Falstaff (opera)

Falstaff (Italian pronunciation: [ˈfalstaf]) is a comic opera in three acts by the Italian
Falstaff
composer Giuseppe Verdi. The libretto was adapted by Arrigo Boito from
Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor and scenes from Henry IV, parts 1 and 2.
Opera by Giuseppe Verdi
The work premiered on 9 February 1893 atLa Scala, Milan.

Verdi wrote Falstaff, which was the last of his 28 operas, as he was approaching the
age of 80. It was his second comedy, and his third work based on a Shakespeare
play, following Macbeth and Otello. The plot revolves around the thwarted,
sometimes farcical, efforts of the fat knight, Sir John Falstaff, to seduce two married
women to gain access to their husbands' wealth.

Verdi was concerned about working on a new opera at his advanced age, but he
yearned to write a comic work and was pleased with Boito's draft libretto. It took the
collaborators three years from mid-1889 to complete. Although the prospect of a
new opera from Verdi aroused immense interest in Italy and around the world,
Falstaff did not prove to be as popular as earlier works in the composer's canon.
After the initial performances in Italy, other European countries and the US, the
work was neglected until the conductor Arturo Toscanini insisted on its revival at La
Scala and the Metropolitan Opera in New York from the late 1890s into the next
century. Some felt that the piece suffered from a lack of the full-blooded melodies of
the best of Verdi's previous operas, a view strongly contradicted by Toscanini.
Conductors of the generation after Toscanini to champion the work included Herbert Lucien Fugère in the title role, 1894
von Karajan, Georg Solti and Leonard Bernstein. The work is now part of the Librettist Arrigo Boito
regular operatic repertory. Language Italian

Verdi made numerous changes to the music after the first performance, and editors Based on The Merry Wives of
have found difficulty in agreeing on a definitive score. The work was first recorded Windsor and scenes
in 1932 and has subsequently received many studio and live recordings. Singers from Henry IV, parts 1
closely associated with the title role have included Victor Maurel (the first Falstaff), and 2
Mariano Stabile, Giuseppe Valdengo, Tito Gobbi, Geraint Evans and Bryn Terfel. by Shakespeare
Premiere 9 February 1893
La Scala, Milan

Contents
Composition history
Conception
Composition
Performance history
Premieres
Neglect
Re-emergence
Roles
Synopsis
Act 1
Act 2
Act 3
 Music and drama
Recordings
Notes, references and sources
Further reading
External links

Composition history

Conception
By 1889 Verdi had been an opera composer for more than fifty years. He had written 27 operas, of which only one was a comedy, his
second work, Un giorno di regno, staged unsuccessfully in 1840.[1] His fellow composer Rossini commented that he admired Verdi
greatly, but thought him incapable of writing a comedy. Verdi disagreed and said that he longed to write another light-hearted opera,
but nobody would give him the chance.[2] He had included moments of comedy even in his tragic operas, for example in Un ballo in
maschera and La forza del destino.[3]

For a comic subject Verdi considered Cervantes's Don Quixote and plays by
Goldoni, Molière and Labiche, but found none of them wholly suitable.[2] The
singer Victor Maurel sent him a French libretto based on Shakespeare's The Taming
of the Shrew. Verdi liked it, but replied that "to deal with it properly you need a
Rossini or a Donizetti".[n 1] Following the success of Otello in 1887 he commented,
"After having relentlessly massacred so many heroes and heroines, I have at last the
right to laugh a little." He confided his ambition to the librettist of Otello, Arrigo
Boito.[2] Boito said nothing at the time, but he secretly began work on a libretto
based on The Merry Wives of Windsor with additional material taken from Henry IV,
parts 1 and 2.[2] Many composers had set the play to music, with little success,
among them Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1796), Antonio Salieri (1799), Michael
William Balfe (1835) and Adolphe Adam (1856).[6] The first version to secure a
place in the operatic repertoire was Otto Nicolai's The Merry Wives of Windsor in
1849, but its success was largely confined to German opera houses.[7]

Boito was doubly pleased with The Merry Wives as a plot. Not only was it
Shakespearian, it was based in part on Trecento Italian works – Il Pecorone by Ser
Giovanni Fiorentino, and Boccaccio's Decameron. Boito adopted a deliberately
archaic form of Italian to "lead Shakespeare's farce back to its clear Tuscan source",
as he put it.[8] He trimmed the plot, halved the number of characters in the play,[n 2]

and gave the character of Falstaff more depth by incorporating dozens of passages
from Henry IV.[8][n 3]
Verdi in 1897

Verdi received the draft libretto a few weeks later

, by early July 1889, at a time when
his interest had been piqued by reading Shakespeare's play: "Benissimo!
Benissimo! ... No one could have done better than you", he wrote back.[13] Like Boito, Verdi loved and revered Shakespeare. The
composer did not speak English, but he owned and frequently re-read Shakespeare's plays in Italian translations by Carlo Rusconi and
Giulio Carcano, which he kept by his bedside.[14][n 4] He had earlier set operatic adaptations of Shakespeare's Macbeth (in 1847) and
Othello (in 1887) and had consideredKing Lear as a subject; Boito had suggestedAntony and Cleopatra.[15]

Verdi still had doubts, and on the next day sent another letter to Boito
expressing his concerns. He wrote of "the large number of years" in his age, “ What a joy! To be able to say to
the Audience: "We are here
his health (which he admitted was still good) and his ability to complete the
again!! Come and see us!!" ”
[13]
project: "if I were not to finish the music?" He said that the project could all Verdi to Boito, 8 July 1889[13]
be a waste of the younger man's time and distract Boito from completing his
own new opera (which became Nerone).[13] Yet, as his biographer Mary Jane
Phillips-Matz notes, "Verdi could not hide his delight at the idea of writing another opera". On 10 July 1889 he wrote again:

Amen; so be it! So let's do Falstaff! For now, let's not think of obstacles, of age, of illnesses! I also want to keep the
deepest secrecy: a word that I underline three times to you that no one must know anything about it! [He notes that his
wife will know about it, but assures Boito that she can keep a secret.] Anyway, if you are in the mood, then start to
write.[16]

Composition
Boito's original sketch is lost, but surviving correspondence shows that the finished opera is not greatly different from his first
thoughts. The major differences were that an act 2 monologue for Ford was moved from scene 2 to scene 1, and that the last act
originally ended with the marriage of the lovers rather than with the lively vocal and orchestral fugue, which was Verdi's idea.[17] He
wrote to Boito in August 1889 telling him that he was writing a fugue: "Yes, Sir! A fugue ... and a buffa fugue", which "could
probably be fitted in".[18]

Verdi accepted the need to trim Shakespeare's plot to keep the opera within an acceptable
length. He was sorry, nonetheless, to see the loss of Falstaff's second humiliation, dressed up
as the Wise Woman of Brentford to escape from Ford.[n 5] He wrote of his desire to do justice
to Shakespeare: "To sketch the characters in a few strokes, to weave the plot, to extract all the
juice from that enormous Shakespearian orange".[20] Shortly after the premiere an English
critic, R A Streatfeild, remarked on how Verdi succeeded:

The leading note of [Falstaff]'s character is sublime self-conceit. If his belief

in himself were shattered, he would be merely a vulgar sensualist and
Boito in 1893 debauchee. As it is, he is a hero. For one terrible moment in the last act his
self-satisfaction wavers. He looks round and sees every one laughing at him.
Can it be that he has been made a fool of? But no, he puts the horrible
suggestion from him, and in a flash is himself again. "Son io," he exclaims
with a triumphant inspiration, "che vi fa scaltri. L'arguzia mia crea l'arguzia
degli altri." ["I am not only witty in myself, but the cause that wit is in other
men", a line from Henry IV part 2.] Verdi has caught this touch and indeed a
.[21]
hundred others throughout the opera with astonishing truth and delicacy

In November Boito took the completed first act to Verdi at Sant'Agata, along with the second act, which was still under construction:
"That act has the devil on its back; and when you touch it, it burns", Boito complained.[22] They worked on the opera for a week,
[23]
then Verdi and his wife Giuseppina Strepponi went to Genoa. No more work was done for some time.

The writer Russ McDonald observes that a letter from Boito to Verdi touches on the musical techniques used in the opera – he wrote
of how to portray the characters Nannetta and Fenton: "I can't quite explain it: I would like as one sprinkles sugar on a tart to sprinkle
[24]
the whole comedy with that happy love without concentrating it at any one point."

The first act was completed by March 1890;[25] the rest of the opera was not composed in chronological order, as had been Verdi's
usual practice. The musicologist Roger Parker comments that this piecemeal approach may have been "an indication of the relative
independence of individual scenes".[26] Progress was slow, with composition "carried out in short bursts of activity interspersed with
long fallow periods" partly caused by the composer's depression. Verdi was weighed down by the fear of being unable to complete
the score, and also by the deaths and impending deaths of close friends, including the conductors Franco Faccio and Emanuele
Muzio.[26] There was no pressure on the composer to hurry. As he observed at the time, he was not working on a commission from a
particular opera house, as he had in the past, but was composing for his own pleasure: "in writing Falstaff, I haven't thought about
either theatres or singers".[26] He reiterated this idea in December 1890, a time when his spirits were very low after Muzio's death
that November: "Will I finish it [Falstaff]? Or will I not finish it? Who knows! I am writing without any aim, without a goal, just to
pass a few hours of the day".[27] By early 1891 he was declaring that he could not finish the work that year, but in May he expressed
some small optimism, which by mid-June, had turned into:

The Big Belly ["pancione", the name given to the opera before the composition ofFalstaff became public knowledge]
is on the road to madness. There are some days when he does not move, he sleeps, and is in a bad humour. At other
times he shouts, runs, jumps, and tears the place apart; I let him act up a bit, but if he goes on like this, I will put him
in a muzzle and straitjacket.[28]

Boito was overjoyed, and Verdi reported that he was still working on the opera. The two men
met in October or November 1891,[29] after which the Verdis were in Genoa for the winter.
They were both taken ill there, and two months of work were lost. By mid-April 1892 the
scoring of the first act was complete and by June–July Verdi was considering potential singers
for roles in Falstaff. For the title role he wanted Victor Maurel, the baritone who had sung
Iago in Otello, but at first the singer sought contractual terms that Verdi found unacceptable:
"His demands were so outrageous, exorbitant, [and] incredible that there was nothing else to
do but stop the entire project".[30] Eventually they reached agreement and Maurel was
cast.[n 6]

By September Verdi had agreed in a letter to his publisher Casa Ricordi that La Scala could
present the premiere during the 1892–93 season, but that he would retain control over every
Victor Maurel as Iago in
aspect of the production. An early February date was mentioned along with the demand that
Boito and Verdi's Otello
the house would be available exclusively after 2 January 1893 and that, even after the dress
rehearsal, he could withdraw the opera: "I will leave the theatre, and [Ricordi] will have to
take the score away".[32] The public learned of the new opera towards the end of 1892, and intense interest was aroused, increased
rather than diminished by the secrecy with which Verdi surrounded the preparations; rehearsals were in private, and the press was
kept at arm's length.[33] Apart from Verdi's outrage at the way that La Scala announced the season's programme on 7 December –
"either a revival of Tannhäuser or Falstaff" – things went smoothly in January 1893 up to the premiere performance on 9
February.[34]

Performance history

Premieres
The first performance of Falstaff was at La Scala in Milan on 9 February 1893, nearly six years after Verdi's previous premiere. For
the first night, official ticket prices were thirty times greater than usual.[35][n 7] Royalty, aristocracy, critics and leading figures from
the arts all over Europe were present.[35] The performance was a huge success under the baton of Edoardo Mascheroni; numbers
were encored, and at the end the applause for Verdi and the cast lasted an hour.[n 8] That was followed by a tumultuous welcome
when the composer, his wife and Boito arrived at the Grand Hotel de [35]
Milan.

Over the next two months the work was given twenty-two performances in Milan and then taken by the original company, led by
Maurel, to Genoa, Rome, Venice, Trieste, Vienna and, without Maurel, to Berlin.[37] Verdi and his wife left Milan on 2 March;
Ricordi encouraged the composer to go to the planned Rome performance of 14 April, to maintain the momentum and excitement
that the opera had generated. The Verdis, along with Boito and Giulio Ricordi, attended together with King Umberto I and other
major royal and political figures of the day. The king introduced Verdi to the audience from the Royal Box to great acclaim, "a
national recognition and apotheosis of V [38]
erdi that had never been tendered him before", notes Phillips-Matz.
During these early performances Verdi made substantial changes to the score. For
some of these he altered his manuscript, but for others musicologists have had to
rely on the numerous full and piano scores put out by Ricordi.[39] Further changes
were made for the Paris premiere in 1894, which are also inadequately documented.
Ricordi attempted to keep up with the changes, issuing new edition after new
edition, but the orchestral and piano scores were often mutually contradictory.[39]
The Verdi scholar James Hepokoski considers that a definitive score of the opera is
impossible, leaving companies and conductors to choose between a variety of
options.[39] In a 2013 study Philip Gossett disagrees, believing that the autograph is
essentially a reliable source, augmented by contemporary Ricordi editions for the
few passages that Verdi omitted to amend in his own score.[40]

The first performances outside the Kingdom

of Italy were in Trieste and Vienna, in May
1893.[41] The work was given in the
Americas and across Europe. The Berlin
Verdi directing the rehearsals of
premiere of 1893 so excited Ferruccio Falstaff
Busoni that he drafted a letter to Verdi, in
which he addressed him as "Italy's leading
composer" and "one of the noblest persons of our time", and in which he explained that
"Falstaff provoked in me such a revolution of spirit that I can ... date [to the experience] the
beginning of a new epoch in my artistic life."[42] Antonio Scotti played the title role in
Buenos Aires in July 1893; Gustav Mahler conducted the opera in Hamburg in January 1894;
a Russian translation was presented in St Petersburg in the same month.[43] Paris was
Poster for original cast regarded by many as the operatic capital of Europe, and for the production there in April 1894
performance, Trieste, 1894 Boito, who was fluent in French, made his own translation with the help of the Parisian poet
Paul Solanges.[43] This translation, approved by Verdi, is quite free in its rendering of Boito's
original Italian text. Boito was content to delegate the English and German translations to
William Beatty Kingston and Max Kalbeck respectively.[43] The London premiere, sung in Italian, was at Covent Garden on 19 May
1894. The conductor was Mancinelli, and Zilli and Pini Corsi repeated their original roles. Falstaff was sung by Arturo Pessina;
Maurel played the role at Covent Garden the following season.[44] On 4 February 1895 the work was first presented at the
Metropolitan Opera, New York;[45] Mancinelli conducted and the cast included Maurel as Falstaff, Emma Eames as Alice, Zélie de
Lussan as Nannetta and Sofia Scalchi as Mistress Quickly.[46]

Neglect
After the initial excitement, audiences quickly diminished. Operagoers were nonplussed by the absence of big traditional arias and
choruses. A contemporary critic summed it up: "'Is this our Verdi?' they asked themselves. 'But where is the motive; where are the
broad melodies ... where are the usualensembles; the finales?'"[41] By the time of Verdi's death in 1901 the work had fallen out of the
international repertoire. The rising young conductor Arturo Toscanini was a strong advocate of the work, and did much to save it
from neglect. As musical director of La Scala (from 1898) and the Metropolitan Opera (from 1908), he programmed
Falstaff from the
start of his tenure. Richard Aldrich, music critic of The New York Times, wrote that Toscanini's revival "ought to be marked in red
letters in the record of the season. Falstaff, which was first produced here on February 4, 1895, has not been given since the
following season, and was heard in these two seasons only half a dozen times in all."[47] Aldrich added that though the general public
might have had difficulty with the work, "to connoisseurs it was an unending delight".[47]

In Britain, as in continental Europe and the US, the work fell out of the repertoire. Sir Thomas Beecham revived it in 1919, and
recalling in his memoirs that the public had stayed away he commented:
 I have often been asked why I think Falstaff is not more of a box-office
attraction, and I do not think the answer is far to seek. Let it be admitted that
there are fragments of melody as exquisite and haunting as anything that Verdi
has written elsewhere, such as the duet of Nanetta and Fenton in the first act
and the song of Fenton at the beginning of the final scene, which have
something of the lingering beauty of an Indian summer. But in comparison
with every other work of the composer, it is wanting in tunes of a broad and
impressive character, and one or two of the type of "O Mia Regina", "Ritorna
Vincitor", or "Ora per sempre addio" might have helped the situation.[48]

Toscanini recognised that this was the view of many, but he believed the work to be Verdi's
greatest opera; he said, "I believe it will take years and years before the general public
understand this masterpiece, but when they really know it they will run to hear it like they do Bohumil Benoni as Falstaff,
now for Rigoletto and La traviata."[49] 1894

Re-emergence
Toscanini returned to La Scala in 1921 and remained in charge there until 1929, presenting
Falstaff in every season. He took the work to Germany and Austria in the late 1920s and the
1930s, conducting it in Vienna, Berlin and at three successive Salzburg Festivals. Among
those inspired by Toscanini's performances were Herbert von Karajan and Georg Solti, who
were among his répétiteurs at Salzburg. Toscanini's younger colleague Tullio Serafin
continued to present the work in Germany and Austria after Toscanini refused to perform
there because of his loathing of the Nazi regime.[50]

When Karajan was in a position to do so he added Falstaff to the repertoire of his opera
company at Aachen in 1941,[50] and he remained a proponent of the work for the rest of his
career, presenting it frequently in Vienna, Salzburg and elsewhere, and making audio and
video recordings of it.[51] Solti also became closely associated with Falstaff, as did Carlo The conductor Arturo
Maria Giulini; they both conducted many performances of the work in mainland Europe, Toscanini, who strove to
Britain and the US and made several recordings.[52] Leonard Bernstein conducted the work at return Falstaff to the regular
repertory
the Met and the Vienna State Opera, and on record.[53] The advocacy of these and later
[n 9]
conductors has given the work an assured place in the modern repertoire.

Among revivals in the 1950s and later, Hepokoski singles out as particularly notable the Glyndebourne productions with Fernando
Corena and later Geraint Evans in the title role; three different stagings by Franco Zeffirelli, for the Holland Festival (1956), Covent
Garden (1961) and the Metropolitan Opera (1964); and Luchino Visconti's 1966 version in Vienna.[55] A 1982 production by Ronald
Eyre, more reflective and melancholy than usual, was staged in Los Angeles, London and Florence; Renato Bruson was Falstaff and
Giulini conducted.[56] Among more recent players of the title role Bryn Terfel has taken the part at Covent Garden in 1999, in a
production by Graham Vick, conducted by Bernard Haitink.[57] and at the Metropolitan Opera in a revival of the Zeffirelli
production, conducted byJames Levine in 2006.[58]

Although Falstaff has become a regular repertoire work there nonetheless remains a view expressed by John von Rhein in the
Chicago Tribune in 1985: "Falstaff probably always will fall into the category of 'connoisseur's opera' rather than taking its place as a
popular favorite on the order ofLa traviata or Aida."[59]

Roles
 Premiere cast, 9 February 1893[60]
Role Voice type
(Conductor: Edoardo Mascheroni)[61]
Sir John Falstaff, a fat knight baritone Victor Maurel
Ford, a wealthy man baritone Antonio Pini-Corsi
Alice Ford, his wife soprano Emma Zilli
Nannetta, their daughter soprano Adelina Stehle
Meg Page mezzo-soprano Virginia Guerrini
Mistress Quickly contralto Giuseppina Pasqua
Fenton, one of Nannetta's suitors tenor Edoardo Garbin
Dr Caius tenor Giovanni Paroli
Bardolfo, a follower of Falstaff tenor Paolo Pelagalli-Rossetti
Pistola, a follower of Falstaff bass Vittorio Arimondi
Mine Host of the Garter Inn silent Attilio Pulcini
Robin, Falstaff's page silent
Chorus of townspeople, Ford's servants, and masqueraders dressed as fairies etc.

Synopsis
Time: The reign of Henry IV, 1399 to 1413[62]

Place: Windsor, England

Act 1
A room at the Garter Inn

Falstaff and his servants, Bardolfo and Pistola, are drinking at the inn. Dr Caius bursts in and accuses Falstaff of burgling his house
and Bardolfo of picking his pocket. He is ejected. Falstaff hands a letter to each of his servants for delivery to Alice Ford and Meg
Page, two wealthy married women. In these two identical letters, Falstaff professes his love for each of the women, although it is
access to their husbands' money that he chiefly covets. Bardolfo and Pistola refuse, claiming that honour prevents them from obeying
him. Falstaff dispatches his page, Robin, to deliver the letters. Falstaff delivers a tirade at his rebellious followers (L'onore! Ladri ... !
/ "Honour! You rogues ... !") telling them that honour is a mere word and is of no practical value. He chases them out of his sight.

Ford's garden

Alice and Meg have received Falstaff's letters. They compare them, see that they are identical and, together with Mistress Quickly
and Nannetta Ford, resolve to punish Falstaff. Meanwhile, Ford has been warned of the letters by Bardolfo and Pistola. All three are
thirsty for revenge and are supported by Dr Caius and Fenton, a young gentleman. To Ford's disapproval, Fenton is in love with
Nannetta. Finding a moment to be alone, the young lovers exchange banter. They are interrupted by the return of Alice, Meg and
Mistress Quickly. The act ends with an ensemble in which the women and the men separately plan revenge on Falstaf
f.

Act 2
A room at the Garter Inn

Falstaff is alone at the inn. Bardolfo and Pistola, now in the pay of Ford, enter and pretend to beg for forgiveness for past
transgressions. They announce to their master the arrival of Mistress Quickly, who delivers an invitation to go to Alice's house that
afternoon between the hours of two and three. She also delivers an answer from Meg Page and assures Falstaff that neither is aware
of the other's letter. Falstaff celebrates his potential success ("Va, vecchio John" / "Go, old Jack, go your own way"). Ford arrives,
masquerading as "Signor Fontana", supposedly an admirer of Alice; he offers money to the fat knight to seduce her. Falstaff is
puzzled at the request, and "Fontana" explains that if Alice succumbs to Falstaff, it will then be easier for Fontana to overcome her
virtuous scruples. Falstaff agrees with pleasure and reveals that he already has a rendezvous arranged with Alice for two o'clock – the
hour when Ford is always absent from home. Falstaff goes off to change into his best clothes; Ford is consumed with jealousy (È
sogno o realtà? / "Is it a dream or reality?"). When Falstaff returns in his finery, they leave together with elaborate displays of mutual
courtesy.

A room in Ford's house

The three women plot their strategy ("Gaie Comari di W

indsor"
/ "Merry wives of Windsor, the time has come!"). They are in
high spirits, but Alice notices that Nannetta is not. This is
because Ford plans to marry her to Dr Caius, a man old enough
to be her grandfather; the women reassure her that they will
prevent it. Mistress Quickly announces Falstaff's arrival, and
Mistress Ford has a large laundry basket and a screen placed in
readiness. Falstaff's attempts to seduce Alice with tales of his
past glory ("Quand'ero paggio del Duca di Norfolk" / "When I
was page to the Duke of Norfolk I was slender") are cut short,
as Mistress Quickly reports the impending arrival of Ford with
a retinue of henchmen to catch his wife's lover. Falstaff hides Engraving by Ettore Tito of act 2, scene 2, from the
first behind the screen, and then the women hide him in the original production. Ford and the servants creep towards
laundry basket. In the meantime Fenton and Nannetta hide Fenton and Nannetta, who they think are Falstaf f and
behind the screen. The men hear the sound of a kiss behind it. Alice, behind the screen, while the women stifle Falstaf
f
in the laundry basket.
They assume it is Falstaff with Alice, but instead they find the
young lovers. Ford orders Fenton to leave. Inside the hamper
Falstaff is almost suffocating. While the men resume the search of the house Alice orders her servants to throw the laundry basket
through the window into theRiver Thames, where Falstaff endures the jeers of the crowd.

Act 3
Before the inn

Falstaff glumly curses the sorry state of the world. Some mulled wine soon improves his mood. Mistress Quickly arrives and delivers
another invitation to meet Alice. Falstaff at first wants nothing to do with it, but she persuades him. He is to meet Alice at midnight at
Herne's Oak in Windsor Great Park dressed up as Herne the Hunter. He and Mistress Quickly go inside the inn. Ford has realised his
error in suspecting his wife, and they and their allies have been watching secretly. They now concoct a plan for Falstaff's punishment:
dressed as supernatural creatures, they will ambush and torment him at midnight. Ford privately proposes a separate plot to Caius:
Nannetta will be disguised as Queen of the Fairies, Caius will wear a monk's costume, and Ford will join the two of them with a
nuptial blessing. Mistress Quickly overhears and quietly vows to thwart Ford's scheme.

Herne's Oak in Windsor Park on a moonlit midnight

Fenton arrives at the oak tree and sings of his happiness ("Dal labbro il canto estasiato vola" / "From my lips, a song of ecstasy flies")
ending with "Lips that are kissed lose none of their allure." Nannetta enters to finish the line with "Indeed, they renew it, like the
moon." The women arrive and disguise Fenton as a monk, telling him that they have arranged to spoil Ford's and Caius's plans.
Nannetta, as the Fairy Queen, instructs her helpers ("Sul fil d'un soffio etesio" / "On the breath of a fragrant breeze, fly, nimble
spirits") before all the characters arrive on the scene. Falstaff's attempted love scene with Alice is interrupted by the announcement
that witches are approaching, and the men, disguised as elves and fairies, soundly thrash Falstaff. At length he recognises Bardolfo in
disguise. The joke is over, and Falstaff acknowledges that he has received his due. Ford announces that a wedding shall ensue. Caius
and the Queen of the Fairies enter. A second couple, also in masquerade, ask Ford to deliver the same blessing for them as well. Ford
conducts the double ceremony. Caius finds that instead of Nannetta, his bride is the disguised Bardolfo, and Ford has unwittingly
blessed the marriage of Fenton and Nannetta. Ford accepts the fait accompli with good grace. Falstaff, pleased to find himself not the
only dupe, proclaims in a fugue, which the entire company sings, that all the world is folly
, and all are figures of fun (Tutto nel mondo
è burla ... Tutti gabbati! / "Everything in the world is a jest ...").

Music and drama

Verdi scored Falstaff for three flutes (third doubling piccolo), two oboes, English horn, two clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons,
four horns, three trumpets, four trombones, timpani, percussion (triangle, cymbals, bass drum), harp, and strings. In addition, a guitar,
natural horn, and bell are heard from offstage.[63] Unlike most of Verdi's earlier operatic scores,Falstaff is through-composed. No list
of numbers is printed in the published full score.[63] The score differs from much of Verdi's earlier work by having no overture: there
are seven bars for the orchestra before the first voice (Dr Caius) enters.[64] The critic Rodney Milnes comments that "enjoyment ...
shines from every bar in its irresistible forward impulse, its effortless melody, its rhythmic vitality, and sureness of dramatic pace and
construction."[65] In The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Roger Parker writes that:

the listener is bombarded by a stunning diversity of rhythms, orchestral textures, melodic motifs and harmonic
devices. Passages that in earlier times would have furnished material for an entire number here crowd in on each
[26]
other, shouldering themselves unceremoniously to the fore in bewildering succession.

The opera was described by its creators as a commedia lirica.[n 10] McDonald commented in
2009 that Falstaff is very different – a stylistic departure – from Verdi's earlier work.[67] In
McDonald's view most of the musical expression is in the dialogue, and there is only one
traditional aria.[67] The result is that "such stylistic economy – more sophisticated, more
challenging than he had employed before – is the keynote of the work." McDonald argues that
consciously or unconsciously, Verdi was developing the idiom that would come to dominate
the music of the 20th century: "the lyricism is abbreviated, glanced at rather than indulged.
Melodies bloom suddenly and then vanish, replaced by contrasting tempo or an unexpected
phrase that introduces another character or idea".[67] In McDonald's view the orchestral
writing acts as a sophisticated commentator on the action.[67] It has influenced at least one of
Verdi's operatic successors: in 1952 Imogen Holst, musical assistant to Benjamin Britten,
wrote, after a performance of Falstaff, "I realised for the first time how much Ben owes to
[Verdi]. There are orchestral bits which are just as funny to listen to as the comic instrumental
First edition cover bits in A. Herring!"[68]

The extent to which Falstaff is a "Shakespearian" opera has often been debated by critics.
Although the action is taken from The Merry Wives of Windsor, some commentators feel that Boito and Verdi have transmuted
Shakespeare's play into a wholly Italian work. The soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf believed there was nothing English or
Shakespearian about the comedy: "it was all done through the music".[69] In 1961 Peter Heyworth wrote in The Observer, "Because
of Shakespeare we like to think of Falstaff as a work that has a certain Englishness. In fact the opera is no more English than Aida is
Egyptian. Boito and Verdi between them transformed the fat knight into one of the archetypes of opera buffa."[70] Verdi himself,
however, felt that the Falstaff of the opera is not a conventional Italian buffo character, but portrays Shakespeare's fuller, more
ambiguous Falstaff of the Henry IV plays: "My Falstaff is not merely the hero of The Merry Wives of Windsor, who is simply a
buffoon, and allows himself to be tricked by the women, but also the Falstaff of the two parts of Henry IV. Boito has written the
libretto in accordance." [2] A contemporary critic argued that the text "imitated with marvellous accuracy the metre and rhythm of
Shakespeare's verse",[21] but Hepokoski notes Boito's use of traditional Italian metric conventions.
[n 11]

Another recurrent question is how much, if at all, Verdi was influenced by Wagner's comic opera Die Meistersinger. At the time of
the premiere this was a sensitive subject; many Italians were suspicious of or hostile to Wagner's music, and were protective in a
nationalistic way of Verdi's reputation.[72] Nevertheless, Verdi's new style was markedly different from that of his popular works of
the 1850s and 1860s, and it seemed to some to have Wagnerian echoes.[72] In 1999 the critic Andrew Porter wrote, "That Falstaff
was Verdi's and Boito's answer to Wagner's Meistersinger seems evident now. But the Italian Falstaff moves more quickly."[8]
Toscanini, who did more than anyone else to bringFalstaff into the regular operatic repertoire, commented:

the difference between Falstaff, which is the absolute masterpiece, and Die Meistersinger, which is an outstanding
Wagnerian opera. Just think for a moment how many musical means – beautiful ones, certainly – Wagner must make
use of to describe the Nuremberg night. And look how Verdi gets a similarly startling effect at a similar moment with
three notes.[73]

Verdi scholars including Julian Budden have analysed the music in symphonic terms – the opening section "a perfect little sonata
movement", the second act concluding with a variant of the classic slow concertante ensemble leading to a fast stretto, and the whole
opera ending with "the most academic of musical forms", a fugue.[74] Milnes suggests that this shows "a wise old conservative's
warning about the excesses of the verismo school of Italian opera" already on the rise by the 1890s.[75] Among the solo numbers
woven into the continuous score are Falstaff's "honour" monologue, which concludes the first scene, and his reminiscent arietta
("Quand'ero paggio") about himself as a young page.[76] The young lovers, Nannetta and Fenton, are given a lyrical and playful duet
("Labbra di foco") in Act I;[75] in Act III, Fenton's impassioned love song, "Dal labbro il canto estasiato vola" briefly becomes a duet
when Nannetta joins him.[75] She then has the last substantial solo section of the score, the "fairy" aria, "Sul fil d'un soffio etesio",
[26]
described by Parker as "yet another aria suffused with the soft orchestral colours that characterize this scene".

The score is seen by the critic Richard Osborne as rich in self-parody, with sinister themes from Rigoletto and Un ballo in maschera
transmuted into comedy. For Osborne the nocturnal music of Act III draws on the examples of Weber, Berlioz and Mendelssohn,
creating a mood akin to that of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. Osborne views the whole opera as an ensemble piece,
and he comments that grand soliloquy in the old V
erdian style is reserved for Ford's "jealousy" aria in Act II, which is almost tragic in
style but comic in effect, making Ford "a figure to be laughed at."[77] Osborne concludes his analysis, "Falstaff is comedy's musical
[78]
apogee: the finest opera, inspired by the finest dramatist, by the finest opera composer the world has known".

Recordings
There are two early recordings of Falstaff's short arietta "Quand'ero paggio". Pini Corsi, the original Ford, recorded it in 1904, and
Maurel followed in 1907.[79] The first recording of the complete opera was made by Italian Columbia in March and April 1932. It
was conducted by Lorenzo Molajoli with the chorus and orchestra of La Scala, and a cast including Giacomo Rimini as Falstaff and
Pia Tassinari as Alice.[80] Some live stage performances were recorded in the 1930s, but the next studio recording was that conducted
by Toscanini for broadcast by NBC in 1950, released on disc by RCA. The first stereophonic recording was conducted by Herbert
von Karajan for EMI in 1956.[79]

Among the singers whose performances of the title role are on live or studio recordings, Italians include Renato Bruson, Tito Gobbi,
Rolando Panerai, Ruggero Raimondi, Mariano Stabile, Giuseppe Taddei and Giuseppe Valdengo; Francophone singers include
Gabriel Bacquier, Jean-Philippe Lafont and José van Dam; Germans include Walter Berry, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Hans
Hotter; and UK and US singers includeGeraint Evans, Donald Gramm, Bryn Terfel, Leonard Warren and Willard White.[54]

Notes, references and sources

Notes

1. Authorities differ on the date of Maurel's offering. Algernon St John-Brenon inThe Musical Quarterly in 1916 put the
date at 1886, before the premiere ofOtello.[4] Karen Henson in 19th-Century Music in 2007 quotes letters from 1890
that show Maurel's offer of the French librettoas dating from that year, while it was still a secret that Verdi was
working on Falstaff.[5]
 2. Boito eliminated the characters Master George Page, William Page, Justice Shallow , Slender, Sir Hugh Evans, Nym,
Peter Simple and John Rugby. He turned Fenton into a conventional juvenile lead, rather than Shakespeare's less
romantic and more mercenary character. Mistress Quickly became simply a neighbour of the Fords and Pages,
rather than Caius's servant.[8] Subplots involving these characters were cut, including Caius's discovery of Simple in
his closet (I.iv), his duel with Evans (III.i), William's Latin lesson (IV
.i), and the theft of a German duke's horses
(IV.v).[9]

3. There is a tradition that Shakespeare wroteThe Merry Wives of Windsor at the command of Elizabeth I, who
expressed a wish to see "Sir John in Love".[10] The character was familiar to Elizabethan audiences from both parts
of Henry IV and there was disappointment when Shakespeare omitted him fromHenry V.[10] The Merry Wives was
written in haste, and most critics in the 18th century and afterwards found the character of Falstaf f crudely drawn by
comparison with the more ambiguous figure in the two earlier plays. In 1744 Corbyn Morris wrote that in The Merry
Wives, Falstaff is "in general greatly below his truecharacter".[11] In later studies of the character byMaurice
Morgann (1777) and William Richardson (1789) the Falstaf f of The Merry Wives is almost completely ignored.[12]
After Boito's time many critics continued to share the views of Morris and his successors; John Dover Wilson (1953)
[12] [10]
was dismissive, and W H Auden called The Merry Wives "Shakespeare's worst play". A L Rowse (1978) took
a more favourable view: "It is the same old reprobate, with the same virtuosity of language in recounting his
misadventures as that with which he had regaled Prince Hal." [10]

4. The house, near Busseto, remains in the possession of the Verdi family. The composer's rooms are preserved intact
and are open to the public. Verdi's volumes of Shakespeare remain by his bedside.[14]
[19]
5. Some editions of Shakespeare give the name as "Brainford".
6. Maurel's compliance stopped short of playing the title role in the original company's tour when it played in Germany .
As a Frenchman, with the German victory in the Franco-Prussian W ar still an offence to French national pride, he
refused to perform in Germany.[31]
7. Reserved seats on theplatea (main floor) were raised from 5 lire to 150 lire, with similar increases in other parts of
the house.[35]
8. Although most of the music isthrough-composed, with no obvious breaks where an encore could be taken, e Vrdi
had agreed in advance that the women's quartet "Quell'otre! quel tino!" and Falstaff's brief song "Quand'ero paggio"
could be encored. Hepokoski speculates that the conductor may have slowed and then briefly stopped the music to
allow the audience to applaud.[36] At later performances Verdi allowed other sections of the score to be encored,
including Nannetta's "Sul fil d'un soffio etesio".[36]
9. Among leading conductors of later generations who have been associated with
Falstaff are Claudio Abbado and Sir
Colin Davis, both of whom recorded the work twice.[54]
10. Although the term translates literally into English as "lyric comedy",Leoncavallo used it for his version ofLa bohème
(1897), which ends tragically, and Puccini used the term for his bittersweetLa rondine (1917).[66]
11. Thus, the young lovers generally sing to one another inquinari (five-syllable lines), the merry wives do their plotting
in senari (six-syllable lines) and Ford and his cohorts are givenottonari (eight-syllable lines).[71]

References

1. Budden, Vol. 1, pp. 69–74

2. Klein, John W. "Verdi and Falstaff" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/911833), The Musical Times, 1 July 1926, pp. 605–
607 (subscription required)
3. Baldini, p. 220
4. St John-Brenon, Algernon."Giuseppe Verdi" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/738179), The Musical Quarterly,
January 1916, pp. 130–162
5. Henson, Karen. "Verdi versus Victor Maurel on Falstaff" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncm.2007.31.2.113),
19th-Century Music, November 2007, pp. 113–130(subscription required)
6. Melchiori, pp. 90–91
7. Rice, John A. "Falstaff (i)" (http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/O901546), and Brown,
Clive. "Lustigen Weiber von Windsor, Die" (http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/O00915
9), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 March 2014
(subscription required)
 8. Porter, Andrew. "Roll Up! Here We Come Again!", programme booklet, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, 6
December 1999, pp. 10–14
9. Hepokoski, p. 26
10. Rowse, p. 444
11. Vickers, p. 122
12. Melchiori, p. 89
13. Verdi to Boito, 6 and 7 July 1889, in Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 700. (punctuation used here are as in the book)
14. Gallo, Denise (2010). "Repatriating 'Falstaff': Boito, Verdi and Shakespeare (in Translation)", Nineteenth-Century
Music Review, November 2010, pp. 7–34
15. Steen, p. 453
16. Verdi to Boito, 10 July 1889, in Phillips-Matz,pp. 700–701
17. Hepokoski, p. 22
18. Verdi to Boito, 18 August 1889, in Phillips-Matz, p. 702
19. Shakespeare and Alexander, Act IV, scene ii
20. Wechsberg, p. 229
21. Streatfeild, p. 111
22. Boito to Verdi, 30 October 1889, in Phillips-Matz, p. 703
23. Hepokoski, pp. 22–26
24. Boito to Verdi, in McDonald 2009, p. 8
25. Hepokoski, p. 35
26. Parker, Roger. "Falstaff (ii)" (http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/O901547), The New
Grove Dictionary of Opera, Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 May 2015 (subscription
required)
27. Verdi to Maria Waldmann, 6 December 1890, in Philips-Matz, p. 707: W
aldmann was a young singer with whom
Verdi corresponded
28. Verdi to Boito, 12 June 1891, in Philips-Matz,p. 709
29. Hepokoski, p. 36
30. Verdi to Teresa Stolz, 9 September 1892, in Phillips-Matz, p. 712
31. "Verdi's Falstaff at Berlin", The Times, 2 June 1893, p. 5
32. Verdi to Ricordi, 18 September 1892, in Phillips-Matz, pp. 714–715
33. "Verdi's Falstaff, The Times, 8 December 1892, p. 5
34. Phillips-Matz, p. 715
35. Hepokoski, pp. 55–56
36. Hepokoski, pp. 126–127
37. Hepokoski, p. 56
38. Phillips-Matz, pp. 717–720
39. Hepokoski, p. 83
40. Gossett, Philip. "Some Thoughts on the Use of Autograph Manuscripts in Editing the Works of Verdi and Puccini" (htt
ps://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jams.2013.66.1.103), Journal of the American Musicological Society
, Spring 2013,
pp. 103–128 (subscription required)
41. Hepokoski, p. 129
42. Beaumont (1987), pp. 53—54.
43. Hepokoski, pp. 76–77
44. "Performance History", programme booklet, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, 6 December 1999, p. 43
45. Kimbell, p. 461
46. "Verdi's great Falstaff (http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F70D12F63A5D15738DDDAC0894DA40
5B8585F0D3), The New York Times, 5 February 1895
47. Aldrich, Richard. "To be Given at a Special Saturday Night Performance at the Metropolitan"(https://select.nytimes.c
om/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C12FA3E5D12738DDDAE0894DB405B898CF1D3), The New York Times, 7 March
1909
48. Beecham, p. 178
49. Civetta, Chapter 3: "Falstaff" section.
50. Osborne, pp. 150–151
51. Osborne, pp. 406, 409, 420, 655 and 815.
52. Solti, pp. 79 and 191; and Hepokoski, p. 134
53. Hepokoski, pp. 135–136
54. "Falstaff Discography" (http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLVEFALS.HTM), Opera Discography.
Retrieved 21 July 2013
55. Hepokoski, pp. 136–137
56. Higgins, John. "Autumnal mastery of Verdi's emotional range", The Times, 16 April 1982, p. 9
57. Milnes, Rodney. "In the belly of the best",The Times, 8 December 1999, p. 44
58. Clark, Robert S. Music Chronicle (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20464499), The Hudson Review, Winter, 2006, pp.
633–634 (subscription required)
59. Rhein, John von. "Solti, CSO brilliant in spiritedFalstaff" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-04-27/features/850
1250846_1_fat-knight-mistress-ford-georg-solti) , Chicago Tribune, 27 April 1985
60. List of singers taken from Budden, Vol 3, p. 416.
61. Budden, Vol 3, p. 430
62. Kimbell, pp. 461–462; and Latham, Alison. "Synopsis", programme booklet, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, 6
December 1999, p. 43
63. Boito and Verdi, introductory pages
64. Boito and Verdi, pp. 1–2
65. Milnes, p. 7
66. Maehder, Jürgen. "Bohème, La (ii)" (http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/O900608)and
Budden, Julian. "Rondine, La" (http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/O002478), The
New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 March 2014 (subscription
required)
67. McDonald 2009, p. 7
68. Grogan, p. 169
69. Osborne, p. 406
70. Heyworth, Peter. "Falstaff and the Verdi canon", The Observer, 14 May 1961, p. 26
71. Hepokoski, p. 31
72. Hepokoski, pp. 138–139
73. Toscanini, Arturo, quoted in Lualdi's L'arte di dirigere l'orchestra(1940) reprinted in Sachs, p. 247
74. Milnes, pp. 7–8
75. Milnes, p. 8
76. Osborne, pp. 16 and 18
77. Osborne, p. 13
78. Osborne, p. 15
79. Walker, Malcolm. "Discography" in Hepokoski, pp. 176–177
80. Notes to Naxos Historical CD 8.110198–99 (2002)

Sources

Baldini, Gabriele (1980).The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un ballo in maschera. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22911-1.
Beaumont, Antony, ed. (1987). Busoni: Selected Letters. New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN 0-231-06460-8
Beecham, Thomas (1959).A Mingled Chime. London: Hutchinson.OCLC 470511334.
Boito, Arrigo; Giuseppe Verdi (1980) [1893]. Falstaff in Full Score. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-24017-6.
 Budden, Julian (1984). The Operas of Verdi, Volume 1: From Oberto to Rigoletto. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-
31058-6.
Budden, Julian (1984).The Operas of Verdi, Volume 3: From Don Carlos to Falstaff. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-
304-30740-1.
Civetta, Cesare (2012).The Real Toscanini – Musicians Reveal the Maestro. New York: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-
57467-241-1.
Grogan, Christopher (2010) [2007].Imogen Holst: A Life in Music. Woodbridge, UK and New York: Boydell Press.
ISBN 978-1-84383-599-8.
Hepokoski, James (1983).Giuseppe Verdi "Falstaff". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-
23534-1.
Kimbell, David (2001). "Falstaff". In Holden, Amanda. The New Penguin Opera Guide. New York: Penguin Putnam.
ISBN 978-0-14-029312-8.
McDonald, Russ (2009).To astonish the world, Notes to Glyndebourne DVD recording. W aldron, Heathfield, UK:
Opus Arte. OCLC 610513504.
Melchiori, Giorgio (1999). "Introduction".The Merry Wives of Windsor. Arden Shakespeare. London: Thomson.
ISBN 978-0-17-443561-7.
Milnes, Rodney (2004).Falstaff: notes to LSO Live recording. London: London Symphony Orchestra.
OCLC 57210727.
Morris, Corbyn (1744).An Essay Towards Fixing the True Standards of Wit, Humour, Raillery, Satire, and Ridicule.
London: J Roberts and W Bickerton.OCLC 83444213.
Osborne, Richard (1989).Karajan conducts Falstaff. London: EMI. OCLC 42632423.
Osborne, Richard (1998).Herbert von Karajan: A Life in Music. London: Chatto and Windus.ISBN 978-1-85619-
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Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane(1993). Verdi: A Biography. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-
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Rowse, A L (1978). "The Merry Wives of Windsor".The Annotated Shakespeare,Volume 1. London: Orbis.
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Shakespeare, William (1994). "The Merry Wives of Windsor". In Peter Alexander . Complete works of William
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Steen, Michael (2003).The Lives and Times of the Great Composers. New York: Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-56159-
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Further reading
Osborne, Charles (1969). The Complete Operas of Verdi. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80072-1.
Toye, Francis (1931). Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works. London: Heinemann.OCLC 462427571.
Werfel, Franz; Paul Stefan (1973). Verdi: The Man and His Letters. New York: Vienna House. ISBN 0-8443-0088-8.

External links
List of performances ofFalstaff by Verdi on Operabase.
Falstaff (Verdi): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project(IMSLP)
Libretto at giuseppeverdi.it
Kingston, W. Beatty (translator), Falstaff: A Lyrical Comedy in Three Acts. Libretto with original English translation at
archive.org.
Detailed information on the key ariasat aria-database.com
Detailed Falstaff discography at operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
Victor Maurel's 1907 recording of "Quand'eropaggio", at the Bibliothèque nationale de France

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