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Africa :: EGYPT
PAGE LAST UPDATED ON DECEMBER 19, 2016
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EGYPT
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Introduction :: EGYPT
Background: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2028&term=Background) (../fields/2028.html#eg)
The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east
and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a
series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in
turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language
in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and
continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869
elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's
government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in
1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty from Britain in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant
Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing
population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources
and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's population through economic reform and
massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.
Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide,
culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new parliament was in
place in early 2012; later that same year, Mohammed MORSI won the presidential election. Following often violent protests
throughout the spring of 2013 against MORSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces
intervened and removed MORSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. In January
2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and in May 2014 elected Abdel Fattah EL SISI president. Egypt
elected a new legislature in December 2015, the first parliament since 2012.
Geography :: EGYPT
Location: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2144&term=Location) (../fields/2144.html#eg)
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan,
and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula
Geographic coordinates: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2011&term=Geographic coordinates)
(../fields/2011.html#eg)
27 00 N, 30 00 E
Map references: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2145&term=Map references) (../fields/2145.html#eg)
Africa
Area: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2147&term=Area) (../fields/2147.html#eg)
total: 1,001,450 sq km
land: 995,450 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km
country comparison to the world: 30 (../rankorder/2147rank.html#eg)
Area - comparative: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2023&term=Area - comparative) (../fields/2023.html#eg)
more than eight times the size of Ohio; slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico
Area comparison map:
Land boundaries: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2096&term=Land boundaries) (../fields/2096.html#eg)

total: 2,612 km
border countries (4): Gaza Strip 13 km, Israel 208 km, Libya 1,115 km, Sudan 1,276 km
Coastline: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2060&term=Coastline) (../fields/2060.html#eg)
2,450 km
Maritime claims: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2106&term=Maritime claims) (../fields/2106.html#eg)
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or the equidistant median line with Cyprus
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2059&term=Climate) (../fields/2059.html#eg)
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
Terrain: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2125&term=Terrain) (../fields/2125.html#eg)
vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
Elevation: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2020&term=Elevation) (../fields/2020.html#eg)
mean elevation: 321 m
elevation extremes: lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m
highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m
Natural resources: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2111&term=Natural resources) (../fields/2111.html#eg)
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements,
zinc
Land use: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2097&term=Land use) (../fields/2097.html#eg)
agricultural land: 3.6%
arable land 2.8%; permanent crops 0.8%; permanent pasture 0%
forest: 0.1%
other: 96.3% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2146&term=Irrigated land) (../fields/2146.html#eg)
36,500 sq km (2012)
Population - distribution: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2266&term=Population - distribution)
approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain
sparsely populated or uninhabited
Natural hazards: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2021&term=Natural hazards) (../fields/2021.html#eg)
periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes; flash floods; landslides; hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring;
dust storms; sandstorms
Environment - current issues: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2032&term=Environment - current issues)
agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam;
desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural
pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile, which is the only
perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources
Environment - international agreements: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2033&term=Environment - international
agreements) (../fields/2033.html#eg)
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2113&term=Geography - note) (../fields/2113.html#eg)
controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a
sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle
Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees from
Sudan and the Palestinian territories
People and Society :: EGYPT
Population: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2119&term=Population) (../fields/2119.html#eg)
94,666,993 (July 2016 est.)
Nationality: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2110&term=Nationality) (../fields/2110.html#eg)
noun: Egyptian(s)
adjective: Egyptian
Ethnic groups: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2075&term=Ethnic groups) (../fields/2075.html#eg)
Egyptian 99.6%, other 0.4% (2006 census)
Languages: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2098&term=Languages) (../fields/2098.html#eg)
Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
Religions: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2122&term=Religions) (../fields/2122.html#eg)
Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 90%, Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic,
Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican) 10% (2012 est.)
religious affiliation:
Demographic profile: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2257&term=Demographic profile) (../fields/2257.html#eg)

Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab world and the third most populous country in Africa, behind Nigeria and
Ethiopia. Most of the country is desert, so about 95% of the population is concentrated in a narrow strip of fertile land along
the Nile River, which represents only about 5% of Egypt’s land area. Egypt’s rapid population growth – 46% between 1994
and 2014 – stresses limited natural resources, jobs, housing, sanitation, education, and health care.
Although the country’s total fertility rate (TFR) fell from roughly 5.5 children per woman in 1980 to just over 3 in the late 1990s,
largely as a result of state-sponsored family planning programs, the population growth rate dropped more modestly because
of decreased mortality rates and longer life expectancies. During the last decade, Egypt’s TFR decline stalled for several
years and then reversed, reaching 3.6 in 2011, and has plateaued the last few years. Contraceptive use has held steady at
about 60%, while preferences for larger families and early marriage may have strengthened in the wake of the recent 2011
revolution. The large cohort of women of or nearing childbearing age will sustain high population growth for the foreseeable
future (an effect called population momentum).
Nevertheless, post-MUBARAK governments have not made curbing population growth a priority. To increase contraceptive
use and to prevent further overpopulation will require greater government commitment and substantial social change,
including encouraging smaller families and better educating and empowering women. Currently, literacy, educational
attainment, and labor force participation rates are much lower for women than men. In addition, the prevalence of violence
against women, the lack of female political representation, and the perpetuation of the nearly universal practice of female
genital cutting continue to keep women from playing a more significant role in Egypt’s public sphere.
Population pressure, poverty, high unemployment, and the fragmentation of inherited land holdings have historically motivated
Egyptians, primarily young men, to migrate internally from rural and smaller urban areas in the Nile Delta region and the
poorer rural south to Cairo, Alexandria, and other urban centers in the north, while a much smaller number migrated to the
Red Sea and Sinai areas. Waves of forced internal migration also resulted from the 1967 Arab-Israeli War and the floods
caused by the completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970. Limited numbers of students and professionals emigrated
temporarily prior to the early 1970s, when economic problems and high unemployment pushed the Egyptian Government to
lift restrictions on labor migration. At the same time, high oil revenues enabled Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and other Gulf states, as
well as Libya and Jordan, to fund development projects, creating a demand for unskilled labor (mainly in construction), which
attracted tens of thousands of young Egyptian men.
Between 1970 and 1974 alone, Egyptian migrants in the Gulf countries increased from approximately 70,000 to 370,000.
Egyptian officials encouraged legal labor migration both to alleviate unemployment and to generate remittance income
(remittances continue to be one of Egypt’s largest sources of foreign currency and GDP). During the mid-1980s, however,
depressed oil prices resulting from the Iran-Iraq War, decreased demand for low-skilled labor, competition from less costly
South Asian workers, and efforts to replace foreign workers with locals significantly reduced Egyptian migration to the Gulf
States. The number of Egyptian migrants dropped from a peak of almost 3.3 million in 1983 to about 2.2 million at the start of
the 1990s, but numbers gradually recovered.
In the 2000s, Egypt began facilitating more labor migration through bilateral agreements, notably with Arab countries and Italy,
but illegal migration to Europe through overstayed visas or maritime human smuggling via Libya also rose. The Egyptian
Government estimated there were 6.5 million Egyptian migrants in 2009, with roughly 75% being temporary migrants in other
Arab countries (Libya, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates) and 25% being predominantly permanent
migrants in the West (US, UK, Italy, France, and Canada).
During the 2000s, Egypt became an increasingly important transit and destination country for economic migrants and asylum
seekers, including Palestinians, East Africans, and South Asians and, more recently, Iraqis and Syrians. Egypt draws many
refugees because of its resettlement programs with the West; Cairo has one of the largest urban refugee populations in the
world. Many East African migrants are interned or live in temporary encampments along the Egypt-Israel border, and some
have been shot and killed by Egyptian border guards.
Age structure: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2010&term=Age structure) (../fields/2010.html#eg)
0-14 years: 33.21% (male 16,268,862/female 15,169,039)
65 years and over: 4.17% (male 1,937,119/female 2,013,459) (2016 est.)
population pyramid:
Dependency ratios: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2261&term=Dependency ratios) (../fields/2261.html#eg)

total dependency ratio: 62.3%
youth dependency ratio: 53.8%
elderly dependency ratio: 8.5%
potential support ratio: 11.8% (2015 est.)
Median age: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2177&term=Median age) (../fields/2177.html#eg)
total: 23.8 years
male: 23.5 years
female: 24.1 years (2016 est.)
Population growth rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2002&term=Population growth rate)
2.51% (2016 est.)
Birth rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2054&term=Birth rate) (../fields/2054.html#eg)
30.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Death rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2066&term=Death rate) (../fields/2066.html#eg)
4.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Net migration rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2112&term=Net migration rate) (../fields/2112.html#eg)
-0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Population distribution: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2267&term=Population distribution) (../fields/2267.html#eg)
approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain
sparsely populated or uninhabited
Urbanization: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2212&term=Urbanization) (../fields/2212.html#eg)
urban population: 43.1% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 1.68% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2219&term=Major urban areas - population)
CAIRO (capital) 18.772 million; Alexandria 4.778 million (2015)
Sex ratio: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2018&term=Sex ratio) (../fields/2018.html#eg)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2256&term=Mother) (../fields/2256.html#eg)
22.7
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2014 est.)
Maternal mortality rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2223&term=Maternal mortality rate) (../fields/2223.html#eg)
33 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
Infant mortality rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2091&term=Infant mortality rate) (../fields/2091.html#eg)
total: 19.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2102&term=Life expectancy at birth)
total population: 72.7 years
male: 71.4 years
female: 74.2 years (2016 est.)
Total fertility rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2127&term=Total fertility rate) (../fields/2127.html#eg)
3.53 children born/woman (2016 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2258&term=Contraceptive prevalence rate)
60.3% (2008)
Health expenditures: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2225&term=Health expenditures) (../fields/2225.html#eg)
5.6% of GDP (2014)
Physicians density: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2226&term=Physicians density) (../fields/2226.html#eg)
2.83 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
Hospital bed density: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2227&term=Hospital bed density) (../fields/2227.html#eg)
0.5 beds/1,000 population (2012)
Drinking water source: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2216&term=Drinking water source) (../fields/2216.html#eg)
improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 99% of population
total: 99.4% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 1% of population
total: 0.6% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2217&term=Sanitation facility access)
improved:
urban: 96.8% of population
rural: 93.1% of population
total: 94.7% of population
unimproved:
urban: 3.2% of population
rural: 6.9% of population
total: 5.3% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2155&term=HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate)
0.02% (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2156&term=HIV/AIDS - people living with
HIV/AIDS) (../fields/2156.html#eg)
11,500 (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2157&term=HIV/AIDS - deaths) (../fields/2157.html#eg)
300 (2015 est.)
Major infectious diseases: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2193&term=Major infectious diseases)
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2016)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2228&term=Obesity - adult prevalence rate)
27.7% (2014)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2224&term=Children under the age of 5
years underweight) (../fields/2224.html#eg)
7% (2014)
Education expenditures: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2206&term=Education expenditures)
3.8% of GDP (2008)
Literacy: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2103&term=Literacy) (../fields/2103.html#eg)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 73.8%
male: 82.2%
female: 65.4% (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2205&term=School life
expectancy (primary to tertiary education)) (../fields/2205.html#eg)
total: 13 years
male: 13 years
female: 13 years (2014)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2229&term=Unemployment, youth ages 15-24)
total: 34.3%
male: 28.7%
female: 52.2% (2013 est.)
Government :: EGYPT
Country name: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2142&term=Country name) (../fields/2142.html#eg)
conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form: Egypt
local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
local short form: Misr
former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)
etymology: the English name "Egypt" derives from the ancient Greek name for the country "Aigyptos"; the Arabic name "Misr"
can be traced to the ancient Akkadian "misru" meaning border or frontier
Government type: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2128&term=Government type) (../fields/2128.html#eg)
presidential republic
Capital: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2057&term=Capital) (../fields/2057.html#eg)
name: Cairo
geographic coordinates: 30 03 N, 31 15 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2051&term=Administrative divisions)
27 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazat); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al
Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo),
Al Qalyubiyah, Al Uqsur (Luxor), Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani
Suwayf, Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina'
(North Sinai), Suhaj
Independence: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2088&term=Independence) (../fields/2088.html#eg)
28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status; the revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being
declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956); note - it was ca. 3200 B.C. that the Two Lands
of Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt were first united politically
National holiday: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2109&term=National holiday) (../fields/2109.html#eg)
Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)
Constitution: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2063&term=Constitution) (../fields/2063.html#eg)
several previous; latest approved by a constitutional committee in December 2013, approved by referendum held on 14-
15 January 2014, ratified by interim president on 19 January 2014 (2016)
Legal system: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2100&term=Legal system) (../fields/2100.html#eg)
mixed legal system based on Napoleonic civil and penal law, Islamic religious law, and vestiges of colonial-era laws;
judicial review of the constitutionality of laws by the Supreme Constitutional Court
International law organization participation: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2220&term=International law organization
participation) (../fields/2220.html#eg)
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2263&term=Citizenship) (../fields/2263.html#eg)
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: if the father was born in Egypt
dual citizenship recognized: only with prior permission from the government
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
Suffrage: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2123&term=Suffrage) (../fields/2123.html#eg)
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2077&term=Executive branch) (../fields/2077.html#eg)
Chief of state: President Abdelfattah Said ELSISI (since 8 June 2014)
head of government: Prime Minister Sherif ISMAIL (since 12 September 2015); note - Prime Minister Ibrahim MEHLAB
resigned 12 September 2015
cabinet: Cabinet sworn in 19 September 2015
elections/appointments: president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for
a second term); election last held on 26-28 May 2014 (next to be held in May 2018); prime minister appointed by the
president, approved by the House of Representatives
election results: Abdelfattah Said ELSISI elected president; percent of vote in 1 round - Abdelfattah Said ELSISI (independent)
96.6%, Hamdeen SABAHI (Egyptian Current Party) 3.4%
Legislative branch: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2101&term=Legislative branch) (../fields/2101.html#eg)
description: unicameral House of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nowaab); 596 seats; 448 members directly elected by
individual candidacy system, 120 members - with quotas for women, youth, Christians and workers - elected in party-list
constituencies by simple majority popular vote, and 28 members selected by the president; member term 5 years; note -
inaugural session held on 10 January 2016
elections: multi-phase election completed on 16 December 2015 (next election 2020)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -– Free Egyptians Party 65, Nation’s Future Party 53, New Wafd
Party 36, Homeland’s Protector Party 18, Republican People’s Party 13, Congress Party 12, al-Nour Party 11, Conservative
Party 6, Democratic Peace Party 5, Egyptian Social Democratic Party 4, Egyptian National Movement 4, Modern Egypt Party
4, Reform and Development Party 3, Freedom Party 3, My Homeland Egypt Party 3, National Progressive Unionist Party 2,
Arab Democratic Nasserist Party 1, Revolutionary Guards Party 1, Free Egyptian Building Party 1, Independent 351
Judicial branch: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2094&term=Judicial branch) (../fields/2094.html#eg)
highest court(s): Supreme Constitutional Court or SCC (consists of the court president and 10 justices); the SCC serves
as the final court of arbitrator on the constitutionality of laws and conflicts between lower courts regarding jurisdiction and
rulings; Court of Cassation (CC) (consists of the court president and 550 judges organized in circuits with cases heard by
panels of 5 judges); the CC is the highest appeals body for civil and criminal cases, also known as “ordinary justices";
Supreme Administrative Court (SAC) - consists of the court president and organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of
5 judges); the SAC is the highest court of the State Council
judge selection and term of office: under the 2014 constitution, all judges and justices selected by the Supreme Judiciary
Council and appointed by the president of the Republic; judges appointed for life
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; courts of limited jurisdiction; Family Court (established in 2004)
Political parties and leaders: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2118&term=Political parties and leaders)
officially recognized: Al-Nour [Yunis MAKHYUN]
Arab Democratic Nasserist Party [Sameh ASHOUR]
Congress Party [Omar Mokhtar SEMEIDA]
Conservative Party [Akmal KOURTAM]
Democratic Peace Party [Ahmed FADALY]
Egyptian National Movement Party [Ibrahim DARWISH]
Egyptian Social Democratic Party [Mervat TALAWAY]
El Tagamu'u Party (National Progressibve Unionist [Sayed Abdel AAL]
Freedom Party [Mamdouh HASSAN]
Free Egyptian Building Party
Free Egyptians Party [Essam KHALIL]
Homeland’s Protector Party [Lt. Gen. (retired) Galal AL-HARIDI]
Modern Egypt Party [Nabil DEIBIS]
Mostaqbal Watan (Nation’s Future) Party [Mohamed Ashraf RASHAD]
My Homeland Egypt Party [Qadry ABU HUSSEIN]
National Progressive Unionist (Tagammu) Party [Sayed Abdel AAL]
Nation's Future Party [Ashraf RASHAD, secretary general]
New Wafd Party [Sayed al-BADAWI]
Reform and Development Party [Mohamad Anwar al-SADAT]
Republican People’s Party [Hazim AMR]
Revolutionary Guards Party [Magdy EL-SHARIF]
Political pressure groups and leaders: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2115&term=Political pressure groups and
leaders) (../fields/2115.html#eg)
NA
International organization participation: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2107&term=International organization
participation) (../fields/2107.html#eg)
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CD, CICA, COMESA, D-8, EBRD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OSCE
(partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO,
WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2149&term=Diplomatic representation in the US)
chief of mission: Ambassador Yasser REDA (since 19 September 2015)
chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 895-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 244-5131
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2007&term=Diplomatic representation from the
US) (../fields/2007.html#eg)
chief of mission: Ambassador R. Stephen BEECROFT (since 18 December 2014)
embassy: 5 Tawfik Diab St., Garden City, Cairo
mailing address: Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900; 5 Tawfik Diab Street, Garden City, Cairo
telephone: [20] (2) 2797-3300
FAX: [20] (2) 2797-3200
Flag description: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2081&term=Flag description) (../fields/2081.html#eg)
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist
side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white
band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody
struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)
note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in
the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band
National symbol(s): (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2230&term=National symbol(s)) (../fields/2230.html#eg)
golden eagle, white lotus; national colors: red, white, black
National anthem: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2218&term=National anthem) (../fields/2218.html#eg)
name: "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)
lyrics/music: Younis-al QADI/Sayed DARWISH
note: adopted 1979; the current anthem, less militaristic than the previous one, was created after the signing of the 1979
peace treaty with Israel; Sayed DARWISH, commonly considered the father of modern Egyptian music, composed the anthem
Loading...
Economy :: EGYPT
Economy - overview: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2116&term=Economy - overview) (../fields/2116.html#eg)
Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley, where most
economic activity takes place. Egypt's economy was highly centralized during the rule of former President Gamal Abdel
NASSER but opened up considerably under former Presidents Anwar EL-SADAT and Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK.
Cairo from 2004 to 2008 pursued business climate reforms to attract foreign investment and facilitate growth. Poor living
conditions and limited job opportunities for the average Egyptian contribute to public discontent, a major factor leading to the
January 2011 revolution that ousted MUBARAK. The uncertain political, security, and policy environment since 2011 caused
economic growth to slow significantly, hurting tourism, manufacturing, and other sectors and pushing up unemployment.
Weak growth and limited foreign exchange earnings have made public finances unsustainable, leaving authorities dependent
on expensive borrowing for deficit finance and on Gulf allies to help cover the import bill. In 2015, higher levels of foreign
investment contributed to a slight rebound in GDP growth after a particularly depressed post-revolution period.
GDP (purchasing power parity): (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2001&term=GDP (purchasing power parity))
$1.048 trillion (2015 est.)
$1.006 trillion (2014 est.)
$984 billion (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2195&term=GDP (official exchange rate))
$330.8 billion (2015 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2003&term=GDP - real growth rate)
4.2% (2015 est.)
2.2% (2014 est.)
2.1% (2013 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2004&term=GDP - per capita (PPP))
$11,800 (2015 est.)
$11,600 (2014 est.)
$11,600 (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars
Gross national saving: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2260&term=Gross national saving) (../fields/2260.html#eg)
9.1% of GDP (2015 est.)
11.8% of GDP (2014 est.)
13% of GDP (2013 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2259&term=GDP - composition, by end use)
household consumption: 82.2%
government consumption: 11.8%
investment in fixed capital: 13.7%
investment in inventories: 0.6%
exports of goods and services: 13.2%
imports of goods and services: -21.6% (2015 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2012&term=GDP - composition, by sector of
origin) (../fields/2012.html#eg)
agriculture: 11.2%
industry: 36.3%
services: 52.5% (2015 est.)
Agriculture - products: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2052&term=Agriculture - products) (../fields/2052.html#eg)
cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats
Industries: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2090&term=Industries) (../fields/2090.html#eg)
textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light
manufactures
Industrial production growth rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2089&term=Industrial production growth rate)
0.8% (2015 est.)
Labor force: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2095&term=Labor force) (../fields/2095.html#eg)
31.14 million (2015 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2048&term=Labor force - by occupation)
agriculture: 29.2%
industry: 23.5%
services: 47.3% (2013 est.)
Unemployment rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2129&term=Unemployment rate) (../fields/2129.html#eg)
12.8% (2015 est.)
13% (2014 est.)
Population below poverty line: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2046&term=Population below poverty line)
25.2% (2011 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2047&term=Household income
or consumption by percentage share) (../fields/2047.html#eg)
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 26.6% (2008)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2172&term=Distribution of family income - Gini
index) (../fields/2172.html#eg)
30.8 (2008)
32.1 (2005)
Budget: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2056&term=Budget) (../fields/2056.html#eg)
revenues: $69.02 billion
expenditures: $107.7 billion (2015 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2221&term=Taxes and other revenues)
20.9% of GDP (2015 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2222&term=Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-))
-11.7% of GDP (2015 est.)
Public debt: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2186&term=Public debt) (../fields/2186.html#eg)
90.2% of GDP (2015 est.)
89.1% of GDP (2014 est.)
note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than
the treasury, treasury debt held by foreign entities, debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt;
intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical
care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
Fiscal year: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2080&term=Fiscal year) (../fields/2080.html#eg)
1 July - 30 June
Inflation rate (consumer prices): (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2092&term=Inflation rate (consumer prices))
10.4% (2015 est.)
10.1% (2014 est.)
Central bank discount rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2207&term=Central bank discount rate)
9.75% (30 October 2014)
8.75% (5 December 2013)
Commercial bank prime lending rate: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2208&term=Commercial bank prime lending rate)
11.63% (31 December 2015 est.)
11.71% (31 December 2014 est.)
Stock of narrow money: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2214&term=Stock of narrow money)
$66.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
Stock of broad money: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2215&term=Stock of broad money) (../fields/2215.html#eg)
Stock of domestic credit: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2211&term=Stock of domestic credit)
Market value of publicly traded shares: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2200&term=Market value of publicly traded
shares) (../fields/2200.html#eg)
Current account balance: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2187&term=Current account balance)
-$12.18 billion (2015 est.)
-$2.356 billion (2014 est.)
Exports: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2078&term=Exports) (../fields/2078.html#eg)
$19.03 billion (2015 est.)
$25.27 billion (2014 est.)
Exports - commodities: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2049&term=Exports - commodities) (../fields/2049.html#eg)
crude oil and petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals, processed food
Exports - partners: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2050&term=Exports - partners) (../fields/2050.html#eg)
Saudi Arabia 9.1%, Italy 7.5%, Turkey 5.8%, UAE 5.1%, US 5.1%, UK 4.4%, India 4.1% (2015)
Imports: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2087&term=Imports) (../fields/2087.html#eg)
$57.17 billion (2015 est.)
$64.45 billion (2014 est.)
Imports - commodities: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2058&term=Imports - commodities) (../fields/2058.html#eg)
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels
Imports - partners: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2061&term=Imports - partners) (../fields/2061.html#eg)
China 13%, Germany 7.7%, US 5.9%, Turkey 4.5%, Russia 4.4%, Italy 4.4%, Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2015)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2188&term=Reserves of foreign exchange and
gold) (../fields/2188.html#eg)
Debt - external: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2079&term=Debt - external) (../fields/2079.html#eg)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2198&term=Stock of direct foreign
investment - at home) (../fields/2198.html#eg)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2199&term=Stock of direct foreign
investment - abroad) (../fields/2199.html#eg)
Exchange rates: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2076&term=Exchange rates) (../fields/2076.html#eg)
Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar -
7.7133 (2015 est.)
7.08 (2014 est.)
7.08 (2013 est.)
6.06 (2012 est.)
5.9358 (2011 est.)
Energy :: EGYPT
Electricity access: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2268&term=Electricity access) (../fields/2268.html#eg)
population without electricity: 300,000
electrification - total population: 99.6%
electrification - urban areas: 100%
electrification - rural areas: 99.3% (2013)
Electricity - production: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2232&term=Electricity - production) (../fields/2232.html#eg)
162 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - consumption: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2233&term=Electricity - consumption)
143 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - exports: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2234&term=Electricity - exports) (../fields/2234.html#eg)
500 million kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - imports: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2235&term=Electricity - imports) (../fields/2235.html#eg)
81 million kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2236&term=Electricity - installed generating
capacity) (../fields/2236.html#eg)
38 million kW (2014 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2237&term=Electricity - from fossil fuels)
87.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2239&term=Electricity - from nuclear fuels)
0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2238&term=Electricity - from hydroelectric plants)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2240&term=Electricity - from other renewable
sources) (../fields/2240.html#eg)
Crude oil - production: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2241&term=Crude oil - production) (../fields/2241.html#eg)
511,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - exports: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2242&term=Crude oil - exports) (../fields/2242.html#eg)
193,400 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil - imports: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2243&term=Crude oil - imports) (../fields/2243.html#eg)
59,600 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2244&term=Crude oil - proved reserves)
4.4 billion bbl (1 January 2016 es)
Refined petroleum products - production: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2245&term=Refined petroleum products -
production) (../fields/2245.html#eg)
547,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2246&term=Refined petroleum products -
consumption) (../fields/2246.html#eg)
797,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2247&term=Refined petroleum products -
exports) (../fields/2247.html#eg)
45,500 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2248&term=Refined petroleum products -
imports) (../fields/2248.html#eg)
215,600 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Natural gas - production: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2249&term=Natural gas - production)
48.8 billion cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2250&term=Natural gas - consumption)
Natural gas - exports: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2251&term=Natural gas - exports) (../fields/2251.html#eg)
720 million cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - imports: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2252&term=Natural gas - imports) (../fields/2252.html#eg)
Natural gas - proved reserves: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2253&term=Natural gas - proved reserves)
2.186 trillion cu m (1 January 2016 es)
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2254&term=Carbon dioxide
emissions from consumption of energy) (../fields/2254.html#eg)
207 million Mt (2013 est.)
Communications :: EGYPT
Transportation :: EGYPT
Military and Security :: EGYPT
Transnational Issues :: EGYPT
Disputes - international: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2070&term=Disputes - international)
Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel
boundary; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in Sudan on its maps; Gazan breaches in the
security wall with Egypt in January 2008 highlight difficulties in monitoring the Sinai border; Saudi Arabia claims Egyptian-
administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir
Refugees and internally displaced persons: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2194&term=Refugees and internally
displaced persons) (../fields/2194.html#eg)
refugees (country of origin): 70,021 (West Bank and Gaza Strip); 11,296 (Sudan) (2015); 115,204 (Syria); 6,231
(Somalia) (2016)
IDPs: 78,000 (2015)
stateless persons: 22 (2015)
Trafficking in persons: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2196&term=Trafficking in persons) (../fields/2196.html#eg)
current situation: Egypt is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex
trafficking and forced labor; Egyptian children, including the large population of street children are vulnerable to forced labor in
domestic service, begging and agriculture or may be victims of sex trafficking or child sex tourism, which occurs in Cairo,
Alexandria, and Luxor; some Egyptian women and girls are sold into “temporary” or “summer” marriages with Gulf men,
through the complicity of their parents or marriage brokers, and are exploited for prostitution or forced labor; Egyptian men are
subject to forced labor in neighboring countries, while adults from South and Southeast Asia and East Africa – and
increasingly Syrian refugees – are forced to work in domestic service, construction, cleaning, and begging in Egypt; women
and girls, including migrants and refugees, from Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East are sex trafficked in Egypt; the
Egyptian military cracked down on criminal group’s smuggling, abducting, trafficking, and extorting African migrants in the
Sinai Peninsula, but the practice has reemerged in along Egypt’s western border with Libya
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Egypt does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking;
however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government gathered data nationwide on trafficking cases to better
allocated and prioritize anti-trafficking efforts, but overall it did not demonstrate increased progress; prosecutions increased in
2014, but no offenders were convicted for the second consecutive year; fewer trafficking victims were identified in 2014, which
represents a significant and ongoing decrease from the previous two reporting periods; the government relied on NGOs and
international organizations to identify and refer victims to protective services, and focused on Egyptian victims and refused to
provide some services to foreign victims, at times including shelter (2015)
Illicit drugs: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2086&term=Illicit drugs) (../fields/2086.html#eg)
transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to Europe, Israel, and North Africa; transit stop for Nigerian drug
couriers; concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of financial regulations
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Dependency ratios: (../docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2261&term=Dependency ratios) (../fields/2261.html#eg)

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