Sweet & Karen Review and Tutorial Center e.

Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition/ Subtraction- States that

No. 82 Zone 1, Estancia Malinao, Albay multiplication distributes over addition and subtraction
Cp. No. 09109436343 Eg. 5( 7+14)= (5)(7) + (8)(14)= 147
III. Operation on Integers
General Education : Mathematics a. Addition- Like signs: add the absolute values, and prefix the negative sign if the
May 11, 2018
addends are negative
FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
Unlike signs: get the absolute values of the numbers and subtract the
Lecturer: Neil Dominic D. Careo
smaller absolute value from the other and prefix the negative sign if the
I. The Number System negative addend has the larger value

Eg. -12 + (-6)= -18 -3+11= 11-3= 8 5 + (-9)= -(9-5)= -4

Imaginary
Complex b. Subtraction- If the minuend and subtrahend are both positive and the minuend is
Irrational
greater than the subtrahend, proceed to subtract forthwith. Otherwise, change the
Real Non-integers Counting
sign of the supposed subtrahend and proceed as in addition
Rational
Eg. 12 – 7 = 5 4 – 11 = 4+ -(11)= -7
Integers Zero c. Multiplication (Division)- to multiply (or divide) two integers with
Like signs: get the product (or quotient) of their absolute values
Negative Unlike signs: get the negative of the product (or quotient) of their absolute values
II. Number Properties Eg. -9 x -12 = -108 -3 x 7 = -21 12/-4 = -3
a. Closure Property- When adding or multiplying any element in a set of numbers, IV. Divisibility Rules
the sum or product is a unique real number which belongs to that same set
Divisibility by Rule
Eg. 20+5+18+47= 90 18 x 21 x 10 = 3,780
b. Commutative Property- States that changing the positions of the addends or the 2 If the last number is an even number Eg. 2, 4, 6, 8…
factors does not affect the sum or the product 3 If the sum of all individual digits in the number is divisible by 3
Eg. 25+ 52= 52+25 7 x 8= 8 x 7 4 If the last two digits of the number is divisible by 4
c. Associative Property- States that changing the grouping of addends in a sum or
5 If the last digit of the number is 0 or 5
grouping of factors in a product does not change the resulting sum or product
Eg. (10+ 7) +3= 10+ (3+7) 3 x ( 4x 5 )= (3 x 4 ) x 5 6 If the number is even and divisible by 3
d. Identity Property 7 Double the last digit. Subtract the doubled last digit from the number without the
Addition: The sum of any number and zero is the same number. 0 is the identity last digit. If the difference is a multiple of 7, then it is divisible by 7
Eg. 100+0= 100 8 If the last three digits of the number is divisible by 8
Multiplication: The product of any number and one is the same number. 1 is the 9 If the sum of the individual digits in the number is divisible by 9
identity Eg. 50 x 1= 50
10 If the last digit of the number is 0
11 If after subtracting and adding the digits successively the result is divisible
by 11
 Fractions- defined as a quotient or ratio of two numbers
Prime and Composite Numbers Kinds of Fractions
Prime Number- counting number that has exactly two factors, 1 and itself As to relation between the numerator and denominator
Eg. 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, … a. Proper Fraction- the numerator is less than the denominator eg. 5/9
Composite number- counting numbers that has more than two factors b. Improper Fraction- the numerator is greater than the denominator eg. 12/7
Eg. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15… As to relation of the denominators of two or more fractions
(1 is neither prime or composite and 2 is the only even prime) a. Similar Fraction- the denominators are equal eg. 2/5 and 4/5
Prime Factorization- is finding which prime factors if multiplied together will result to the b. Dissimilar Fraction- the denominators are not equal eg. 3/7 and 4/9
original number Other Classes
Methods: a. Equivalent Fraction- Fractions having the same value eg. 4/5 and 8/10
a. Repeated division by primes b. Mixed Fraction- composed of whole number and a proper fraction eg. 7 2/3
b. Factor tree Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms
Least Common Multiple (LCM) of 2 numbers [a, b ] is the smallest number that is divisible Principle: Dividing both the numerator and the denominator by the same number
by a and b at the same time. The smallest number that is multiple of the given numbers. does not change the value of the fraction
Methods: Rule: To reduce fraction into lowest term , divide both the numerator and the
a. Intersection of sets method denominator by their GCF
Eg. 9: {9, 18, 27, 36} Eg.
13
÷
13 1
=
80
÷
10
=
8
24: {12, 24, 36, 48} 65 13 5 130 10 13
Operations on Fractions
b. Prime Factorization Method- write the prime factorization for each of the given
1. Addition (Subtraction) of Fractions
numbers so that common and only common factors are in the same column. The
Similar- Add (Subtract) their numerator and copy their denominator , then
LCM is the product of the highest powers occurring in a column of any of the prime
reduce the sum to its lowest term.
factorizations
13 5 18
Eg. 9: 32 Eg. + =
7 7 7
24: 3 x 22 Dissimilar- Change the dissimilar fractions to similar fractions by doing these
32 x 22= 36 (LCM) steps
Greatest Common Factor/Divisor (GCF or GCD) of two numbers (a , b ) is the largest a. Find the LCD( Least Common Denominator). The LCD is the LCM of the
factor or divisor common to both a and b Denominator
Eg. Find the GCF of 18 and 24 b. Divide the LCD by each denominator then multiply the quotient by the
a. Intersection of sets method numerator
18: {2, 3, 6, 9, 18} c. The resulting value in step b are the numerators of the similar fractions
24: {2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 24} and the LCD is the denominator
b. Prime Factorization d. Add (Subtract) the resulting fractions and reduce the result to its lowest
18: 2 x 32 term
24: 23x 3 4 8 28+40 68
Eg. + = =
2 x 3 = 6 (GCF) 5 7 35 (𝐿𝐶𝐷) 35
c. Euclidean Algorithm/ Division Method
 2. Multiplication- Multiply the numerators together, and multiply the a. Terminating Decimals- Multiply by a fraction the numerator and
denominators together, then reduce the product to its lowest term denominator of which both are equal to such power of ten with as
Eg.
4 3
𝑥 =
4𝑥3
=
1 many zeroes as there are decimal places in a given decimal, and then
9 8 9𝑥8 6 1000 625 5
simplify. Eg. 0.625 x 1000= 1000 = 8
3. Division- the quotient of two fractions is the product of dividend and the
reciprocal of the divisor b. Repeating Decimals- The procedure is outlined below together with
9 1 9𝑥3 27 an example to illustrate each step. Eg. To convert x= 0.166
eg. ÷ = = 1. Multiply the number by such power of 10 as would move one
5 3 5𝑥1 5
repeating portion across the decimal point. 100x = 1.66
V. Power and Exponents 2. Multiply the number by such power of 10 as would move the
Important concepts involving powers and exponents repeating portion across the decimal point 10x = 1.66
1. 10 x 10 = 100 or 102 3. Subtract the result of step 2 from step 1 90x = 15
2. 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000 or 103 4. Simplify 90x = 15 x= 15/90= 1/6
3. 10 x 10 x 10 x10 10 000 or 104 VII. Ratio and Proportion
 A shorter way of writing 10 x 10 is 102 , the exponential form Ratio- is a comparison of two numbers and is generally separated by a colon :
 In the exponential form 102, the number 10 is called the base and the Eg. Grace has a bag with 3 videocassettes, 4 marbles, 7 books, and 1 orange.
number 2 on the upper right hand corner of the base is called the 1. What is the ratio of books to marbles?
exponent 2. What is the ratio of videocassettes to the total number of items in the
Rules: bag?
a. Any number raised to the first power is that number eg. 101 = 10 Proportion- is an equation with a ratio on each side. It is a statement that two
b. Any non-zero whole number raised to zeroth power is equal to 1 ratios are equal
Eg. 1000= 1 Format: a/b = c/d or a:b=c:d
c. In multiplying numbers having the same base, simply copy the base Kinds of Proportions
and then add the exponents eg. 34 + 32 = 3(4+2)= 36= 90 1. Direct Proportion- when one quantity increases/decreases the other
d. In dividing two numbers having the same base, simply copy the base quantity increases/decreases also
and then subtract the exponent eg. 25 ÷ 22= 2(5-2)= 23= 8 Eg. Mother uses 2 cans of milk to 5 glasses of water. How many cans of
VI. Conversions milk does she need if she has 15 glasses of water?
1. Fractions to Decimals Solution: 2 milk : 5 water = N : 15 water
Divide the numerator by the denominator eg. 5/8 = 0.625 5N = 30 , N= 6 cans of milk
2. Decimals to Percents 2. Inverse Proportion- when one quantity increases/decreases the other
Multiply by 100% or move the decimal point two places to the right and quantity will have an opposite change.
add the % sign. Eg. 0.625= 0.625 x 100 = 62.5% Eg. If 10 men can finish painting the building in 8 days, how many men are
3. Percent to Decimals needed to finish the same work in 5 days?
Divide by 100% or drop the % sign and move the decimal point two Solution:
places to the left. Eg. 62.5% = 0.625 1. Determine the large and small numbers
4. Decimals to Fractions (small) 10 men - 8 days (large)
(large) N men – 5 days ( small)
 2. Equate the small as well as the large numbers IX. Elementary Algebra
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 Basic Terms
=
𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 Variable- any symbol that is used to represent an element of a set e.g. x, y
10 5 80 Domain- the set of all elements represented by a particular variable
= 5𝑁 = 80 𝑁= = 16 𝑚𝑒𝑛
𝑁 8 5 Constant- a symbol with only one element in its domain eg. 3, -2, π
3. Partitive Proportion- a number is divided into parts proportional to the
Algebraic Expression- a constant, a variable, or any combination of constant and
ratio of the other numbers
variables involving indicated operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
Eg. I have 50 candies. I will give my candies to John, Brian, and
raising to a power, or extraction of a root) on them.
Dominick in the ratio of 2:3:5 . How many marbles will each of my
Eg. 25x2-1 , 2xy + y2, x-y((x-y)/4)
friends get?
Polynomial- an algebraic expression consisting only of non-negative integer powers
Solution: Step 1: Get one part of the ration, Let N be that one part
of variables, and with no variable in a denominator. Among the examples of the
2N be the share of John
algebraic expression above, only the last is not polynomial.
3N be the share of Brian
Term of a Polynomial- a constant or a constant multiplied by non- negative integer
5N be the share of Dominick
powers of variables. A polynomial with only 1 term is monomial, polynomial with 2
2N + 3N + 5N = 50
terms is binomial and polynomial with 3 terms is trinomial
10N= 50 , N= 5
Eg. -15x2y3z4 monomial
Step 2 : Get the share of each 2 2
X -3y + xy trinomial
John= 2(5)= 10 Brian = 3(5)= 15 Dominick= 5(5)= 25
Numerical Coefficient- that constant that is multiplied by the non negative powers of
VIII. Rate, Base, and Percentage
variables in a term
Eg. 35% of 50 = 17.5
Literal Coefficient- the non- negative powers of variables in a term
 Percentage is a certain percent of a number, or part taken from a
Similar Terms- terms with the same literal coefficient. If the terms are not similar, they
whole
are said to be dissimilar
 Base is a number from where a certain percent is to be taken out, or
Degree of Term- sum of exponents of all variable factors of a term
the total or whole quantity from where a part is taken. It usually
Evaluating Algebraic Expressions- refers to the process of finding the value of the
follows “ % of” or “percent of”.
expression upon substitution of the given values for the respective variables
 Rate is a number with percent symbol (%) or percent to be taken from
Eg. Evaluate x2y3 -2y2 + 4 when x= -2 y= 3
the whole quantity. 2 3 2
(-2) (3) -2(3) +4 = 94
To find the rate, base and percentage
Equation- statement expressing in symbols the relationship of equality between two
1. Percentage= rate x base
quantities
Eg. 20% of 60 = N
Linear Equation in one variable- an equation that can be written in the form ax+b=0,
0.20 x 60 = 12
where a and b are constants and a<0 eg. 3x – 4 = 0 4 – 2x = 3x + 5
2. Rate= Percentage/ base
Addition and Subtraction Property of Equality (APE, SPE)
Eg. N% of 80 is 20
If a,b, and c are real numbers and a = b, then
20/80= 0.25= 25%
a+c=b+c
3.Base= Percentage/ rate
a–c=b–c
Eg. 25% of N = 30
= 30/0.25= 120
 Multiplication and Division Property of Equality (MPE, DPE) X. Inequalities
If a, b, and c are real numbers and a=b , then Inequalities- a statement that says one quantity is less than (<) or greater than (>)
axb=bxc another. In some instances, one quantity may be less than or equal to (≤) or greater
a/b = b/c than or equal to (≥) another.
Solution of an Equation- refers to an element of the domain of the variables that Compound Inequality- a compound statement that says one quantity is less than (or
makes the equation true greater than) another but is greater than (or less than) a third eg. -4 < 2x -3 ≤9
Solving Linear Equations- refers to the process of finding, through the use of the Properties of Inequality
properties of equality, all solutions of the equation 1. Trichotomy- If a and b are real numbers, then a < b , and a = b, or a> b
Some pointers in solving linear equations 2. Transitive- if a< b and b < c , then a< c
1. Simplify each side of the equation by If a>b and b>c, then a> c
-Removing grouping symbols using the distributive law 3. Addition Property- If a ,b and c are real numbers and a<b, then a+c < b + c
-Removing fraction by multiplying both sides of the equation by the LCD of all Solution of a Linear Inequality- the process of finding, through the use of the
fractions properties of inequality, all the solution of the inequality.
2. Use the APE/SPE to have all variables only on one side of the equation and the Eg. -4 ≤ 2x – 3 ≤ 9
constants on the other eg. Simplify 3(5x + 2)= 2x-5 -4 + 3 ≤ 2x – 3 + 3 ≤ 9 + 3
Solving word problems involving linear Equations Steps -1 ≤ 2x ≤ 12 -1/2 ≤ x ≤ 6
1. Read the problem carefully Word Problems Involving Linear Inequalities
2. Determine what is to be found Example- Patrichia’s grades in the last four tests were 85, 89, 90, 93. What must be her
3. Choose a variable to represent an unknown, usually that which needs to be found grade in the fifth and last test to get an average of at least 90?
4. Translate word phrases to algebraic expression XI. Plane Geometry
5. Formulate the equation Basic Geometric Elements
6. Solve the equation 1. Point- a dimensionless geometric figure having no properties other than location
7. Solve the problem or space
Example: Four times the sum of a number and four is 24. What is the number 2. Line- the shortest distance between any two points
Let x= unknown number 4( x+4) = 24 3. Angle- the opening between two lines or two planes that meet. The point where
4x + 16= 24 the two lines meet is called the vertex.
4x= 8 x= 2 Types:
Example: Cardo is twice as old as Joaquin. Two years ago, Cardo is three times as old a. Null or zero angle- equal to zero
as Joaquin. Find their ages now. b. Acute Angle- greater than 0 but less than 90○
Let c= age of Cardo j= age of Joaquin c. Right Angle- equal to 90○
c = 2j d. Obtuse Triangle- greater than 90○ but less than 180○
c – 2 = 3 ( j – 2) e. Straight Angle- equal to 180○
2j – 2 = 3( j – 2) f. Reflex Angle- greater than 180○ but less than 360○
4= j= present age of joaquin g. Full Angle or Perigon- equal to 360○
4(2)= 8 present age of Cardo Other Types of Angles
a. Adjacent angles- two angles with a common leg
 b.Complementary Angle- two angles whose sum is a right angle (90○)
c.Supplementary Angles- two angles whose sum is a straight angle (180○)
d.Explementary Angles- two angles whose sum is a perigon (360○)
e.Vertical Angles- angles formed by two intersecting lines. Vertical angles are
equal.
Perimeter- is the distance around the outside of a polygon or any closed curve
Area- of a simple, closed , planar curve is the amount of space inside
Volume- of a solid 3D shape is the amount of space displayed by it.

References:
1. 1001 Solved Problems in Mathematics, 3rd ed., Excel Council,
2008
2. www. Varsitytutors.com
3. www.mathisfun.com
4. Cayago, Ma. Jessa V., “Fundamentals of Mathematics”, 2017