Article Review of (i)‘Applications of e-Learning in engineering education: A case study’

and (ii)‘Analyzing English Language Learning Needs among Students in Aviation

Training Program’

We have read these two from seven articles which have given by lecturer for our task
to make comparison between them. Comparisons of article were made between ‘Applications
of e-Learning in engineering education: A case study’ and ‘Analyzing English Language
Learning Needs among Students in Aviation Training Program’ article for their introduction,
methodology, findings, recommendation and conclusion.

The first (i) article that were written by M. Tariq Banday, Musavir Ahmed and Tariq
R. Jan on the year 2013, the writers introduced the journal to examine the adoption of ICT and
e-learning at nine institutions of the state Jammu and Kashmir offering postgraduate and
undergraduate engineering programs in various branches of engineering. Meanwhile, the
second (ii) article also shared the same idea of involving the needs of students from the first
article whether in learning English languages or the importance of e-learning in daily lives. The
second article were written by Parvin Karimi and Reza Vahdani Sanavi on the year 2014, the
writers investigate the perceived needs of the pilot students in Aviation Training Center and
also to study a comprehensive curriculum that meets the needs of the students. English
language are essential in current days as people usually uses English as a common language to
communicate and the international language were uses practically in the field of education,
travel and business etc. Most country were encourage to use English as the second languages
because most research and studies uses English as the dominant language. Same for the e-
learning as the application were used worldwide due to its effectiveness, consistency,
scalability, practically easy to used, and accommodate everyone’s needs. The main idea of both
article states the needs and the importance’s not only to student but all people in improving
themselves, their productivity and the quality of their lives in this modern era.

For the methodology in article (i), two survey instruments were designed. The design
of the instruments went through different stages and pre-tests by Participants who were
involved in article (i) consist of 12 eminent ICT professionals and educationist that have very
well knowledge and experienced of recent development in technology and its worldwide
application. Without a doubt this article does not represent the whole world even though the
12 eminent ICT professionals and educationist have well knowledge and experienced in
technology and its worldwide application because it does not there are different application of
technologies in different country or state according to their preferences. There were nine
institutions of state of Jammu and Kashmir where the survey were conduct. The data that obtain
only can represent on that state but not the whole world maybe different country have different
technique of application. Due to article A, the duration are not stated but it can be predict that
the survey were conduct maybe in running out of time. According to article, there are several
data were incomplete maybe due to lack of time while the survey were conduct. Likert scale
were used in survey questionnaire to analyze the data. There were five point scale have been
used and participant are asked to state their opinion (from never used to extensive used). From
the Likert scale used, it show that the data were not accurate. Seven or ten point scale have
more accurate data can be obtain because this larger (step by step) spectrum of choices offers
more independence to a participant to pick the ‘exact’ one (which he prefers most) rather than
to pick some ‘nearby’ or ‘close’ option [1]. So, the participant can choose the best answer for
each question.

Methodology for article (ii) were a questionnaire, structured interview and semi-
structured interview to have triangulation, to observe the percentage of different learning from
different people in listening, speaking, and reading comprehension. Participant that participate
in the survey which involving 20 undergraduate students, 5 instructor, and 15 graduate
students. First of all the participant that involve for the survey seem to be a small of group and
that data cannot be represent the whole student for the institute. Only 20 people are involve in
the survey and it cannot assume that the result is 100% true. The graduate student received the
33 item questionnaire which contain three part. The first part contain information of four skills
which is reading, listening, speaking and writing. The second part is about professional needs
by the student. The last part tried to find the students' idea about their ESP courses. The
questionnaire consist of the four type of skill in learning which is speaking, reading, listening
and writing, and it is does not include the whole soft skill that need by the student to be
professional. Soft skill is very important thing to be learn such as critical thinking. 13-item
questionnaire was used to elicit information from instructors and 23-item questionnaire for
graduate students. This article does not state the duration of time given for the participant to
answer the questionnaire. Thus, the result from the responder will be in hurry and does not give
the relevant answer because they have to answer it in a small amount of time. The research
reported is study of needs analysis of Aviation students in Mahan Air Aviation Training Center
in 2013. The questionnaire was designed on six-point Likert scale. Lastly the Likert scale that
been state in the methodology does not same as the outcome of the result. The Likert scale state
that the survey used 6 points of scales but the result only shows 4 points of scale. The article
are not consistent as it stated differently compared to the result. Separation of method from
trait variance led to greater reduction of reduction of reliability and hetrerotrait-monomethod
coefficient for the 6 point scale than for the 4-point scale [2].

As recommendation, to address the problems mentioned in the article (i), academics

must place greater emphasis on better teaching and learning strategies and design courses that
enable correct delivery product learning and not the only for reading material some place in
the web surface. In addition, in the drive to use certain processes and computer technology to
develop and delivering learning products, it is important to correctly identify the process that
will help creating an effective learning medium. Therefore, E-learning must be your own
training resulting in greater content preservation over a longer period of time. However, even
within student centred approaches that enhance learning, lack of student in computer skills
knowledge, self-discipline, patience and time management can begin to adversely affect slow
learner students. For the article (ii), will focus on the two types of communication, verbal and
written communication, the main objective here is to highlight some ways of fine tuning these
two types to optimize the importance of communication in Aviation which is increasing level
of safety in operational contexts. Furthermore, some innovative ways of improving these two
types of communication in aviation field are also included written communication involves any
type of interaction that makes use of the written word. More importantly, these documents are
vital to aid decision makers when encountering problems during operations, therefore they are
expected to provide the most accurate, brief and direct information or instructions directly
related to the situation encountered. Therefore, in how to improve written documents the
following websites provide important information into effective writing for any business field
including aviation. The verbal communication is another important way of communicating.
Being able to communicate effectively will contribute to the reduction of aviation accidents.
Verbal communications is one major media for communicating within the aviation operational
context, and needs to be improved along the practical drift for all employees.

Aimed at the conclusion, to compare article it is required to determine the introduction,

problem statement, literature review, methodologies, findings, conclusion and implication of
the study to get the best result. By comparing both of the articles it can be clearly seen that both
of the articles use almost same method to gather data regarding one of them have an interview
while the does not have an interview on the paper itself. Both of the articles also only use
sample not population. Population is a group or individual of items that shared one or more
characteristics from which data can be gathered and analyse while sample is a subset of the
[3]
population . Therefore the data is not accurate and cannot represent all of the population.
Next, one of the article which is article (i) uses tabulated/graph data to ease the reader to read
the data and compared it while the article (ii) shows its results with no graph. So, the data is a
bit hard to read, unclear and not concise. These articles also focus on two different things. For
the recommendation, tables can be used for presenting all the information, graphs simplify
complex information by using images and emphasizing data patterns or trends, and are useful
for summarizing, explaining, or exploring quantitative data. While graphs are effective for
presenting large amounts of data, they can be used in place of tables to present small sets of
data [4]. The findings cannot represent the whole world as their location precise. For the article
about ‘Applications of e-Learning in engineering education: A case study’, the scope must be
widened by adding other country because other country has an advancement of technology in
e-Learning and e-Resources. For the article about ‘Analyzing English Language Learning
Needs among Students in Aviation Training Program’, the data are limited because it focus
only in one Aviation Training Program. Therefore, the data needed to be increased by adding
other Aviation Training Program around the world.
References

[1] Lei Chang. A Psychometric Evaluation of 4-Point and 6-Point Likert-Type Scales in
Relation to Reliability and Validity. Published September 1, 1994.

[2]Dawes J. Do data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An
experiment using 5-point, 7-point and10-point scales. International Journal of Market
Research. 2008;50(1):61-77.

[3]Norziha Che Him. Engineering statistics. Published September, 2014.

[4]Junyong In, Sangseok Lee. Statistical data presentation. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Jun;
70(3): 267–276.