 0
π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m −2 x cos n x(1 − sin 2 x)dx
n +1 0
π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m −2 x cos n x − sin m x cos n x)dx
n +1 0
m −1 m −1
= Im −2,n − Im,n
n +1 n +1
 m −1  m −1
⇒ I m,n 1 + = I m −2,n
 n +1  n +1
 n + m  m −1
⇒ I m,n  = Im −2,n
 n +1  n +1
sin m−1 x cos n +1 x m − 1

∴ Im,n = − + Im− 2,n
m+n m+n ----- (1)
Note: replacing m by m-2,m-4,----
m −1 m −1 m − 3 m −1 m − 3 m −5
I m,n = I m −2,n = I m −4,n = ....I0,n
m+n m+n m+n−2 m+n m+n−2 m+n−4
Or I1,n according as n is even or odd.

π/2 π/2
But I0,1 = ∫ sin 0 x cos n x dx = ∫ cos n x dx
0 0
π/ 2 π/2
 cosn +1 x  1
I1,n = ∫ sin x cos x dx =  − =
n

0  n + 1 0 n +1
m −1 m − 3 1
∴ Im,n = ... if m is odd
m + n m + n − 2 n +1
π/ 2
m −1 m − 3
=
m+n m+n−2
... ∫ cos n x dx if m is even
0
π/2
n −1
Corollary 2: If I m,n = ∫ sin m x cosn x dx then I m,n =
m+n
Im,n −2 .
0
Very Short Answer Questions
I. Find the values of the following integrals.

π/ 2
1. ∫ sin10 xdx
0
Sol. n=10 even

π/2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 1 π
∴ ∫ sin n x dx = ⋅ ⋅
n n −2 n −4
⋅ .... ⋅
2 2
0
π/ 2
9 7 5 3 1 π 63π
∫ sin10 xdx = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
10 8 6 4 2 2 512
0
π/ 2
2. ∫ cos11 x dx
0
Sol. n=11 is odd

π/2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 2
∴ ∫ sin n x dx = ⋅
n n−2 n−4
⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅1
3
0
π/2
n −1 n − 3 2
∫ cos n x dx = ⋅
n n−2 3
...
0
11 − 1 11 − 3 11 − 5 2 256
= ⋅ ⋅ ... =
11 9 7 3 693
π/ 2
3. ∫ cos7 x ⋅ sin 2 xdx
0
π/ 2
Sol. I= ∫ cos 7 x ⋅ sin 2 xdx ,
0
m=2, n=7
π/2
∫ sin m x ⋅ cos n xdx Here m even,

0
n odd
n −1 n −3 2 1
= ⋅ ... ⋅
m + n m + n − 2 m + 3 m +1
7 −1 7 − 3 7 − 5 1
= × × ×
9 7 5 2 +1
6 4 2 1 16
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
9 7 5 3 315
π/ 2
4. ∫ sin 4 x ⋅ cos 4 x ⋅ dx
0
π/2
Sol. ∫ sin m x ⋅ cos n xdx .m=n=4
0
Here m, n even
(n − 1)(n − 3)... 1 π (4 − 1)(4 − 3)(3π) 3π
= ⋅ = =
(m + n)(m + n − 2)... 2 2 8⋅6⋅ 4⋅ 2⋅ 2 256
∫ sin
3
5. x cos 6 xdx
0
f ( x ) = sin 3 x cos6 x ⇒ f ( π − x ) = sin 3 ( π − x ) cos6 ( π − x )

Sol. let
= sin 3 x cos6 x = f ( x )
π
π 2
∴ ∫ sin 3 x cos 6 xdx = 2 ∫ sin 3 x cos 6 xdx
0 0
= 2.
( n − 1) ( n − 3) −−−
m −1 m − 3 2 5 3 1 2 4
− − − .1 = 2. . . . =
m+n m+n−2 m m−2 3 9 7 5 3 63
2π
∫ sin
2
6. x cos 4 x dx
0
f ( x ) = sin 2 x cos 4 x
Sol.
⇒ f ( 2π − x ) = sin 2 ( 2π − x ) cos 4 ( 2π − x )
sin 2 x cos 4 x = f ( x )
and f ( π − x ) = sin 2 x cos 4 x = f ( x )
π
2
I = 4 ∫ sin 2 x cos 4 x dx
0
π
4(4 − 1)(4 − 3)
2 = 4.3π π
= =
6⋅4⋅2 6⋅4⋅2⋅2 8
π/2
7. ∫ sin 2 θ ⋅ cos7 θ dθ
−π / 2
Sol. sin2 θ cos7 θ is even function

f(θ) = sin2 θ cos7 θ dθ
f(–θ) = sin2 (–θ) cos7 (–θ) = f(θ)

π/2
=2 ∫ sin 2 θ⋅ cos 7 θ dθ
0
π/2
∫ sin m x ⋅ cos n x dx
0
n is odd, n = 7
n −1 n −3 2 1
=2 ⋅ ... ⋅
m + n m + n − 2 m + 3 m +1
7 −1 7 − 3 7 − 5 1
= 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
9 9−2 9−4 3
6 4 2 1 32
= 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
9 7 5 3 315
π/2
8. ∫ sin 3 θ cos3 θdθ
−π / 2
Sol. f(θ) = sin3 θ cos3 θ

f(–θ) = sin3 (–θ) cos3 (–θ)
= –sin3 θ cos3 θ = –f(θ)
f(θ) is odd
π/2
∴ ∫ sin 3 θ cos3 θdθ = 0
−π / 2
∫ x(a − x 2 )7 / 2 dx
2
9.
0
Sol. x = a sin θ a = a sin θ
dx = a cos θdθ θ = π/2

π/ 2
= ∫ a sin θ(a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ)7 / 2 a cos θ dθ
0
π/ 2 π/ 2
= ∫ a 9 cos8 θ sin θdθ = a 9 ∫ cos8 θ sin θ⋅ dθ
0 0
π/2
9
− cos9 θ   1  a9
=a   = a 9  −0 +  =
 9 0  9 9
∫x 2 − x dx
3/ 2
10.
0
Sol. x = 2 cos2 θ, dx = 4 cos θ sin θ dθ

0
I= ∫ (2)3 / 2 cos3 θ
π/ 2
2 − 2 cos 2 θ (−4 cos θ sin θ)dθ

π/2
=4 ∫ 23 / 2 ⋅ 21/ 2 ⋅ cos 4 θ⋅ sin 2 θdθ
0
 π/2 4 
16 ⋅ ∫ cos θ sin θdθ 
2
 0 
n = even, m = even
 4 −1 4 − 3 1 π  π
= 16  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = .
 6 5 − 2 2 2  2
Short Answer Questions
∫x (1 − x)5 / 2 dx
5
1.
0
1
Sol. given integral is I = ∫ x 5 (1 − x)5/2 dx
0
Put x = sin2 θ
dx = 2sin θ cosθ dθ
π
U .L. X = 1 ⇒ θ =
2
L.L X=O ⇒ θ =0
π/ 2
I= ∫ sin10 θ(1 − sin 2 θ)5 / 2 2 cos θ sin θdθ
0
π /2
=2 ∫ sin θ cos6 θdθ
11
0
m=11 odd and n=6 even
n −1 n −3 1 m −1 2
= ⋅ ... ...
m+n m+n−2 m+2 m 3
5 3 1 10 8 6 4 2 512
I = 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 153153
∫ (16 − x
2 5/ 2
2. ) dx
0
4
Sol. I = ∫ (16 − x 2 )5/2 dx
0
Put x = 4 sinθ
dx = 4 cosθ dθ
U.L. x=4 ⇒ θ = π/2
L.L X=0 ⇒θ=0.

π/ 2
I= ∫ (16 − 16sin 2 θ)5 / 2 ⋅ 4 cos θ ⋅ dθ
0
π/ 2 π/2
= ∫ (4)5 ⋅ cos5 θ⋅ dθ = (4)6 ∫ cos 6 θ ⋅ dθ
0 0
6 −1 6 − 3 6 − 5 π
= (4)6 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
6 6−2 6−4 2
5 3 1 π 5
= (4)6 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = (4)4 ⋅ ⋅ π = 640π
6 4 2 2 2
3
3. ∫ (9 − x 2 )3 / 2dx
−3
Sol: Let x = 3 sin θ then dx = 3 cosθ dθ
π
Upper limit when x = 3 is θ =
2
π
And lower limit when x = –3 is θ = – .
2
3
∴ ∫ (9 − x 2 )3 / 2dx
−3
π/2
= ∫ (9 − 9sin 2 θ)3 / 2 3sin θ3cos θdθ
−π / 2
π/2
=3 5
∫ cos 4 θ sin θdθ
−π / 2
f(θ) = cos4 θ sin θ and f(–θ)
= cos4 (–θ) sin(–θ)
= –cos4 θ sin θ
= –f(θ)
Hence f is an odd function of θ.

π/2
∴ ∫ f (θ)dθ = 0 .
−π / 2
5
4. ∫x
3
(25 − x 2 )7 / 2 dx
0
Sol: Let x = 5 sin θ then
π
Upper limit when x = 5 is θ =
2

5
∴ ∫ x 3 (25 − x 2 )7 / 2 dx
0
π/ 2
= ∫ 53 sin 3 θ(25 − 25sin 2 θ)7 / 2 5cos θ dθ
0
π /2 π /2
= 511 ∫ sin 3 θ cos7 θ cos θ dθ = 511 ∫ sin 3 θ cos8 θ dθ
0 0
 8 −1 8 − 3 8−5 8 − 7  3 − 1 π 
= 511  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ 
 8 + 3 8 + 3 − 2 8 + 3 − 4 8 + 3 − 6  3 2 
7 5 3 1 2 π 11 1 1 511 × π
= 511 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =5 × × π=
11 9 7 5 3 2 11 9 99
π/ 2
 n −1 n −3 1 
[Using the formula ∫ sin m x cos n x dx if m, n are even =  ⋅ ... 
0 m+n m+n−2 m+2
 m −1 1 π 
 ... ⋅  ]
 m 2 2
π
5. ∫ sin 8 x cos7 x dx
−π
Sol: Take f(x) = sin8 x cos7 x
Then f(–x) = sin8 (–x) cos7 (–x)
= sin8 x cos7 x
= f(x)
f is an even function of x.
π π
∴ ∫ sin 8 x cos7 x dx = 2∫ sin 8 x cos 7 x dx
−π 0
Now f(x) = sin 8 x cos7 x
And f (π − x) = sin 8 (π − x) cos7 (π − x)
= − sin 8 x cos 7 x = −f (x)
π
Hence ∫ sin 8 x cos7 x dx = 0
0
π
∴ ∫ sin 8 x cos7 x dx = 0
−π
[By the result that f = [0, 2a] → R is integrable on [0, a] and if f(2a – x) = –f(x) ∀ x ∈ [a, 2a]
2a
then ∫ f (x)dx = 0 ].
0
7
7−x
6,. ∫ x −3
dx
3
Sol: Let x = 3 cos2 θ + 7 sin2 θ
Then dx = –6 cos θ sin θ + 14 sin θ cos θ
= 8 cos θ sin θ
Upper limit when x = 7 is
7 = 3 cos2 θ + 7 sin2 θ
⇒ 7(1 – sin2 θ) = 3 cos2 θ
π
⇒ cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ =
2
Lower limit when x = 3 is
3 = 3cos 2 θ + 7 sin 2 θ
⇒ 3sin 2 θ = 7 sin 2 θ
⇒ 4sin 2 θ = 0 ⇒ sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
7−x 7 − 3cos 2 θ − 7 sin 2 θ 4 cos 2 θ

Also = = = cot θ
x −3 3cos 2 θ + 7 sin 2 θ − 3 4sin 2 θ
π/ 2
7
7−x
∴∫ dx = ∫ cot θ(8cos θ sin θ)dθ
3 x −3 0
π/ 2
=8 ∫ cos 2 θ dθ
0
 2 −1  π 1π
= 8  = 8   = 2π
 2 2 22
 π/2 n n −1 n − 3 π 
∵ ∫ cos x dx = ⋅ ... 
 0 2 n−2 2
6
7. ∫ (6 − x)(x − 2)dx
2
Sol: Put x = 2 cos2 θ + 6 sin2 θ
Then dx = (–4 cosθ sinθ + 12 sin θ cosθ)dθ
= 8 sin θ cosθ dθ
6 = 2 cos 2 θ + 6sin 2 θ
⇒ 6 cos 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ
π
⇒ 4 cos 2 θ = 0 ⇒ cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ =
2
2 = 2 cos 2 θ + 6sin 2 θ
⇒ 2sin 2 θ = 6sin 2 θ
⇒ 4sin 2 θ = 0 ⇒ sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
6
∴ ∫ (6 − x)(x − 2)dx
2
(6 − 2 cos 2 θ − 6 sin 2 θ)
π/ 2
= ∫ (2 cos 2 θ + 6 sin 2 θ − 2)
0
8sin θ cos θ dθ
π/ 2
= ∫ (2 cos θ)(2 sin θ)(8sin θ cos θ)dθ
0
π/2
32 π / 4 2
= 32 ∫ cos 2 θ sin 2 θdθ = ∫ sin 2θ dθ
0 4 0
π/2
 1 − cos 4θ 
= −8 ∫   dθ
0  2 
 π/ 2 1 π/ 2 
= 4 ( θ )0 − ( sin 4θ )0 
 4 
π
= 4   − 0 = 2π.
2
π/ 2
8. ∫ tan 5 x cos8 x dx
0
π/ 2
Sol: ∫ tan 5 x cos8 x dx
0
π/2
sin 5 x
= ∫ 5
cos8 x dx
0 cos x
π/ 2
= ∫ sin 5 x cos3 x dx
0
π/ 2
= ∫ sin 5 x cos 2 x cos x dx
0
π/ 2
= ∫ sin 5 x(1 − sin 2 x) cos x dx
0
Let sin x = t then cos x dx = dt
π
Upper limit when x = is t = 1.
2

1
= ∫ t 5 (1 − t 2 )dt
0
1
 t 6 t8  1 1 1
= −  = − = .
 6 8 0 6 8 24
Long Answer Questions

1
1. ∫x
7/2
(1 − x)5 / 2 dx
0
Sol: Let x = sin2 θ then dx = 2 sin θ cos θ dθ
π
Upper limit when x = 1 is sin2 θ = 1 ⇒ θ = .
2
Lower limit when x = 0 is sin2 θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0.

1
∴ ∫ x 7 / 2 (1 − x)5 / 2 dx
0
π/ 2
= ∫ (sin 2 θ)7 / 2 (1 − sin 2 θ)5 / 2 2sin θ cos θdθ
0
π/2
=2 ∫ sin 7 θ cos5 θ sin θ cos θdθ
0
π/2
=2 ∫ sin 8 θ cos 6 θdθ
0
When m, n are even, m = 8, n = 6
n −1 n −3 m −1 m − 3 π
I m,n = ⋅ ... ⋅ ...
m+n m+n−2 m m−2 2
6 −1 6 − 3 6−5
= ⋅ ⋅
8+6 8+6−2 8+6−4
8 −1 8 − 3 8 − 5 8 − 7 π
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
8 8−2 8−4 8−6 2
5 3 1 7 5 3 1 π
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 2
5π
= .
2048
π
∫ (1 + cos x)
3
2. dx
0
π
∫ (1 + cos x)
3
Sol: dx
0
π 3
 x 
= ∫ 1 + 2 cos 2 − 1 dx
0 2 
π 3
 x
= ∫  2 cos 2  dx
0 2
π
x
= 8∫ cos6 dx
0 2
x
Let = t then dx = 2 dt
2
π
Upper limit is t =
2
Lower limit is t = 0
π/2
= 16 ∫ cos6 t dt
0
 6 −1 6 − 3 6 − 5 π 
= 16  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 6 6−2 6−4 2 
 5  3  1   π 
= 16      
 6  4  2   2 
5π
=
2
 π/2 
 n
∵ I = ∫ cos x dx when n is even 
n
 0 
 
  n −1 n − 3 n − 5 π  
 = ⋅ ⋅ ... 
  n n − 2 n − 4 2  
9
dx
3. ∫ (9 − x)(x − 4)
4
Sol: Take x = 4 cos2θ + 9 sin2θ
Then dx = (–8 cosθ sin θ +18 sinθ cosθ)dθ
= 10 cosθ sinθ
9 = 4 cos 2 θ + 9 sin 2 θ
⇒ 9(1 − sin 2 θ) = 4 cos 2 θ
⇒ 5cos 2 θ = 0
π
⇒ cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ =
2
4 = 4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ
⇒ 4(1 − cos 2 θ) = 9sin 2 θ
⇒ 5sin 2 θ = 0 ⇒ sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
Also (9 − x)(x − 4)
[9 − (4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ)
=
(4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ − 4)
= 5cos 2 θ sin 2 θ = 5cos θ sin θ

π/ 2
4
dx 10 cos θ sin θ
∴∫ = ∫ dθ
2 (9 − x)(x − 4) 0 5cos θ sin θ
π
= 2 [ θ]0
π/2
= 2   = π.
2
5
4. ∫x
2
( 5 − x )7 dx
0
Sol: Let x = 5 sin2 θ then dx = 10 sin θ cosθ dθ
π
Upper limit when x = 5 is sin2 θ = 1 ⇒ θ =
2
Lower limit when x = 0 is sin2 θ = 0⇒ θ = 0.

5
∴ ∫ x 2 ( 5 − x )7 dx
0
π/ 2
= ∫ 25sin 4 θ( 5 − 5sin 2 θ )10sin θ cos θdθ
0
π/ 2
= 250.57 / 2 ∫ sin 5 θ cos8 θ dθ
0
Then value of Im, n when m is even and n is odd is
 n −1 n −3 n −5 n − 7   m −1 m − 3 
I m,n =  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ 
 m+n m+n −2 m+n −4 m+n −6  m m−2
5
∴ ∫ x 2 ( 5 − x )7 dx
0
 7 5 3 1 4 2
= 250.57 / 2  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
13 11 9 7 5 3 
250.57 / 2 ⋅ 8 250.(57 / 2 )
= =
99 × 13 1287
53 (2)(8)(5)7 / 2
=
1287
513 / 2 ⋅16
= .
1287
2π
∫ (1 + cos x) (1 − cos x)3 dx
5
5.
0
2π
∫ (1 + cos x) (1 − cos x)3 dx
5
Sol:
0
2π 5 3
 2 x  2 x
= ∫  2 cos   2sin  dx
0  2  2
2π
x 6x
=2 8
∫ cos
10
sin dx
0 2 2
x
Let = t ⇒ dx = 2dt then
2
Upper limit when x = 2π is t = π
And lower limit when x = 0 is t = 0.

π
= 28 × 2 × ∫ cos10 t sin 6 t dt
0
π/ 2
= 28 × 2 × 2 × ∫ cos10 t sin 6 t dt
0
π/ 2
= 210 ∫ cos10 t sin 6 t dt
0
 2a a 
∵ ∫ f (x)dx = 2 ∫ f (x)dx if f (2a − x) = f (x)  Use the form Im,n when m and n are even.
 0 0 
 n −1 n −3  m − 1 m − 3 π 
I m,n =  ⋅ ...  ⋅ ... 
 m + n m + n − 2  m m − 2 2 
2π
∴ ∫ (1 + cos x)5 (1 − cos x)3 dx
0
 5 3 1 9 7 5 3 1 π
= 210  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 2 
45π
= 210 ×
32 × 32 × 64
32 × 32 × 45π 45π
= = .
32 × 32 × 64 64
6. Show that
π/2
x π
∫ sin x + cos x
dx =
2 2
log( 2 + 1)
0
π/ 2
x
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
π 
π /2  −x
2 
I= ∫ π  π 
dx
0 sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
π 
π/ 2  −x
2  dx
= ∫ sin x + cos x
0
π /2
 x (π / 2 − x) 
2I = ∫  sin x + cos x + sin x + cos x  dx
0
π/2
π dx
=
2 ∫ sin x + cos x
0
x 2dt
Put t = tan ⇒ dx =
2 1+ t2
dt
2
π π
1 1
I= ∫ 1 + t 2
= ∫
dt
4 0 2t 1− t 2
2 0 2t + 1 − t 2
+
1+ t2 1+ t2
1
π π 1 2 + t −1 
1
dt
= ∫ =  log 
2 0 ( 2) + (t − 1)
2 2
22 2 2 − t + 1 0
−π  2 −1  π
=  log  = log( 2 + 1) 2
4 2 2 +1 4 2
π π
= 2 log( 2 + 1) = log( 2 + 1)
4 2 2 2
π
x ⋅ sin x
7. Find ∫ 1 + sin x dx
0
π π
x ⋅ sin x (π − x) sin(π − x)
Sol. I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
0
1 + sin x 0
1 + sin(π − x)
 a a 
 ∫
∵ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx 
 0 0 
π
(π − x)sin x
=∫ dx
0
1 + sin x
π π
π sin x x sin x
I=∫ dx − ∫ dx
0
1 + sin x 0
1 + sin x
π π
π sin x sin x
=∫ dx − I ⇒ 2I = π ∫ dx
0
1 + sin x 0
1 + sin x
π
 1 
= π∫ 1 −  dx
0
1 + sin x 
π π
1
= π ∫ dx − π ∫ dx … (1)
0 0
1 + sin x
π π/ 2
1 1
Consider ∫ dx = 2 ∫ dx
0
1 + sin x 0
1 + sin x
π/2 π/2
1 dx
=2 ∫ π 
dx = 2 ∫ 1 + cos x
0 1 + sin  − x  0
2 
π/2 π/2
dx x
=2 ∫ 2 cos 2 (x / 2)
= ∫ sec2
2
dx
0 0
π/2
 x π
=  2 tan  = 2 ⋅ tan − 2⋅0 = 2 − 0 = 2
 2 0 2
π
2i = π ( x )0 − 2π = π(π) − 2 = π2 − 2π
π2
I= −π
2

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and the real number ‘b’ is called the upper limit.

Properties of Definite Integrals:

= 0, if f(x) is an odd function.

∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx ∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx .

Evaluate the Following as Limit of Sum

Here p = 4 and f(x) = x2

1 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + (4n) 2 

Sol: Here p = 4, and f(x) = x + e2x

1  1 2/n   2 4/n   3 6/n   4n 8n/n  

1  4n(4n + 1)  1 2/n  (e 2/n )4n − 1 

Sol: Here p = 1 and f(x) = x – x2

 1 n(n + 1)  1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)

Very Short Answer Questions

I. Evaluate the following definite integrals.

∫ sin x ⋅ cos3 xdx

∫ sec θdθ = ∫ sec θ.sec θdθ = ∫ sec θ(1 + tan 2 θ)dθ

⇒ −2xdx = dt ⇒ 2xdx = −dt

Short Answer Questions

Adding (1) and (2) ,

Adding (1) and (2),

Upper limit when x = 1 is t = 2.

Lower limit when x = 0 is t = 1.

Dividing numerator and denominator by n2 we get

Upper limit when x = 1 is t = 2.

Lower limit when x = 0 is t = 1.

(Using integration by parts)

Long Answer Questions

put sin x − cos x = t ⇒ (cos x + sin x)dx = dt

Put t = cos x ⇒ dt = –sin x dx

=  −1 + 2 tan −1 1 −  −1 + 2 tan −1 (−1) 

Consider ( r+1)th integral of RHS

Upper limit when x = π is t = ∞

Lower limit when x = 0 is t = 0.

Sol: Let x = tan θ then dx = sec2 θ dθ

And lower limit when x = 0 is θ = 0.

= [ 2θ tan θ]0 − 2 [ log(sec θ) ]0

Sol: Let x = tan θ then dx = sec2 θ dθ

And lower limit when x = 0 is θ = 0.

Using integration by parts by taking u = θ and v = tan θ sec2 θ we get

Sol. We know that |x⋅sin πx| = x⋅ sin πx

Put x = a sin θ ⇒ dx = a cos θ dθ

sin m−1 x cos n +1 x m − 1

Or I1,n according as n is even or odd.

Very Short Answer Questions

I. Find the values of the following integrals.

Sol. n=10 even

Sol. n=11 is odd

∫ sin m x ⋅ cos n xdx Here m even,

f ( x ) = sin 3 x cos6 x ⇒ f ( π − x ) = sin 3 ( π − x ) cos6 ( π − x )

Sol. sin2 θ cos7 θ is even function

f(–θ) = sin2 (–θ) cos7 (–θ) = f(θ)

Sol. f(θ) = sin3 θ cos3 θ

= –sin3 θ cos3 θ = –f(θ)

Sol. x = a sin θ a = a sin θ

dx = a cos θdθ θ = π/2

Sol. x = 2 cos2 θ, dx = 4 cos θ sin θ dθ

2 − 2 cos 2 θ (−4 cos θ sin θ)dθ

Short Answer Questions

L.L X=0 ⇒θ=0.

Sol: Let x = 3 sin θ then dx = 3 cosθ dθ

f(θ) = cos4 θ sin θ and f(–θ)

= cos4 (–θ) sin(–θ)