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Science
Scienc
Sc
Scie ce Policy
Policy Studie
udies
ies
es and
a d Documents
Do ents
ts in LAC
AC,
C, Vol.
Vol. 1.
1
The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this
publication and for the opinions expressed herein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO,
and do not commit the Organization.
The designations employed throughout this publication and the modality of presentation of
data, do not imply the expression of any opiUSDnion whatsoever on the part of the UNESCO
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or the delimi-
tations of its frontiers or boundaries.

© UNESCO 2010
Regional Bureau for Science in Latin America and the Caribbean
Edificio MERCOSUR
Dr. Luis Piera 1992
11200 Montevideo, Uruguay
Tel. (598-2) 413 2075
Fax: (598-2) 413 2094
montevideo@unesco.org.uy
www.unesco.org.uy

First edition: February de 2010

ISBN: 978-92-9089-154-3
 9edj[dji

Argentina ....................................................................................................................7
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.................................................................................15
Bolivia, Plurinational State of .....................................................................................21
Brazil .......................................................................................................................27
Chile ........................................................................................................................39
Colombia ..................................................................................................................47
Costa Rica ................................................................................................................53
Cuba ........................................................................................................................59
Dominican Republic ..................................................................................................65
Ecuador ....................................................................................................................71
El Salvador ...............................................................................................................77
Guatemala ................................................................................................................83
Honduras ..................................................................................................................89
Box: The “S” of UNESCO in the Caribbean: its beggining…...........................................94
Jamaica ....................................................................................................................95
Mexico....................................................................................................................101
Nicaragua ...............................................................................................................109
Panama ..................................................................................................................115
Paraguay.................................................................................................................121
Perú .......................................................................................................................125
Trinidad and Tobago.................................................................................................131
Uruguay..................................................................................................................137
CARICOM Countries.................................................................................................145
Box: CARISCIENCE .................................................................................................151
Appendix 1 .............................................................................................................157
Appendix 2 .............................................................................................................162
Appendix 3 .............................................................................................................165
Appendix 4 .............................................................................................................171
Appendix 5 .............................................................................................................173
Appendix 6 .............................................................................................................174

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(*) This section was prepared by Martin Vieira Dieste, under the direction and supervision of
Guillermo A. Lemarchand. Lenin Henriquez and Paula Santos collaborated during the work.
Translation:Irene Delgado and Blima Ginzo Díaz, Public Translators.
Proof-reading: Paula Santos and Kirsty Lee Holstead.

*
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 7h][dj_dW
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 40,9

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 6,8

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 5739,0

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 14200,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per sector (2006) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 9,9

Industry 32,7 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 57,4
Publications listed int he SCI

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 513,0

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 48,4

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 866,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 862,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 97,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2007) 49,2

Public expenditure on education /GDP (2006) 3,8

Publications listed in the SCI
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 0,5 SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] 60,7 Patents per capita (residents)
(2007)
Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 2,4
Patents per million of inhabitants

(2007)
Patents requested (2007) 5617,0

Patents granted (2007) 2922,0

Dependency rate (2007) 4,5

Invention coefficient (2007) 2,7

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 15,5
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 5,6
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita requested by residents

R&D budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 1506,2 Patents per cápita granted to residents

R&D budget in millions [USD PPP] (2006) 2317,9

Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

,
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
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_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ?d#
delWj_edFeb_Y_[i
In 2007, Argentina’s System of Science,
Technology and Innovation (STI) underwent
a re-structuring process that resulted in the
creation of the Ministry of Science, Techno-
logy and Productive Innovation (Ministerio de
Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva
- MINCYT). Its main functions are: Coordina-
ting the actions of the System’s actors, asses-
sing the activities of bodies in charge of STI
promotion and execution, and formulating STI
policies jointly with the Cabinet for Science
and Technology (Gabinete Científico y Tecno-
lógico - GACTEC).
GACTEC is an inter-ministerial body in charge
of formulating STI policies through the appro-
val of pluri-annual plans submitted by the
MINCYT. It is also responsible for defining STI
policy priorities and for allocating the public
sector budgetary resources for Science and
Technology. Its members are representatives
from various Ministries, and it is chaired by
the Head of the Cabinet of Ministers.
Additionally, the National Council for Scienti-
fic and Technical Research (Consejo Nacional
de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas -
CONICET) is a decentralized entity within the
jurisdiction of the MINCYT, whose objective
is to promote and implement scientific and
technological activities in accordance with
government policies, priorities and guideli-
nes set forth in the National STI Plans. The
sytem of executing units of CONICET consists
of 105 research institutes, 6 regional centres,
and 2 service centres. In addition to these,
the National Research and Services Labs (La-
boratorios Nacionales de Investigación y Ser-
vicios - LANAIS) provide services to the scien-
tific and academic community, as well as to
the general public.
-HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
The National Scientific and Technological
Promotion Agency (Agencia Nacional de Pro-
moción Científica y Tecnológica - ANPCYT)
was created to fund the STI by channelling
economic resources and to manage the eco-
nomic demands of promoting and developing
the field. With regards to its structure it is a
decentralized body that reports to the MIN-
CYT administered by a nine-member board of
directors. The Technological Fund of Argenti-
na (Fondo Tecnológico Argentino - FONTAR),
as well as the Scientific and Technological
Research Fund (Fondo para la Investigación
Científica y Tecnológica - FONCYT) and the
Trust Fund for Promotion of the Software In-
dustry (Fondo Fiduciario de Promoción de la
Industria del Software - FONSOFT) are all part
of the Agency. Created in 2005, the Argen-
tinean Nanotechnology Foundation (Funda-
ción Argentina de Nanotecnología - FAN) is
a non-profit entity which has to set the basis
for promoting the development of national hu-
man and technical infrastructure in the field
of nano and micro-technology.
Lastly, the Inter-institutional Council on Scien-
ce and Technology (Consejo Interinstitucional
de Ciencia y Tecnología - CICyT), created by
Law Nº 25,467 (2000), has the function of
coordinating the systems bodies, seeking ex-
change and cooperation towards more effecti-
ve institutional programmes and projects. Mo-
reover, the CICyT is oriented towards defining
common policies, as well as a closer linkage
to the community and the production sector.
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[
B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
?dij_jkj_edWbWdZ8kZ][jWho
DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
After the 1999 World Conference on Science
held in Budapest, the Science and Techno-
logy System of Argentina underwent several
reforms, both at the legislative and institu-
6g\Zci^cV

.
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
tional levels. The following changes are to be
outlined:
s Law Nº 25,467 regarding STI (20 Sept-
ember 2001): Sets forth the objectives of
Science and Technology policy, defines the
responsibilities of the State, creates the
GACTEC, the Federal Council on Science,
Technology and Innovation (Consejo Fe-
deral de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- COFECYT), the ANPCYT and the CICYT
and defines their respective entitlements.
It also defines guidelines for policy plan-
ning and assessment, and for the funding
of research and development activities,
among other regulations;
s Law Nº 25,922 for the Promotion of the
Software Industry (07 September 2004):
Creates the Trust Fund for Promoting the
Software Industry (Fondo Fiduciario de
Promoción de la Industria del Software -
FONSOFT) which is administered by the
ANPCYT;
s Law Nº 26,075 for Education Funding
(January 2006): Establishes that inves-
tment in education and STI by the Natio-
nal Government, the governments of the
Provinces and those of the City of Buenos
Aires, will be increased progressively up to
6% of the GDP for the year 2010;
s Law Nº 26,270 for the Promotion of Mo-
dern Biotechnology (25 July 2007): Crea-
tes the Fund for Promoting New Enterpri-
ses in Modern Biotechnology (Fondo de
Estímulo a Nuevos Emprendimientos en
Biotecnología Moderna);
s Law Nº 26,338 (06 December 2007):
Creates the MINCYT as a response to the
need to promote research and the applica-
tion, funding and transfer of scientific and
technological knowledge to society;
s Law Nº 26,421 (11 November 2008): Es-
tablishes that the Network of Argentinean
Researchers and Scientists Abroad (Pro-
grama Red de Argentinos Investigadores y
&%HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
Científicos en el Exterior - RAICES), crea-
ted within the framework of the MINCYT,
is to be considered as part of the State
policy, and will define its main objective.
?L$ CW_d?d_j_Wj_l[i\ehFhecej_d]
?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
Three initiatives for the promotion of a grea-
ter interaction between the private sector and
other actors of the Science and Technology
System at the international level are to be po-
inted out:
s The Secretariat for Scientific and Techno-
logical Articulation (Secretaría de Articu-
lación Científico Tecnológica) (MINCYT):
Aimed at fostering the linkage between
academic agencies, universities and R&D
institutions towards greater coordination
in research activities;
s The National Inter-university Council (Con-
sejo Interuniversitario Nacional): An orga-
nization that encompases all the national
public universities. Since 2001, it has held
a cooperation agreement with the Indus-
trial Union of Argentina (Unión Argentina
Industrial) to work jointly in the creation
of cooperation opportunities between the
productive sectors, the public and private
universities, and the rest of the scientific,
technological and education system;
s The Network for Technology Linkage (Red
de Vinculación Tecnológica - RedVT) bet-
ween public universities in Argentina: Its
overall objective is to coordinate the efforts
of technology-related areas for promoting
knowledge contribution and cooperation
between Argentinian universities and the
social, productive and governmental sec-
tors.
Furthermore, there are innitiatives in the form
of programmes and projects that also contri-
bute to articulating the Science and Techno-
logy System with private actors:

s INNOVAR Programme (2005): A platform
for launching products and/or processes
which have outstanding design, technolo-
gy or originality. It is aimed at consolida-
ting an environment favourable to innova-
tion in society;
s Fund for Scientific and Technological Re-
search (Fondo para la Investigación Cien-
tífica y Tecnológica - FONCyT): Funds
Projects for the Adjustment and/or Im-
provement of Infrastructure (Proyectos de
Adecuación y/o mejora de infraestructura
- PRAMIN), Projects for Infrastructure and
Technological Equipment (Proyectos de In-
fraestructura y Equipamiento Tecnológico
- PRIETEC), Scientific Meetings (Reunio-
nes Científicas - RC), Projects for equip-
ment modernization (Proyectos de moder-
nización de equipamiento - RC), Research
and Development projects (Proyectos de
investigación y desarrollo - PID), Orien-
ted Scientific and Technological Research
Projects (Proyectos de investigación cien-
tífica y tecnológica orientados - PICTO),
and Projects on Scientific and Technolo-
gical Research (Proyectos de investigación
científica y tecnológica - PICT);
s Venture Capital Programme for Enterpri-
ses in the Field of Science, Technology
and Productive Innovation: Promotes the
investment of venture capital and favours
the initial phases of emerging enterprises.
s Projects in Strategic Areas (Proyectos en
Áreas Estratégicas - PAE), and Productive
Clusters Integrated Projects (Proyectos In-
tegrados de Aglomerados Productivos - PI-
TEC): Intended for strengthening research
and technology innovational capacity, with
focus on the strategic sector through the
promotion of public-private associations;
s Sectoral Fund (Fondo Argentino Sectorial -
FONARSEC): The Secretariat for Planning
and Policies of the Ministry of Science,
6g\Zci^cV
Technology and Productive Innovation, in
addition to the Agencies, is currently as-
sessing alternative funding schemes that
are complementary to those already avai-
lable, such as the mechanisms of sectoral
funds. The FONARSEC is a new funding
instrument of the Agency that is compli-
mentary to the lines of action developed
by the FONCYT and the FONTAR;
s Technological Fund of Argentina (Fondo
Tecnológico Argentino - FONTAR): It funds
innovation projects through different ins-
truments implemented by public calls or
permanent windows of opportunity. Pro-
jects funded by the FONTAR include: tech-
nological development and modernization,
patenting expenses, technological services
for institutions and for SMEs, training, te-
chnical assistance, technological advisory
programmes, entrepreneurial incubators
and technology parks and poles.
s National Institute for Industrial Techno-
logy (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología
Industrial - INTI): This institute has the
objective of promoting competitiveness in
the industrial sector through the transfer
of research and technology;
s National Institute for Agricultural Tech-
nology (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología
Agrícola - INTA): Its main objective is to
contribute to the competitiveness of the
agriculture, forestry and agro-industry
sector throughout the nation, by providing
support to STI and technology transfer, wi-
thin a framework of ecological and social
sustainability;
s Integrated Fund for Regional Development
(Fondo Integral para el Desarrollo Regional
- FONDER): A programme framed by the
current public STI policiesand focused on
the strengthening of local productive de-
velopment processes from an integrated
approach.
&&
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_ed
WdZj^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
Science and Technology opportunities are clo-
sely related to the expertise of researchers and
more specifically to the dynamics of scientific
networks. Since the Budapest conference in
1999, the following initiatives in search of
better collaboration and stronger scientific
networks are to be pointed out:
s Argentinean Science and Technology In-
formation System (Sistema de Informa-
ción de Ciencia y Tecnología Argentino -
SICyTAR): A system consisting of various
data bases (CvLAC: résumés, GrupLAC:
directory of research groups and scientific
and technology institutions) that gathers
all actors in the National Science and Te-
chnology System;
s European Union Liaison Bureau (EU):
Since 2005 this bureau has assisted the
Argentinean scientific community and has
provided it with information regarding pos-
sibilities for cooperation through the EU
Framework Programmes;
s Consulting Committee on International
Programmes on Science and Techno-
logy Cooperation Abroad: Intended for
strengthening international linkage with
Research and Development institutional
representatives from other countries, and
for establishing contact with Argentinean
scientists residing abroad;
s Argentinean-Brazilian Biotechnology Cen-
tre (Centro Argentino Brasileño de Biotec-
nología - CABBIO): A coordination entity
that includes a network of biotechnology
research groups. Its objective is to promo-
te interaction between scientific centres
and the productive sector.
&'HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
Argentina has considerable STI human ca-
pital. The Argentinean System is oriented
towards promoting its own growth, develop-
ment and strengthening through the following
initiatives:
s Postgraduate and Doctorate scholarships:
There are two main modalities of scholar-
ships, one of which is co-funded by en-
terprises, the other is fully funded by CO-
NICET. They are granted for postgraduate
studies in both national and international
universities;
s Career of Science and Technology Resear-
cher of CONICET: Intended for encoura-
ging permanent full-time work of resear-
chers in Science and Technology;
s Human Resources Programme (Programa
de Recursos Humanos - PRH) of the FON-
CyT: Funds Projects for Doctorate training
in Priority Technology Areas (Proyectos de
Formación de Doctores en Áreas Tecno-
lógicas Prioritarias - PFDT), the Training
Programme for Technology Managers and
Technology Linkage (GTec), and Research
and Development Programmes for the
Settlement of Researchers (Proyectos de
Investigación y Desarrollo para la Radica-
ción de Investigadores - PIDRI);
s RAICES Programme (2008): Intended for
strengthening Argentina Science and Te-
chnology capacity through linkage with
Argentinean researchers working abroad,
and for promoting the permanence of re-
searchers in the country as well as the re-
turn of all those interested in developing
their activity within the country;

s Programme for Hierarchization of the
Scientific and Technological Activity:
Implemented in March 2004, oriented
towards improving the working conditions
of researchers and scholarship beneficia-
ries, as well as at updating their remune-
ration in order to keep them within the sys-
tem and promoting the inclusion of young
individuals;
s Science Fairs: Public exhibits of Science
and Technology work done by school chil-
dren and young students, organized by
formal education authorities. They also in-
clude the participation of other non-formal
education actors (science clubs) to attract
young students to pursue their studies in
scientific careers;
s National Science and Technology Weeks
for Young People: These include a num-
ber of activities scheduled by research
centres, museums, science clubs and uni-
versities aimed at raising public awareness
on Science and Technology issues within
the community, specifically in relation to
S&T education;
s Year of Science Teaching (2008): This ini-
tiative includes two schemes: The “Scien-
tists go to the schools” Programme, and
the “Bicentennial Scholarships Program-
me for Scientific and Technical Careers”;
s University Professors Incentives Program-
me: Aimed at allocating salary incentives
to ranked university professors working in
the field of R&D at national universities.
L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
Argentina has subscribed STI agreements
with over 150 countries and stands out for the
number of ongoing projects and cooperation
programmes with Brazil, Chile, Mexico, the
U.S., and Canada in America; France, Bel-
gium, England, Germany, Holland and Italy in
Europe; China, Israel and Japan in Asia, and
6g\Zci^cV
South Africa in Africa. Also, the following pro-
grammes and projects should be mentioned
as they are Argentinas most ambitious and are
evidence of a significant international trend in
the Argentinean System:
s CYTED Ibero-American Programme: One
of the main areas of international partici-
pation of Argentina;
s Ibero-American Network for Local Knowled-
ge and Practice on the Plant Environment
(RISAPRET) within the framework of the
CYTED Ibero American Programme;
s BIOTECSUR is a biotechnology platform
for the MERCOSUR (the Common Market
of the South) originating in the BIOTECH
- MERCOSUR – EU project for the develo-
pment of specific R&D actions focused on
regional priorities;
s Argentinean-Brazilian Biotechnology Cen-
tre (Centro Argentino Brasilero de Biotec-
nología - CABBIO): A coordinating entity
that includes a network or biotechnology
research groups. Its objective is to pro-
mote interaction between science centres
and the productive sector by means of two
types of activities: The implementation of
bi-national projects for research and the
development and training of high-level hu-
man resources with courses at the Argen-
tinean/Brazilian School of Biotechnology
(Escuela Argentina Brasileña de Biotecno-
logía - EABBIO);
s Pierre Auger Project: A basic science ini-
tiative that aims at the study of the cau-
ses of the existence of known high-energy
radiation such as the cosmic rays. These
rays originate in outer space and upon rea-
ching the surface of the Earth are sensed
by the detectors at an observatory located
in the Argentinean province of Mendoza;
s Gemini Observatory: Made up of two op-
tical/infrared telescopes, one located at
the Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii and the
other on Pachón Hill in Chile. Both opera-
&(
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
te with the cooperation of Argentina, Aus-
tralia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the U.K and
the U.S..
s Morning Constellation: An international
initiative for observing the Earth, consis-
ting of the US satellites Landsat 7, Eo-1
and Terra and the SAC-C Argentinean sa-
tellite. The Constellation increases syner-
gy among different instruments, provides
new capacities for observing the Earth, ex-
plores the usefulness of autonomous navi-
gation techniques and allows instruments
aboard the different satellites to obtain
images of different resolutions in different
bands;
s Italian-Argentinean Satellites System for
Emergency Management: This is a joint
initiative of argentinian and italian space
agencies to prevent, mitigate and assess
catastrophes, to preserve the environment
and to improve agriculture. This is the first
satellite system in the world designed spe-
cifically for this purpose;
s Multinational System of Specialized Infor-
mation on Biotechnology and Food Techno-
logy for Latin America and the Caribbean
(SIMBIOSIS) for Latin America and the
Caribbean: A virtual network for connec-
ting scientists, experts and research cen-
tres interested in biotechnology, food te-
chnology and biodiversity. It is sponsored
by the member States and the OAS. The
SIMBIOSIS network provides information
on existing research programmes, national
institutions, development efforts and hu-
man capacity for STI;
s Great Hadrons Collisioner (also refered to
as European Particles Accelerator): This
is a highly sophisticated 27-kilometer un-
derground ring located in Geneva, Switzer-
&)HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
land. It was built by the European Particle
Physics Lab (CERN) with the objective of
reproducing the physical conditions that
gave origin to the Universe and to find the
so-called Higgs boson.
L???$KD;I9E9^W_hi
s UNESCO-AUGM Ecology and Environment
Chair – La Plata National University – Bue-
nos Aires – Argentina
s UNESCO-AUGM Micro-electronics Chair
– Rosario National University – Rosario –
Argentina
s UNESCO-COUSTEAU Eco-technical Chair
– General San Martín National University
– Buenos Aires – Argentina
s UNESCO Chair on Science and Technolo-
gy Indicators – Quilmes National Universi-
ty – Buenos Aires – Argentina
s UNESCO Bio-physics and Molecular Neu-
robiology Chair – Southern National Uni-
versity – Bahía Blanca – Argentina
s UNESCO «Women, Science and Techno-
logy» Chair – Latin American Faculty of
Social Science (Facultad Latinoamericana
de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO), Argenti-
nean Academy Seat – Buenos Aires – Ar-
gentina
?N$ B_dai
ANPCYT: www.agencia.gov.ar
BIOTECSUR: www.biotecsur.org
CICYT: www.cicyt.mincyt.gov.ar
COFECYT: www.cofecyt.mincyt.gov.ar
CONICET: www.conicet.gov.ar
GACTEC: www.mincyt.gov.ar/gactec.htm
MINCYT: www.mincyt.gov.ar
SICYTAR: www.sicytar.mincyt.gov.ar
 8eb_lWh_WdH[fkXb_Ye\L[d[pk[bW
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 26,8

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 4,8

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 357,4

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 13500,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 3,8

Industry 37,6 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 58,6
Publications listed int he SCI

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 482,0

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 20,4

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 844,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 827,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 93,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2008) 53,2

Percentage of Public expenditure on education
/GDP
Percentage of expenditure in Science and
Technology activities /GDP (2008)
Expenditure in Science and Technology activi-
ties per capita in [USD PPP] (2008)
-
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
2,5
Patents per capita (residents)
326,7
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 0,4

(2007)
Patents requested (2007) 3,1

Patents granted (2007) 98,0

Dependency rate (2008) 22,6

Invention coefficient (2008) 0,4

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 4,6
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in Patents per cápita requested by residents
0,2
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita granted to residents

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 746,8

Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2007) 9126,7
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

&*
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi tuto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas

_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ - IVIC), State Research Centre for Agro-Indus-
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i trial Experimental Production (Centro de In-
vestigaciones del Estado para la Producción
In 1999 the Ministry of Science and Tech-
Experimental Agroindustrial - CIEPE), Foun-
nology, currently named Popular Power Minis-
dation Engineering Institute for Technological
try for Science Technology and Intermediate
Development (Fundación Instituto de Inge-
Industries (Ministerio del Poder Popular para
niería para el Desarrollo Tecnológico - FIIDT),
Ciencia, Tecnología e Industrias Intermedias -
Zulian Institute of Technological Research
MPPCTII) was created to provide the national
(Instituto Zuliano de Investigaciones Tecno-
System with a more coherent structure and
lógicas - INZIT-CICASI), Quimbiotec, Centre
functionality. As the entity which governs,
for Research in Astronomy (Centro de Investi-
coordinates and articulates the system, the
gaciones de Astronomía - CIDA), Venezuelan
MPPCTII focuses its efforts on connecting di-
Foundation of Seismological Research (Fun-
fferent agents and institutions and on formu-
dación Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismo-
lating scientific policies.
lógicas - FUNVISIS) and Foundation Institute
STI activities are performed by the Founda- for Advanced Studies (Fundación Instituto de
tions for the Development of Science and Estudios Avanzados - IDEA).
Technology (Fundaciones para el Desarrollo
With regard to the funding of the system,
de la Ciencia y la Tecnología - FUNDACITE),
the National Fund of Science, Technology
which are the bodies responsible for the pro-
and Innovation (Fondo Nacional de Ciencia,
motion, support, strengthening, coordination
Tecnología e Innovación - FONACIT) has the
and management of scientific and technolo-
mission of providing financial support for the
gical activities, seeking to attain feasible al-
execution of programmes and projects as defi-
ternatives that may enable the improvement
ned by the MPPCTII.
of productivity and efficiency of various eco-
nomic sectors. Finally, the National Observatory of Science,
Technology and Innovation (Observatorio Na-
On the other hand, the Corporation for the
cional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
Scientific and Technological Development also
- ONCTI) is the body that evaluates the Ve-
exists, whose main objective is the execution
nezuelan System by providing STI indicators
of activities related to the encouragement,
that measure the social and economic impact
development, investment and promotion of
of STI policies and programmes.
the Venezuelan technological and scientific
sector.
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[
There is also a group of specialized institu-
B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
tes and offices that perform STI activities:
?dij_jkj_edWbWdZ8kZ][jWho
Fund for Telecommunications Research and
DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
Development (Fondo de Investigación Desa-
rrollo de las Telecomunicaciones - FIDETEL), The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic
Superintendency of Electronic Certification of Venezuela (December 30 1999) includes
Services (Superintendencia de Servicios de the STI in its Third Title relating to Duties,
Certificación Electrónica - SUSCERTE), Vene- Human Rights and Guarantees, in particular,
zuelan Institute of Scientific Research (Insti- into Chapter VI referred to Cultural and Edu-

&+HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
7da^kVg^VcGZejWa^Xd[KZcZojZaV

&,
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
cative Rights. Article 110 states the respon-
sibility of the State in the promotion, funding
and development of Science and Technology
activities, and the duty of the private sector of
providing resources for the field.
There also exist other important legislative
modifications:
s Organic Law on Science, Technology and
Innovation (September 21 2001): Sets
forth a framework for strengthening the
social capacity of creation and the absorp-
tion of knowledge, adapting the supply of
Science and Technology developed in the
country to the social demand, stimulating
transfer of knowledge generated in re-
search institutes to the rest of society and
its appropriate application oriented to the
solution of problems of national interest;
s Organic Law of Telecommunications (June
12 2000): This law creates the Fund for
Research and Development of Telecom-
munications (Fondo de Investigación De-
sarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones - FIDE-
TEL);
s Decree 825 (May 22 2000): Declares
access to and use of Internet as priority
policy for the cultural, economic, social
and politic development in Venezuela, for
which the State institutions must promote
public access and the development of in-
formation contents linked to the process
of educative formation of the population;
s Partial Regulations of the Organic Law
on Science, Technology and Innovation
(2006): with reference to contributions
and investments, they state that STI fun-
ding is not only the responsibility of the
State, but also of other societal actors,
in particular enterprises. The law states
that enterprises must contribute between
0.5% and 2 % of their gross income to the
development of research projects.
&-HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
?L$ CW_d?d_j_Wj_l[i\ehFhecej_d]
?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
The existence of a Plan of Science and Tech-
nology 2030, must be mentioned. Elaborated
on a participative basis with the presence of
representatives from all the System’s actors,
it has the purpose of improving the coherence
of STI policies in-line with the needs of the
productive sector of the country. Additionally,
there exists a series of initiatives that seek to
improve relationships between the scientific
community and the productive sector. Among
them, the following are to be illustrated:
s Launching of the Simon Bolivar Satelli-
te (October 29 2008): It is designed to
handle signals of TV, radiotelephony, high
speed internet, videoconferences, specific
applications in programmes of telemedi-
cine and tele-education, support to social
missions, control of processes and infor-
mation of defence and security;
s National Centre of Information Technolo-
gies (Centro Nacional de Tecnologías de
Información - CNTI): It is oriented towards
promoting and backing activities such as
teaching, research and scientific and te-
chnological development between insti-
tutions, academies and R&D centres. It
also seeks to develop strategies in areas of
information technologies that enable the
promotion of their implementation, to de-
velop human resources education and to
foster the bases for the creation of laws for
the use of said technologies.
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_edWdZ
j^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
With regards to collaboration and the streng-
thening of networks, the Venezuelan Associa-
tion for the Advance of Science (Asociación
Venezolana para el Avance de la Ciencia -

AsoVAC) has a particular importance. It is an
organization mainly formed by scientists and
associated professionals, whose mission is
oriented to favour the progress of Venezuelan
scientific research. The objective of AsoVAC is
to disseminate scientific knowledge produced
in the country and abroad.
Additionally the Science Mission Presiden-
tial Commission is of relevance. Its objective
is to incorporate and articulate the different
STI social and institutional actors through
economic, social, academic and political net-
works for the intensive and extensive use of
knowledge, according to the endogenous de-
velopment. Venezuela has also proceeded to
the development, broadening and consolida-
ting of the National Network of Seismological
Observation.
Finally, between 2001 and 2008, 623 Net-
works of Productive Innovation were created
to promote social and economic local develop-
ment, starting with a cooperative and associa-
tive organization of producers and communi-
ties, consolidating the production of products
with national added value.
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
Between 2000 and 2008, 653 operative
Info-Centres and 13 Mega-Info-Centres were
created all over the country, thus facilitating
access to ICTs to 2,000 communities. New
universities have also been founded (Boliva-
rian University of Venezuela, Sucre Mission,
University of Security, University of Arts,
Bolivarian University of Workers, Salvador
Allende Latin American School of Medicine,
Latin American Institute of Agro-Ecology). In
addition, the foundation of 24 more educative
centres is being planned.
On the other hand, it must be mentioned that
the FONACIT promotes the international mobi-
lity of researchers for the presentation of their
works in science, technology and innovation
7da^kVg^VcGZejWa^Xd[KZcZojZaV
events, as well as for attending short courses
and internships in Venezuela or abroad.
Additionally, the function of Venezuelan Foun-
dation of Researcher Promotion (Fundación
Venezolana de Promoción del Investigador -
FVPI) is the strengthening, development and
support of activities of scientists and techno-
logists, acting to stimulate quality in the pro-
ductivity of scientific research and technolo-
gical development. Finally, the Programme of
Promotion and Incentive to National Research
stimulates high level talent in institutions of
higher education and of research of public
and private sectors.
L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
In the last decade Venezuela has multiplied
its international connections with regard to
STI. The following are illustrated below:
s Strengthening of institutional projects
such as University of the South and Insti-
tute of High Strategic and Historical Stu-
dies for Latin America and the Caribbean;
s Negotiation and subscription of new coo-
peration agreements with equivalent insti-
tutions in the field of STI with Argentina,
Brazil, Chile, China, Cuba, Ecuador, India,
Peru and Uruguay;
s Participation in mixed commissions of high
level and working groups with: Cuba, Fran-
ce, India, Iran, Italy, Russia, who agreed,
in the joint action plan, to develop actions
with regard to STI;
s International Cooperation with Cuba in
education and health, and with Argentina,
Brazil and Nicaragua, to genetically im-
prove herds;
s Cooperation with China for constructing
and putting into orbit the Simon Bolivar
Satellite from the Satellite Centre of Xi-
chang;
&.
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

s Creation of the Antarctic Presidential Com- centres interested in biotechnology, food

mission: The two first Venezuelan expedi- technology and biodiversity. It is sponso-
tions to the continent were undertaken; red by its member states and the OAS. The
s Project “Cacao Route in America: cultural SIMBIOSIS network provides information
diversity and endogenous development”: on research programmes in process, natio-
Collaboration in research projects at the nal institutions, development efforts and
regional level with Colombia, Cuba, Ecua- human capacity for STI.
dor and Peru;
s There also exists the Multinational Sys-
L???$B_dai
tem of Specialized Information on Biote- ASOVAC: asovac.net
chnology and Food Technology for Latin CENIT: www.cenit.gob.ve
CNTI: www.cnti.gob.ve
America and the Caribbean (SIMBIOSIS),
FONACIT: www.fonacit.gob.ve
which is a virtual network aimed at con- MPPCTII: www.mct.gob.ve
tacting scientists, experts and research ONCTI: www.oncti.gob.ve

'%HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
 8eb_l_W"Fbkh_dWj_edWbIjWj[e\
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 9,8

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 6,1

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 43,3

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 4500,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 11,3

Industry 36,9 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 51,8
Publications listed int he SCI

601,0

SCI Scientific publications

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006)

per million of inhabitants

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 41,0

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 729,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 728,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 87,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2001) 43,5

Public expenditure on education /GDP -

Publications listed in the SCI
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2002) 0,3 SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] 9,0 Patents per capita (residents)
(2002)
Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 0,3
Patents per million of inhabitants

(2002)
Patents requested (2001) 300,0

Patents granted (2001) 7,0

Dependency gate (2001) 6,5

Invention coefficient (2001) 0,5

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi-
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 4,9
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita requested by residents

74,3 Patents per cápita granted to residents

R&D budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999)
R&D budget in millions [USD PPP] (2002) 78,3
Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi
_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The Bolivian Innovation System (Sistema
Boliviano de Innovacion - SBI) includes tho-
se Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)
actors that work in a coordinated manner to
generate integral solutions for productive, so-
cial and environmental problems, with a par-
ticipative, equitable and sustainable develop-
ment approach. The SBI is comprised of four
institutions that operate together towards the
promotion of STI activities in the country.
Firstly, the Vice-Ministry of Science and Tech-
nology (Vice Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolo-
gía - VCyT), a body reporting to the Ministry of
Planning for Development and is responsible
for the design and implementation of the SBI.
It is in charge of the planning and support
for scientific and technological development.
There is also the Inter-ministerial Commission
of Science, Technology and Innovation (Co-
misión Interministerial de Ciencia Tecnología
e Innovación – CIMCITI), which was created
in 2001 and is responsible for formulating
the STI policy in Bolivia. The Commission is
directed by a representative of the President
of the Republic. It is also composed of the
Ministers of Education, Culture and Sports;
Sustainable Development and Planning; Eco-
nomic Development; Economy; Agriculture,
Livestock and Rural Development; and Health
and Social Security, respectively.
STI activities are carried out by means of two
mechanisms. Firstly, through the SBI Tech-
nical Unit (UT-SBI), whose main functions
include the implementation of policies defi-
ned by the VCyT. At the operative level, the
functions of the Technical Unit are focused on
supporting Innovation Platforms by defining
''HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&
innovation projects. Secondly, universities
carry out 80% of all R&D activities. The uni-
versitiy system includes 10 public universities
in addition to the Bolivian Catholic University
and the Military School of Engineering.
There is also the National Science, Techno-
logy & Innovation Office (Secretaría Nacional
de Ciencia y Tecnología e Innovación - SENA-
CITI), the body that presides, coordinates and
manages all actions defined regarding scien-
ce, technology and innovation policies. It is
responsible for the yearly budget for funding
STI activities, and reports to the Presidency
of the Republic. The creation of a unique and
integrated Innovation Fund is ongoing. It will
address priority platforms through internatio-
nal cooperation funds, contributions from the
private sector, and/or its own funds.
Another fundamental component of the SBI is
the National Council on Science and Techno-
logy (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolo-
gía). It is responsible for proposing guidelines,
strategies and regulations relative to science,
technology and innovation, as well as for the
elaboration of the National STI Plan, and the
coordination, follow-up and assessment of the
National STI Plan activities. It is also respon-
sible for managing national and international
technical and financial cooperation resources
for promoting Science and Technology, in co-
ordination with the Ministry of Economy.
Lastly, the National Network of Science and
Technology (Red Nacional de Ciencia y Tec-
nología - RNCYT) articulates and strengthens
official centres and institutions, as well as
universities and private entities in the field of
research. It is part of the National Platforms
for Innovation (Plataformas Nacionales de
Innovación -PNI) that allows the system to
participate in strategic areas (such as hydro-
carbons).
7da^k^V!Eajg^cVi^dcVaHiViZd[

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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[
B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
?dij_jkj_edWbWdZ8kZ][jWho
DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
The only law relating to the System of Boli-
via from last decade is Law No. 2.209-2001,
also known as the Law for Promotion of Scien-
ce, Technology and Innovation (8 June 2001),
which constitutes the legal framework of the
SBI and defines the entitlements of the abo-
ve-mentioned institutions.
?L$ CW_d?d_j_Wj_l[i\ehFhecej_d]
?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
Firstly to be mentioned are two articles of Law
No. 2.209 which set out the framework for
cooperation between the scientific community
and the private sector:
s Article 28 of Law No. 2.209-2001: This
article states that public or private entities
may associate with each other or with pri-
vate actors, national or foreign entities in
order to carry out scientific, technological
and innovation activities aimed at imple-
menting the National Science, Technology
and Innovation Plan;
s Article 35 of Law No. 2.209-2001: This
article rules that public funds for sectoral
and social funding will determine specific
lines of credit for scientific research and
technological development in the sector.
The following initiatives have also been im-
plemented for promoting interaction between
the private sector and the other actors in the
System:
s Bolivian Agricultural Technology System
(Sistema Boliviano de Tecnología Agro-
pecuaria - SIBTA): Created in 2000 as a
model for articulating private and public
sectors. It is composed of the Foundations
for Technological and Agricultural Deve-
lopment (Fundaciones para el Desarrollo
')HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&
Tecnológico y Agropecuario - FDTA), Pro-
jects for Applied Technological Innova-
tion (Proyectos de Innovación Tecnológica
Aplicada - PITA) and the National Strate-
gic Innovation Projects (Proyectos de In-
novación Estratégica Nacional -PIEN), in
addition to the administrative component;
s National Institute for Innovation in Agri-
cultural and Forestry Innovation (Institu-
to Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y
Forestal - INIAF): Founded for implemen-
ting programmes and components of the
Sectoral Plan, as part of the research de-
velopment, generation and transfer of te-
chnology in benefit of all rural actors. One
must be aware of the ongoing transitional
process of the SIBTA, towards turning the
INIAF into the new body that will regulate
policies for research, generation, transfer
and spreading of agricultural and forest
technology in Bolivia;
s First International Science & Technolo-
gy Forum for Industrializing Lithium and
other Evaporative Resources (2009): An
initiative for assessing the status of STI
in transformation processes of evaporative
resources in basic chemical products (li-
thium carbonate and others), and derivati-
ves (lithium ion batteries) through the link
of the knowledge-producing and industrial
sectors with the State.
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In what concerns cooperation between scien-
tists and network promotion and support,
Bolivia has concentrated efforts on the Pro-
gramme for the Protection, Recovery and Sys-
tematisation of Local and Ancestral Knowled-
ge, for Social and Productive Development.
The programme is responsible for defining a
“Law for Protection of Indigenous Knowled-
ge”, as a means of protection mechanism for
intangible heritage, supported by the Systema-
tization and Appreciation of ethnical knowled-

ge. Other projects in this programme are: 1)
National policy on intellectual property; 2)
Mechanisms for the protection of intellectual
property in strategic issues; 3) Recording in-
cremental knowledge; 4) Recovery and sprea-
ding of local knowledge and ethnical knowled-
ge through Information and Communications
Technologies (Tecnologías de Información y
Comunicación - ICTs) and the Law for the pro-
tection of indigenous knowledge.
Also, the Vice-ministry of Science and Tech-
nology has proposed the creation of the Boli-
vian Scientific and Technological Information
System (Sistema Boliviano de Información
Científica y Tecnológica - SIBICYT) as part of
the National Development Plan (Plan Nacio-
nal de Desarrollo -PND) and of the strategy for
generating a scientific culture with features
characteristic of the country. The main objec-
tive of the SIBICYT is to develop a knowledge
culture based on the access, exchange and
generation of scientific and technological in-
formation. Therefore, it proposes to work on
the development of systems, networks and STI
information sources, as well as popularization
of the STI. Through such objectives, the SI-
BICYT will be able to improve the articulation
and linkage between the national productive
and state knowledge-producing sectors.
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In the areas of education and the promotion
of human resources in STI, the following pro-
jects are to be highlighted:
s Prizes and awards: National Science Prize,
National Technology and Innovation Prize,
National Scientific Journalism Prize;
s Bolivian Institute of Biodiversity Research
for Development: intended for developing
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and promoting STI for making use and
preserving biodiversity resources, based
on combining traditional knowledge regar-
ding uses and handling, and the technical-
scientific research of their properties;
s Bolivian Organization of Women Scientists
(17 June 1999): Its objective is to promo-
te and prioritize the scientific and tech-
nological potential of women by encoura-
ging and increasing their participation in
issues significant to the development of
the country, as well as optimizing their
skills and talents in benefit of the Bolivian
society;
s National Plan for Digital Inclusion (Plan
Nacional de Inclusión Digital - PNID):
This plan outlines a number of actions for
attaining targets sought by the National
Development Plan, oriented at generating
a scientific and technological culture and
at reducing the digital gap in Bolivia, by
promoting ICTs.
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STI International cooperation in Bolivia is
scarce. Only the Workshop for Promoting Wo-
men in the Area of Science, Technology, Engi-
neering and Innovation in the Southern Cone
(held in combination with the IADBank) is to
be mentioned here.
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s UNESCO Environment and Sustainable
Development Chair – San Simón Universi-
ty – Cochabamba – Bolivia
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INIAF: www.iniaf.gov.bo
VCyT: www.conacyt.gov.bo
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Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 198,7

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 5,1

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 19930,0

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 10200,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 6,7

Industry 28,0 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 65,3
Publications listed int he SCI

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 570,0

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 36,9

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 813,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 810,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 89,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2001) 48,0

Percentage of Public expenditure on education / 4,0
GDP (2006) Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 1,4

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] Patents per capita (residents)
108,0
(2002)
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 1,3

(2002)
Patents requested (2001) 26509,0

Patents granted (2001) 7096,0

Dependency rate (2001) 1,6

Invention coefficient (2001) 5,5

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 12,2
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 4,3 Patents per cápita requested by residents
R&D (2007)
Patents per cápita granted to residents
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 6541,4

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2002) 14649,9 Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

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The node of the Brazilian science, technology
and innovation (STI) system consists of the
Ministry of Science and Technology (Ministé-
rio da Ciência e Tecnologia - MCT). Created
in 1985, its area of responsibility changed
by means of Decree Law 5,886 (6 Septem-
ber 2006), and include: Defining the natio-
nal policy on STI; planning, coordinating and
supervising Science and Technology activi-
ties; establishing national policies relative to
bio-security, space and nuclear energy and
controlling the exports of sensitive goods. It
acts as Secretariat of the National Council for
Science and Technology (Comissão da Ciência
e Tecnologia - CCT), the body responsible for
assisting the Presidency of the Republic in the
definition and implementation of the national
policy on scientific and technological develo-
pment. The CCT has 13 representatives from
the Federal Government, 8 representatives
from the productive sector, and 6 represen-
tatives from the STI sector (universities and
research centres). These members are organi-
zed into committees by topic and sector and
are responsible for producing reports, studies
and reference terms.
Among its dependent agencies, the MCT in-
cludes the National Council on Scientific and
Technological Development (Conselho Nacio-
nal de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecno-
lógico - CNPq), the Funding Entity for Stu-
dies and Projects (Financiadora de Estudos e
Projetos - FINEP), the Coordinating Authority
for Perfectioning Higher Rank Staff (Coor-
denação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de
Nível Superior - CAPES), the National Bank
for Economic and Social Development (Ban-
co Nacional de Desenvolvimento Economico
e Social – BNDES) and the National Scien-
ce and Technology Development Fund (Fun-
do Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
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Tecnológico - FNDCT). The CNPq promotes,
encourages and funds technological develop-
ment through a variety of instruments related
to the funding of postgraduate studies, the
funding of STI projects, and the support of
STI events and publications. Alongside, the
FINEP is the main funding institution for STI
activities at the federal level and supports
projects through the following instruments:
Non-reimbursable financial support for STI;
reimbursable support for innovation at enter-
prises; non-reimbursable funding for entrepre-
neurial innovation, and investments (venture
fund, seed capital and venture capital funds).
The BNDES funds mainly social and econo-
mic projects that may include STI activities
through the Investment Funds Programme,
the CRIATEC Programme and the Technology
Fund (FUNTEC). Lastly, the FNDCT is made
up of sectoral funds such as: Biotechnology,
aeronauIcts, energy, agro-business, fuel oil,
and minerals, among others. .
The MCT also includes four thematic secreta-
riats that carry out their institutional mission
and report to the executive Secretariat. They
are: The Secretariat for Research and Deve-
lopment Policies and Programmes (Secretaría
de Políticas e Programas de Pesquisa e Des-
envolvimento - SEPED), the Secretariat for
Science and Technology for Social Inclusion
(Secretaria de C&T para Inclusão Social - SE-
CIS), the Secretariat for Technological Deve-
lopment and Innovation (Secretaria de Desen-
volvimento Tecnológico e Inovação - SETEC),
and the Secretariat for Computer Science
Policies (Secretaria de Política de Informática
e Automação - SEPIN). They are responsible
for articulating, managing and implementing
policies and programmes relative to their spe-
cific areas. They are related to the MCT, the
National Committee on Nuclear Energy (Co-
missão Nacional de Energia Nuclear - CNEN),
the Brazilian Space Agency (Agência Espacial
Brasileira - AEB), the National Technology Ins-
titute (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia - INT),

the Brazilian Physics Research Centre (Centro
Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas - CBPF), the
Telecommunications Research and Develop-
ment Centre (Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvol-
vimento em Telecomunicações - CPqD), the
National Biosafety Technical Commission (Co-
missão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança -
CTNBio), and the Centre for Strategic Studies
and Management (Centro de Gestão e Estudos
Estratégicos - CGEE).
It must be pointed out that several ministries
are also responsible for implementing STI
activities through different research centres,
foundations and committees. They include:
s Ministry of Mining and Energy: Leopoldo
Américo M. de Mello Research and De-
velopment Centre (Centro de Pesquisa e
Desenvolvimento Leopoldo A Miguez de
Mello - CENPES-PETROBRAS), Electric
Energy Research Centre (Centro de Pes-
quisas de Energia Elétrica - CEPEL-ELEC-
TROBRAS);
s Ministry of Health: Oswaldo Cruz Fund
Institute (Fundação Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz - OCRUZ);
s Ministry of Defence: Aeronautics Techni-
cal Centre (Centro Técnico da Aeronáuti-
ca- CTA), the Brazilian Army Technological
Centre (Centro Tecnológico do Exército -
CTEx);
s Ministry of Development, Industry and
Foreign Trade: National Metrology, Nor-
malization and Industrial Quality Institute
(Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normali-
zação e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO),
National Industrial Property Institute (Ins-
tituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial
- INPI);
s Ministry of Agriculture and Supplies: Bra-
zilian Agriculture Research Enterprise
(Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agrope-
7gVo^a
cuária - EMBRAPA), Food Technology Ins-
titute (Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimen-
tos - ITAL).
Additionally, the Brazilian Industrial Deve-
lopment Agency (Agência Brasileira de Des-
envolvimento Industrial - ABDI), created in
December 2004, funds STI industrial activi-
ties through the following programmes: The
promotion of practices relative to productive
development and innovation environment,
sectoral competitive funding and funds for
strategic areas.
The Technological Research Institute of the
State of Sao Paulo (Instituto de Pesquisas
Tecnológicas do Estado de SP - IPT) and the
Foundation for the Promotion of Research of
the State of Sao Paulo (Fundação de Amparo
à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP)
are to be mentioned at the federal level. It
is the most important R&D institution in the
country, which applies approximately 3% of
the total R&D budget. The FAPESP supports
scientific and technological research through
scholarships and financial support to research.
The latter belongs to the network of State
Foundations for Supporting Research, which
includes 21 foundations at the federal level,
organized by the National Council on Foun-
dations for the Protection of Research (Con-
selho Nacional das Fundações Estaduais de
Amparo à Pesquisa - CONFAP). They manage
the PAPPE (Programa de Apoio à Pesquisa em
Empresas) technological fund, along with the
FINEP.
Regarding the monitoring of STI activities, it
is the responsibility of the executive entities
or the funding entities. The national System
is assessed by MCT Office for Oversight and
Evaluation, by means of indicators elaborated
at the General Indicators Coordination de-
partment.
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In the past decade, Brazil has accomplished
significant reforms in its innovation system,
including:
s Law 9,478 (6 August 1997): Creation of
the Petroleum Oil sectoral fund;
s Laws 9,991 to 9,994 (24 July 2000):
Creation of sectoral funds relative to Ener-
gy, Space, Water and Mineral Resources
and Transportation;
s Law 10,197 (14 February 2001): Creation
of the Infrastructure sectoral fund;
s Law 10,332 (19 December 2001): Crea-
tion of sectoral funds relative to Aeronau-
tics, Agro business, Biotechnology, Health
and Green/Yellow (university-enterprise
interaction);
s Decree Law 4,728 (9 June 2003): Appro-
val of by-laws and organizational chart of
the CNPq;
s Law 10,893 (13 July 2004): Creation of
the Waterways sectoral fund;
s Law 10,973 (2 December 2004) or In-
novation Law: Sets forth incentives for
innovation and scientific research in the
productive sector and defines regulations
applicable in the STI sector;
s Law 11,077 (30 December 2004): Crea-
tion of the Computer Science and Amazon
sectoral fund;
s Law 11,080 (30 December 2004): Crea-
tion of the ABDI and definition of its
functions;
s Law 11,196 (21 November 2005): De-
fines tax incentives for technological re-
search and innovation;
s Law 11,487 (2007): Regulates tax exemp-
tion for enterprises dealing with STI acti-
vities;
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s Law 11,540 (12 November 2007): Defi-
nes the functions of the FNDCT.
Of importance are the facts that Brazilian
efforts to provide the innovation system with
the financial resources correspond to the re-
sults expected, and that between 2000 and
2008, Brazil more than doubled the R&D
budget.
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Created in 2004, the Law on Innovation is
a significant initiative for strengthening re-
lations between the industry and scientific
and technological sectors. The Law sets forth
measures for promoting innovation and re-
search in the areas of science and technology
at the production level, and favours interac-
tions between the different actors involved
in STI activities. The Law has three compo-
nents: Building an environment adequate for
establishing strategic alliances among uni-
versities, research centres and enterprises;
measures for encouraging the participation of
science and technology institutes in innova-
tion processes; and incentives for innovation
inside enterprises. The main funding instru-
ment is a subsidy that allows for the provi-
sion of financial support to innovative SMEs
through the FDNCT .
Additionally, the law known as “Goods Law”
(2005, Lei do Bem) is intended for promo-
ting private R&D investment, fundamental for
improving competitiveness in Brazilian enter-
prises. More specifically, the objective of this
law is to increase the capacity of enterprises
for developing technological innovation that
might result in improved quality, productivity
and competitiveness. The incentive is propa-
gated through tax deductions such as income
tax, social contribution on benefits, and re-
turn of taxes on the purchase of technological
equipment.

There are also a number of programmes su-
pporting the interaction of the productive sec-
tor and STI actors:
s COOPERA: A cooperation programme be-
tween institutes, technology centres and
enterprises. Provides financial support to
cooperation projects on R&D and innova-
tion;
s ASISTEC: Programme for support to tech-
nological assistance. Provides SMEs with
assistance and technological consultancy
from Technological Research Institutes
(IPT) for solving technological problems.
s INNOVAR venture capital programme: An
aid for technology-based enterprises to
have resources for funding their science
and technology projects. The project is
intended for building an institutional envi-
ronment favourable to venture capital ac-
tivities in the country, so as to strengthen
technology-based new and emerging en-
terprises in Brazil, thus eventually contrib-
uting to the national technological devel-
opment, and the creation of income and
employment;
s Enterprise incubators: Among the differ-
ent enterprise incubation programmes,
Juro Zero, a programme including low
rate loans, is worthy of recognition, as is
the National Cooperative Incubators Pro-
gramme (PRONINC), aimed at articulating
the knowledge areas of Brazilian univer-
sities with popular groups interested in
generating income and employment by
the constitution of popular cooperatives or
self-management enterprises;
s Support Programme for Research and In-
novation in Local Productive Arrangements
(PPI-APL): Financial support for activities
developed by Science and Technology in-
stitutes, oriented towards providing tech-
nological assistance, providing services
and solving technological problems in en-
7gVo^a
terprises, by forming conglomerates typi-
cal of local production arrangements;
s Programme for Technological Support to
Exports (Programa de Apoio Tecnológico à
Exportação - PROGEX): Support to tech-
nological assistance by technological re-
search institutes for improving export per-
formance by small enterprises;
s Incentive Programme for Innovation in
Brazilian Enterprises (Pro-Innovation):
Consists of funding with reduced taxes
for implementing research, development
and innovation projects in Brazilian enter-
prises;
s Mobile Units Programme (Projeto de Uni-
dades Móveis de atendimento tecnológico
- PRUMO): Supports the assistance and
provision of technological services by
technology research institutes to micro
and small enterprises by means of mobile
units that include laboratory equipment;
s Brazilian Technology Network (Rede Brasil
de Tecnologia - RBT): Providing support
for projects which involve collaboration
between supplying enterprises and scien-
tific-technological institutes with competi-
tive replacement of imports in selected
sectors (currently petroleum oil, gas and
energy).
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The main objective of the RBT is to promote
the articulation of different areas in the fede-
ral government, Brazilian universities, private
enterprises and financial agents. It is specifi-
cally aimed towards stimulating development
of technological sectoral networks, the crea-
tion of work groups of the government, enter-
prises, universities and research centres, and
at promoting coordinated initiatives in line
with research and development.
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The organization of STI conferences that in-
clude the scientific community, the govern-
ment and enterprises, and promote scientific
and technological debates for defining natio-
nal priorities should be illustrated as they are
the instruments that help define long term
objectives and assess STI investments. Lastly,
the “Knowledge for All” programme aimed
at the popularization of STI in young people
with the purpose of arousing their interest in
Science and Technology careers should be
highlighted.
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The most important institution for supporting
training of human resources in STI is the CA-
PES, referred above. It includes an array of
funding instruments, which include:
s CAPES/SPM: For the incentive of scienti-
fic and technological research and the tra-
ining of human resources holding postgra-
duate degrees, also including the gender
aspect;
s CAPES/FCT: Supports joint projects on re-
search and scientific cooperation in Brazi-
lian and Portuguese universities promoting
postgraduate education and the perfectio-
ning aspect of professors and researchers;
s CAPES/Ministry of Science and Techno-
logy (Argentina): Through the aid of joint
research projects stimulates the exchange
of teachers and researchers between Bra-
zil and Argentina in Postgraduate Progra-
mmes of Higher Education Institutions.
The programme is oriented towards edu-
cating high level human resources in Bra-
zil and Argentina, in the different areas of
knowledge;
s Programme for Guest Professors from
Abroad (PVE): The objective of the progra-
mme is to support Brazilian postgraduate
studies through the incentive of having
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foreign professors with differentiated edu-
cation and renown expertise in the various
related areas of work;
s PEC-PG Programme (Programa de Estu-
dante-Convênio de Pós-Graduação): The
objective of the programme is to allow ci-
tizens in developing countries with which
Brazil has cooperation agreements rela-
ting to education, culture or STI, to attend
postgraduate studies in Brazil;
s Júlio Redecker Programme: The exchan-
ge is an agreement between Coordina-
tion of Higher Level Staff Perfectioning
(Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Nivel
Superior - CAPES/MEC), the House of Re-
presentatives, the Ministry of Education
Foundation, and the Committee for Edu-
cation Exchange between the United Sta-
tes and Brazil (Fulbright Committee). The
programme was implemented in order to
increase Brazilian knowledge on the U.S.
and on the bilateral relations of both coun-
tries;
s LATTES System: Is a data base at the
CNPq including résumés and an inventory
of Science and Technology institutions.
The data from the platform may be used
both as support for management activities
and for support of the definition of policies
for the STI area;
s Pro defence Programme: An agreement
between the CAPES and the Ministry of
Defence. The programme is open to the
participation of private and public Bra-
zilian institutions, which include those
postgraduate plans with lines of research
in national defence;
s French Brazilian Doctoral School Progra-
mme (Collège Doctoral Franco-Brésilien -
CDFB): An agreement of the CAPES with
the Council of Presidents of French Uni-
versities (CPU);

s CAPES/FULBRIGHT Programme: The CA-
PES, in combination with the Fulbright
Committee, offers full doctorate scholar-
ships in the U.S. with the purpose of su-
pplementing the efforts of postgraduate
programmes in Brazil, in search of training
high level professors and researchers;
s CAPES/Cofecub (CAPES/ Comité Français
pour l’évaluation de la Coopération Univer-
sitaire avec le Brésil) Edict: The objective
is to promote scientific exchange and to
stimulate the training and perfectioning of
postgraduates and teachers linked to post-
graduate programmes at higher education
and research institutions through joint
projects in research, oriented at training
high level human resources;
s CAPES/PIBID (CAPES/ Programa Institu-
cional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência)
Edict: The programme is aimed at contri-
buting to an increased average of schools
participating in the Intermediate Level Na-
tional Exam. This action intends to attain
the target plan “Compromise: All together
with Education”, which is part of the De-
velopment Plan for Education (PDE - Plan
de Desarrollo de la Educación);
s Higher Studies School: Gathers top-in-
ternational-level foreign professors and
researchers for monographic courses at
Brazilian universities. This is an initiative
of the CAPES aimed at strengthening, ex-
tending and grading postgraduate progra-
mmes at Brazilian institutions.
The CNPq also offers a variety of postgraduate
scholarships in the country and abroad (scho-
larships for the promotion of Science and Te-
chnology, apart from subsidies for research
at institutions, for researchers and for State
research foundations). The various forms of
aid include the subsidy of science publica-
tions, the support provided for the training
of researchers through science exchanges or
the promotion and attendance at meetings
7gVo^a
and science seminars and conferences. The
most requested form of aid is the support to
research projects made through public calls
or edicts. The main Edicts published with re-
sources from the CNPq are: Universal, Millen-
nium and Casadinho, and those resulting from
joint efforts with Foundations for Supporting
Research at the federal state level (FAP- Fun-
dações de Amparo à Pesquisa) known as Pro-
nex (Programa de Apoio a Núcleos de Exce-
lência) and the First Projects Programme.
L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
The national strategy in this field has been to
maintain the existing international agreements
and to seek new agreements on scientific and
technological cooperation with partners who
share the same interests. Bilateral agree-
ments have shown a significant development
and nowadays Brazil has ongoing agreements
with the following countries: Germany, Argen-
tina, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, China, Colom-
bia, South Korea, Spain, the United States,
France, India, Italy, Japan, Morocco, Mexico,
Pakistan, the Netherlands, Paraguay, Peru,
Portugal, the UK, Romania, Russia, Sweden,
Switzerland, Tunisia, Uruguay and Venezuela.
There is also the Multinational System of
Specialized Information on Biotechnolo-
gy and Food Technology for Latin America
and the Caribbean (Sistema de Información
Multinacional de Biotecnología y Tecnología
de Alimentos para América Latina y el Cari-
be - SIMBIOSIS), a virtual network aimed at
connecting scientists, experts and research
centres interested in biotechnology, food te-
chnology and biodiversity. It is sponsored by
its member States and the OAS. The SIMBIO-
SIS network provides information on current
research programmes, national institutions,
and efforts relative to development and hu-
man skills in STI.
(*
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
The following is a list of regional level projects
in which Brazil has taken part:
s The Argentinean-Brazilian Biotechnology
Centre (Centro Argentino Brasilero de Bio-
tecnología - CABBIO). It is a coordinating
entity that comprises a network of biote-
chnology research groups whose objective
is to promote interaction between science
centres and the productive sector. For that
purpose, it carries out two types of activi-
ties: The implementation of bi-national re-
search and development projects and the
training of high ranking human resources
with courses of the Argentinean Brazilian
Biotechnology School (Escuela Argentina
Brasileña de Biotecnología -EABBIO);
s BIOTECSUR is a biotechnologies platform
within the MERCOSUR that originates in
the BIOTECH - MERCOSUR – EU project
for development of specific R&D actions
focused on priority issues for the region.
At the multilateral level, Brazil has subscribed
agreements with the following organizations:
Americas Free Trade Area (Área de Libre Co-
mercio de las Américas - ALCA), Latin Ame-
rica, the Caribbean and the European Union
(América Latina, Caribe y Unión Europea -
ALCUE), Brazilian-Argentinean Biotechnology
Centre (Centro Brasilero-Argentino de Biotec-
nología - CBAB), Brazilian-Argentinean Nano-
technology Centre (Centro Brasilero-Argentino
de Nanotecnología - CBAN), International Ge-
neIcts and Biotechnology Engineering Centre
(Centro Internacional de Ingeniería Genética
y Biotecnología - CIEGB), Portuguese-spea-
king Countries Community (Comunidade dos
Países de Língua Portuguesa - CPLP), Orga-
nization of the Amazonian Cooperation Trea-
ty (Organização do Tratado de Cooperação
Amazônica -OTCA), Programme on Thematic
Cooperation in Science and Technology (Pro-
grama de Cooperação Temática em Matéria
de Ciência e Tecnologia - PROAFRICA), South
American Programme for Supporting Science
(+HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&
and Technology Cooperation Activities (Pro-
grama Sul-Americano de Apoio às Ativida-
des de Cooperação em Ciência e Tecnologia
- PROSUL), Specialized Meeting on Science
and Technology (Reunión Especializada en
Ciencia y Tecnología - RECYT), Latin Ameri-
can Technological Information Network (Red
de Información Tecnológica Latinoamericana
- RITLA), and the Science Academy for Deve-
loping Countries (Academia de Ciencias para
los Países en Desarrollo - TWAS).
Parallel to this, there are other cooperation
strategies that are currently under develop-
ment and have been prioritized, such as the
promotion of the south-south cooperation
(mainly between South America and Africa),
the incentive of cooperation among regional
groups (MERCOSUR), IBAS (India, Brazil and
South Africa), and CPLP. Each agenda varies
according to shared interests of partners, and
includes, among others: Climate change, re-
newable energies, and sustainable exploitation
of natural resources, biofuels, nanotechnolo-
gy, aerospace technology, ICTs, biomedical
sciences and enterprise innovation.
L???$ KD;I9E9^W_hi
s UNESCO Biology of Form and Develop-
ment Chair – Rio de Janeiro Federal Uni-
versity (UFRJ) – Rio de Janeiro – Brazil
s UNESCO «José Reis» Chair on Science
Spreading – University of Sao Paulo – Sao
Paulo – Brazil
s UNESCO Chair on South-South Coopera-
tion for Sustainable Development – Pará
Federal University – Belém – Brazil
s UNESCO Chair on Water, Women and De-
velopment – Ouro Preto Federal University
(UFOP) – Ouro Preto – Brazil
?N$ B_dai
ABDI: www.abdi.com.br/
AEB: www.aeb.gov.br/
 7gVo^a

BNDES: www.bndes.gov.br
CGEE: www.cgee.org.br/
CNEN: www.cnen.gov.br/
CNPq: www.cnpq.br
CNTBio: www.ctnbio.gov.br/
CONFAP: www.confap.org.br/
IPT: www.ipt.br/
FINEP: www.finep.gov.br
MCT: www.mct.gov.br

(,
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

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eX`[Yj_l[$È

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 9^_b[
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Total FTE S&T staff
?$=[d[hWb:WjW
Population (in millions) (2009) 16,6

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 3,2

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 244,5

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 14900,0

Total FTE S&T staff

Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 4,8

Industry 50,5 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 44,7
Publications listed int he SCI

549,0

SCI Scientific publications

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006)

per million of inhabitants

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 5,2

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 878,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 871,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 96,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2004) 30,0

Percentage of Public expenditure on education /
GDP (2004)
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2004)
R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP]
(2004)
3,4
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
0,7
Patents per capita (residents)
76,6
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 2,0

(2004)
Patents requested (2008) 3730,0

Patents granted (2008) 736,0

Dependency rate (2008) 6,9

Invention coefficient (2008) 2,9

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 21,7
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 4,6 Patents per cápita requested by residents
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita granted to residents
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 684,6

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2006) 1232,7 Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

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8]^aZ

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Jh[dZi_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]o
WdZ?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The Chilean innovation system is led by the
Presidency of the Republic, upon the assis-
tance of the National Council on Competitive-
ness Innovation (Consejo Nacional de Innova-
ción para la Competitividad – CNIC) created
in 2005. This Council proposes the general
guidelines for defining a National Innovation
Strategy, to be considered by a Committee of
Ministers for Innovation, which is the eventual
body to define the national policies on Scien-
ce, Technology and Innovation (STI), for the
long, medium and short terms. These three
entities are the main political organizations
within the innovation system.
Though most ministries are more or less in-
volved and influence the national innovation
system, the Ministry of Education and the
Ministry of Economy are the ones that play
the more significant roles. Their participation
is coordinated by the National Science and
Technology Research Committee (Comisión
Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tec-
nológica - CONICYT) and the Corporation for
the Promoton of Production (Corporación de
Fomento a la Producción - CORFO), public
promoting and funding entities respectively
that provide the basis for the system. The CO-
NICYT is focused on issues relative to human
resource advanced training and Science and
Technology research, while the CORFO acts
in the entrepreneurial innovation area. Both
operate programmes and initiatives aimed di-
rectly at strengthening the national innovation
system.
There is also the Innovation Fund for Compe-
titiveness (Fondo de Innovación para la Com-
petitividad - FIC), for funding science, applied
research, entrepreneurial, human resource tra-
ining, and technology transfer and spreading
activities. The FIC is a body for organizing the
other public programmes in the innovation
)'HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
field, and has become a prioritization tool for
programme lines. 25% of resources are trans-
ferred to the Regional Governments for STI
development in their respective regions.
Chile also has several mechanisms for the de-
velopment of Science and Technology whose
structure and functioning are governed by the
following funds and programmes:
s National Fund for Scientific and Techno-
logical Development (Fondo Nacional de
Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico - FON-
DECYT): A CONICYT fund oriented at ba-
sic Science and Technology research. Its
mission is to strengthen and develop re-
search in all knowledge areas;
s Fund for the Promotion of Scientific and
Technological Development (Fondo del
Fomento al Desarrollo Científico y Tecno-
lógico - FONDEF): Funds R&D projects
and technology transfer projects such as
Regional Centres, Technological Entrepre-
neurial Consortiums, the Innovation Pro-
gramme for Innovation of Public Interest,
the Incubators Programme, and the Nodes
for Spreading and Transferring Technology,
among others;
s Fund for Advanced Research in Priority
Areas (Fondo de Investigación Avanzada
en Áreas Prioritarias - FONDAP): A CONI-
CYT programme specialized in supporting
groups of researchers gathered in centres
of excellence, by benefiting entities with
proven experience in scientific research
and participation in postgraduate courses
at the Doctorate level;
s Excellence Centres: The Millennium Scien-
tific Initiative funds projects of science
research through Science Excellence Cen-
tres, based on scientific merits through
public competitions.
In what regards the implementation of STI ac-
tivities, they are conducted by a number of
organizations, some independent, and some

depending on ministries, among which the fo-
llowing should be pointed out:
s Ministry of Defence: Army Institute of Re-
search and Control, Research and Develo-
pment Office of the Air Force, Geography
Institute of the Army and Military Geogra-
phy Institute;
s Ministry of Mining: National Copper Cor-
poration Corporación Nacional del Cobre
(Fondo de Centros de Excelencia en Inves-
tigación - CODELCO), Mining and Meta-
llurgy Research Centre, and State Mines
Service;
s Ministry of Economy: Fund for Fisheries
Research (Fondo de Investigación Pesque-
ra - FIP), Industrial Property Department,
and National Statisicts Institute (Instituto
Nacional de Estadística - INE);
s Ministry of Agriculture: Agricultural Stu-
dies and Policies Office (Oficina de Es-
tudios y Politicas Agrarias - ODEPA) and
Foundation for Agricultural Innovation. Its
associated institutions are the Agricultural
Research Institute (Instituto de Investiga-
ciones Agropecuarias -INIA), the Agricul-
ture and Livestock Service, the National
Forestry Corporation, and the National
Agricultural Development Institute (Insti-
tuto Nacional de Desarrollo Agropecuario
- INDAP);
s Technology Institutes: They work on
applied research and development and the
transfer of technology, as well as the provi-
sion of technology services and the gene-
ration of information on natural resources.
Such institutes include: The Geological
Research Institute (Instituto de Investi-
gaciones Geológicas -SERNAGEOMIN),
the Fisheries Development Institute (Ins-
tituto de Fomento Pesquero - IFOP), the
National Normalization Institute (Institu-
to Nacional de Normalización - INN), the
Forestry Institute (Instituto Forestal - IN-
FOR), the Mining and Metallurgy Research
8]^aZ
Centre (Centro de Investigación Minera y
Metalúrgica - CIMM), the Chilean Antarc-
tic Institute (Instituto Antártico Chileno -
INACH) and the Chile Foundation, among
others;
s Public universities: They are funded mainly
through competitive funding (Innova Chile,
FONDEF and FIA) and only some of them
receive direct transfers from the National
Budget. Universities also apply for tech-
nological funds for funding their research
projects. The corresponding part from uni-
versities for such resources originates in
the Direct Tax Contribution (Aporte Fiscal
Directo - AFD), received yearly from the
State. Special mention is to be made of
the universities that belong to the Coun-
cil of Chilean Universities Deans (Consejo
de Rectores de Universidades Chilenas -
CRUCH) that carry out research and deve-
lopment tasks on a regular basis.
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[
B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
?dij_jkj_edWbWdZ8kZ][jWho
DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
The main laws that relate to the creation of
the central agencies for promoting STI acti-
vities were established prior to the Budapest
conference. However, the CNIC was created
in late 2005, and the Committee of Ministries
for Innovations was created in 2007. There
are bills to be passed in relation to the Law on
the National Innovation Fund for Competitive-
ness (Fondo de Innovación para la Competiti-
vidad - FIC), to be funded by a specific tax on
mining activities, and another tax exemption
for enterprises in the area of research.
In December 2007, the Congress passed a bill
on tax credits for private investment in R&D,
an instrument that InnovaChile is expected
to implement in 2008. It grants enterprises
a credit of 35% on all payments made in ac-
)(
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
cordance with the research and development
contracts duly certified by CORFO.
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?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
The National Innovation Strategy states that
the enterprise is the main actor involved in
the innovation process and that “to the extent
that the private enterprise does not become
the powerful engine of innovation processes,
these will continue to be partial and insuffi-
cient”.
At present there are a series of initiatives ai-
med towards the promotion of relations bet-
ween the System and the productive sector:
s Innova Chile: A CORFO programme fo-
cused mainly on private enterprises that
supports and promotes innovation in this
sector. It promotes technological innova-
tion in all forms, from R&D of products
and processes to the transfer, adoption
and spreading of technologies. It includes
four areas for action: Entrepreneurial inno-
vation, innovating enterprises, spreading
and transfer, and pre-competitive innova-
tion of public interest;
s Programme for insertion in the industry:
A co-funding programme for up to 3 years
consisting of contracts for young scientists
and/or technologists, to carry out projects
at technological enterprises and entities
associated and led by one or more enter-
prises, whose main activity is technolo-
gical research and development and are
able to prove effective skill transfer to the
productive sector;
s Fund for Fisheries Research (Fondo de
Investigación Pesquero - FIP): A fund of
the Sub-secretariat for Fisheries, orien-
ted at funding fishing and water resource
research projects on relevant technical,
biological, economic, socio-cultural and
))HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
eco-systemic aspects. The goal is to make
available the background data needed
by authorities, the private sector and the
scientific community for the administra-
tion, policy formulation, and sustainable
management and development of the fis-
hing resources of the country;
s Foundation for Agricultural Innovation
(Fundación para la Innovación Agraria -
FIA): The FIA promotes, coordinates and
provides funding for the development of
lines of action, programmes and projects
oriented at including innovation in pro-
ductive processes as well as to industrial
transformation or trading in agriculture,
livestock, forestry, agro-forestry and drin-
king water resources;
s Other CORFO instruments and program-
mes are: Tax credit for private investments
(2007), Associative Promotion Projects
(Proyectos Asociativos de Fomento - PRO-
FO), Technical Assistance Fund (Fondo de
Asistencia Técnica -FAT), Entrepreneurial
Management Support Programme (Pro-
grama de Apoyo a la Gestión de Empresas
- PAG), Providers’ Development Program-
me (Programa de Desarrollo a Proveedo-
res - PDP), Seed capital (pre-investment
programmes) and networks of angel inves-
tors.
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_edWdZ
j^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
Though there are several initiatives for te-
chnological transfer such as the Millennium
Initiative, a programme intended for creating
science institutes and nodes of excellence,
or through the mechanisms proposed by the
FONDEF, the country understands that this is
one of the main weaknesses to be overcome
by the new national strategy.

For this purpose, the following initiatives outs-
tand in the area of technological transfer and
links to actors of the System:
s Chile Foundation: Meant for introducing
innovation and developing the human re-
sources in key clusters of the Chilean eco-
nomy through the management of tech-
nologies and in alliances with knowledge
networks both local and global;
s Global Chile: Its objective is to promote
Chile in the knowledge economy, by taking
advantage of the international experien-
ces, ideas and contacts of other members,
as a mechanism for attracting business
opportunities, technology transfer and
know-how.
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The promotion of human resources advanced
training is done mainly through the funding
from public resources, postgraduate studies
scholarships in Science and Technology, both
in Chile and abroad. These resources are
managed mainly by CONICYT, the Ministry
of Planning and Cooperation (Ministerio de
Planeación y Cooperación -MIDEPLAN) and
the Programme for Improvement of Quality
and Equality in Higher Education of the Mi-
nistry of Education (Mejoramiento de la Cali-
dad y Equidad de la Educación Superior del
Ministerio de Educación - MECESUP), while
postgraduate programmes (at the Masters and
Doctorate levels) are offered mainly by the
Universities belonging to the Council of Deans
of Chilean Universities (Consejo de Rectores
de Universidades Chilenas -CRUCH). The
main public programmes for strengthening
human resource capital are:
s Postgraduate scholarship program of the
CONICYT: Funds scholarships for masters,
doctorates and post-doctorates at natio-
8]^aZ
nal and foreign universities with public
funds;
s President of the Republic Scholarships
(Ministry of Education): Provides scholars-
hips for students from low socio-economic
backgrounds for intermediate and higher
education with public funds;
s MECESUP Programme: Focused on rein-
forcing academic staff with doctorates,
curricular renewal focused on students,
sustained support to national doctorates
and the experimental introduction of per-
formance agreements between State uni-
versities. It is funded by the Agreement of
Loan 7317-CH subscribed by Chile and
the World Bank.
There are also the following programmes that
contribute to strengthening the human resour-
ce capital for STI:
s Bicentennial Science and Technology Pro-
gramme (Programa Bicentenario de Cien-
cia y Tecnología - PBCT): A CONICYT pro-
gramme aimed at developing an effective
innovation system and at increasing hu-
man resources of excellence for the Scien-
ce and Technology sector. The programme
is funded with public funds originating in
the surplus of copper sales;
s Chile Scholarships Programme: Funds
postdoctorate, doctorate, master, medical
sub-specialties and doctoral assistance
scholarships, as well as higher level tech-
nical education through education masters
scholarships for specializations, the trai-
ning of teachers through scholarships for
masters in education, and scholarships for
English, Math and Science perfectioning
assistance periods starting in 2009;
s Programme for insertion of postdoctora-
tes in the academic field: Stimulates the
employment of researchers that have ob-
tained doctorates and are duly skilled to
carry out independent scientific research
)*
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

individually or as part or a work team, with Additionally, the CONICYT is part of the
the funding of an insertion project; CYTED Latin American Programme, whose
s EXPLORA Informal Science and Technolo- IBEROEKA programme supports the develo-
gy Education Programme: It has become pment of projects held jointly by enterprises
a consolidating entity in actions for sprea- and public and private R&D bodies from La-
ding and appreciating Science and Tech- tin American countries. INNOVA includes two
nology in Chile. EXPLORA has developed programmes: Design in business platforms
actions like exhibits, science conferences, for external markets (supporting design and
national competitions and interactive ex- implementation) and prospective studies in
hibitions. external markets (prospecting and business
intelligence in external markets).
L??$?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed L???$KD;I9E9^W_hi
The CONICYT develops international coopera- s UNESCO Coastal Oceanography Chair
tion programmes on Science and Technology, – Concepción University – Concepción –
mainly through mobility programmes, educa- Chile;
tion scholarships, doctorate and postdoctora- s UNESCO Environmental Engineering Chair
te assistant programmes, workshops for scien- – Valparaíso Catholic University – Santan-
tific articulation and updating, joint research der – Chile;
project between 2 or more actors. Bilateral or
s UNESCO-EOLSS Chair on Natural Resour-
multilateral agreements may contain certain
ces Management, Territorial Arrangement
priority areas (ICTs with France, Energy with
and Environmental Protection – Concep-
Finland, Biotechnology with Brazil).
ción University – Concepción – Chile.
There is also the Multinational System of
Specialized Information on Biotechnolo- ?N$ B_dai
gy and Food Technology for Latin America Becas Chile: www.becaschile.cl
and the Caribbean (Sistema de Información Chile Global: www.chileglobal.cl
Multinacional de Biotecnología y Tecnología CONICYT: www.conicyt.cl
de Alimentos para América Latina y el Cari- CORFO: www.corfo.cl
be - SIMBIOSIS), a virtual network aimed at CRUCH: www.cruch.cl
Fundación Chile: www.fundacionchile.cl
connecting scientists, experts and research
INFOR: www.infor.cl
centres interested in biotechnology, food te- Iniciativa Científica Milenio:
chnology and biodiversity. It is sponsored by www.iniciativamilenio.cl
its member States and the OAS. The SIMBIO- INNOVA Chile: www.innova.cl
SIS network provides information on current Redes de Inversionistas Ángeles:
research programmes, national institutions, www.southernangels.cl
PBCT: www.pbct.cl
and efforts relative to development and hu-
Programa EXPLORA: www.explora.cl
man skills in STI.

)+HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
 9ebecX_W
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 45,6

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 2,5

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 395,4

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 8800,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 9,0

Industry 38,1 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 52,9
Publications listed int he SCI

586,0

SCI Scientific publications

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006)

per million of inhabitants

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 42,8

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 807,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 806,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 93,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2007) 36,4

Percentage of Public expenditure on education / 4,8
GDP (2006) Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 0,2

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP]

Patents per capita (residents)
12,2
(2007)
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 0,3

(2007)
Patents requested (2007) 274,0

Patents granted (2007) 216,0

Dependency rate (2007) 0,9

Invention coefficient (2007) 0,3

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 2,6
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 4,5 Patents per cápita requested by residents
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita granted to residents
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 375,7

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2006) 530,7 Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

),
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZ
Jh[dZi_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]o
WdZ?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The National Science Technology and Inno-
vation System (Sistema Nacional de Cien-
cia, Tecnología e Innovación - SNCTI) is an
entity that is made up of all programmes,
activities and strategies in the area and by
all institutions involved in Science and Te-
chnology activities in search of integrating
Science and Technology. It includes the
Colombian Institute for Science and Tech-
nology Development (COLCIENCIAS), the
central body for the promotion and deve-
lopment of Science, Technology and Inno-
vation (STI) in Colombia. By Law 1,286 of
2009 it ceased to report to the National
Planning Department (Departamento Na-
cional de Planeación - DNP) and acquired
the rank of STI Administrative Department.
Its function is to define STI policies, design
STI strategies and programmes, and streng-
then the National System (Sistema Nacio-
nal de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- SNCTI). COLCIENCIAS implements part
of the public STI budget through different
programmes such as the Innovation Incen-
tive Programme, the Shared Technological
Risk Programme, the Enterprise-University
Programme, the Programme for co-funding
projects, and the Councils of National Pro-
grammes on Science and Technology. The
latter are bodies for the management and
coordination of every programme organized
at the SNCTI (ex. Biotechnologies, electro-
nics, basic sciences, etc.)
Secondly, mention should be made of the
National Science and Technology Council
(Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
- CNCyT), the permanent body for mana-
gement and coordination at the SNCTI. Its
main functions are to approve STI policies
)-HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
and strategies proposed by COLCIENCIAS and
assisting the government in STI issues.
Lastly, the Colombian Science and Techno-
logy Observatory (Observatorio Colombiano
de Ciencia y Tecnología - OCyT) is meant for
assessing the status and dynamics of STI in
the country, and for producing, informing and
transferring measurement methodologies.
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[
B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
?dij_jkj_edWbWdZ8kZ][jWho
DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
The current SNCTI is based on the creation
of a legal framework that despite originating
in the early 90s, has undergone significant
changes in the past decade, namely:
s Law 633 (2000), Article 30: Entitles COL-
CIENCIAS for assessing scientific research
or technological innovation projects for
VAT exemptions;
s Law 788 (27 December 2002), Article 18:
Exempts income tax on new medicine pro-
ducts and software produced in Colombia
protected by newly registered patents as
long as they include a high level of natio-
nal scientific and technological research
contents;
s Law 812 (26 June 2003): Strengthens the
relationship between COLCIENCIAS and
the National Service for Learning (Servicio
Nacional de Aprendizaje - SENA);
s Law 1,286 (2009) or STI Law: Streng-
thens the institutionality of SNCTI for
achieving the proper use of STI in the pro-
duction model by turning COLCIENCIAS
into the STI Administrative Department,
thus granting it greater autonomy and re-
sources. It also created the National Fund
for STI Funding, under the responsibility
of COLCIENCIAS, managed by an autono-
mous estate. Funds programmes projects
and entities relative to STI and provides
8dadbW^V

).
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
risk capital funds or other instruments for
funding support to the programmes, pro-
jects and STI activities.
These legislative changes have been supple-
mented by the definition of policies and the
creation of new institutions and funds:
s Creation of the Economic and Social Poli-
cy Council (Consejo de Política Económica
y Social- CONPES) on STI: Includes the
creation of the body as of April 2009 with
the purpose of strengthening and conti-
nuing with the institutionalization of the
SNCTI;
s “Policy for Social Appropriation of STI”:
Promotes community participation in pu-
blic opinion relative to STI, the spreading
of Colombian STI, and the training of
science mediators and the creation of STI
culture.
?L$ CW_d?d_j_Wj_l[i\ehFhecej_d]
?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
The institutional scheme adopted by Colom-
bia promotes the greater participation of the
private sector and its articulation with SNC-
TI actors, as it favours the transfer of results
from research to productive processes. It is
also part of the strategy for defining priori-
ty areas (biodiversity, use and preservation
of water resources, electronic development,
etc.), taking into account not only the social
needs of the country but also its potential for
a greater synergy between public and private
actors from SNCTI.
There are also specific instruments intended
for research and cooperation between public
and private sectors for the inclusion of STI in
productive sectors:
s Centre for Genomic Excellence: Human
resource training, exchange of scientists
and creation of skills for genomics and
bio-computer science and for the creation
*%HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
of products and services of industrial in-
terest which have competitive and compa-
rative advantages in Colombia, given their
great diversity;
s Colombian Agricultural Research Corpo-
ration (Corporación Colombiana de In-
vestigación Agropecuaria - CORPOICA):
Generates scientific knowledge and tech-
nological agricultural development to im-
prove competitiveness in production, sus-
tainable use of natural resources and STI
capacity for the country in general;
s Creation of University – State – Enterpri-
se Committees: There are currently 8 and
have the objective of establishing the levels
or relevance between research activities at
universities and production activities;
s Co-funding Mechanism: Supports the im-
plementation of strategic or research pro-
grammes, as well as innovation and tech-
nological development carried out jointly
between one or more enterprises on one
side, and a technology development uni-
versity, on the other, by means of a sub-
sidy.
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_ed
WdZj^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
Firstly, the establishment of relations between
COLENCIAS and several entities, such as the
different Ministries (Education, Commerce,
Agriculture, etc.) other State agencies (Na-
tional Planning Office, National Learning Ser-
vice), support associations and banks (BAN-
COLDEX, FINAGRO) must be noted.
Secondly, the Project for Strengthening Te-
chnical and Technological Education in Co-
lombia is to outlined, based on the creation
of alliances between the educational and
productive sectors and local authorities (31
alliances).
Finally, the Colombian STI policy seeks to
profit from its scientific Diaspora by articu-
lating national skills in STI with Colombian

researchers abroad for capitalizing knowled-
ge, capacities and relations with Colombians
residing abroad and in the field of STI develo-
pment activities.
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The following initiatives in the area of human
resources in STI are of importance:
s ONDAS Programme: Oriented at appro-
priating Science and Technology to chil-
dren and youth populations;
s National Learning Service: Provides free
Integral Professional Training;
s Creation of competitive funding for promo-
ting the creation of master and doctorate
programmes;
s International Mobility Programmes (Pro-
gramas de Mobilidad Internacional - PMI):
A group of programmes that contribute
to strengthening professional relations
and strategic bonds between the national
scientific community and actors involved
in global science development, by means
of international mobility scholarships;
s Creation of 8 research centres of exce-
llence: The COLCIENCIAS definition of
research centres of excellence is “a natio-
nal network of top level research groups
articulated around a common work plan
in a scientific and technological area con-
sidered strategic for the country”. The
centres must develop border research with
permanent contact with peer international
entities, and also support the creation of
human resources at master and doctorate
levels, transfer the knowledge generated
to the productive sector, and submit the
results of their activities by means of in-
dexed international publications, as well
as undertaking a commitment regarding
the protection processes relative to inte-
llectual property and patenting;
8dadbW^V
s Support to national doctorate program-
mes: Through credits from the Internatio-
nal Reconstruction and Promotion Bank
(Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y
Fomento - BIRF), COLCIENCIAS has pro-
vided financial assistance to the creation
of national doctorate programs for 2002
and 2003.
L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
The International Mobility Programs for Re-
searchers and Innovators are some of the
most traditional forms of international coope-
ration. These programmes provide support for
international mobility of researchers and en-
trepreneurs through cooperation agreements
relating to the development of joint projects.
Additionally, Colombia created world class
thematic sectors in search of inserting Co-
lombia into the global economy (bio-fuels,
industrial clusters, natural resources, infor-
mation and communication technologies or
successful national enterprises). Colombia is
also part of the Pablo Neruda Mobility Progra-
mme that focuses on strengthening national
doctorate programmes intended for increasing
the mobility of researchers through internatio-
nal mobility scholarships.
Colombia is also a member of the internatio-
nal Network of Information and Knowledge
Sources for the STI Management (Red Inter-
nacional de Fuentes de Información y Cono-
cimiento para la Gestión de la Ciencia, Tec-
nología e Innovación -SCIENTI). It is a public
network of information and knowledge sources
intended for contributing to the management
of STI activities and for promoting a public
and cooperational space for interaction bet-
ween the systems actors and the national STI
communities of member countries. The sour-
ces of information include résumés, research
groups, institutions and projects.
*&
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

There is also the Multinational System of
Specialized Information on Biotechnolo-
gy and Food Technology for Latin America
and the Caribbean (Sistema de Información
Multinacional de Biotecnología y Tecnología
de Alimentos para América Latina y el Cari-
be - SIMBIOSIS), a virtual network aimed at
connecting scientists, experts and research
centres interested in biotechnology, food te-
chnology and biodiversity. It is sponsored by
its member States and the OAS. The SIMBIO-
SIS network provides information on current
research programmes, national institutions,
and efforts relative to development and hu-
man skills in STI.
Union and the improvements of relations with
countries of strategic interest (Germany, the
U.S., China, Brazil, Korea, Chile, Spain, Ja-
pan, India and the Russian Federation).
L???$KD;I9E9^W_hi
s UNESCO Chair for Human Development
and Environmental Education – Pontifical
Bolivarian University – Medellín, Antio-
quia – Colombia
s UNESCO Chair for Reinforcement of Eco-
logical Theory Study Programme – Popa-
yán University Foundation– Santa Fe de
Bogotá – Colombia

Additionally, Colombia is part of the “Cacao

?N$B_dai
Route of America: Cultural diversity and en-
dogenous development”, a project for which it BIRF: www.bancomundial.org/birf
COLCIENCIAS: www.colciencias.gov.co
conducts research projects at the regional le-
CORPOICA: www.corpoica.org.co
vel with Cuba, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. DNP: www.dnp.gov.co
Lastly, one should make reference to the OCyT: www.ocyt.org.co
SENA: www.sena.edu.co
strengthening of relations with the European

*'HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
 8dhiVG^XV

9eijWH_YW
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Total FTE S&T staff
?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Population (in millions) (2009) 4,3

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 2,7

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 48,3

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 11500,0

Total FTE S&T staff

Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 6,5

Industry 25,9 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 67,6
Publications listed int he SCI

498,0

SCI Scientific publications

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006)

per million of inhabitants

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 42,2

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 854,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 848,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 95,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2007) 41,3

Percentage of Public expenditure on education /
GDP (2006)
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007)
R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP]
(2007)
4,9
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
0,4
Patents per capita (residents)
30,9
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP (2007) 1,8

Patents requested (2007) 653,0

Patents granted (2007) 27,0

Dependency rate (2007) 14,3

Invention coefficient (2007) 0,9

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 6,5
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 4,4
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita requested by residents
Patents per cápita granted to residents
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 87,2

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2004) 129,0

Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

*(
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi novation in Costa Rica, which includes the

_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The National System was established by Law
7.169 of 2005. It consists of the institutions,
entities and bodies of the public and private
sectors and the research and higher educa-
tion institutions whose main activities are in
the field of STI. The Ministry of Science and
Technology (Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolo-
gía - MICIT) is the ruling body and has the
objective to promote, encourage and stimu-
late the creation of conditions favourable for
research, innovation, knowledge and techno-
logical development within the country, in or-
der to support economic growth and improve
the life quality of the citizens of Costa Rica.
It defines national policies and funds STI ac-
tivities through the National Programme of
Science and Technology Fairs and the PRO-
PYME Fund.
Also, the National Council for Scientific and
Technological Research (Consejo Nacional de
Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica - CO-
NICIT) is in charge of the implementation
of policies, the assessment of proposals and
the funding of R&D through the Technologi-
cal Development Fund (Fondo de Desarrollo
Tecnológico - FODETEC) and the Risk Fund
for Innovation (Fondo de Riesgo para la Inno-
vación - FORINVES). Public Universities also
play a significant role in the implementation
and funding of STI activities.
Lastly, the following are institutions of signifi-
cance related to the MICIT:
s National Innovation Committee: Aimed
at promoting the creation of the National
Science and Technology System for Innova-
tion, created in 2007 with members from
the academic, public and private sectors.
This Committee prepared the Atlas for In-
strategy, funding and future articulation of
the system;
s Committee for Incentive of Science and
Technology: Includes different represen-
tatives from various public agencies and
representatives from the private produc-
tive sector and higher education entities.
The purpose of the committee is to select
people or qualified institutions to receive
public incentives, except for the incenti-
ves that are granted by the CONICIT inde-
pendently;
s Regional Councils: Local bodies, members
of and reporting to the Ministry of Science
and Technology, whose purpose is to pro-
mote and manage STI development in the
different regions of the country.
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B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
?dij_jkj_edWbWdZ8kZ][jWho
DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
Article 13 of Law 8,262 or Law for Streng-
thening SMEs (17 May 2002) created the
Programme for supporting SMEs (Programa
de Apoyo a la Pequeña y Mediana Empresa -
PROPYME).
Also, the Executive Decree Law 34582-MP-
PLAN (July 2008) established that the Scien-
ce and Technology sector was to be made up
of the following institutions: MICIT, National
Council of Scientific and Technological Re-
search (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones
Científicas y Tecnológicas - CONICIT), the
National Science Academy, the Accrediting
Entity of Costa Rica (Entidad Costarricense
de Acreditación - ECA), the Food technology
research centre (Centro de Investigación en
Tecnología de Alimentos - CITA) and the Na-
tional Committee of Atomic Energy (Comisión
Nacional de Energía Atómica - CEA).

*)HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
8dhiVG^XV

**
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
?L$ CW_d?d_j_Wj_l[i\ehFhecej_d]
?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
Of upmost importance is the creation and
consolidation of risk capital funds, non-reim-
bursable funds and special loans. Costa Rica
has two private risk capital funds that invest
in enterprises with technological basis, speci-
fically software producing enterprises. There
are also two public programmes that provide
non-reimbursable funds and special loans
to the funding of entrepreneurial innovation
projects. They are: Banca de Desarrollo del
Banco Nacional de Costa Rica and the PRO-
PYMES Funds.
In regards to the support of SMEs, the abo-
vementioned PROPYME Fund constitutes
a financial support instrument for activities
oriented at promoting and improving mana-
ging capacities and competitiveness, through
technological and scientific development.
Thirdly, the National Competitiveness Council
(Consejo Nacional de Competitividad - CONA-
COM) is a national program for the participa-
tion, promotion and facilitation of alliances
between institutions in the public and pro-
ductive sectors and civil society in order to
concentrate efforts to pursue shared objecti-
ves.
Lastly, the Scientific-Technological Registry
(Registro Científico-Tecnológico - RCT) con-
sortium is a body based on data provided by
several national and international entities,
both private and public, regarding scientific
projects and research. Therefore, all benefits
offered by the RCT are the result of the syner-
gic efforts of the members of the consortium.
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_edWdZ
j^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
In order to favour the popularity of STI in Cos-
ta Rica, a programme of national Science and
Technology fairs has been created. This pro-
*+HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
gramme promotes STI activities by means of
institutional, regional and national fairs that
have become an important de-centralization
platform. The programme covers all students
in the public education sector.
There is also de National Science Academy
(Academia Nacional de Ciencias - ANC), a
permanent forum for discussing and analyzing
science with the purpose of generating scien-
tific culture through research and scienti-
fic relations between its members and other
scientific groups, through its cooperation with
national and international bodies.
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
At the professional level, two initiatives for
strengthening the STI human resources in
Costa Rica should be highlighted:
s National Centre of High Technology (Cen-
tro Nacional de Alta Tecnología - CENAT):
An inter-university body specialized in the
development of research and postgraduate
programmes in high technology areas;
s Trainers Training Centre (Centro de For-
mación de Formadores - CEFOF): A cen-
tre with the purpose of training specialists
in quality management, production, ICTs,
environmental and entrepreneurial mana-
gement.
In what concerns the social appropriation of
STI, one can look to the creation of an Advan-
ced Internet network which includes 100,000
permanent wideband connections for all citi-
zens of the country. This project is supple-
mented by Intelligent Community Centres
(Centros Comunitarios Inteligentes - CECI)
which prioritize basic training for the use of
the Internet and its applications, as well as
electronic mail, English, video conferences,
SMEs topics, among others.
Lastly, there is a programme for promoting and
encouraging training workshops for teachers

at Science and Technology fairs (approxima-
tely 5,000 teachers were involved during the
2002-2006 period).
L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
Costa Rica has subscribed agreements on
multilateral acknowledgement as part of ILAC
(International Laboratory Accreditation Coo-
peration) and IAAF (International Forum for
Accreditation of Certifying Bodies). It is also
part of the Project for Supporting Entrepre-
neurial Technological Cooperation in Latin
America known as IBEROEKA. IBEROEKA
projects constitute an instrument aimed at
the industrial sector for promoting coopera-
tion among enterprises in the research and
technological development field. IBEROEKA
innovation projects are generated in bottom
up processes with participating enterprises
presenting ideas and deciding projects and
terms for their implementation. In each pro-
ject, the enterprises choose their partners and
the corresponding cooperation agreement, as
well as the risk quota and costs to be borne by
each party, and the distribution of profits from
the project in the exploitation phase.
There is also the Multinational System of
Specialized Information on Biotechnolo-
gy and Food Technology for Latin America
and the Caribbean (Sistema de Información
8dhiVG^XV
Multinacional de Biotecnología y Tecnología
de Alimentos para América Latina y el Cari-
be - SIMBIOSIS), a virtual network aimed at
connecting scientists, experts and research
centres interested in biotechnology, food te-
chnology and biodiversity. It is sponsored by
its member States and the OAS. The SIMBIO-
SIS network provides information on current
research programmes, national institutions,
and efforts relative to development and hu-
man skills in STI.
Finally, the organization of the ExpoINGE-
NIERÍA exhibition involves the participation
and cooperation of the Ministry of Science
and Technology and the Ministry of Public
Education (Technical Education and Entre-
preneurial Skills Department), and the Intel
Corporation.
L???$KD;I9E9^W_hi
s UNESCO Chair on Computer Science rela-
ted to Biodiversity – Technology Institute
of Costa Rica – Cártago – Costa Rica
?N$B_dai
ANC: www.anc.cr
CEFOF: www.cefof.ac.cr
CENAT: www.cenat.ac.cr
CONACOM: www.conacom.go.cr
CONICIT: www.conicit.go.cr
MICIT: www.micit.go.cr
RCT: rct.conicit.go.cr/
*,
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

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fkhik[j^h[[cW_deX`[Yj_l[i$<_hij"_ji^ekbZ
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eh]Wd_iWj_edi"WdZj^[df_Yaekj\hecWced]
j^[cj^ei[_jj^_daiceij_cfehjWdjjefhecej[
ehjeijkZo$I[YedZbo"_ji^ekbZijkZoj^[fhWYj_YWb
Wffb_YWj_edie\iY_[dY[WdZWhjWiWfWhj_YkbWh
ieY_WbfheXb[c"jeZ_iYel[hm^WjWh[j^[h[Wiedi
m^_Y^fh[l[dj"\hkijhWj[ehZ_ijehjj^[c"m^Wj
Wh[j^[[\\[Yjie\kdZk[if[[ZehkdZk[Z[bWo$
IkY^WijkZoi^ekbZX[e\Yedi_Z[hWXb[^[bf
_dfhecej_d]j^[j[Y^d_YWb[\ÓY_[dYoe\j^_i
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j^[ceij_cfehjWdj"_ijeh[bWj[j^[Wffb_YWj_edi
e\iY_[dY[WdZWhjje[WY^ej^[hWdZjeW][d[hWb
iYWb[e\lWbk[i"ieWijei[Ykh[Wfhef[hWcekdj
WdZhWj[e\Wffb_YWj_ed_d[WY^Ó[bZ$È
?ja^Vc=jmaZn!:mXZgei[gdbÆJC:H8D/>ihEjgedhZVcY
E]^adhde]nÇ!lg^iiZcYjg^c\VWg^Z[ildlZZ`kVXVi^dcWZ[dgZ
Vhhjb^c\VhJC:H8D9^gZXidg<ZcZgVa^c&.)+#

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 9kXW
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Total FTE S&T staff
?$=[d[hWb:WjW
Population (in millions) (2009) 11,5

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 4,3

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 108,2

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 9500,0

Total FTE S&T staff

Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 4,4

Industry 22,8 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 72,8
Publications listed int he SCI

SCI Scientific publications

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006)

per million of inhabitants

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 35,8

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 863,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 844,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 100,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2007) 52,6

Percentage of Public expenditure on education /
GDP (2006)
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2008)
R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP]
(2008)
9,8
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
0,4
Patents per capita (residents)
22,8
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP (2007) 1,1

Patents requested (2008) 284,0

Patents granted (2008) 81,0

Dependency rate (2008) 1,8

Invention coefficient (2008) 0,8

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 7,5
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 3,6
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita requested by residents
Patents per cápita granted to residents
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 130,0

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2008) 304,4

Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

*.
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi
_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The Cuban Science, Technology and Innova-
tion (STI) system includes governmental bo-
dies that act as managers, planners and or-
ganizers, entities that implement scientific,
technological and innovation activities, and
organizations that cooperate and integrate di-
fferent implementing entities.
The central body of the system is the Ministry
of Science, Technology and Environment (Mi-
nisterio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Am-
biente - CITMA). This body has the objective
of governing the System and is in charge of
guiding, implementing and controlling State
and governmental policies relative to science,
technology and environment, as well as the
use of nuclear energy. Its functions include:
proposing and assessing STI strategies and
policies; guiding and controlling the processes
of definition, implementation and assessment
of programmes on scientific research and te-
chnological innovation; promoting the use of
scientific results, inventions and technologi-
cal solutions in the productive sector and in
society, ; and guiding and controlling strate-
gies and actions for international cooperation
regarding Science and Technology, industrial
property, environment and the use of nuclear
energy.
Also, the Priority Programmes and Projects
Management Centre (Centro de Gerencia de
Programas y Proyectos Priorizados - GEPROP)
has the purpose of managing, assessing, fun-
ding and controlling programmes and projects
that correspond to national priorities and ac-
ting as an interface with scientific, productive
and financial sectors. In order to accomplish
such objectives, it implements the Natio-
nal Programmes on Science and Techniques
(Programas Nacionales de Ciencia y Técnica
- PNCT).
+%HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
Also, the Cuban Science and Technology Ob-
servatory (Observatorio Cubano de Ciencia y
Tecnología - OCCYT) is in charge of analyzing
and assessing prospective strategic issues for
STI development in Cuba and its relation with
priorities of economic, social and environmen-
tal development.
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B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
?dij_jkj_edWbWdZ8kZ][jWho
DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
The creation of the GEPROP in March 2000
was due to the demand for a more organized
system, allotment of financial State resour-
ces for the PNCTs and more efficient use of
existing human skills and materials. To such
effects, the GEPROP includes PNCTs, an in-
tegrated group of STI activities, mainly based
on projects aimed at solving problems iden-
tified among the national priorities and at
achieving specific results and effects for the
scientific, economic and social development
of the country.
Also of interest is the OCCYT, created in 2001
by means of Resolution 103-2001, which de-
fines its functions.
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?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
Productive-Scientific Poles (Polos Científicos-
Productivos - PCP) are organized entities with
different profiles (academia, scientific, produ-
cers of goods and services), integrated in a
joint task for boosting the use of STI based on
the interest of a territory or a thematic issue.
There are 15 PCPs, 12 of which are organized
geographically, and the remaining 3 are the-
matically based.
8jWV

+&
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_edWdZ
j^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
One of the Cuban strategies for improving in-
teraction between the productive sector and
the STI System is the creation of thematic
fronts. These are virtual networks for integra-
ting scientific work originated in a thematic
area for comparison and scientific discussion,
assessment of international trends, identifica-
tion of strategies and definition of proposals.
Thematic areas selected are: Biology, bio-agri-
culture and sugar agro-industry.
At the network level, the National Association
of Innovators and Rationalizers (Asociación
Nacional de Innovadores y Racionalizadores -
ANIR) is an organized body consisting of all
of the countries economic entities aimed at
favouring innovation and the application of
STI as a contribution to economic efficiency
in the production of goods and services. The
Cuban Science Academy, a consulting insti-
tution of the Cuban State stands out in this
area. It is aimed at contributing to the deve-
lopment of science and spreading scientific
advances both national and international; as
well as prioritizing excellence in scientific re-
search and tightening bonds of scientists with
their organizations, society and the rest of the
world.
Lastly, there is the Network of Scientific and
Technological Information, an organization
of national scope consisting of 900 units re-
lated to several bodies and institutions. Its
methodology node is the Scientific and Tech-
nological Information Institute (Instituto de
Informacion Cientifica y Tecnologica - IDICT).
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
In what regards the training and strengthe-
ning of human resources, three bodies are to
be mentioned as playing a central role:
+'HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
s Technical Youth Brigades: An organization
for enhancing youth and their professional
development, by stimulating innovation
through activities such as competitions,
prized and exhibits;
s University of Havana: The vice-deanery of
research is aimed at supporting, promo-
ting and consolidating scientific research
activities of all faculties and centres that
are part of the institution;
s Scientific and Technical Forum: A move-
ment that brings together STI actors and
the rest of society in search for spreading
and promoting social appropriation of STI,
as well as of scientific, technological and
innovative solutions for economic and so-
cial problems.
L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
The role of the GEPROP must be highlighted
with regards to the insertion of Cuba in inter-
national STI. This institution carries out a va-
riety of activities of international cooperation
through its own specialists, as a way to streng-
then the activity of PNCTs. It is closely related
to the Latin American Programme on Science
and Technology for Development (Programa
Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para
el Desarrollo - CYTED), coordinating two in-
ternational networks: “Latin American the-
matic network on wetlands” and “Network on
the use of sugar biomass as a source of food,
energy, by-products and their relation with a
preserved environment”. It participates, along
with the FAO in coordinating the Bio-FAO Net-
work (Plant biotechnology). It is the represen-
tative of Cuba before the Inter-American Insti-
tute for Research on Global Change (Instituto
Inter-Americano para la Investigación del
Cambio Global - IAI), and has been one of the
vice-presidents of the executive committee for
the past three periods of office.
 8jWV

Additionally, Cuba is part of the “Cacao Route L???$KD;I9E9^W_hi

in America: Cultural diversity and endogenous
s UNESCO Chair on Biomaterials – Universi-
development” project, for which it has under-
ty of Havana – Havana - Cuba
taken regional level research projects with Co-
lombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.
?N$ B_dai
A UNDP/GEF project was started in 1993 for
Academia de Ciencias de Cuba:
the protection and sustainable use of biodi- www.academiaciencias.cu
versity in the Savannah-Camagüey Ecosystem Forum de Ciencia y Técnica:
(Ecosistema Sabana-Camagüey - ESC), upon www.forumcyt.cu
the investments in tourism that were taking GEPROP: www.geprop.cu
place at the Keys. The project has three sta- IDICT: www.idict.cu
OCCYT: www.occyt.cu
ges (two of them already successfully accom-
Red Cubana de Ciencias:
plished), and have been funded by the Cuban www.redciencia.cu
State, with an important co-funding from GEF, Universidad de La Habana: www.uh.cu
the UNDP, and other actors like Environment
Canada, Canadian Department of Environ-
ment - Regina and La Salle -, Canadian Natu-
re Federation/Ducks Unlimited/World Wildlife
Fund Canada, Parks Canada, and Canadian
Wildlife Service, among others.

+(
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

Ç:[if_j[j^[_hZ_\\[h[djÓ[bZie\
Wffb_YWj_ed"iY_[dY[WdZj[Y^debe]o
Wh[Xej^"WiWm^eb["j^[]h[Wj
_dijhkc[djie\ieY_WbY^Wd]["
WdZed[YekbZdejZ_iieY_Wj[\hec
j^[ej^[hm_j^ekjWjjWYa_d]j^[
Yekdjh_[iÊfh[he]Wj_l[ie\[\\[Yj_l[bo
]k_Z_d]ieY_WbY^Wd][jemWhZiW
ceh[Z[i_hWXb[\kjkh[j^Wdj^[ed[
j^Wj^WiX[[dXk_bjj^hek]^j^[
jh[dZiie\Wh$?\iY_[dj_ÓYWffheWY^"
m^_Y^[dWXb[ij^[kdZ[hijWdZ_d]
e\j^[mehbZWdZ_ji_d^WX_jWdji"
WdZj[Y^debe]_YWb[nf[hj_i[m^_Y^
YWdfhWYj_YWbboiebl[WbceijWbb
Yebb[Yj_l[WdZ_dZ_l_ZkWbfheXb[ci
Wh[dej^WdZb[Z^Whced_ekibo"
ed[hkdij^[h_iae\\Wbb_d]_dje
ed[e\jme[njh[c[i0[_j^[h_dW
Yedj[cfbWj_l[_cceX_b_jo"eh_dW
j^ek]^jb[iiWYj_l_ic$È

<jhiVkdBVaZ`!9^gZXidgd[JC:H8D
GDHIA68!GZ\^dcVaD[ÒXZd[HX^ZcXZ
VcYIZX]cdad\n^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z
8Vg^WWZVc&.,,"&..%

+)HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
 :ec_d_YWdH[fkXb_Y
Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Scientific publications listed in the SCI

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI publications per cápita

Patents per capita (residents)

Patents per million of inhabitants

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Population (in millions) (2009) 9,7

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 5,3

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 78,0

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 8200,0

Patents per cápita requested by residents
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) Patents per cápita granted to residents

Agriculture 10,8

Industry 22,9

Services 66,3

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 516,0

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 37,3

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 777,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 775,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 87,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff -

Percentage of Public expenditure on education / 1,7
GDP (2006)
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP -

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] -

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP -

Patents requested (2000) 167,0

Patents granted -

Dependency rate (2000) 19,9

Invention coefficient (2000) 0,1

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 0,5
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in -
R&D
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999)
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2006)
Gráficos elaboración propia en base a datos provistos por United Nations
Statistics Division y RICYT (2009).

+*
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi
_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The National System of Innovation and Tech-
nological Development (SNIDT, Sistema Na-
cional de Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico)
is organized through the Council for Innova-
tion and Technological Development (CIDT,
Consejo de Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnoló-
gico), which is formed by the different gover-
nmental agencies directly related to innova-
tion and technological development issues,
and the representatives of the most important
productive sectors in the country. The State
Secretariat of Higher Education, Science and
Technology (SEESCYT, Secretaría de Estado
de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología)
chairs the CIDT and is the central authority in
the SNIDT. It is the body responsible for pro-
moting, regulating and managing the SNIDT.
It is in charge of formulating public policies
of higher education, Science and Technology
and of performing tasks of planning, promo-
tion and evaluation within the sector.
The SEESCYT is formed by three institutions
that articulate the operation of the SNIDT. Its
executive agency is formed by the SEESCYT
and three sub-secretariats (Higher Education,
Administration and Science and Technology).
The sub-secretariat of Science and Technolo-
gy is responsible of ongoing support and mo-
nitoring with regard to Science, Technology
and Innovation (STI) activities.
On the other hand, the National Council of
Higher Education, Science and Technology
(CONESCYT, Consejo Nacional de Educación
Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología) is the agency
whith most superiority in the SEESCYT and
maximum government authority with regard
to higher education, Science and Technology.
Amongst other main functions it works to: For-
mulate the policies of the system; define stra-
++HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
tegies, programmes and goals for the develo-
pment of the sector; define funding policies
and criteria for the use of the funds assigned
to the system; promote equal opportunities in
the access to higher education and scientific
and technological advances; approve the crea-
tion and possible suspension of institutions of
higher education, Science and Technology;
establish standards for the evaluation of hig-
her education, Science and Technology; and
also to propose to the government scholarship
and education loan programmes for students,
teachers and researches.
The National Fund for Innovation and Scien-
tific and Technological Development (FONDO-
CYT, Fondo Nacional de Innovación y Desarro-
llo Científico y Tecnológico) is in charge of the
system’s funding. It is a structure under the
authority of the SEESCYT and coordinated by
the Sub-Ministry of Science and Technology.
It was established by Law 139-01 as a me-
chanism for the non reimbursable funding of
activities, programmes and projects of scien-
tific and technological research.
In the last quarter of the year 2008, the
Board of the National System of Research in
Higher Education, Science, Technology and
Innovation started to be formed to elabora-
te indicators that will facilitate the ongoing
support both to the Ten-Year Plan of Higher
Education 2008-2018 (PDES, Plan Decenal
de Educación Superior) and to the Ten-Year
Plan of Science, Technology and Innovation
2008-2018 (PECYT+I, Plan Decenal de Cien-
cia, Tecnología e Innovación). Information ge-
nerated by this system shall be an important
input for the formulation and evaluation of na-
tional policies in Higher Education, Science,
Technology and Innovation. It will also provide
comparable indicators according to interna-
tional standards relating to these activities in
Dominican Republic, also being the first eva-
luation effort of the SNIDT.
9db^c^XVcGZejWa^X

+,
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[B[#
]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"?dij_#
jkj_edWbWdZ8kZ][jWhoDWj_edWb
<hWc[mehai
The Dominican SNIDT has been completely
restructured since the Budapest Conference
in 1999. The following are the main laws and
initiatives that articulate the SNIDT:
s Law 139-01 (2001): It creates the national
system of higher education, Science and
Technology and the SEESCYT. It amends
preceding legal provisions. The objecti-
ve of the law is to lay the foundations for
the scientific and technological develop-
ments, considering the higher education
and Science and Technology as instru-
ments for developing innovative capacity
and making competitiveness possible. The
law also confirms the right of all citizens
to access to higher education, scientific
knowledge and technologies; states the ru-
les of the system and the mechanisms that
ensure the quality and pertinence of ser-
vices provided by institutions which form
it; and announces the guidelines for the
funding of education and R&D projects;
s Resolution 034-2002 (October 24 2002):
It approves the constitution of a Network
of Research Centres of the SEESCYT, and
the membership of the National Centre of
Maternal-Infant Research (CENISMI, Cen-
tro Nacional de Investigaciones Materno
Infantil), as part of the Network;
s Decree 190-07 (2007): It creates the
SNIDT as a mechanism of inter-institu-
tional and inter-Sectoral mechanism of
the public and private agents and actors
directly related with the innovation and
technological development processes in
Dominican Republic. It also states that
the objective of the SNIDT is to articulate
the STI sectors network of public, private
and civil society organizations in order to
increase the competitive capacities of the
+-HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
country’s strategic productive sectors. Its
management agency is the CIDT which is
formed by representatives from the public,
private and academic sectors.
Finally, the National Council for Innovation
and Technological Development must be
mentioned, which is the articulating entity of
the SNIDT. This one is under process of ela-
boration.
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?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
In the last decade, many initiatives to promo-
te interactions between the SNIDT and the
productive sector of the country have been
implemented, among which the following can
be noted:
s National Fund for Innovation and Scienti-
fic and Technological Development (FON-
DOCYT, Fondo Nacional de Innovación y
Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico): It
funds projects of scientific research and
of scientific-technological development in
the following programmes: Biotechnology,
basic sciences (in the fields of biology, phy-
sics and chemistry), energy (with empha-
sis on renewable sources and bio-fuels),
software engineering, expert mechanisms
and artificial intelligence, innovation in
processes, products, goods and services of
the productive sectors, environment and
natural resources, and food technology;
s National Competitiveness Council (CNC,
Consejo Nacional de Competitividad): It
is a platform of promotion of competitive-
ness where STI actors are articulated. Its
objective is to encourage, strengthen and
coordinate active policies aimed at the
achievement of systemic competitiveness
of the Dominican Republic;
s National Council of the Private Enterprise
(CONEP, Consejo Nacional de la Empresa
Privada): It is the agency that is a forum

for most of the private enterprises in the
Dominican Republic;
s eMprende Project: It is the first incubator
of technological business enterprises ai-
med at giving support to entrepreneurs du-
ring the whole process of creation, growth
and consolidation of enterprises based on
ICT, and at generating a critical mass of
undertakings of quality to promote inves-
tors’ participation.
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J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The National Institute of Technical-Vocational
Education (INFOTEP, Instituto Nacional de
Formación Técnico Profesional) is the gover-
ning body of the National System of Education
for Productive Work (Sistema Nacional de For-
mación para el Trabajo Productivo). Its main
function is to train labour force of the national
productive sector, to give advice to enterprises
and to regulate the professional education at
the national level. There also exists the Loyola
Specialized Institute of Higher Studies which
offers professional education in Industrial En-
gineering and Networks and Telecommunica-
tions Engineering.
On the other hand, there exists a wide variety
of institutions of higher education that contri-
bute to the education of human resources for
STI activities and that perform research acti-
vities some of which have been noted below:
s Higher Institute of Agriculture (ISA, Insti-
tuto Superior de Agricultura);
s Technological Institute of Oriental Cibao
(ITECO, Instituto Tecnológico del Cibao
Oriental);
s Catholic University;
s Ibero-American University (UNIBE, Uni-
versidad Iberoamericana);
s National University-Institute of Exact
Sciences (UNINCE, Universidad-Instituto
Nacional de Ciencias Exactas);
9db^c^XVcGZejWa^X
s Technological Institute of Santo Domingo
(INTEC, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo
Domingo);
s Autonomous University of Santo Domingo
(UASD, Universidad Autónoma de Santo
Domingo);
s National University Pedro Henriquez Ure-
ña (UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro
Henríquez Ureña);
s University for Agroforestry Fernando Artu-
ro de Meriño (UAFAM, Universidad Agrofo-
restal Fernando Arturo de Meriño);
s Technological University of Santiago
(UTESA, Universidad Tecnológica de San-
tiago);
s APEC University (UNAPEC, Universidad
APEC).
Finally, the scholarships of the Las Americas
Institute of Technology (ITLA, Instituto Tec-
nológico de Las Américas) are granted for on-
going education courses given in the fields of
mechatronics, multimedia, information tech-
nology, software and English, thus contribu-
ting to the education of the human capital in
Dominican Republic.
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=beXWb_pWj_ed
The most important initiative for international
cooperation in Dominican Republic is the In-
ternational Advisory Commission for Science
and Technology (CIACT, Comisión Internacio-
nal Asesora de Ciencia y Tecnología). In 2005
it was created by decree with the objective
of internationally positioning the Dominican
Republic as one of the Latin-American coun-
tries of great influence in the development of
Science and Technology issues. Its mission is
to strengthen and foster the field of Science
and Technology, to promote and develop new
areas of scientific and technological research
at the national level.
+.
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

The CIACT has signed collaboration agree- nal Commission of Scientific and Technologi-
ments with several institutions such as the cal Research in Chile.
Dominican Institute of Telecommunications
(INDOTEL, Instituto Dominicano de Teleco- L??$ B_dai
municaciones), the INTEC, the Dominican
CIACT: www.ciact.gov.do
Association of Foreign Investment Enterprises
CNC: cnc.gov.do
(ASIEX, Asociación Dominicana de Empresas CONEP: www.conep.org.do
de Inversión Extranjera), the National Council INFOTEP: www.infotep.gov.do
of Private Enterprise (CONEP, Consejo Na- IPL: www.ipl.edu.do
cional de la Empresa Privada), the American ITLA: www.itla.edu.do
Chamber of Commerce, the Scandinavian- SEESCYT: www.seescyt.gov.do
Baltic Chamber of Commerce and the Natio-

,%HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
 ;YkWZeh
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 14,6

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 6,5

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 107,7

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 7500,0 Total FTE S&T staff
FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008)
Agriculture 6,7
34,3 Scientific publications listed in the SCI
Industry
Services 59,0
Publications listed int he SCI

SCI Scientific publications

536,0

per million of inhabitants

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006)
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 26,7

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 806,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) -

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 91,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2007) 45,7

Percentage of Public expenditure on education
/GDP
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007)
R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP]
(2007)
- Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
0,2
Patents per capita (residentes)
10,8
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 0,2

(2007)
Patents requested (2007) 761,0

Patents granted (2007) 37,0

Dependency rate (2005) 52,8

Invention coefficient (2005) 0,1

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 1,7
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 3,8 Patents per cápita requested by residents
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita granted to residents

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 47,0

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2007) 149,3 Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

,&
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi
_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
Ecuador National STI and Ancestral Knowled-
ge system was created in October 2008 and
ratified by the new national Constitution. The
Law states that the main body in the System
is the National Secretariat of Science and
Technology (Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia
y Tecnología - SENACYT), reports to the Vi-
ce-presidency of the Republic. Its functions
are to define STI policies, coordinate actions,
fund the system, negotiate technical and fi-
nancial cooperation, and implement approved
plans and policies, assist the government on
Science and Technology issues and promote
the creation and improvement of the legal STI
framework.
Additionally, the SENACYT chairs the Science
and Technology Foundation (Fundación para
la Ciencia y Tecnología - FUNDACYT), a body
that acts as a technical, operative and pro-
moting entity for the system. It is in charge
of: Implementing the STI programme, the
planning, implementation and control of po-
licies, strategies and plans approved by the
SENACYT, proposing and fixing criteria for the
resource allocation of national programmes.
Additionally it is responsible for promoting
and funding research and STI service pro-
jects, the training of human resources at ex-
cellence levels, the national system of scien-
tific and technological information, together
with mechanisms for spreading Science and
Technology and the management of financial
resources provided by the SENACYT or other
multilateral bodies.
Also, within the Ecuadorian system there are
a variety of bodies and implementing entities
related with R&D. The main ones are: The Na-
tional Centre of Water and Marine Research
(Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investiga-
ciones Marinas - CENAIM), the National Po-
lytechnic School (Escuela Politecnica Nacio-
,'HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
nal -EPN), the Agricultural Research Institute
(Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
- INIAP), the National Hygiene Institute, the
National Fishing Institute, the Pontifical Ca-
tholic University, Central University of Ecua-
dor, Cuenca University, Guayaquil University,
the Ambato Technical University, and the San
Francisco de Quito University.
The Ecuadorian System, however, does not
have an assessing entity. A National As-
sessment and Indicators System is currently
being defined for Science and Technology, as
recommended by the Strategic STI Plan for
the 2009-2015 period.
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B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
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DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
The SENACYT was created by means of the
Decree 1,829 (7 September 2006) , which
set the bases for operations of the National
STI and Ancestral Knowledge System. Several
articles of the decree were later modified by
means of Decree 7,23 (7 November 2007).
?L$ CW_d?d_j_Wj_l[i\ehFhecej_d]
?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
The Ecuadorian Science Academy is the most
recognisable initiative for the promotion of
a greater articulation of the productive sec-
tor with the scientific network. However, the
mechanisms for such an articulation are still
being defined.
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_ed
WdZj^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
The following initiatives are to be pointed for
efforts intended for improving cooperation
and boosting the scope of research networks:
s Vital Curriculum of Latin America and the
Caribbean (Currículo Vital Latinoamérica
:XjVYdg

,(
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
y el Caribe - CvLAC): Virtual data base of
scientists and researchers;
s National Science and Technology Network
(Red Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia -
RENACYT): Supports the creation of re-
search networks including universities,
excellence centres, public and private en-
tities related with STI;
s Ecuadorian Consortium for Advanced In-
ternet Development (Consorcio Ecuatoria-
no para Desarrollo de Internet Avanzado
- CEDIA): Created on March 15, 2002 in
the city of Guayaquil. It successfully crea-
ted synergy between the different actors
for an effective improvement in the quality
of Internet access in Ecuador;
s Info-development Network Corporation:
The Ecuadorian network on information
and communications for development
that includes 35 organizations aimed at
promoting the generation and exchange
of information, methods, experiences and
knowledge relative to ICT for development
and at promoting participative multisecto-
ral processes in public policies linked to
this issue in Ecuador;
s National Researchers Registry: Currently
being defined to start operations.
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The scholarships programme for the Develop-
ment of National Human Talent (2009) is res-
ponsible for funding masters, doctorate and
postdoctorate studies at international univer-
sities. Its functions include providing support
for development based on the implementation
of programmes for the training and strengthe-
ning of human talent by means of scholars-
hips for fourth level studies abroad.
In the areas of universities and R&D, the fo-
llowing should be mentioned: Pontifical Ca-
tholic University, Central University of Ecua-
dor, Cuenca University, Guayaquil University,
,)HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
the Ambato Technical University, and the San
Francisco de Quito University.
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WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
At the institutional level, there are agree-
ments subscribed by the SENACYT and the
International Telecommunications Scientific
Research and Information and Communica-
tions Technologies Centre, as well as with the
Latin American Physics Centre (Centro Lati-
noamericano de Física - CLAF).
Ecuador is also a member of the Internatio-
nal Network of Sources of Information and
Knowledge for the Management of Science,
Technology and Innovation (Red Internacional
de Fuentes de Información y Conocimiento
para la Gestión de la Ciencia, Tecnología e
Innovación - SCIENTI). It is an international
public network of sources of information and
knowledge aimed at contributing to the ma-
nagement of STI activities and promoting a
public cooperative space, in member coun-
tries, for interaction between national systems
actors and communities relative to STI. The
sources of information include résumés, re-
search groups, institutions and projects.
There is also the Multinational System of
Specialized Information on Biotechnolo-
gy and Food Technology for Latin America
and the Caribbean (Sistema de Información
Multinacional de Biotecnología y Tecnología
de Alimentos para América Latina y el Cari-
be - SIMBIOSIS), a virtual network aimed at
connecting scientists, experts and research
centres interested in biotechnology, food te-
chnology and biodiversity. It is sponsored by
its member States and the OAS. The SIMBIO-
SIS network provides information on current
research programmes, national institutions,
and efforts relative to development and hu-
man skills in STI.
Additionally, Ecuador is part of the “Cocoa
Route in America: Cultural diversity and en-

dogenous development” project in which it
undertakes research projects at the regional
level with Colombia, Cuba, Peru and Venezue-
la.
Lastly, the Centre for Technology Transfer
and Development (Centro de Transferencia y
Desarrollo de Tecnologías - CTT), part of the
Educational Foundation For Social & Econo-
mic Develpment (Fundación Educación para
el Desarrollo - FEDES), and both are related
to the Higher Technology Institute of the Re-
public of Germany (Instituto Tecnológico Su-
perior de la República de Alemania - ISTRA).
They have subscribed cooperation agreements
with universities in Ecuador, national and in-
ternational knowledge networks (Latin Ameri-
can Federation of Law and Computer Science
Associations, Biomundi, Derechoteca, CADE-
:XjVYdg
CYT), Infodesarrollo, and MachangaraSoft.
The cooperation areas are: Law and Computer
Science, Technological Management and En-
terprising, and Tele-education and Contents
Development
.
L???$B_dai
CEDIA: www.cedia.org.ec
CENAIM: www.cenaim.espol.edu.ec
CLAF: www.claffisica.org
Corporación Red Infodesarrollo:
www.infodesarrollo.ec
INIAP: www.iniap-ecuador.gov.ec
RENACYT: redes.senacyt.gov.ec
SCIENTI: www.scienti.net
SENACYT: www.senacyt.gov.ec
,*
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

ÇIY_[dY[WdZj[Y^debe]ofeb_Y_[i
_dj^[h[WbmehbZWh[j^[h[ikbj
e\Yecfb[n_dj[hWYj_ediX[jm[[d
[nfb_Y_jWdZ_cfb_Y_jfeb_Y_[i"WdZ
dejWc[h[jhWdibWj_ede\iY_[dj_ÓY
WdZj[Y^debe]_YWbeX`[Yj_l[ije
]el[hdc[djfeb_Yo\ehckbWj_ed$
?\edj^[ed[^WdZj^[h[Wh[j^[
eX`[Yj_l[iehYh_j[h_Wb[WZ_d]jej^[
\ehckbWj_ede\[nfb_Y_jj[Y^debe]o
feb_Y_[i"edj^[ej^[hj^[h[Wh[
ej^[heX`[Yj_l[iWdZYh_j[h_W\eh
j^[\ehckbWj_ede\ej^[hfeb_Y_[i
_dZkijh_Wb"ÓdWdY_Wb"bWXeh"\eh[_]d
jhWZ[[jY$j^WjWbie^Wl[[\\[Yjied
j^[f[h\ehcWdY[e\iY_[dj_ÓYWdZ
j[Y^debe]_YWbWYj_l_j_[i$J^[h[\eh["
_j_id[Y[iiWhojeZ_iYel[hj^[
Yedi[gk[dY[ie\j^[i[feb_Y_[i
_dehZ[hjeWffhW_i[j^[feb_YoÊi
h[WbZ_h[Yj_edh[ikbj_d]\hecj^[
_dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[d_cfb_Y_jWdZ
[nfb_Y_jfeb_Y_[iÈ

;gVcX^hXdG#HV\Vhi^!ÆAVeda†i^XVX^Zci†ÒXV
niZXcda‹\^XVZc6b‚g^XVAVi^cV/JcZhijY^d
YZZc[dfjZYZh^hiZbVhÇ!?dgcVYVh!Cd#&%&!
:a8daZ\^dYZB‚m^Xd/B‚m^Xd!9#;#&.-(#

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 ;bIWblWZeh
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Total FTE S&T staff
?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Population (in millions) (2009) 7,2

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 2,5

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 43,6

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 6200,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 10,7

Industry 28,8 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 60,6
Publications listed int he SCI

524,0

SCI Scientific publications

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006)

per million of inhabitants

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 42,9

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 747,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 740,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 81,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2008) 32,9

Percentage of Public expenditure on education -
/GDP Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 0,1

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP]

Patents per capita (residents)
4,9
(2007)
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP (2006) 0,1

Patents requested (2008) 326,0

Patents granted (2008) 60,0

Dependency rate (2005) 5,9

Invention coefficient (2005) 0,7

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 0,3
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 1,1
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita requested by residents

21,1 Patents per cápita granted to residents

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1998)
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2007) 34,8
Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

,,
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
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Jh[dZi_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]o
WdZ?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The central entity of the Salvadorian National
Science, Technology and Innovation System is
the National Council on Science and Techno-
logy (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolo-
gía - CONACYT), a decentralized autonomous
institution of the Ministry of Economy. It is
the most senior authority in the country in
matters relating to Science and Technology
policies. Its mission is to coordinate national
policies on Science and Technology develo-
pment, oriented towards the country’s eco-
nomic and social development. Its two main
functions are: Conducting and coordinating
activities and the implementation of policies
concerning Science, Technology and Innova-
tion (STI), and defining and guiding national
policies and programmes for scientific and
technological development oriented at econo-
mic and social development.
The board of directors of CONACYT consists
of the Minister of Economy or a Minister re-
presentative, acting as chairman of the board,
a representative from the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, a representative from the Ministry of
Education, three representatives from the en-
trepreneurial sector, two representatives from
the academia and two representatives from
the professional sector.
In accordance with legal provisions applica-
ble by virtue of the creation of the CONACYT,
the Council includes the following technical
departments:
s Funding for Scientific and Technological
Development: Aimed at managing the
approval of funds for funding programmes
and projects and administering funds for
promotion of Science and Technology de-
velopment, as well as for the management
of funds for specific promotion activities;
,-HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
s Scientific and Technological Develop-
ment: Its main mission is to propose the
National Science and Technology Develo-
pment Plan. In addition, it fulfils impor-
tant functions such as: Studying, propo-
sing and assessing development programs
relative to national capacity for research,
transfer and innovation; ties with produc-
tive sectors and academic and university
levels; starting the National Science and
Technology Development Programme; or-
ganizing and maintaining the National
Science and Technology Information and
Documentation System; and maintaining a
National Registry of Science and Techno-
logy StatisICTs that will enable assessing
the system;
s Normalization, Metrology and Quali-
ty Certification: It assumes a number of
functions like cooperating in the definition
and adoption of national technical stan-
dards, constituting Technical Committees
for the study, definition and modification
of official technical standards, accredi-
ting and recording data from accredited
laboratories, implementing programmes
for the training of specialized personnel,
cooperating with national and internatio-
nal institutions and preparing expert and
technical opinions on reports relative to
quality verification.
Most R&D activities are funded by the Salva-
dorian government. To a lesser extent, there is
funding from private enterprise, universities,
as well as non-profit organizations.
Lastly, the creation, in 2006, of the Group for
Promoting Innovation (Grupo Promotor de la
Innovación - GPI) must be noted. It is aimed
at orienting efforts relative to STI and at fa-
vouring conditions for the creation of a Natio-
nal Innovation System.
:aHVakVYdg

,.
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
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The creation of the Productive Development
Fund (Fondo de Desarrollo Productivo - FON-
DEPRO) in 2002 is a response to the concern
for strengthening ties between the productive
sector and the System. The fund offers finan-
cial support to R&D activities associated with
new product technology, goods and services,
technical consultancy, technical assistant
programmes and training programmes for fa-
cilitating the process of identifying and adap-
ting technologies as well as the presence of
international level experts for providing advice
with respect to the improvement of enterpri-
ses’ productive processes.
There are also two thematic research centres
that influence the articulation of public and
private actors in the system. They are the
National Agricultural and Forestry Techno-
logy Centre (Centro Nacional de Tecnología
Agropecuaria y Forestal - CENTA) and the
Health Research and Development Centre
(Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Sa-
lud - CENSALUD). The former is a scientific-
technical institution reporting to the Ministry
of Agriculture and Livestock that develops,
promotes and facilitates research and tech-
nological transfer related to agriculture and
forestry for agro-entrepreneurial reconver-
sion. The latter is part of the Deanship of the
University of El Salvador, and is strategically
oriented at contributing to the development
of health by means of scientific and techno-
logical research, postgraduate education, ad-
vanced technical training and the provision of
consulting services and specialized laboratory
services.
Lastly, El Salvador has a Directory of Universi-
ty-Enterprise Services Offers that was created
as an instrument for entrepreneurial queries,
so as to provide information on the different
-%HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
services provided by universities and research
centres in El Salvador.
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WdZj^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
This section highlights the creation of two
registries that promote cooperation and cons-
titute research networks. Access is possible
through the CONACYT portal. They are:
s Registry of Salvadorian scientists and te-
chnologists residing abroad.
s Registry of national researchers and re-
search work.
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J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The institutions that train STI professionals
include:
s Centro-American Technology Centre: Tra-
ins professionals in technological areas
with a demand and opportunities in the
local, regional and world market both as
workers and entrepreneurs;
s Health Research and Development Centre:
Reporting to the Deanship of the Univer-
sity of El Salvador, which contributes to
health development through activities in
research, postgraduate education, advan-
ced technical training and provision of
consulting services and specialized labo-
ratory services;
s University of El Salvador (UES): Includes
some Institutes that carry out activities
relative to STI, such as the Volcanology
Institute, the Water Institute and the Sea
Science and Limnology Institute and ope-
rates with competitive funding.
The Salvadorian System does not have, howe-
ver, specific instruments for the promotion of
the growth of human resources outside the
traditional educational institutions and the
programme for scholarships for graduates in

Technological innovation sponsored by the
OEI (Organization of Iberoamerican States).
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WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
There are two regional organizations in El Sal-
vador that cooperate with national STI activi-
ties. They are:
s Nutrition Institute for Central America and
Panama (Instituto de Nutrición de Centro-
américa y Panamá - INCAP): A centre spe-
cialized in food and nutrition, reporting to
the PAHO, and an institution of the Cen-
tral American Integration System.
s Pan American Health Organization (PAHO):
Leads efforts for cooperation in the pro-
motion of equity in health and for battling
diseases to improve life expectancy and
quality.
:aHVakVYdg
El Salvador is also part of the Latin Ameri-
can Programme of Science and Technology
for Development (Programa Iberoamericano
de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo -
CYTED), an intergovernmental programme for
STI multilateral cooperation that considers di-
fferent perspectives and visions for promoting
cooperation in Research and Innovation for
development.
L??$B_dai
CENSALUD: www.censalud.com
CENTA: www.centa.gob.sv
CONACYT: www.conacyt.gob.sv
FONDEPRO: www.foex.gob.sv
INCAP: www.sica.int/incap
OPS: new.paho.org/hq
UES: www.ues.edu.sv
-&
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Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Publications listed int he SCI

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
?$=[d[hWb:WjW
Population (in millions) (2009) 13,3

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 4,0

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 68,6

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 5300,0

Publications listed in the SCI

Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) SCI Scientific publications per million of

Agriculture 13,1 Patents per capita (residents)

Industry 25,0
Patents per million of inhabitants

Services 61,9

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 551,0

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 23,6

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 704,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 696,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 69,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2007) 33,0

Percentage of Public expenditure on education Patents per cápita requested by residents
-
/GDP Patents per cápita granted to residents

Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 0,1

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] 2,7

(2007)
Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 0,1
(2007)
Patents requested (2006) 528,0

Patents granted (2006) 125,0

Dependency rate (2006) 17,9

Invention coefficient (2006) 0,7

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 0,8
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 5,1
R&D (2007)
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 1,3

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2007) 36,1 Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

-(
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi
_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The National System of Science and Technol-
ogy in Guatemala is formed by the group of in-
stitutions, entities and agencies of the public,
private and academic sector, individuals and
legal persons and R&D centres that perform
scientific and technological activities in the
country. The system’s central body consists of
is the National Council for Science and Tech-
nology (CONCYT, Consejo Nacional de Cien-
cia y Tecnología). The CONCYT is in charge
of promoting Science and Technology in the
country. Its functions are to formulate and ap-
prove the national policy on Science, Technol-
ogy and Innovation (STI), to coordinate and
approve international technical cooperation
on STI, to supervise the operation of the Na-
tional Fund of Science and Technology and to
approve its budget for the use of resources. It
comprises of the Vice-President of the Repub-
lic, the Minister of Economy, the President of
the Commission on Education, Science and
Technology of the Congress of the Republic,
the President of the Chamber of Industry, the
President of the Chamber of Agro, the Presi-
dent of the Entrepreneurial Chamber, the
President of the University of San Carlos de
Guatemala, a President in representation of
the Private Universities and the President of
the Academy of Medical, Physical and Natural
Sciences of Guatemala.
The National Secretariat of Science and
Technology (SENACYT, Secretaría Nacional
de Ciencia y Tecnología), is a body under the
authority of the CONCYT, which is the coordi-
nating agency that supports and executes ac-
tions and decisions of the Council, becoming
the link between the latter and the National
System of Science and Technology. Sectoral
and Inter-Sectoral Technical Commissions are
also executing agencies; they are formed by
institutions from the public, private and aca-
-)HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
demic sector with scientific and technological
interests in common. The key role of the uni-
versities in the performance of STI activities
are to be pointed out, among which the San
Carlos University, which prioritizes research in
social areas, and Valle de Guatemala Univer-
sity, which prioritizes studies in engineering
and has a Research Institute and different
specialized laboratories are of particular im-
portance.
As for the National Science and Technology
Fund (FONACYT, Fondo Nacional de Ciencia
y Tecnología) it is a financial mechanism that
allows CONCYT to obtain resources to con-
duct, coordinate and fund the scientific and
technological national development.
Finally, the Presidential Commissioner for Sci-
ence and Technology, created in 2004, evalu-
ates the impacts of the STI policies every two
years and the Consultative Commission acts
as advisory agency and agency of technical
support for decision making.
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[
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At the institutional level, the Government
Ruling 185-2004 (June 24 2004) created
the entity of Presidential Commissioner for
Science and Technology and defines its res-
ponsibilities. Moreover, the Law of the Quali-
ty National System (Decree No. 78-2005) is
aimed at promoting the quality management
in the Guatemalan entrepreneurial sector with
the purpose of improving the compliance with
commitments undertaken by the country when
it joined the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Efforts made at the budgetary level should
be highlighted here due to the increase of
230% in FONACYT funding between 2006
and 2008.
<jViZbVaV

-*
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
?L$ CW_d?d_j_Wj_l[i\ehFhecej_d]
?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
The Programme of Support to Technological
Innovation (PROINTEC, Programa de Apoyo a
la Innovación Tecnológica) started its opera-
tion in 2004. Its purpose is to promote SME
productivity and competitiveness through the
funding of technological innovations; the im-
plementation of a service of extension and
information; and the consolidation of a fra-
mework of national policies that stimulate
and regulate the development of science, te-
chnology and innovation in Guatemala.
The objective of the Competitive Fund for the
Development of Agricultural and Food Tech-
nology (AGROCYT, Fondo Competitivo de De-
sarrollo Tecnológico Agroalimentario, 2001)
is, through research and technological inno-
vation, to improve the agricultural production,
to boost the food and agriculture productive
restructuring, the development of the sector
of livestock, forestry and hydrobiology in Gua-
temala.
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_edWdZ
j^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
Guatemala has two STI networks that enable a
link between the actors of its national system.
These are:
s National Registry of Researchers (RNI, Re-
gistro Nacional de Investigadores) of the
CONCYT: It gathers registered researchers
and promotes their collaboration and dis-
semination of knowledge;
s International Network of Science, Tech-
nology and Innovation of Guatemala (July
07 2005): It constitutes a link between
the Guatemalan scientists in the country
and abroad, facilitates scientific commu-
nication, favours cooperation in shared
projects, promotes the mobility of scien-
-+HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
tists and facilitates the exchange of infor-
mation.
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The two most notable initiatives for promoting
the growth of human capital in Guatemala
are:
s Community Centres of Research and Te-
chnology (CCIT, Centros Comunitarios
de Información y Tecnología): They are
spaces that provide consultancy, training
and technological information to those
population segments which do not have
appropriate access to such opportunities,
through the support of qualified staff trai-
ned for this purpose;
s UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Use of
Water Resources: It is the first chair of
sustainability of water resources in Latin
America; it started its activities in the
middle of 2005.
L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
At the regional level, Guatemala participates
in STI activities together with:
s Nutrition Centre of Central America and
Panama (INCAP, Instituto de Nutrición
de Centroamérica y Panamá): It is a Pan
American Health Organization centre spe-
cialized in food and nutrition and it is an
institution of the Central American Inte-
gration System;
s Pan American Health Organization (PAHO,
new.paho.org/hq): It leads the collabora-
tion efforts to promote health equity, to
fight against diseases and to improve life
quality and expectancy;
s Inter American Commission of Science
and Technology (COMCYT, Comisión Inte-
ramericana de Ciencia y Tecnología): It is
 <jViZbVaV

a Commission of the Organization of Ame- and the Caribbean (SIMBIOSIS), which is a

rican States (OAS) established in 1998 to virtual network aimed at contacting scientists,
contribute to the definition and execution experts and research centres interested in bio-
of OAS policies on matters of solidarity technology, food technology and biodiversity.
and cooperation for development in scien- It is sponsored by its member states and the
ce, technology and innovation. Its purpo- OAS, and includes the following countries:
se is to coordinate, monitor and evaluate Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa
solidarity and cooperation activities of the Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexi-
Organization in the Science and Techno- co, Panama, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.
logy sector; The SIMBIOSIS network provides information
s Commission for the Scientific and Tech- on research programmes in process, national
nological Development of Central America institutions, development efforts and human
and Panama (CTCAP, Desarrollo Científico capacity for STI.
y Tecnológico de Centroamérica y Pana- An approach has been made to improve rela-
má): It is a technical and political body tions with countries and international coope-
of high executive level, with collegiate de- rating organizations such as UNESCO, UNDP,
cision capacity to manage actions of re- OAS, RICYT, Republic of China-Taiwan, Cuba
gional nature and impact in the field of and the EU.
technological and scientific development
of countries from Central America, Pana-
L???$KD;I9E9^W_hi
ma and Dominican Republic.
At the international level, Guatemala is part in s UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Use of
the following initiatives: Water Resources – University of San Car-
los de Guatemala –Guatemala City - Gua-
s Ibero-American Programme of Science temala
and Technology for Development (CYTED,
Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y ?N$B_dai
Tecnología para el Desarrollo);
COMCYT: www.science.oas.org/comcyt
s Project of support to Entrepreneurial Te- CONCYT: www.concyt.gob.gt
chnological Cooperation in Ibero-America CTCAP: www.sica.int/ctcap
(IBEROEKA); IAI: www.iai.int
s Inter American Institute for Global Change
Research (IAI);
s Forum of Cooperation for Latin America
and Eastern Asia (FOCOLAE, Foro de Co-
operación para Latinoamérica y Asia del
Este);
s Two loan agreements with the Inter-Ameri-
can Development Bank (IADB): one in the
field of industrial technological innova-
tion, ant the other for food and agriculture
productive restructuring.
Of additional interest is the Multinational Sys-
tem of Specialized Information on Biotechno-
logy and Food Technology for Latin America

-,
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X_]Yekdjh_[i"d[[Zj^[medZ[hi
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h[gk_h[ibWh][[nf[dZ_jkh[i"
Xkjj^[h[_idej^_d]j^Wj_iceh[
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 >edZkhWi
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 7,8

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 4,0

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 33,7

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 3668,0

Total FTE S&T staff

Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 13,1

Industry 30,0 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 56,9
Publications listed int he SCI

538,0

SCI Scientific publications

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006)

per million of inhabitants

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 21,6

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 732,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 721,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 80,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2004) 38,3

Percentage of Public expenditure on education
/GDP
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2004)
R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP]
(2004)
-
Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
0,1
Patents per capita (residents)
1,5
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP (2003) 0,2

Patents requested (2007) 105,0

Patents granted (2007) 80,0

Dependency rate (2007) 20,0

Invention coefficient (2007) 0,1

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 0,4
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 1,9
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita requested by residents
Patents per cápita granted to residents
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2000) 8,9

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2004) 10,3

Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

-.
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi
_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ?d#
delWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The Science, Technology and Innovation Sys-
tem (STI) in Honduras is structured around
a central institution: the Honduran Council
for Science and Technology (COHCIT, Con-
sejo Hondureño de Ciencia y Tecnología). It
is a public body within the Presidency of the
Republic in charge of the guidance, coor-
dination and evaluation of the System. The
COHCIT is managed by a National Commis-
sioner for Science and Technology appointed
by the President of the Republic, and has a
board of directors formed by representatives
from the governmental, academic-scientific
and entrepreneurial sectors. It has focused
its efforts on strengthening its technical and
institutional capacity, searching to acquire
effectiveness in the performance of scientific
and technological policy for innovation and to
access funding. The COHCIT sets forth the
institutional framework for the System, funds
research activities, formulates STI policies
and establishes research priority areas.
On the other hand, there exist other entities
that perform STI activities. Among these, uni-
versities play a very important role, executing
the largest part of the budget. The Agriculture
and Livestock Ministry, through its Agricultu-
ral Science and Technology Office (DICTA, Di-
rección de Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria)
performs research activities related with the
defined priority areas.
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DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
The Competitiveness National Commission
was created in 2002 as an ad-hoc consultan-
cy agency for the Executive Power. It operates
through the Foundation for Investment and
Development of Exports (FIDE, Fundación
.%HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
para la Inversión y Desarrollo de las Exporta-
ciones).
The Executive Decree PCM-013-2008 beca-
me effective in 2008. States that the COHICIT
is the governing agency in the field of scienti-
fic, technological and innovation development
and that it is in charge of promoting and co-
ordinating STI activities to be performed by
the System. With regard to the legislation for-
merly in force, the new legislation introduces
the following changes: the COHCIT Office is
raised to the status of Ministry, and the In-
novation component is introduced among the
responsibilities of the COHCIT.
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?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
In the last decade several initiatives have been
fostered in favour of the promotion of relation-
ships between the productive sector and the
System. The following are of interest:
s “SMEs Competitiveness through Technical
Standardization in Central America, Pa-
nama and Dominican Republic” Project:
This is the agreement with non-reimbur-
sable funds signed between the IADB MIF,
the Costa Rican Institute for Standardiza-
tion (INTECO, Instituto Costarricense de
Normalización) and the COHCIT for the
execution of the project for a term of four
years;
s Programme for the Promotion of Innovation
and Technology (Honduras Innova): aimed
at promoting the use of innovation and te-
chnology through Centres of Technological
Innovation (CITES, Centros de Innovación
Tecnológica) related to the production of
potentially competitive products;
s Programme for the Promotion of Direct Fo-
reign Investment (IED, Inversión Extranje-
ra Directa) which facilitates the technolo-
gy transfer in areas such as light assembly,
services and agriculture industry.
=dcYjgVh

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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_edWdZ
j^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
In Honduras there are two networks that con-
tribute to the redistribution of researchers and
their networks:
s Registry of Honduran Researchers: Crea-
tes a cooperation and information network
of Honduran researchers residing in Hon-
duras and abroad;
s National Network of Knowledge and Com-
munications: It is formed by the natio-
nal infrastructure of telecommunications
made up of 122 community centres for
knowledge and communication, which
allows the exchange of Science and Tech-
nology knowledge all over the country, in
addition to the communications that con-
tribute to the social and economic develo-
pment in Honduras.
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J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
In Honduras, the System has emphasized the
education of human capital and the social
appropriation of S&T in order to improve its
operation. There exists a range of initiatives
of this kind, among which the following are
worth mentioning:
s Centre for Distance Learning (CAD, Centro
de Aprendizaje a Distancia): Its objective
is to facilitate, through state-of-the-art
technological means, the communication
and dissemination of learning materials
coming from centres specialized in natio-
nal and international distance education.
The CAD is member of the Global Deve-
lopment Learning Network (GDLN) of the
World Bank (WB);
s Chiminike: Is a centre for non-traditional
learning with the objective of stimulating
its visitors’ curiosity and motivating lear-
ning through interaction and play;
.'HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
s @PRENDE Programme: A programme
for training through technological spaces
placed in schools of poor municipalities,
where the school population has access
to computing and telecommunications as
tools that contribute to the strengthening
and research in the education field;
s Widening of Technological Capacities in
Poor Communities (ACTECOP, Ampliación
de Capacidades Tecnológicas en Comuni-
dades Pobres): It seeks to contribute to
reduce the determinants of poverty rela-
ted to the disadvantages of isolation and
asymmetry of opportunities, by making
education services and market knowledge
available to members of isolated commu-
nities;
s Centre of Excellence for Education in In-
formation Technologies (CEETI, Centro de
Excelencia para la Educación en Tecno-
logías de la Información): It was founded
by the cooperation of the Autonomous Na-
tional University and the Government of
India; the centre provides free training to
improve human capacities for the develop-
ment of Information and Communications
Technologies (ICTs);
s Honduras Trains (Honduras Capacita): It is
aimed at supporting education centres by
providing them with high technology equi-
pment and technical assistance for im-
plementing modern plans of studies that
may satisfy the demands from the produc-
tive sector and more particularly from the
SME;
s Honduran Autonomous University (UNAH,
Universidad Autónoma de Honduras): It
is part of the COHCIT and undertakes re-
search related to STI in the fields of Earth
Science and Microbiology. In its reform
process the University is restructuring
the Scientific Research Department and
strengthening its financial resources to sti-
mulate the education of human resources
and the training in research projects;
 =dcYjgVh

s The Zamorano Panamerican Agricultural its member states and the OAS, the SIM-
School: It is a specialized organization of BIOSIS network provides information on
international nature, situated in Honduras, research programmes in process, national
that does research applied to the develop- institutions, development efforts and hu-
ment of agriculture and livestock. man capacity for STI;
s EUROSOLAR Project: Provides electric
L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed energy for the Technology and Communi-
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed cations Centre (CTC, Centro de Tecnología
In the last decade the Honduran System has y Comunicaciones), the Health Centre and
managed to multiply its international rela- a key social area of each community. The
tionships and thus increase the international CTC shall be equipped with computers
cooperation and its impact on the national de- and satellite connection.
velopment.
L???$B_dai
s Quality Integrated System in Central Ame-
rica and Panama Project (CTCAP- China):
CEETI: www.ceetihn.com
The Quality Integrated System in Central CHIMINIKE: www.chiminike.org
America and Panama projects have been COHCIT: www.cohcit.gob.hn
developed with the support of the Gover- FIDE: www.hondurasinfo.hn
nment of China (Taiwan); through shared Fondos de competitividad:
funding it has been made possible to im- www.hondurascompite.com
GDLN: www.gdln.org
plement different Quality Management
Systems in enterprises and laboratories
and to fund human resources education
on subjects related with quality control;
s Ibero-American Programme of Science and
Technology for Development (CYTED, Pro-
grama Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecno-
logía para el Desarrollo): Its main objective
is to contribute to the harmonious deve-
lopment of the Ibero-American Region by
establishing mechanisms of cooperation
among research groups from Universities,
R&D Centres and innovating Enterprises
from Ibero-American countries, that seek
to achieve Science and Technology results
transferable to productive systems and to
social policies;
s Multinational System of Specialized Infor-
mation on Biotechnology and Food Techno-
logy for Latin America and the Caribbean
(SIMBIOSIS): A virtual network aimed at
contacting scientists, experts and research
centres interested in biotechnology, food
technology and biodiversity. Sponsored by

.(
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
J^[ÇIÈe\KD;I9E_dj^[9Wh_XX[Wd0_jiX[]]_d_d]¾
In 1976, a group of Caribbean
countries approached UNESCO
and UNDP for help in planning
their scientific and technological
developments. As a result of their
request, a UNESCIO consultant
spent six months visiting twelve
countries in the region to discuss
possibilities for cooperation and
to gather information on national
and regional priorities in science
and technology.
The consultant found much
common ground in the different
countries’ perceptions of needs
and priorities-and also consider-
able overlap and often duplica-
tion among regional initiatives. In
fact he reported, that ‘the num-
ber of similar projects supported
by different aid donor agencies
is quite striking. It means that
Caribbean countries are not get-
ting the most out of available
financial resources. And since
generally it is the same people
that are involved, unnecessary
strain is imposed on limited hu-
man resources’.
A Caribbean council for science
and technology -if eventually set
up - would have an important role
to play, the consultant reported.
But clearly it was the willingness
of territories to exchange and
share technological knowledge
freely that would determine the
fate of regional cooperation. The
consultant concluded that the
commonality of problems in sci-
ence and technology in the area
offered considerable scope for
mutually advantageous regional
.)HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
cooperation. Such cooperation
could be described under three
headings: science and technolo-
gy planning, scientific and tech-
nological services, and research
and development.
But he found that, with hardly an
exception, the territories visited
lacked effective mechanisms for
establishing scientific and tech-
nological priorities, and for in-
tegrating these activities within
the broader framework of nation-
al socio-economic development
objectives. All recognized the
need to strengthen their science
and technology policy and plan-
ning infrastructures, and many
were in favour of setting up na-
tional science councils for this
purpose, but they did not have
a clear idea of how to integrate
these bodies in the overall na-
tional planning system. In addi-
tion, there was a general lack of
trained personnel in the field.
The consultant recommended
a number of steps : regional
training seminars, publication
of a newsletter and an informa-
tion network, compilation of an
inventory of skills and natural
resources, strengthening of sci-
ence curricula in schools, and
establishment of research and
development programmes in
priority areas, among others.
Furthermore, the UNESCO Sec-
retariat proposed draft statutes
for the Caribbean Council for
Science and Technology (CCST),
an independent intergovernmen-
tal organization.
The CCST statutes were even-
tually adopted at an intergov-
ernmental meeting in Kingston,
Jamaica, in 1980, and subse-
quently ratified. The first plenary
session of the CCST was held in
Bridgetown, Barbados, in 1981.
Subsequent sessions were held
in Jamaica in 1982 and in Cu-
raçao, Netherlands Antilles,
in 1983. Countries currently
members of the CCST are Be-
lize, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada,
Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad
and Tobago.
The establishment of the CCST
was a direct response to a per-
ceived need of Caribbean coun-
tries for a mechanism to make
the best and most effective use
of the region’s scientific person-
nel and institutions in applying
science and technology to the
region’s development. Its major
function is to enhance regional
co-operation and mutual assis-
tance in science and technology
and to strengthen self-reliance
while maintaining the indepen-
dence of the member countries.
.
Source: Caribbean Council for
Science and Technology, UNESCO/
NS/RCU/399,
Paris, October the 1st 1977,
and “Why the S in UNESCO?”,
Paris, 1985
 @WcW_YW
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Total FTE S&T staff
?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Population (in millions) (2009) 2,8

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) -0,6

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 20,9

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 7500,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 5,2

Industry 32,6 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 62,2
Publications listed int he SCI

455,0

SCI Scientific publications

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006)

per million of inhabitants

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 109,6

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 766,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 762,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 80,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff -

Percentage of Public expenditure on education / 5,3
GDP (2006) Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2002) 0,1

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP]

Patents per capita (residents)
4,4
(2002)
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP -

Patents requested (2002) 69,0

Patents granted (2002) 69,0

Dependency rate (2005) 5,9

Invention coefficient (2005) 0,4

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabitants 5,8
(2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 26,8
R&D (2002) Patents per cápita requested by residents

- Patents per cápita granted to residents

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999)
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2002) 11,5
Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

.*
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi
_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ?d#
delWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The Science, Technology and Innovation Sys-
tem (STI) in Jamaica is based around three
large institutions that guide aspects of STI
development. Firstly, the National Commis-
sion on Science and Technology (NCST) must
be mentioned. It is the governmental advisory
body on the subject of S&T policy, promo-
tion and strategic management and aims en-
couraging social and economic development
through S&T. It is formed by representatives
from public and private institutions and by in-
dividuals who work in the S&T field. Its main
functions are: to promote the development of
the local capacity in Science and Technology;
to promote the use of Science and Technolo-
gy for increasing competitiveness; to evalua-
te the situation of human resources in S&T,
the potential impact of the research projects
and to formulate strategies to that effect; to
identify resources for STI, to recommend their
allocation and to evaluate their use; and to
create links between users and producers of
scientific and technological knowledge.
Also of importance is the National Foundation
for Development of Science & Technology. It
was organized in order to assist in the fun-
ding of the NCST operations, including that of
the secretariat and of STI activities and pro-
jects. Its mandate is also to foster the social
appropriation of Science and Technology and
to raise public awareness. The foundation has
provided funds for the operations of the Secre-
tariat, the STI policy reviews, national prizes
for Science and Technology and seminars. Its
activities are guided by a board constituted by
representatives of institutions that make con-
tributions to the fund, which includes various
private enterprises.
Finally, the Scientific Research Council (SRC)
which is an agency of the Ministry of Industry,
Commerce and Technology must be mentio-
.+HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
ned. It constitutes the main public body res-
ponsible for supporting, coordinating and exe-
cuting research, seeking for its application to
the national resources development. Playing
a central role in the implementation of poli-
cies, it is responsible for directing research
towards fields that strengthen the social and
economic structure of the country. The SRC
helps different sectors of the society through
the transfer, adaptation and application of te-
chnologies and the dissemination of scientific
and technological information.
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[
B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
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DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
The most important initiative for inducing
changes in the Jamaican innovation system
is the elaboration of the Policy on Science
and Technology of 2005, which states the
new priorities regarding STI and identifies the
main deficiencies of the system.
?L$ CW_d?d_j_Wj_l[i\ehFhecej_d]
?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
The Scotiabank Chair in Entrepreneurship
and Development at University of Technolo-
gy is a chair whose objective is to facilitate
the growth of entrepreneurship and to assist
the SME in Jamaica and CARICOM. It see-
ks to support, encourage and fund research
projects in order to facilitate development.
It funds such projects in the following areas:
trade and trade-related issues, information
asymmetries as constraint to entrepreneurs-
hip, management of risks, and identification
of entrepreneurs to facilitate development.
Also of significance is the so-called R&D Tax
Incentive Scheme, that allows R&D projects
to apply for Customs Duty exemptions for
equipment and relevant material.
?VbV^XV

.,
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
Additionally, the Technology Investment Fund
(TIF) is a special fund established to fund
investments in commercial activities that
imply technological improvements, or to su-
pport commercial projects which do not meet
the requirements of development banks or of
other instruments of public support for entre-
preneurial activities. The TIF also manages
funds for the support of activities to enhance
competitiveness or productivity of products
and processes already existing in the enter-
prises.
Finally, University of Technology (UTech)
should be mentioned, which guides and su-
pports entrepreneurial activities through con-
sultancy services and the creation of R&D in-
novations.
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_ed
WdZj^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
The SRC is the main agency of Jamaica res-
ponsible for the fostering and coordination of
scientific research and the promotion of its
application. It supports the growth and deve-
lopment of the agro-industrial sector through
research, adaptation of existing technologies,
creation of new technologies, training and te-
chnical assistance.
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The HEART Trust/NTA (Human Employment
and Resource Training Trust/National Training
Agency) is the body that facilitates and co-
ordinates human capital in Jamaica by pro-
viding access to training, evaluation of skills
and certification, and by offering services for
facilitating employment and professional de-
velopment. HEART is funded through a com-
pulsory payroll deduction of 3% for qualifying
enterprises and with funds from the interna-
tional cooperation. Its mandate is to fund,
develop and monitor training programmes, to
assist in placement of young people seeking
.-HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
employment and to promote employment pro-
jects.
Other educational institutions are also rele-
vant to the education of the human capital
in Jamaica. Among them the following are of
importance:
s University of Technology (UTech): It is one
of the most important technology institutes
in the country specializing in engineering,
pharmacy and computing and executes
an important part of R&D of the country
through the “School of Graduate Studies,
Research and Entrepreneurship”, mainly
focusing on applied and interdisciplinary
research relevant to economic and social
problems and needs;
s Institute of Jamaica: It is the main insti-
tution of social, cultural and historical re-
search in Jamaica;
s University of the West Indies (UWI): It is
one of the most important universities in
the Caribbean, with campuses in Cave
Hill (Barbados), Mona (Jamaica), and St.
Agustine (Trinidad and Tobago) and is no-
ted due to its importance in the education
of human resources and in research in the
fields of Engineering, Basic and Applied
Sciences, Medical Sciences, Agricultu-
ral Sciences, Gender Studies and Social
Sciences.
L??$?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_edWdZ
=beXWb_pWj_ed
Jamaica has several initiatives that allow its
insertion into the international scientific com-
munity and that seek to improve its position.
The International Centre for Environmental
and Nuclear Science (ICENS) is a multidis-
ciplinary research centre whose work is based
on peaceful applications of the atom. The
main programmes at present deal with envi-
ronmental geochemistry and health, with the
overall objective of contributing to the solution
of socio-economic problems including envi-
 ?VbV^XV

ronmental protection and the development of of Jamaica in EU cooperation funds, through

local scientific talent. The centre was created assistance to organizations, explanatory mee-
under the aegis of the Commission on Science tings, and advisory services for enhancing and
and Technology for Sustainable Development optimizing the impact of the process
in the South (COMSATS).
Also of relevance there is the Caribbean Agri-
cultural Research and Development Institute L???$B_dai
(CARDI) is an organization of Caribbean coun-
CARDI: www.cardi.org
tries for agricultural research that performs
COMSATS: www.comsats.org
STI activities in Jamaica. HEART NTA: www.heart-nta.org
Finally, the National Contact Points for the ICENS: www.icens.org
Institute of Jamaica:
Seventh Framework Programme of the Euro-
www.instituteofjamaica.org.jm
pean Community for research, technological NCST: www.ncst.gov.jm
development and demonstration activities SRC: www.src-jamaica.org
(FP7) consist of a cycle of events and trai- UTech: www.utech.edu.jm
ning activities for promoting the participation UWI: www.uwi.edu

..
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

ÇJ^[WZl_iehoYecc_jj[[e\j^[
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7ffb_YWj_ede\IY_[dY[WdZ
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[cf^Wi_p[i"Wi_j^WZWbh[WZoZed[
_dWif[Y_Wbh[fehj_d'/,."j^[
d[[Zje_cfhel[WdZ[nj[dZj^[
j[WY^_d]e\iY_[dY[_dj^[i[YedZWho
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 C[n_Ye
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 111,2

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 1,3

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 1563,0

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 14200,0

Total FTE S&T staff

Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 3,8

Industry 35,2 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 61,0
Publications listed int he SCI

SCI Scientific publications

461,0

per million of inhabitants

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006)
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 19,3

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 854,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 847,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 92,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff -

Percentage of Public expenditure on education /
GDP (2006)
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2005)
R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP]
(2005)
5,4 Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
0,5
Patents per capita (residents)
51,5
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 1,1

(2006)
Patents requested (2007) 16599,0

Patents granted (2007) 9957,0

Dependency rate (2007) 24,9

Invention coefficient (2007) 0,6

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 8,0
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 1,9 Patents per cápita requested by residents
R&D (2005) Patents per cápita granted to residents

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 3754,5

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2006) 5346,2 Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

&%&
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
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_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The Innovation System in Mexico is coordi-
nated by the General Council for Scientific
Research and Technological Development,
integrated by the Presidency of the Republic,
representatives of different ministries (health,
energy, environment, etc.), the head of the
National Council for Science and Technolo-
gy (CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y
Tecnología) and the General Coordinator of the
Science and Technology Consultative Forum.
Its most important functions are: To approve
national policies on Science, Technology and
Innovation (STI), to define the STI special
programme, to approve the STI consolidated
budget, to establish an independent system
for evaluating the system effectiveness, and
to establish priorities and criteria for alloca-
ting the public expenditure in the field.
The system is centred on the CONACYT,
which is the institution in charge of formu-
lating and implementing STI public policies
and of promoting research, innovation, de-
velopment and technological modernization.
In order to fulfil its mission, the CONACYT
has the following instruments: Sector Funds,
Science and Technology International Coope-
ration Fund (FONCICYT Fondo de Coopera-
ción Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología),
Institutional Fund for Regional Development
through the Promotion of Science, Technolo-
gy and Innovation (FORDECYT, Fondo Institu-
cional de Fomento Regional para el Desarro-
llo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación),
Fund for Technological Innovation, the AVAN-
CE programme, the Mixed Funds Programme
(FOMIX, Programa de Fondos Mixtos), Public
Centres for Research (CPI, Centros Públicos
de Investigación), Innovation Networks Pro-
gramme, and the National System of Resear-
chers. Similarly, the different federal agencies
have programmes that include sectorial funds
&%'HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
and programmes for the promotion of research
and development.
The STI public budget is executed partly by
the abovementioned funds, and also by the
research centres, public and private universi-
ties and enterprises. The system articulation
becomes operative through the Science and
Technology Special Programmes launched in
2002. In fact, these programmes are the re-
sult of a long consultative process with various
sectors (enterprise, university, government
and scientists) and thus reflect deficiencies
and needs of the STI Mexican system. The
last programme is the Science and Technolo-
gy Special Programme 2008-2012.
The evaluation and monitoring of STI acti-
vities are the responsibility of the National
System of Scientific and Technological Eva-
luation (SINECYT, Sistema Nacional de Eva-
luación Científica y Tecnológica), whose main
aim is to guarantee that the evaluation of the
proposals presented to the different funds of
the CONACYT are made in a transparent and
objective manner. The SINECYT is an institu-
tion within the CONACYT. It is also important
to mention the Scientific and Technological
Consultative Forum (FCCYT, Foro Consultivo
Científico y Tecnológico), which undertakes
studies evaluating the results of the strate-
gies as well as prospective studies to propose
new strategies and policies. Additionally, the
results of the programme of development and
education of human resources are evaluated
annually by a consultant and are processed by
an evaluation programme in coordination with
the World Bank (WB).
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DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
The Mexican System has endured several mo-
difications in the last decade, among which
the following are to be pointed out:
BZm^Xd

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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
s Law on Science and Technology (June
5 2002) and Decree of Amendment of
Law on Science and Technology (June 12
2009): Which determine the operation of
the STI Mexican system and set forth the
functions of STI public actors;
s Organic Law of CONACYT (June 5 2002):
It sets forth operating provisions for CO-
NACYT;
s Law for the Creation of the General Coun-
cil for Scientific Research and Technolo-
gical Development (August 6 2002): It
creates the General Council for Scientific
Research and Technological Development
and provides its internal operating regu-
lations;
s Law for the Creation of a Scientific and
Technological Consultative Forum (June
17 2002): It creates the Scientific and Te-
chnological Consultative Forum and sets
forth its operating regulations;
s CONACYT Budgetary Law (October 4
2002): It creates a CONACYT own bud-
getary line;
s Law for Application of Tax Incentives (Sep-
tember 1 2008): It states the general ru-
les for applying tax incentives to expenses
and investments in research and technolo-
gy development;
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WdZ?dZkijho
CONACYT has several mechanisms to promo-
te synergies between the productive sector
and the STI actors:
s IDEA: A support instrument for enhancing
the technological capacity of enterprises,
which during the presentation of a project
of research, development and innovation,
need the incorporation of a professional
with a master or doctorate degree;
&%)HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
s AVANCE: A programme created to stimu-
late the creation of business based on the
exploitation of scientific and/or technolo-
gical developments. The AVANCE progra-
mme has three main strategies: a) Last
Mile, which grants economic support to
ensure that scientific and technologically
mature developments become perspective
investments that may result in high added
value business; b) The CONACYT-NAFIN
Entrepreneurs Programme, which offers
contributions of capital to enterprises wi-
lling to start or consolidate business based
on scientific and/or technological develop-
ments; c) The CONACYT-NAFIN Guarantee
Fund, which facilitates access to credit li-
nes to enterprises which develop new pro-
ducts or new lines of business and which
are willing to invest in their production ca-
pacities or to have working capital;
s Tax Incentive Programme: A Federal Go-
vernment support programme for income
taxpayers who may have invested in re-
search projects and technological deve-
lopment addressed to the development of
new products, materials or processes;
s New Fund for Science and Technology: It
is the support programme of the Federal
Government for corporate flat rate tax tax-
payers who may have applied for tax in-
centive for research and technology deve-
lopment;
s Sabbatical Stays in Industry: A programme
of professional stays aimed at improving
the quality of human resources in enter-
prises by incorporating researchers and
post-doctorates to develop tasks of tech-
nological research and innovation in the
private sector;
s Fund for Technological Innovation: It is a
trust created by the Ministry of Economy
and the CONACYT to support micro, small
and medium enterprises and/or leading
enterprises. Proposals from big enterpri-
ses must compulsorily incorporate the te-

chnological co-participation of at least ten
micro, small or medium enterprises with
concrete contributions to the development
of the project aimed at increasing their
competitiveness level through the develop-
ment of new products, manufacturing pro-
cesses, materials or services. It operates
by prioritizing resources by strategic areas,
such as biotechnology, electronics and te-
lecommunications, chemical engineering
and nanotechnology, among others;
s Sector Funds: They are trusts that may be
constituted by the Federal Public Admi-
nistration together with the CONACYT to
allocate resources to scientific research
and technological development in the co-
rresponding Sectoral area. Currently there
are funds operational in: Airport develo-
pment and air navigation, water, forests,
social development, energy, health and
social welfare, environment, technologi-
cal research and naval sciences, among
others.
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_ed
WdZj^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
Mexico has a series of instruments aimed at
improving collaboration and network crea-
tion. The National Registry of Scientific and
Technological Institutions and Enterprises
(RENIECYT, Registro Nacional de Institucio-
nes y Empresas Científicas y Tecnológicas), is
an instrument to support scientific research,
technological development and innovation
under the direction of the CONACYT, through
which it identifies institutions, centres, bo-
dies, enterprises and people from all sectors
performing activities related with research
and development of Science and Technology
in Mexico. Registration in the RENIECYT is,
in the case of most STI policy instruments, a
prerequisite to apply for benefits and receive
incentives thereof.
BZm^Xd
On the other hand the Innovation Networks
are aimed at promoting the articulation bet-
ween research institutions and enterprises
which, by using their synergy, increase the-
competitiveness of their productive sector. In
order to fulfill their function, they stimulate
the creation of Strategic Alliances and Inno-
vation Networks (AERIs, Alianzas Estratégicas
y Redes de Innovación) that may contribute
to increase competitiveness in the producti-
ve sectors of Mexico, as well as the research,
technological development and innovation
projects that the duly constituted AERIS may
present.
Additionally, the mission of the Institutional
Fund for Regional Development through the
Promotion of Science, Technology and Inno-
vation (FORDECYT, Fondo Institucional de Fo-
mento Regional para el Desarrollo Científico,
Tecnológico y de Innovación) is to promote the
STI and human resources developments. It is
focused on development problems and oppor-
tunities shared between federative entities
and/or municipalities. In that sense, it con-
tributes to the regional development, coope-
ration and integration of the contry’s regions
together with the productive sectors and the
STI actors.
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
Mexico has a range of instruments for the
development of the human capital for STI.
Among those, the most relevant are:
s Scholarships for Postgraduate Studies:
It is a programme of the CONACYT that
grants scholarships for postgraduate stud-
ies both at home and abroad, thus con-
tributing to the education of scientists and
technologists;
s National and Cross-Border Sabbatical and
Postdoctoral Stays: consists of both ex-
perienced and recently graduated doctor-
ates, in programmes with valid registration
&%*
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

in the Postgraduate National Register, s Sector Fund of Research for Education:

which have a specific work programme A trust established between the Ministry
aimed at promoting synergy leading to of Public Education and CONACYT aimed
a benefit greater than the individual ef- at supporting the performance of scien-
forts. Both programmes (national and tific or technological research, innovation
international) are CONACYT initiatives; and technological developments, training
s National Programme of Quality Post- of specialized human resources, scholar-
graduate Courses (PNCP, Programa ships, scientific and technological popu-
Nacional de Postgrados de Calidad): It larization, creation and strengthening of
is run jointly between the Public Edu- academic groups or bodies for research
cation Ministry, through the Higher Ed- and technological development, and the
ucation Under-Ministry, and the CON- research and development infrastructure
ACYT. The programme has the mission that the Education Sector may need;
of “encouraging the continuous im- s National Researchers System (SNI,
provement and ensuring the quality Sistema Nacional de Investigadores): The
of the national postgraduate courses, SNI was created to acknowledge the work
which shall support the increase of sci- of people devoted to producing scientific
entific, technological, social, human knowledge and technology. The acknowl-
and innovation capacities of the coun- edgment is granted through the evaluation
try”. It provides technical and financial by their peers and involves granting the
support to the creation or consolidation appointment as national researcher. This
of programmes of national postgradu- award symbolizes the quality and prestige
ate courses; of the scientific contributions. Economic
s Programme for Cooperation of Post- incentives are granted in parallel with the
graduate Courses (PCP, Programa de appointment, through grants of variable
Cooperación de Postgrado): It is fund- amount depending on the level assigned.
ed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
the Ministry of National Education, L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
the Ministry of Higher Education and WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
Research, on the part of the French The CONACYT has a Policy and International
government, and by the CONACYT. Cooperation Office (DPyCI, Dirección de Po-
Its objective is to facilitate academic lítica y Cooperación Internacional), in coor-
exchanges between higher education dination with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
institutes and research bodies from which manages the international cooperation
both countries for implementing joint in STI. The existence of this office has allowed
actions of research and education of Mexico to have a dynamic STI foreign poli-
human resources; cy and to multiply international agreements
s Programme of Complementary Support in the field. With regard to agreements with
for the Institutional Consolidation (Re- universities, the agreements with Harvard
patriation and Stay): This programme University, California University, Georgetown
is aimed at encouraging researchers University, Arizona University, Yale University,
who live abroad to join Higher Educa- New York University, Columbia University are
tion institutions and centres doing sci- worthy of recognition. As well as this, Mexi-
entific research in Mexico, registered in co has subscribed agreements with several
the RENIECYT; Science Academies and STI Ministries from

&%+HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
 BZm^Xd

Europe and Asia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Co- Tecnología) between Mexico and the Euro-
lombia, Cuba, United States, Peru, Venezuela, pean Union which supports projects under the
Germany, Belgium, Bulgaria, Spain, France, following modes: Projects of joint research;
Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Czech creation and strengthening of research net-
Republic, Russia, India, China, South Korea, works. With the aim of determining the exis-
Japan and Vietnam. ting cooperation potential between Mexico
and the European Union, CONACYT has de-
At the multilateral level, the CONACYT has
signed a public survey of interest expressions
established STI joint activities with the
(EDIS) addressed to European and Mexican
World Bank (WB), the United Nations Edu-
scientists and technologists.
cational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO), the European Union (EU), the
International Development Research Centre L???$KD;I9E9^W_hi
(IDRC), the International Centre for Gene- s UNESCO Chair in Advanced Engineering –
tic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), National Autonomous University of Mexico
the Academy of Sciences for the Developing – Mexico D.F. – Mexico
World (TWAS), the International Foundation
s UNESCO Chair in Bioethics and Clinical
for Science (IFS), and the Third World Net-
Medicine – National Institute of Respira-
work of Scientific Organizations (TWNSO).
tory Diseases – Mexico D.F. – Mexico
The agreements with the following regional
institutions should also be mentioned: Or- s UNESCO Chair on Water in the Knowledge
ganization of American States (OAS), Ibero- Society – Mexican Institute of Water Tech-
American Programme of Science and Tech- nology – Jiutepec, Morelos - Mexico
nology for Development (CYTED, Programa
Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para ?N$B_dai
el Desarrollo), Latin American Centre of Phy- IDEA: www.fundacionidea.org.mx/
sics (CLAF, Centro Latinoamericano de Físi- Foro consultivo:
ca), and Latin American Network of Biological www.foroconsultivo.org.mx
CONACYT: www.conacyt.mx
Sciences (RELAB, Red Latinoamericano de
Ciencias Biológicas).
The Multinational System of Specialized In-
formation on Biotechnology and Food Tech-
nology for Latin America and the Caribbean
(SIMBIOSIS) is also of importance. It is a vir-
tual network aimed at contacting scientists,
experts and research centres interested in bio-
technology, food technology and biodiversity
and is sponsored by its member states and the
OAS. The SIMBIOSIS network provides infor-
mation on research programmes in process,
national institutions, development efforts and
human capacity for STI.
Finally, the Science and Technology Interna-
tional Cooperation Fund (FONCICYT, Fondo
de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y

&%,
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h[i[WhY^_iWbknkhoeh
[dj[hjW_dc[dj"_dj[h[ij_d]Xkj
Z_if[diWXb[$J^_i_iWi[h_eki[hheh"
_j_iWkh][djd[Y[ii_jo"_cc[Z_Wj[
WdZkdWle_ZWXb[jefhe]h[ii$J^[
Y^e_Y[_iYb[Wh"[_j^[hed[Ykbj_lWj[i
iY_[dY["j[Y^debe]oWdZh[i[WhY^
WdZj^[Yekdjho_ifheif[heki"
ijhed]WdZfhe]h[ii[iehed[Ze[i
dejWdZj^[YekdjhoijW]dWj[iWdZ
h[]h[ii[i"b_l_d]_dfel[hjoeh
c[Z_eYh_jo$È

7ZgcVgYd6#=djhhVn!
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HdjgXZ/ÆHeZZX]^c]dcdjgd[i]Z-%i]
Vcc^kZghVgnd[]^hW^gi]!CVi^dcVa6XVYZbnd[
BZY^X^cZ!6eg^ai]Z&%i]&.+,#Ç

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 D_YWhW]kW
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Publications listed int he SCI

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Population (in millions) (2009) 5,9

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 3,2

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 16,8

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 2900,0

Publications listed in the SCI
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) SCI Scientific publications per million of

Agriculture 16,9 Patents per capita (residents)

Industry 25,8
Patents per million of inhabitants

Services 57,3

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 431,0

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 53,2

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 699,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 686,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 77,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2004) 30,6

Percentage of Public expenditure on education / 3,1
Patents per cápita requested by residents
GDP (2006) Patents per cápita granted to residents

Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2002) 0,1

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] 1,0

(2002)
Researchers per 1000 members of EAP (2004) 0,2

Patents requested (2004) 81,0

Patents granted (2004) 42,0

Dependency rate (2004) 26,0

Invention coefficient (2004) 0,1

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 0,8
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 13,2
R&D (2002)
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1997) 7,6

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2002) 5,4

Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi
_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The National System of Science, Technology
and Innovation (SINACYT, Sistema Nacional
de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación) is formed
by bodies, entities, universities and institu-
tions from the national, regional and munici-
pal public sector and by the private sector; its
activities are performed within the framework
of the scientific, technological, economic and
social development of the country.
At the public level, there are two institutions
that perform the fundamental functions of the
SINACYT. First, the Nicaraguan Council for
Science and Technology (CONICYT, Consejo
Nicaragüense de Ciencia y Tecnología) is a
decentralized body attached to the Presidency
of the National Education Council (CNE, Con-
sejo Nacional de Educación), with operating
and administrative autonomy and of scientific
and technological nature. It is the entity that
formulates policies on Science, Technology
and Innovation (STI), funds programmes and
projects and coordinates its actions according
to the national economy. Among the areas
in process of development in the CONICYT,
promotion and support to entrepreneurial in-
novation must be mentioned due to its futu-
re importance; entrepreneurial innovation is
considered to be a basic and essential tool
for facing the future of the SME through the
creation of products with higher added value
and for creating a more competitive entrepre-
neurial sector.
On the other hand, the Executive Secretariat
of CONICYT (SECONICYT) annually formu-
lates the general budget draft, forecasting
expenses for paid staff and for its operation,
including the necessary compensation resour-
ces for the execution of STI research projects
and programmes, adjustment and dissemina-
tion of new technologies and the funding of
&&%HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&
innovation enterprises partially funded by the
bilateral or multilateral contribution.
As for the execution of STI activities, it is
performed mainly by the universities and the
Nicaraguan Institute of Agriculture and Li-
vestock Technologies (INTA, Instituto Nicara-
güense de Tecnologías Agropecuarias).
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[
B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
?dij_jkj_edWbWdZ8kZ][jWho
DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
The institutional structure of the SINACYT is
the result of several legislative modifications
of the last decade, some to mention are:
s Decree 112 (2000): The preceding insti-
tutional organization was modified and as
a consequence the CONICYT was assigned
a President and an Executive Secretariat.
The Presidency started to be held by the
Minister of Promotion, Industry and Com-
merce, or by the Vice-Minister. The Exe-
cutive Secretariat was in charge of the
Board of Technology, Standardization and
Metrology;
s Decree 14 (2000): Through this decree,
the Presidency of the CONICYT was assig-
ned to the Vice-President of the Republic
or the person to which he may delegate the
position. The Executive Secretary is appo-
inted by the President of the Republic;
s Decree 134 (2004): The Presidency of the
CONICYT was returned to the Minister of
Promotion, Industry and Commerce, or the
officer appointed by him;
s Law 582 (2006) or “Law on General Edu-
cation”: States that the CONICYT is atta-
ched to the Presidency of the National
Education Council (CNE, Consejo Nacio-
nal de Educación), while the Board of Di-
rectors of the CNE is chaired by the Vice-
President of the Republic. The CONACYT
coordinates its activities with Centres and
C^XVgV\jV

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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
Institutes of Scientific and Technological
Research belonging to the National Edu-
cation System.
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?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
First, we must mention that in the public
sector, the Entrepreneurial Innovation Board
acts as a link between the CONICYT and the
country’s entrepreneurial sector. Its objecti-
ve is to contribute to the strengthening and
projection of the innovation in the entrepre-
neurial sector as a tool for contributing to the
economic and social growth in the country.
Also of relevance is the Nicaraguan Entrepre-
neurial University Programme, which promo-
tes the development of research and innova-
tion processes in Nicaraguan universities. It is
the result of the joint effort of national autho-
rities and Nicaraguan researchers members
of the National Council of Universities (CNU,
Consejo Nacional de Universidades) and the
Swedish cooperation through the Technologi-
cal University of Chalmers.
Finally, the Nicaraguan Institute of Technolo-
gies of Agriculture and Livestock (INTA, Insti-
tuto Nicaragüense de Tecnologías Agropecua-
rias) can be mentioned, which does research
articulated with the Sectoral priorities, with a
special emphasis on those related to the food
production in order to foster the competitive
capacity of productive sectors and thus better
satisfy the demands of the local and interna-
tional market. INTA draws particular attention
to the improvement of the productivity of tra-
ditional products and to the development of
new products for export.
L$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The National Council for Science and Techno-
logy (CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia
y Tecnología) of Mexico and CONICYT have
&&'HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&
signed an agreement in which establishes
master and doctorates scholarships for Nica-
raguan professionals throughout Mexico, also
contributing to the education of advanced ca-
pital human in Nicaragua.
Among the universities educating human re-
sources in the country, the following may be
highlighted:
s Nicaraguan Autonomous National Univer-
sity (UNAN, Universidad Nacional Autóno-
ma de Nicaragua): Through the project on
Information and Communications Techno-
logies (ICTS) it integrates a global infor-
mation network together with the four pu-
blic universities, thanks to the funding of
the Swedish and Dutch Governments. The
UNAN has a series of special laboratories,
among which the Centre for Geo-Scientific
Research and the Centre for Water Resour-
ces should be mentioned;
s Engineering National University (UNI,
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería): It
specializes in educating human resour-
ces in the fields of science, engineering
and architecture and has several Research
Centres and laboratories;
s Agricultural National University (UNA,
Universidad Nacional Agraria): It has se-
veral Research centres, such as the one
of Genetic Resources and the Molecular
Biology Laboratory, as the most important
ones.
Finally, a programme of doctorate and post-
doctorate scholarships in natural sciences
sponsored by the Academy of Sciences for the
Developing World (TWAS) is of additional in-
terest.
L?$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
In the last decade Nicaragua has multiplied
its international connections at the STI level,
by subscribing covenants and understanding
 C^XVgV\jV

agreements. Such covenants and agreements organizations, such as the Inter-American

have been signed with: Mexico, Venezuela,
Cuba, Honduras and Spain.
Additionally, the Commission for Scienti-
fic and Technological Development of Cen-
tral America and Panama (CTCAP, Comisión
para el Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico de
Centroamérica y Panamá) can be found in
Nicaragua. It is a technical and political or-
ganization of high executive level, with colle-
giate decision authority to manage actions of
regional impact in the field of technological
and scientific development of countries from
Central America and Panama. Currently, the
CTCAP is an institutional forum that receives
support from different cooperation progra-
mmes that are negotiated with international
Development Bank (IADB), the World Bank
(WB) and the Organization of American Sta-
tes (OAS). The CTCAP promotes cooperation
between national Science and Technology Or-
ganizations, which are national authorities wi-
thin the executive power of each government
in charge of STI.
L??$ B_dai
CONICYT: www.conicyt.gob.ni
CTCAP: www.sica.int/ctcap
INTA: www.inta.gob.ni
TWAS: www.twas.org
UNA: www.una.edu.ni
UNI: www.uni.edu.ni
UNAN: www.unan.edu.ni

&&(
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

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Yekdjh_[i"j^[Wffb_YWj_ede\iY_[dY[
jeel[hYec[kdZ[hZ[l[befc[dj
_ied[e\j^[]h[Wj[ijcehWbWdZ
_dj[bb[YjkWbY^Wbb[d][i_d^_ijeho$
9ed\hedj_d]j^_iY^Wbb[d][_dW
YediY_ekiWdZh[iebkj[cWdd[hcWo
]_l[iY_[dj_ijij^[b_X[hWj_d]heb[
j^Wjj^[o^WZWjj^[X[]_dd_d]e\j^[
iY_[dj_ÓYh[lebkj_ed$È

6b†aXVg=ZggZgV!
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 FWdWcW
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 3,4

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 9,2

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 38,8

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 11700,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 6,4

Industry 17,2 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 76,4
Publications listed int he SCI

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 561,0

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 45,3

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 840,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 838,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 92,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2004) 34,0

Percentage of Public expenditure on education 3,8
/GDP Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 0,2

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] Patents per capita (residents)
24,0
(2007)
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 0,1

(2004)
Patents requested (2005) 380,0

Patents granted (2005) 246,0

Dependency rate (2005) 14,1

Invention coefficient (2005) 0,7

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 11,2
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 9,4 Patents per cápita requested by residents
R&D (2007)
Patents per cápita granted to residents
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 53,9

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2005) 66,9 Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

&&*
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi for the Development of Science, Technology

_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
Within the Science, Technology and Innovation
System (STI) in Panama, the National Secre-
tariat for Science and Technology (SENACYT,
Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología)
is the institution with the most seniority. It
is in charge of formulating the STI policies,
preparing and evaluating the STI Develop-
ment Plan, coordinating and supervising the
R&S activities, encouraging the education of
human resources and coordinating the inter-
national technical and financial cooperation.
The development of STI activities is the pre-
rogative of SENACYT, which in consultation
with the National Commission of Science,
Technology and Innovation (CONCYT, Comi-
sión Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Inno-
vación), is responsible for planning, executing
and creating mechanisms for funding, regula-
ting and evaluating the programmes proposed
in the Plan.
On the other hand, the approval of objectives
and programmes is the responsibility of the
Inter-Ministerial Council for Science, Techno-
logy and Innovation (CICYT, Consejo Intermi-
nisterial de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación)
assisted by the SENACYT.
Also, there exist 12 Sectoral National Com-
missions with the function of formulating pro-
posals and defining lines of action to make
operative the national Sectoral programmes
of technological development and scientific
research that are part of the National Strategy
for Science, Technology and Innovation.
The budget of the SENACYT is formed by
direct disbursements of the Ministry of Eco-
nomy and Economic Affairs, classified in the
two existing programmes: operation and inves-
tment. The only source of income is the con-
tribution made by the State through monthly
allocations approved for the economic year in
course. On the other hand, the National Fund
and Innovation (FONACITI, Fondo Nacional
para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia, la Tecnología
y la Innovación) was put into operation by Law
13 (1997) as the main funding body of the
system with the mission of funding scientific-
technological activities, R&D and innovation
projects.
The National Strategic Plan for Science, Te-
chnology and Innovation Development is the
basic planning tool of the SENACYT and is
constituted by a set of objectives, national
programmes and priority lines, in accordance
with the policies of national development. The
working period for the Plan is 5 years. The
main sectors are transport and logistics, tech-
nologies of information, bio-sciences, tourism
and agro-industries.
The National Strategic Plan for Science, Te-
chnology and Innovation Development is mo-
nitored quarterly by means of a progress mo-
nitoring table. A biannual review is performed
with national and international experts.
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[
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Law 50 (December 21 2005) amends Law
13 (April 15 1997), and turns SENACYT into
an autonomous institution. It also defines the
composition of the Board of Directors. On the
other hand, the CICYT is created through Exe-
cutive Decree Nº 178 (October 21 2004).
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WdZ?dZkijho
SENACYT has public funds that are adminis-
tered by UNDP and that are allocated to win-
ning projects under the call of non reimbursa-
ble funds and that function as risk capital for
enterprises, which share risk with SENACYT

&&+HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
EVcVbV

&&,
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
in percentages established in each call for
each separate category of evaluation. To date,
SENACYT is the sole source of non reimbursa-
ble funds under the mode of risk capital that
is available for innovation projects in enter-
prises.
The Entrepreneurial Innovation Board of the
SENACYT was created to promote innovation
in Panama. Its specific objectives are: En-
couraging entrepreneurial innovation; streng-
thening university-enterprise linkage; raising
the university-enterprise invoicing baseline;
improving the export supply through enter-
prise innovation; favouring clustering; and
strengthening innovation in small and medium
enterprises (SME). The work of the Board is
mainly based on calls and the signature of
agreements with entrepreneurs associations
to constitute conglomerates.
Panama also has other instruments to promo-
te a larger relationship between the producti-
ve sector and the System including:
s Sector funds for entrepreneurial innova-
tion projects of interest for conglomerates:
This call promotes the competitiveness of
conglomerates by allocating non reimbur-
sable funds for co-funding, jointly with be-
neficiary enterprises, innovation projects
that correspond to the five priority areas of
application established by the STI National
Strategic Plan 2006-2010: logistics and
transport, agro-industries, bio-sciences,
tourism, information and communications
technology;
s Public Call for Projects of Supported Te-
chnology Missions: Seeks to strengthen
competitiveness of enterprises by means
of technology transfer from abroad to Pa-
nama;
s Public Call for Promoting New Underta-
kings of Technological Base: Aimed at su-
pporting the creation of enterprises based
on a scientific or technological innovation.
This call is addressed to entrepreneurs
&&-HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&
from the last course of university or those
recently graduated.
L$ ?d_j_Wj_l[i\eh9ebbWXehWj_edWdZ
j^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
In Panama, the strategy to strengthen the
linkage between Universities-Enterprises is to
grant an additional bonus to projects that win
calls awarding them the opportunity to do a
research project with a university related with
the winner project.
The country also has the following instruments
of relevance:
s Strengthening the access to scientific
bibliography: It stimulates the acquisi-
tion and upkeep of specialized scientific
bibliographic bases in order to keep the
scientific community updated;
s Internet the new generation: This program-
me invests in connecting national centres
of research and development with advan-
ced networks, such as Internet 2, and allo-
cates non-reimbursable investment funds
to R&D projects that use such networks for
developing applications;
s Strengthening of infrastructure and equi-
pment for R&D: It is a direct investment
in equipment for laboratories and research
centres in Panama in which high quality
researchers or teams work;
s Call for Promoting Research and Develo-
pment: This call seeks to strengthen the
national capacity of research and develop-
ment in Science and Technology on order
to face the problems of the national deve-
lopment;
s Call Science against Poverty: Seeks to cha-
llenge the national scientific and techno-
logical inventiveness to look for solutions
for the country’s main socio-economic pro-
blems;
s Innovation in the Learning of Science: It
gives support to those projects that intro-

duce innovations of method, materials or
research that contribute to enhance the
learning environment of science;
s Call for Projects of Innovation in the Lear-
ning of Science: This call seeks to generate
innovation for formal and non-formal edu-
cation that may favour an improvement in
the training and attitude towards science.
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The Unit of the Scholarship Programmes
(2005-2010) has non reimbursable funds to
be allocated through different calls: program-
mes of excellence undergraduate studies (as
of 2008), programme of professional excellen-
ce scholarships, programme of doctorate and
post-doctorate studies in the fields of Science
and Technology.
There are also complementary programmes to
these scholarship systems such as:
s Addition of Talent for R&D: The call seeks
to add prominent foreign researchers in-
terested in settling in the country to the
scientific capital in Panama. Enterprises
or organizations that manage and receive
the researchers are given support;
s Repatriation of talent for R&D: The main
objective of this call is to revert brain dra-
in. Through this call salaries and other ne-
cessary costs are shared decreasingly with
enterprises or organizations that employ
and receive national researchers of exce-
llence who work abroad;
s Insertion in R&D of former scholarship
holders: It gives support to former scho-
lars of the Programme of Scholarships for
Researchers IFARHU-SENACYT wishing to
return to the country and their productive
insertion in R&D activities, by allocating
non reimbursable funds of investment in
their praiseworthy R&D projects;
EVcVbV
s Scholarships for the postgraduate course
in Teaching Science by Investigation: this
call is addressed to teachers and profes-
sionals with a degree in the field of scien-
ces who want to facilitate the project for
educational improvement “Let’s do Scien-
ce”;
s National System of Researchers (SNI, Sis-
tema Nacional de Investigadores): It was
created by Law 56 (December 14 2007)
and its purpose is to promote scientific
and technological research by means of
the acknowledgement of excellence in the
work of research and scientific and tech-
nological development of natural or legal
persons, through incentives that may be
honours or economic incentives, granted
pursuant to quality, production, importan-
ce and impact of their work.
L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
Panama has a programme that encourages
the cooperation between the Panamanian and
the international scientific communities ai-
med at encouraging the technological transfer
and enabling researchers to contribute to the
worldwide generation of knowledge. The pro-
gramme allocates non reimbursable funds for
investment to its Panamanian counterpart in
projects of international collaboration.
Additionally, Panama is part of the following
international initiatives:
s Call for Promoting R&D International Co-
llaboration: This call seeks to encourage
the scientific cooperation between the Pa-
namanian community and the internatio-
nal community by means of activities of
research and scientific development, inno-
vation or technological transfer;
s International Call for R&D Promotion for
the Site of Natural Heritage of Humani-
ty Coiba National Park: This call seeks
to promote studies and research in basic
&&.
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
sciences and sciences applied to biology
of marine and land ecosystems in Coiba
National Park and the Special Area of Ma-
rine Protection;
s Programmes of Scholarships for studies in
Germany: A new agreement between the
Institute for Training and Good Use of Hu-
man Resources (IFARHU, Instituto para la
Formación y el Aprovechamiento de Recur-
sos Humanos), the SENACYT and the Ger-
man Service of Academic Exchange which
enables the launching of this new progra-
mme of scholarships and is not limited to
Science and Technology fields. Its purpose
is to strengthen high-level academic and
technological links between Panama and
Germany;
s Multinational System of Specialized In-
formation on Biotechnology and Food
Technology for Latin America and the
Caribbean (SIMBIOSIS): It is a virtual
&'%HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&
network aimed at contacting scientists,
experts and research centres interested
in biotechnology, food technology and bio-
diversity. Sponsored by its member states
and the OAS, it provides information on
research programmes in process, national
institutions, development efforts and hu-
man capacity for STI;
s Promotion of innovation IBEROEKA
(CYTED): Consists of non reimbursable
funds for co-funding Panamanian enter-
prises taking part in programme approved
projects, which promote cooperation bet-
ween the enterprises and research centres
of two or more countries of the Ibero-Ame-
rican community.
L???$B_dai
CYTED: www.cyted.org
IFARHU: www.ifarhu.gob.pa
SENACYT: www.senacyt.gob.pa
 FWhW]kWo
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 7,0

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 5,8

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 28,9

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 4200,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 23,4

Industry 18,4 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 58,2
Publications listed int he SCI

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 584,0

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 23,2

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 761,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 759,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 94,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2005) 51,6

Percentage of Public expenditure on education / 4,7
GDP (2006) Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2005) 0,1

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] Patents per capita (residents)
3,4
(2005)
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 0,2

(2005)
Patents requested (2003) 185,0

Patents granted (2003) 60,0

Dependency rate (2003) 14,4

Invention coefficient (2003) 0,2

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 1,0
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 6,7 Patents per cápita requested by residents
R&D (2005)
Patents per cápita granted to residents
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2001) 16,3

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2005) 20,1 Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

&'&
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi
_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
In Paraguay, the management, coordination
and evaluation of the National System of
Science, Technology and Innovation (SNCTI,
Sistema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e
Innovación), is in charge of the National Com-
mission on Science and Technology (CONCYT,
Comisión Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología),
which is an autonomous public body of mixed
composition. Its functions are: to formulate
and propose policies and strategies of scienti-
fic and technological development; to articula-
te scientific and technological efforts; to give
advise to the powers of the State in aspects
related to Science, Technology and Innovation
(STI); to strengthen the scientific and tech-
nological infrastructure; to coordinate and
evaluate programmes in which international
organizations or foreign states collaborate; to
coordinate programmes of scholarships and
student exchange; and to manage the progra-
mme and the funds for supporting R&D and
the training of human resources.
The CONACYT is composed of ten advisors,
in representation of the following institutions:
Technical Secretariat for Planning of the Pre-
sidency of the Republic, Ministry of Industry
and Commerce, through the National Institu-
te of Technology and Standards, Ministry of
Agriculture and Livestock, State Universities,
private Universities, Paraguayan Industrial
Union, Rural Association of Paraguay, Fede-
ration of Production, Industry and Commerce,
Association of Small and Medium Enterprises,
Trade Unions.
The System in Paraguay is complemented
with the following institutions:
s National Science and Technology Fund
(FONACYT, Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y
Tecnología): It is the entity of CONACYT
in charge of the funding of Science and
Technology projects and activities;
&''HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
s National Body of Accreditations (ONA, Or-
ganismo Nacional de Acreditación): It is
the agency of the CONACYT in charge of
ensuring transparency in the implementa-
tion of evaluation systems in accordance
with standards in force at worldwide level.
The accreditation of certification and ins-
pection bodies, laboratories of tests and
calibration, and staff training bodies are
among its tasks.
???$ IkXijWdj_Wb9^Wd][i_dj^[
B[]_ibWj_l["Eh]Wd_pWj_edWb"
?dij_jkj_edWbWdZ8kZ][jWho
DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
Law 2.279 (2003) institutionalizes and con-
solidates the SNCTI, through the redefinition
of the powers of the CONACYT and the agen-
cies integrating the system.
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?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
Paraguay has made many efforts to encoura-
ge interactions between the productive sector
and the SNCTI, the following are to be noted:
s Tax exemptions for equipments to be used
for scientific and technological research;
s First Consultation Conference about De-
mands of Science and Technology in Pa-
raguay (May 20 1999);
s Symposium on National Policy of Science,
Technology and Innovation (October 14
2000);
s Project SOLAR- ICT: It is a project funded
by European Commission under its sixth
Framework Programme with the objective
of identifying opportunities common to the
Latin-American and European research
communities in the sector of Information
and Communications Technologies (ICTs).
EVgV\jVn

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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

L$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY[" Basic Sciences – National University of

J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed Asuncion – Asuncion -Paraguay

The Programme for the Support to the De-

L???$B_dai
velopment of Science, Technology and In-
novation (April 10 2006) has funding from
the IADB and consists of a loan granted to CONACYT: www.conacyt.gov.py
the Government of Paraguay, ratified by Law MATH – Amsud: www.mathamsud.org
3405 (December 26 2007) of the Legislati- ONA: www.conacyt.gov.py/ona/index.php
ve Power. Its main components are, on the SOLAR – ICT: www.solar-ict.eu/
one hand the funding of research projects and
technological innovation projects , addressed
to enterprises, with the participation of su-
pporting public and private institutions, and
on the other hand, the strengthening of natio-
nal postgraduate courses, through the award
of national postgraduate scholarships and the
strengthening and articulation of the SNCTI
in Paraguay.

L?$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_ed
WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
In Paraguay there exist two relevant initiatives
in terms of international cooperation. They
are:
s Agreement of inter-institutional coopera-
tion between UNDP and the president of
CONCACYT (October 30 2008) aimed at
fostering a development with social in-
clusion in Paraguay, by designing and im-
plementing projects and activities in the
STI framework, creating mechanisms, ins-
truments and measures of action for the
achievement of the Millennium Develop-
ment Goals in Paraguay;
s MATH-AmSud: it is a cooperation initiative
directed at promoting and strengthening
the collaboration and creation of research-
development networks in the field of ma-
thematics, by making joint projects.

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s UNESCO Chair –Universities Association
Group of Montevideo in Environmental

&')HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
 F[h‘
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 29,5

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 9,8

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 247,3

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 8500,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 8,5

Industry 21,2 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 70,3
Publications listed int he SCI

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 520,0

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 24,0

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 806,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 804,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 88,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff -

Percentage of Public expenditure on education / 2,7
GDP (2006) Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2004) 0,2

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] Patents per capita (residents)
8,8
(2004)
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE] 0,4

(2004)
Patents requested (2007) 1359,0

Patents granted (2007) 327,0

Dependency rate (2007) 47,5

Invention coefficient (2007) 0,1

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 2,1
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 3,3 Patents per cápita requested by residents
R&D (2004)
Patents per cápita granted to residents
R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 116,0

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2004) 239,6 Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

&'*
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
??$ =[d[hWb<hWc[mehaWdZJh[dZi
_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ
?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
The National System of Science, Technology
and Technological Innovation (SINACYT, Sis-
tema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e In-
novación Tecnológica) in Peru is articulated
around two institutions and a group of exe-
cuting entities specialized in several areas
of national interest. The National Council for
Science, Technology and Technological In-
novation (CONCYTEC, Consejo Nacional de
Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica)
is responsible for the functions of policies,
coordination and promotion of the Science,
Technology and Innovation (STI) system. It
is the governing agency of the SINACYT, in
charge of conducting, promoting, coordina-
ting, supervising and evaluating actions from
the State aimed at linking STI activities and
at formulating STI policies. It has legal status
of internal public law and scientific, adminis-
trative, economic and financial autonomy.
The funding of STI activities is centralized in
the National Fund for Scientific, Technolo-
gical and Technological Innovation Develop-
ment (FONDECYT, Fondo Nacional de Desa-
rrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación
Tecnológica). It is an autonomous entity under
the authority of the Prime Minister in charge
of raising, managing, administering and chan-
nelling funds of national and foreign origin,
to be used for the activities of the SINACYT
in Peru.
STI activities are performed by a series of ins-
titutes specialized in strategic areas for the
country. The public bodies which perform
R&D are: the National Commission of Aeros-
pace Research and Development (CONIDA,
Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desa-
rrollo Aeroespacial), the National Institute for
Agricultural Research and Extension (INIEA,
Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Exten-
sión Agraria), the Geophysics Institute of Peru
&'+HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
(IGP, Instituto Geofísico del Perú), the Peru-
vian Amazonia Research Institute (IIAP, Ins-
tituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Pe-
ruana), the Peruvian Nuclear Energy Institute
(IPEN, Instituto Peruano de Energía Nuclear),
the Sea Institute of Peru (IMARPE, Instituto
del Mar del Perú), the Peruvian Fishing Tech-
nological Institute (ITP, Instituto Tecnológico
Pesquero del Perú), the National Institute of
Health (INS, Instituto Nacional de la Salud),
the National Institute for Telecommunications
Research and Training (INICTEL, Instituto
Nacional de Investigación y Capacitación de
Telecomunicaciones), the National Council
for the Environment (CONAM, Consejo Nacio-
nal del Ambiente) and the National Develop-
ment Institute (INADE, Instituto Nacional del
Desarrollo).
However, there is no entity in charge of the
evaluation of the SINACYT, which means it is
impossible to coherently measure advances in
the area against their goals.
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The Peruvian System dates back to 1981
with the creation of the CONCYTEC and has
been modified through several laws since the
Budapest Conference in 1999. The following
should be highlighted:
s Law 27.506 (June 15 2001) or Canon
Law: It states that the Regional Govern-
ments shall assign 20% of the revenue
from the mining canon to research in pu-
blic universities in the region;
s Law 27.867 (November 8 2002): It states
the responsibilities of the Regional Gover-
nments in the creation of STI policies;
s Ministerial Resolution 148-2005-PCM
(2005): Plan of Information Society De-
velopment: It determines the policies and
strategies that have to be promoted by the
EZg

&',
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
public sector, the academic sector, the pri-
vate sector and the civil society in general,
in order to create an Information Society
enabling the generation of efficiencies,
through the available any kind of electro-
nic information, services or contents to its
members;
s Law 28.303 (August 25 2005) or Scien-
ce, Technology and Technological Inno-
vation Framework Law: STI activities are
declared as of “public need and of natio-
nal preferential interest” emphasizing its
“fundamental role for the production and
national development in its different go-
vernment levels” (Art. 2). The Framework
Law creates the National System of Scien-
ce, Technology and Technological Innova-
tion (SINACYT, Sistema Nacional de Cien-
cia, Tecnología e Innovación tecnológica)
and appoints the CONCYTEC as its gover-
ning entity;
s Law 28.015 (July 3 2003): It is a law for
promotion and formalization of small and
medium enterprises (SME);
s Law 28.613 (September 2005) or Law of
National Council for Science, Technology
and Technological Innovation: This law
adapts the CONCYTEC to law 28303;
s Supreme Decree 034-2008-PCM (2008):
Approval of the classification of the CON-
CYTEC as executing public body, jointly
with other institutions of the State.
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?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
Peru has a range of initiatives to promote a
better articulation and integration between
the productive sector and the R&D actors.
In addition to the specialized institutes pre-
viously mentioned that contribute to the crea-
tion of synergies between the private sector
&'-HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
and the SINACYT, Peru has the following ini-
tiatives:
s Centres of Technological Innovation (CI-
TES, Centros de Innovación Tecnológica):
They are technological partners for enter-
prises that aim to increase their innovation
capacity and achieve higher competitive-
ness and productivity. Each CITE is a mee-
ting point between the State, the academy
and the private sector, which articulates it
with the rest of the innovation system;
s The Science, Technology and Innovation
Fund (FINCYT, Fondo para la Innova-
ción, Ciencia y Tecnología): This fund was
created from an IADB loan in 2006. Its
objective is to finance private enterprise
or research projects and programmes to
promote innovation, to improve competiti-
veness, to broaden the capacity for gene-
rating scientific knowledge and encourage
the participation of the private sector in
research, development and innovation ac-
tivities. The Board of Directors is formed
by representatives from the scientific and
university communities, from the govern-
ment and from the private sector;
s Fund of Research and Development for
Competitiveness (FIDECOM, Fondo de
Investigación y Desarrollo para la Com-
petitividad): It is a competitive fund that
was created at the end of 2007 (law of
operation of the FIDECOM) and that co-
funds projects and trains for SME and civil
association of productive nature. However,
it has not started and still does not have a
executing unit;
s INCAGRO Project: It promotes and streng-
thens the supply of non-financial services
for innovation in order to establish a mo-
dern System, led by the private sector in
order to improve productivity and increase
the profitability in the Peruvian sector of
agriculture and livestock.

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WdZj^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
The CONCYTEC has mainly two tools for pro-
moting the collaboration and establishment of
networks of scientists:
s Articulation and Management Network
(RED DAG, Red de Articulación y Ges-
tión): It is a technological platform to fa-
cilitate and improve the design and imple-
mentation of mechanisms of articulation,
coordination, exchange and agreement
of the National System of Science and
Technology (SINACYT, Sistema Nacional
de Ciencia y Tecnología). It registers the
monitoring of activities related to projects
and investigation. The DAG Network has
the centralization and mutual collabora-
tion of all the institutions of the SINACYT
as an objective;
s Regional Forums Enterprise – University –
State: They are performed with the support
of the CONCYTEC and organize meetings
between the three actors of the System to
create synergies and take into account the
specificities and competitive advantages
of each region.
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J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
Training and strengthening of STI human ca-
pacities in Peru are made through the post-
graduate educative system, the assignment of
resources and the design and consolidation of
new postgraduate programmes. The following
initiatives are of importance:
s CONCYTEC Chairs: It is a quality distinc-
tion granted to a postgraduate unit of a
university aimed at generating human ca-
pital at doctoral level, which results in a
subvention for applied research projects
and in the awarding of scholarships at
master and doctorate levels;
EZg
s Scholarships and Education Loan Office
(OBEC, Oficina de Becas y Crédito Edu-
cativo): It is the official entity in charge of
managing, channelling and granting scho-
larships and education loans to students
of different levels to encourage their pro-
fessional development;
s Public Universities: The country has 33
public universities. The following perform
S&D activities with a certain predomi-
nance: National University of San Marcos
(UNMSM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de
San Marcos), National University of En-
gineering (UNI, Universidad Nacional de
Ingeniería) and National University San
Agustin of Arequipa (UNSA, Universidad
Nacional San Agustín de Arequipa);
s Private Universities: There exist 42 priva-
te universities. The following perform S&D
activities with preponderance: Universidad
Cayetano Heredia (UPCH) and Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). It
must be emphasized that the UPCH is the
higher education institution that performs
the largest amount of R&D activities in all
of Peru.
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WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
In the last decade, Peru has subscribed to
several important agreements with interna-
tional organizations that are detailed in the
following:
s Science and Technology Programme
(PCYT, Programa de Ciencia y Tecnología,
Nº1663/OC-PE, 2007): It is a program-
me of the FONDECYT for a total amount
of USD 36 millions of which USD 25 mi-
llion come from an IADB loan and USD 11
million from national contributions. The
PCYT enables the development of innova-
tion projects in enterprises, STI research
projects in universities and research cen-
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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
tres, and doctorate scholarships in foreign
universities, through competitive mecha-
nisms;
s Peru-IADB Science and Technology Pro-
gramme (IADB Project PE-0203): A mul-
tisector project of the State aimed at de-
signing a mechanism for funding science,
technology and innovation projects aimed
at raising the levels of competitiveness of
the country. This project receives collabo-
ration from the IADB through non reimbur-
sable resources from the IADB-Japanese
Special Fund;
s Project “Cacao Route in America: cultural
diversity and endogenous development”:
collaboration in research projects at the
regional level with Colombia, Cuba, Ecua-
dor and Venezuela;
&(%HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
s Multinational System of Specialized Infor-
mation on Biotechnology and Food Techno-
logy for Latin America and the Caribbean
(SIMBIOSIS): It is a virtual network aimed
at contacting scientists, experts and re-
search centres interested in biotechnolo-
gy, food technology and biodiversity. It is
sponsored by its member states and the
OAS. The SIMBIOSIS network provides in-
formation on research programmes in pro-
cess, national institutions, development
efforts and human capacity for STI.
L???$B_dai
CONCYTEC: http://portal.concytec.gob.pe
FINCYT: www.fincyt.gob.pe
FONDECYT: http://portal.concytec.gob.pe/
index.php/fondecyt.html
INCAGRO: www.incagro.gob.pe
OBEC: www.minedu.gob.pe/obec
 Jh_d_ZWZWdZJeXW]e
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 1,3

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 12,5

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 29,0

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 23600,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 1,0

Industry 60,0 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 39,0
Publications listed int he SCI

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 389,0

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) -

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 837,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 833,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 98,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2007) 43,5

Percentage of Public expenditure on education -
/GDP Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 0,1

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] Patents per capita (residents)
14,2
(2007)
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP (2007) 1,1

Patents requested (2007) 319,0

Patents granted (2007) 64,0

Dependency rate (2007) 158,5

Invention coefficient (2007) 0,0

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 13,5
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 14,9
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita requested by residents

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 13,5 Patents per cápita granted to residents

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2007) 18,5

Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

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?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
A report on Science, Technology and Innova-
tion (STI) has been developed as part of Vi-
sion 2020, a report that has been adopted by
the government as official policy. The Ministry
of Science, Technology and Tertiary Education
(STTE) is the agency responsible for the im-
plementation of recommendations of the re-
port and for formulating the national policy in
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI). Its
mandate is to develop tertiary education, as
well as to be in charge of the education and
management of strategic and operative mat-
ters related with scientific and technological
progress in the country. The STTE is totally
funded by subsidies from the central govern-
ment. On their turn, these funds are disbursed
to the several bodies under its authority.
The main governmental entities implied in
the implementation of STI policies are the fo-
llowing:
s STTE and associated bodies, such as Uni-
versity of the West Indies, the University of
Trinidad and Tobago, the National Institu-
te of Higher Education, Research, Scien-
ce and Technology (NIHERST), Caribbean
Industrial Research Institute (CARIRI) and
the Institute of Marine Affairs;
s Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine
Resources: Through the Agricultural Plan-
ning Division they conduct research acti-
vities;
s Ministry of Energy: It develops and imple-
ments a set of energy policies (mainly with
regard to petroleum and gas);
s Ministry of Planning and Development:
Through the Socio Economic Planning
Unit and Public Policies;
s Ministry of Public Administration and In-
formation: Through the Telecommunica-
tions Authority;
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s Ministry of Trade and Industry: Through
the Business Development Enterprise;
s Ministry of Health: Through the Caribbean
Epidemiology Centre (CAREC), the Ca-
ribbean Agricultural Research and Deve-
lopment Institute (CARDI) and the Ca-
ribbean Health Research Council.
The government has not yet defined a refe-
rence framework for evaluating the impact of
STI initiatives, and a system for monitoring
expenses is also yet to be established. Within
the ministries, the planning and development
units are responsible for evaluating the STI
strategy. Such evaluation must be initiated by
the Ministry of Public Administration and In-
formation.
On the other hand, the Auditor General of the
Audit Department is responsible for auditing
public institutions performing R&D activities.
However, there are no formal mechanisms for
evaluating the performance of the different
bodies or the system as a whole.
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DWj_edWb<hWc[mehai
In 2002, the law of income tax exemption in
aid of industry was extended in order to in-
clude all manufacturing activities. The initial
allocation, relating to facilities and machinery,
increased from 50% to 60%, and at present
an initiative to increase it to 75% is under
way. This will allow an additional benefit for
the productive sector through the reduction of
the taxable income and the tax liability. Since
the ratification of the income tax law in 2006,
the productive sector can deduct the resour-
ces to be used for the development of human
resources up to 150%.
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?dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dIY_[dY[
WdZ?dZkijho
Trinidad and Tobago is applying a strategy on
several industrial fronts in order to accelerate
economic diversification in the country. The
idea is that the industrial development will
encourage the development of clusters, which
are already settling in the InTech Tamana Park.
This constitutes the link between the indus-
trial know how, the R&D and the education of
human resources, and is strategically linked
to the University of Trinidad and Tobago.
Additionally, through the Business Expan-
sion and Industrial Reengineering Programme
(BEIRP), the government helps the redisig-
ning of national enterprises in order to promo-
te a larger incorporation of technological and
innovative processes, as well as for broade-
ning their innovative capacity and producing
products of high added value for the interna-
tional market.
Seven industries of priority for investment in
STI have been identified. These are: Yachting;
Fish and Fish Processing; Merchant Marine;
Music and Entertainment; Film; Food and Be-
verage; and Printing and Packaging. Policies
relating to these industries include tax incen-
tives and customs duties incentives, commer-
cialization and aid for promotion, training,
research and aid for the development and the
support to the improvement of productivity.
On the other hand, the government has recog-
nized the importance of incorporating techno-
logical elements in small and medium enter-
prises (SME), and has created the following
support programmes:
s Business Development Company (BDC):
Its mission is to facilitate growth and ex-
pansion of SME. The BDC aims at com-
plying with its mandate through guarantee
mechanisms, for commercial bank loans,
&()HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
and the direct support to capital inves-
tment;
s Enterprise Development Division (EDD) of
the Ministry of Labour and SME Enterprise
Development: Its objective is the creation
of 5,000 new SME per year, to increase
their success and to promote entrepreneu-
rial spirit in the country. In order to per-
form its mission, it plays a role as coordi-
nator between the different ministries and
competent bodies and it supervises the
SME performance;
s National Entrepreneurship Development
Company (NEDCO): Its main mandate is
the management of a programme of loans
for SME. It also offers a series of support
services in education, entrepreneurial
development, business consultancy and
coaching services. Its most recent initiati-
ve is the Entrepreneurial Training Institute
Incubation Centres (ETIIC) which seeks to
consolidate feasibility of enterprises wi-
thin the STI scope by providing services
of tutorship and consultancy, support in
Information and Communications Tech-
nologies (ICTs), training in entrepreneu-
rial development and business enterprise,
and availability of an on-line market where
clients can contact purchasers from all
over the world.
Another important initiative is the European
Development Fund (EDF). Its mandate is to
support new knowledge through university-en-
terprise cooperation; to promote incorporation
of processes that enable a higher added value
of production as well as innovating activities
and activities aimed at promoting the exports
by SME; to promote the concept of “inno-
vation culture” to develop and connect risk
capitals, promote R&D direction towards mar-
ket demands and to promote entrepreneurial
capacities. Additionally, the Caribbean Busi-
ness Services Limited (CBSL) was created to
increase the competitiveness and the prepa-

ration for exports of manufacturing SMEs and
service SME in sectors other than energy. It is
funded by the European Union (EU).
On the other hand, the electronic commerce
growth has enabled an improvement in the
commercial competitiveness of the public
and private sector through the development
of the Information and Communications Tech-
nologies Support Programme. The creation of
an On-line Enterprise-to-Enterprise Market for
SME that allows SME a higher inter-connecti-
vity and promotes said enterprises’ dynamism
is also of importance.
Another initiative taken was the creation of a
“Knowledge Centre” in the Ministry of Plan-
ning and Development, which plans the dis-
semination of information regarding better
practices of monitoring and evaluation in the
fields of project management. Its purpose is
also to inform the public about events related
with Vision 2020.
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Collaboration between public and private sec-
tors has been scarce and needs to be promo-
ted. In 2002-2003 the Ministry of Commerce
and Industry completed agreements for laun-
ching two of commercial support program-
mes:
s Trade Sector Support Programme (TSSP):
It is designed to improve the international
trade performance of Trinidad and Toba-
go;
s Caricom Trade Support Programme (CTSP):
It is aimed at being promoted by the mar-
ket with the resources made available by
enterprises in other CARICOM Member
States. It encourages enterprises to make
direct investments in other Member States
through mixed enterprises and/or strategic
alliances.
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J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The STTE is mostly aimed at educating human
resources for STI. The following stand out:
s On the Job Training (OJT): The program-
me is meant for young people between
the ages of 16 and 35 who are graduated
from institutes of higher or secondary edu-
cation. OJT is designed to provide young
people a labour experience in order to
enable the development of skills and at-
titudes needed for their entry and re-entry
in the labour world;
s Government Assistance for Tuition Expen-
ses Programme (GATE): It is administered
by the Scholarship Administration Unit of
the Ministry of Science, Technology and
Tertiary Education, and grants scholars-
hips to undergraduate and postgraduate
students with financial difficulties;
s Higher Education Loan Programme
(HELP): It is a loan programme for under-
graduate and postgraduate students and
technical studies.
Educational entities within the STTE are con-
ducted by the Education Act and the Accredi-
tation Council Act. This accreditation council
is elaborating a National Qualifications Fra-
mework (NQF) whose purpose is the streng-
thening of links between all educative levels.
L??$ ?dj[hdWj_edWb9eef[hWj_edWdZ
=beXWb_pWj_ed
The Caribbean Council for Science and Tech-
nology (CCST) is an intergovernmental orga-
nization based on the Organization of Ameri-
can States (OAS) which, in collaboration with
the countries of the region has developed a
regional policy framework for STI action that
seeks to guide policy makers towards the con-
solidation of STI capacities. It focuses on the
key sectors such as: agriculture, manufacture,
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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

biotechnology and security, heavy industry, as includes the following countries: Argentina,
well as services oriented to health, education, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecua-
tourism, energy and communication and envi- dor, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama,
ronment. Its mandate is the promotion of coo- Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. The SIMBIO-
peration in the mutual transfer of Science and SIS network provides information on research
Technology to facilitate the adoption of impor- programmes in process, national institutions,
ted technology and the development of do- development efforts and human capacity for
mestic technologies. Additionally, the CCST is STI.
in charge of increasing the negotiation power
of the region in STI-related matters. Its office L???$B_dai
is in Trinidad and Tobago.
Additionally, the Multinational System of Spe-
BDC: www.bdc.co.tt
cialized Information on Biotechnology and
CAREC: www.carec.org
Food Technology for Latin America and the CARIRI: www.cariri.com
Caribbean (SIMBIOSIS) is a virtual network CCST: www.ccst-caribbean.org
aimed at contacting scientists, experts and Ministry of Labour and SME Development:
research centres interested in biotechnology, www.labour.gov.tt
food technology and biodiversity. It is spon- NEDCO: www.nedco.gov.tt
NIHERST: www.niherst.gov.tt
sored by its member states and the OAS and
STTE: www.stte.gov.tt

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 Khk]kWo
Expenditure in S&T activities

Percentage of the GDP

USD PPP per cápita

Percentage of GDP
USD PPP per cápita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

?$=[d[hWb:WjW

Total FTE S&T staff

Population (in millions) (2009) 3,5

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 8,9

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 43,2

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 12400,0

Total FTE S&T staff
Percentage of composition per Sector (2008) FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Agriculture 9,5

Industry 23,4 Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Services 67,1
Publications listed int he SCI

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 449,0

SCI Scientific publications

per million of inhabitants
Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 59,7

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 865,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 862,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 97,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2007) 52,4

Percentage of Public expenditure on education / 2,6
GDP (2006) Publications listed in the SCI
SCI Scientific publications per million of inhabitants
Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 0,6

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP] Patents per capita (residents)
82,6
(2007)
Patents per million of inhabitants

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP (2006) 2,0

Patents requested (2008) 739,0

Patents granted (2008) 72,0

Dependency rate (2008) 21,4

Invention coefficient (2008) 1,0

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi- 15,7
tants (2007)
Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] in 5,1
R&D (2007) Patents per cápita requested by residents

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 66,2 Patents per cápita granted to residents

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (2006) 272,5

Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the United
Nations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).

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?ddelWj_edFeb_Y_[i
In the last decade, Uruguay has proceeded to
redefine the entire national system of scien-
ce, technology and innovation. At present the
system operates within the framework of the
National Strategic Plan for Science, Techno-
logy and Innovation (PENCTI, Plan Estratégi-
co Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innova-
ción), formulated in April 2009, which states
the strategic lines and priorities of the country
in the area of Science, Technology and Inno-
vation (STI). This plan was formulated by the
Ministerial Cabinet for Innovation (GMI, Gabi-
nete Ministerial de la Innovación).
The GMI was created in 2005 by Law 18.084
and was formed by the Ministry of Education
and Culture (MEC, Ministro de Educación y
Cultura), the Ministry of Economy and Econo-
mic Affairs, the Ministry of Industry, Energy ad
Mining, the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture
and Fishery and the Director of the board res-
ponsible for planning and budget. Among its
functions the following are of importance: to
elaborate the PENCTI, to make its monitoring
and evaluation, to coordinate the definition of
strategies, policies and priorities on the sub-
ject of STI, to formulate budgetary guidelines,
and to propose STI institutional reforms to the
State bodies.
On the other hand, the National Council for
Innovation, Science and Technology (CONI-
CYT, Consejo Nacional de Innovación, Ciencia
y Tecnología) is the executive and legislative
powers consultancy agency. It is formed by 21
members who represent different sectors of
civil society, of the public and private institu-
tions related to STI themes. Its more important
functions are: to propose plans, guidelines of
general policies and priorities related with STI
to the GMI, to perform the monitoring of the
operation of the different programmes of the
National Agency for Research and Innovation
&(-HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#
(ANIII, Agencia Nacional de Investigación e
Innovación), the PENCTI, promotes the crea-
tion and regulation of STI programmes and
elaborates strategy proposals, stragtegic areas
and STI policy instruments.
The funding of STI activities is provided
through several funds, such as: the National
Fund of Researchers, the Technological De-
velopment Programme (Ministry of Education
and Culture, MEC), the Sectoral Commission
for Scientific Research of the University of the
Republic, the Basic Sciences Development
Programme (PEDECIBA, Programa de Desa-
rrollo de las Ciencias Básicas), and the Fund
for the Promotion of Technology of Livestock
and Agriculture (FPTA, Fondo de Promoción
de Tecnología Agropecuaria).
Additionally, the National Agency for Research
and Innovation (ANIII, Agencia Nacional de
Investigación e Innovación), created in 2006
(Law 18.084 of December 26 2006), is the
operative agency of the system. The ANII is
responsible for the design, organization and
management of programmes and instruments
oriented towards the scientific-technological
development and the strengthening of innova-
tion capacities. Additionally, the law grants it
the following responsibilities: to promote the
articulation and coordination of actions from
public and private actors to boost synergies
within the system; to prepare and execute
plans, programmes and instruments in which
competition mechanisms will be favored, in
accordance with the political-strategic guide-
lines and priorities of the GMI; and to stimu-
late and support the effective link between
the productive and academic sectors through
associations with public and private partici-
pation. Its Board of Directors has a delegate
from each ministry in the GMI.
STI activities are mainly performed by the pu-
blic sector, but mainly by the higher educa-
tion and a series of specialized bodies which
are detailed hereinafter:
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s University of the Republic;
s Technological Laboratory of Uruguay
(LATU, Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uru-
guay)
s National Institute of Viticulture (INAVI,
Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura),
s Uruguayan Antarctic Institute (IAU, Insti-
tuto Antártico Uruguayo)
s National Institute of Agricultural Research
(INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación
Agropecuaria)
s Clemente Estable Biological Research Ins-
titute (IIBCE, Instituto de Investigaciones
Biológicas Clemente Estable);
s National Water Resources Board (DINA-
RA, Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuá-
ticos);
s Division of Veterinary Laboratories (DILA-
VE. División de Laboratorios Veterinarios);
s Military Geographic Service;
s National Board of Meteorology;
s Navy Orography, Hydrography and Meteo-
rology Service;
s Montevideo Pasteur Institute (non-govern-
mental organization).
Finally, the National Observatory in STI (in
implementation phase) is the agency in char-
ge of evaluating, monitoring and measuring
activities and progresses of STI activities.
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As a whole, the STI institutional system was
completely renewed between 2005 and 2009.
In addition, the three operative institutions
previously described represent deep organi-
zational changes that aim at increasing the
dynamism and increasing the impact of the
STI policies on the national economy, as well
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as improving coherence and the representing
capacity of STI institutions.
There also exist several legislative re-
forms, among which the following are to be
highlighted:
s Law 17.930 or Budgetary Law 2005-2009
(2005): It creates the ANII and assigns re-
sources to it;
s Decree 136/05 (2005): It creates the
GMI;
s Law of Tax Reform of 2007 (Law 18.083
of January 18 2007), art. 23: It states tax
incentives for the performance of R&D ac-
tivities;
s Law 18.084 (2007): It states the respon-
sibilities of the GMI, the ANII and the CO-
NICYT;
s Law 18.172 (2007): It creates the Natio-
nal System of Scholarships (SNB, Sistema
Nacional de Becas) ad the National Sys-
tem of Researchers (SNI, Sistema Nacio-
nal de Investigadores);
s Decree 166/07 (2007): It sets forth the
operation of the ANII;
s National System of Scholarships (SNB,
Sistema Nacional de Becas): It was crea-
ted by article 304 of Law 18.172 (2007)
in order to formalize and expand the
scholarship system. It is divided into the
following categories: introduction to re-
search, postgraduate studies in the coun-
try and abroad, postgraduates’ insertion,
return of Uruguayan scientists to the coun-
try and link with the productive sector.
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WdZ?dZkijho
The guidelines of the PENCTI states that one
of the most important national priorities is the
articulation of the SNI within the producti-
ve sector. For fulfilling this objective the fo-
llowing initiatives are of relevance:

s Support to the formation of Innovation
Regional Centres (CRI, Centros Regiona-
les de Innovación): It is the promotion of
public-private alliances to articulate key
actors of SNI in livestock and agriculture
around productive questions in a regional
framework, with emphasis on innovation
and SME integration. The programme is
still in the process of elaboration;
s National Institute of Agricultural Research
(INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investiga-
ción Agropecuaria): It promotes, from a
comprehensive approach, the scientific-
technological innovation of the Uruguayan
sector of Livestock and Agriculture so as
to improve its competitiveness at the na-
tional and international level;
s Development Programme for Suppliers
(ANII): Its purpose is to achieve the exis-
tence and development of efficient and
competitive national suppliers both in the
input and output stages of the industrial
process. The programme aims at gene-
rating and strengthening relationships of
provision and services between national
SME and larger enterprises, with a focus
on entrepreneurial networks. This progra-
mme is also under development;
s Technological Development Programme
(PDT, Programa de Desarrollo Tecnológi-
co): It supports innovation and improve-
ment of entrepreneurial competitiveness,
encourages development and applica-
tion of Science and Technology aimed
at broadening the capacity of generating
scientific and technological knowledge in
pre-identified fields, and promotes insti-
tutional strengthening of the Innovation
National System, through the promotion
of regional and international connections
Jgj\jVn
and by popularizing scientific and techno-
logical advances to the whole community;
s Programme of connection with the produc-
tive sector (CSIC-UDELAR): it encourages
the relationship of the UDELAR [Univer-
sity of the Republic] with national actors
connected with the productions of goods
and services, through calls for research
projects in all fields of knowledge;
s Sectoral and/or territorial innovation pro-
grammes for groups of enterprises (ANII):
They have the objective of supporting
groups of enterprises willing to collaborate
on the solution of technological problems
shared by the group and that hinder its
competitive development.
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j^[9h[Wj_ede\D[jmehai
The reformulation of the innovation national
system in Uruguay has resulted in the esta-
blishment of the following programmes, ai-
med at enhancing collaboration and the crea-
tion of networks:
s Scholarships of mobility: Its objective is to
train human resources, in activities con-
nected to the strengthening of networks of
scientific-technological cooperation and in
strategic areas;
s Inter-Institutional and Multidiscipline
Weft of On-Line Bibliography Portal (TIM-
BO, Trama Interinstitucional y Multidisci-
plinaria de Bibliografía Online, ANII): It
intends to make available on-line access
to the main specialized publications at the
international level and to patents banks;
s Support to internships and presentation of
works in congresses and workshops abroad
(ANIII).
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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
L?$ >kcWdH[iekhY[i\ehIY_[dY["
J[Y^debe]oWdZ?ddelWj_ed
The strengthening of human resources in the
STI fields is made possible through the fun-
ding of scholarships of postgraduate studies
in Science and Technology, the support to the
international mobility, and the university cu-
rricular design in STI postgraduate program-
mes. The main instruments used in Uruguay
to strengthen its human capital in STI are:
s National System of Researchers (SNI,
Sistema Nacional de Investigadores): Its
objective is to strengthen and expand the
scientific community, to categorize and
periodically evaluate researchers and to
establish a system of incentives, awarded
by contests;
s Support to Young Entrepreneurs (ANII):
It has a double pronged objective, on the
one hand, to guide and help innovating
enterprises of short life in the maturing
process, and on the other hand, to promo-
te the creation and development of new
enterprises that consider the commerciali-
zation of innovating products or services;
s CEIBAL Plan: It provides access to com-
puter knowledge for all Uruguayan chil-
dren. It is in the final stage and includes
the following components: One laptop per
child and per teacher in all public pri-
mary schools, education programmes for
teachers, generation of digital didactic re-
sources and support to families in the area
of the Information and Communications
Technologies (ICTs);
s Support to national postgraduate program-
mes (ANII): Seeks to create or strengthen
national postgraduate programmes in prio-
rity areas;
s Education for master degrees and docto-
rate degrees in basic sciences within the
framework of the Basic Sciences Develo-
pment Programme (PEDECIBA, Programa
de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Básicas),
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UDELAR-MEC): Its objective is to support
the education of high level professionals
in the different basic scientific-technical
disciplines, to enable their insertion into
the academic community and the produc-
tive sector;
s Postgraduate Programme in the framework
of Programme of Development in Sciences
and Technologies of Livestock and Agri-
culture and Agro-Industry (PEDEAGRIND-
ANII): It is focused on the education of
human resources with capacity to improve
the livestock, agricultural and agro-indus-
trial production and the development of
science and technology for the agricultu-
re;
s Programmes of Return Scholarships and
Hiring of Researchers Coming from Abroad
(CSIC and UDELAR).
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=beXWb_pWj_ed
In this sector we mention efforts of appro-
aching different inter or supra-national offices
both for technical and financial cooperation
and for the exchange of researchers in post-
graduate studies:
s Programme of Human Resources (CSIC-
UDELAR): Consists of three aspects:
programme of support in undertaking in-
ternships abroad, programme of support
for taking part in congresses abroad, and
programme of visiting scientists;
s Biotechnologies Platform of MERCOSUR
(BIOTECSUR): It links the private, acade-
mic and public sectors of the member sta-
tes taking into account the overall scien-
tific-technological capacities available in
the region;
s Multinational System of Specialized Infor-
mation on Biotechnology and Food Techno-
logy for Latin America and the Caribbean
(SIMBIOSIS): It is a virtual network aimed
at contacting scientists, experts and re-
 Jgj\jVn

search centres interested in biotechnolo- L???$B_dai

gy, food technology and biodiversity. It is
sponsored by its member states and the
OAS. The SIMBIOSIS network provides in-
formation on research programmes in on
going, national institutions, development
efforts and human capacity for STI;
s Loans from the Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank (IADB), the World Bank (WB)
and the European Union (EU): Are aimed
at evaluating the SNI of Uruguay and pro-
moting different undertakings to streng-
then said system.
ANII: www.anii.org.uy
BIOTECSUR: www.biotecsur.org
CSIC: www.csic.edu.uy
CONICYT: www.anii.org.uy/conicyt.htm
GMI: www.anii.org.uy/gmi.html
INIA: www.inia.org.uy
PDT: www.pdt.gub.uy
Plan CEIBAL: www.ceibal.edu.uy
UDELAR: www.universidad.edu.uy

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Antigua
Bahamas Barbados Belice Dominica Granada
& Barbuda
Population (in thousands) (2009) 85,6 309,2 284,6 307,9 72,7 90,7

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 4,2 -1,5 0,7 3,0 2,6 0,3

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 1657,0 9093,0 5425,0 2536,0 719,6 1161,0

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 19600,0 29600,0 19100,0 8400,0 9900,0 12900,0

Percentage of composition per Sector (2006)

Agriculture 3,8 3,0 6,0 29,0 17,7 5,4

Industry 22,0 7,0 16,0 16,9 32,8 18,0

Services 74,3 90,0 78,0 54,1 49,5 76,6

Percentage of national debt /GDP - 43,9* 46,3* 11,3†

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 868,0 856,0 903,0 772,0 814,0 813,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 900,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 86,0 95,0 100,0 75,0 88,0 96,0
Percentage of Public expenditure on education 6,9 5,3 5,3
/GDP (2006)
Publications in SCOPUS x 100,000 (2006) ± 4,8 4,0 26,3 5,7 12,4 35,2

Saint Vincent
Saint Kitts
Guyana Haiti and the Saint Lucia Suriname
and Nevis
Grenadines
Population (in millions) (2009) 773,0 9035,0 40,1 104,6 160,3 481,3

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 3,0 1.3 3,0 0,9 1,7 5,8

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 2966,0 11500,0 777,7 1070,0 1778,0 4254,0

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 3800,0 1300,0 19500,0 10200,0 11100,0 8900,0

Percentage of composition per Sector (2006)

Agriculture 24,9 28,0 3,5 10,0 5,0 10,8

Industry 24,9 20,0 25,8 26,0 15,0 24,4

Services 50,2 52,0 70,7 64,0 80,0 64,8

Percentage of national debt /GDP 47,5‡ 46,1†

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 729,0 532,0 838,0 772,0 821,0 769,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 721,0 763,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 97,0 52,0 98,0 88,0 95,0 90,0
Percentage of Public expenditure on education 8,5 9,3 8,1 6,6
/GDP (2006)
Publications in SCOPUS x 100,000 (2006) ± 2,9 0,4 14,5 2,5 3,0 2,2

1 Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. In this section we will exclude Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, which for their impor-
tance in the region are the subject of an individual report * 2003; † 2004; ‡ 2005; ± Source: http://www.scimagojr.com

&)*
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_dIY_[dY["J[Y^debe]oWdZ?d# The central body with regard to STI in Baha-
delWj_edFeb_Y_[i mas is the Bahamas Environment, Science &
The Caribbean Region comprises of the ar- Technology Commission (BEST). It manages
chipelago formed by the Caribbean Sea small the implementation of multilateral environ-
mental treaties, and revises evaluations of
island States, and the coastal States of Beli-
environmental impact and plans of environ-
ze, Guyana and Suriname. The main charac-
mental management for development projects
teristic of the region is the preponderance of
within the archipelago. In addition, the BEST
English-speaking countries, with the excep-
Commission has the following responsibili-
tion of Haiti, Suriname and Guyana. This has
ties:
enabled the development of strong cultural,
economic and educational linkages through s To serve as a focal point and official con-
institutionalized mechanisms. tact point for all international organiza-
tions with regard to matters relating to the
Member States of this sub-region recognize environment, Science and Technology;
the need to make efforts to absorb and apply
s To coordinate matters relating to interna-
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)
tional agreements, treaties, protocols and
with the aim of improving the population li-
deals relating to the environment which
ving conditions. However, none of these coun-
are or will be signed by the Bahamas;
tries has a size that allows the creation and
s To protect, preserve and manage with res-
maintainance of scientific and technological
ponsibility the environmental resources in
activities relevant at the international level.
Bahamas;
Two salient features are to be pointed out: the
s To develop environmental national strate-
limited financial resources assigned to STI ac-
gies and the corresponding plans of ac-
tivities, and the regional difficulty for training
tion;
and retaining specialized human capital.
s To cause scientific and technological ad-
Within the subregion, the mechanisms for set- vances that may contribute to the develop-
ting research activities objectives and priori- ment of Bahamas;
ties and for evaluating them are very limited.
s To propose legislation to implement provi-
These are important deficiencies with regard
sions in national plans and environmental
to STI policies and management, and should policies; and,
be substantially improved to achieve the in-
s To identify and submit technical assistan-
clusion of technology and innovation in the
ce and financial support requests to meet
development of the sub-region. It has been
Bahamas obligations by virtue of interna-
observed that many projects start without the
tional agreements, treaties, protocols and
necessary infrastructure, human or financial
deals relating to environment.
capital to perform their activities.

Research is mostly performed by higher edu- 8WhXWZei

cation institutes and in national and regional In Barbados, the National Council for Scien-
research institutes. The private sector also ce and Technology (NCST) is the most senior
performs STI activities, but for the time being body on the subject of Science, Technology
its contribution is marginal. and Innovation. Its main functions are:

&)+HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#

s To coordinate R&D actions;
s To collect, process and review scientific
and technological information; and
s To promote scientific research relating to
the development and use of local resour-
ces, the improvement of existing techni-
cal processes and the development of new
processes and methods for their applica-
tion to the expansion and creation of in-
dustries and the use of waste products.
For about a decade, activities of the NCST
were concentrated on the execution of short-
term contracts, which were mainly funded by
the Department of Scientific and Technolo-
gical Affairs of the Organization of American
States (OAS). Until the nineties, its activities
included the identification projects in the field
of agriculture and studies on the use of solar
energy. After that, its programmes were gea-
red towards complementing public and priva-
te institutions R&D programmes, seeking to
contribute to the development of the country
by providing services and fostering scientific
and technological research in the following
areas:
s Scientific and technological information:
provision of reliable updated S&T infor-
mation to users and the appointment of
focal point for linkage with regional and
international scientific and technological
agencies;
s Energy: The study of alternative energies,
specially wind and solar energies;
s Agro-industry: Development of products
potentially exportable from local crops;
s Popularization of Science and Technology:
Organization of exhibitions and forums re-
lated to Science and Technology issues;
s Biotechnology: Micro propagation of hor-
ticultural plants through the use of tissue
culture.
86G>8DB8djcig^Zh
The main public agencies performing STI ac-
tivities as follows:
s Coastal Conservation Management Unit:
The governmental department responsible
for the protection of the coastal environ-
ment;
s Environmental Division, Ministry of Health
& the Environment: The governmental de-
partment responsible for the protection of
the environment;
s Barbados Agricultural Management Com-
pany Limited: An organization responsible
for the management of the sugar industry
that performs R&D activities in the field;
s University of the West Indies (UWI): One
of its campuses is in Barbados. It is an
institution linked to several areas for S&T
promotion with special contributions in
the area of solar energy;
s Bellair Research Institute: A marine re-
search unit of the McGil University of Ca-
nada.
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The National Science and Research Council
(NSRC): Is the body that coordinates and im-
plements the S&T national policy, with the
following specific responsibilities:
s To formulate the national plan on Science
and Technology encompassing the develo-
pment needs of the country;
s To coordinate activities in the sector;
s To develop links between S&T institutions
and the entrepreneurial sector;
s To provide scientific and technological
information to governmental and private
bodies;
s To support basic research programmes at
all levels;
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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
s To stimulate research in areas of national
interest, improving the use of natural re-
sources;
s To improve the quality of life of rural and
indigenous population through the preser-
vation of their technologies and the deve-
lopment of new ones;
s To promote education and training in the
field of Science and Technology;
s To promote regional and international links
with S&T organizations.
In addition, the Institute of Applied Scien-
ce and Technology (IAST), is the industrial
research body in charge of developing and
adopting technologies to optimize the use of
natural resources in the country. It acts as the
executive instance of the NSRC, with the fo-
llowing responsibilities:
s To serve as central body of research, deve-
lopment and transfer of technology;
s To develop data bases on different areas
of scientific research and technological in-
novation;
s To facilitate Science and Technology tra-
ining;
s To participate in the articulation of natio-
nal policies.
Different priority areas also exist with regard
to R&D, such as development of mining, fo-
rest development, manufacturing, information
technologies, telecommunications, agricultu-
re, transfer of technologies, and environment,
among others. The entities in charge of per-
forming R&D in Guyana include: Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Guyana Agency for
Health, Education and Food, Guyana Energy
Agency, Guyana Forestry Commission, Guya-
na Geology and Mines Commission, Guyana
Natural Resources Agency, Guyana Rice De-
velopment Board, Guyana Sugar Corporation,
Hydrometerological Office, Iwokrama Interna-
tional Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and
Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Minis-
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try of Fisheries, Crops and Livestock, National
Agriculture Research Institute, and University
of Guyana.
>W_j_
In Haiti, the Direction of Higher Educa-
tion and Scientific Research (Direction à
l’Enseignement Supérieur et à la Recherche
Scientifique, DESRS) is the relevant agency
with regard to STI. It is a body under the au-
thority of the Ministry of National Education,
Youth and Sports (Ministère de l’Éducation
Nationale, de la Jeunesse et des Sports,
MENJS), which is the government body with
the highest authority in the area of Science
and Technology. The MENJS carries out a na-
tional education and training plan, aimed at
improving the quality of the educative system
at all levels. One of the specific purposes of
the plan is the improvement and development
and programmes offered by higher education
institutions and professional and technical
schools. The aim is also to strengthen the ma-
nagement and planning capacity of the Mi-
nistry, giving it financial and administrative
means adequate to its purposes.
With regard to the R&D activities implemen-
tation, it takes place mainly through the fo-
llowing institutions:
s Haiti State University (Université d’Etat
d’Haïti): Through its Faculty of Sciences,
its mission is the development of applied
research, the training of engineers and te-
chnicians oriented to the technological,
economic, scientific and cultural develop-
ment of the country and the dissemination
of scientific and technological knowledge.
The University also has the following fa-
culties: Human Sciences, Ethnology, Law
and Economics, Medicine and Pharmacy,
Odontology, Agronomy and Veterinary Me-
dicine, and Applied Linguistics. The fo-
llowing institutes act within its scope: Ins-
titute of African Studies and Research of

Haiti (Institut d’Études et de Recherches
Africaines d’Haïti, IERAH), the National
Institute of Administration, Management
and International Higher Studies (Institut
National d’Administration, de Gestion et
des Hautes Études Internacionales, IN-
AGHEI) and the Superior Normal School
(École Normale Supérieure);
s Quisqueya University (Université Quisque-
ya, UNIQ): Has the objective of promoting
research, training qualified professionals
and providing services to the community.
It has an Office of the Vice-Chancellor for
Research that seeks to favour the execu-
tion of projects in cooperation with several
institutions and sectors, mainly in the ru-
ral environment;
s Centre of Planning Techniques and
Applied Economics (Centre de Techniques
de Planification et d’Economie Appliquée,
CTPEA): It is a higher education public
institution, under the authority of the
Ministry of Planning and Foreign Coope-
ration (Ministère de la Planification et de
la Coopération Externe), with the objective
of training professionals and performing
research tasks in the fields of Statistics,
Planning and Applied Economics. These
tasks are aimed at orienting the economic
policies of the government and defining
the technical standards of the program-
ming units. These may require economic
calculations, technical statistics techni-
ques and impact analysis. At the request
of public bodies, the CTPEA also makes
specific surveys and undertakes research;
s Superior National School of Technology
(École Nationale Supérieure de Technolo-
gie, ENST): Its main objective is to train
qualified professionals to work in national
enterprises. It also performs tasks of re-
search applied to management.
86G>8DB8djcig^Zh
IW_djL_dY[djWdZj^[=h[dWZ_d[i
The unit of Science and Technology of the
Ministry of Telecommunications, Sciences,
Technology and Industry is the central body
for STI activities in Saint Vincent and the Gre-
nadines. It has the following objectives:
s The execution of the action programme of
the Council for Technology, Research and
Industrial Development;
s To act as focal point for regional and in-
ternational agencies with the aim of eva-
luating potential benefits resulting from
the participation of Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines in several forums;
s To establish and strengthen links between
interest groups, to avoid the overlapping
of efforts and to favour joint undertakings;
and,
s To identify new initiatives for the promo-
tion of Science and Technology.
The unit of Science and Technology funds
projects in certain priority areas, such as:
climate change and little insular States, re-
newable energies, biofuel and development of
capacities.
7dj_]kWWdZ8WhXkZW"8[b_p[":ec_d_YW"
=h[dWZW"IW_djA_jjiWdZD[l_i"IW_dj
BkY_WWdZIkh_dWc
These countries do not have agencies with the
exclusive responsibility of promoting STI. STI
issues fall under the responsibility of the mi-
nistries of “planning”, “education, youth and
sports” or “commerce and industry”. This
means not only a lack of incentives for STI
activities, but also that these countries have
great difficulty in training and retaining hu-
man capital needed for the development of
STI activities.
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Caribbean regional industries are to be no-
ted for their strong dependence on foreign
production, which makes it difficult the en-
dogenous capacity to stimulate STI activities
and disappoints the national human capital
because of the lack of local opportunities, all
which results in a migratory phenomenon. The
consequence of this lack of native scientific
capacity is that the natural resources of the
region are still object of scientific gaps and
that their potential is underexploited. These
resources could generate important economic
benefits that are currently limited by the ab-
sence of an endogenous capacity to perform
R&D activities.
Exceptions can be found in the industries re-
lated to aluminium, sugar and hydrocarbons,
sectors that benefit from a modest financial
support for STI activities in the region, which
enables a certain sustainability of the research
activities.
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Several regional initiatives have been created
aimed at intensifying collaboration between
the actors of STI activities and to encourage
the creation of networks. Among them the fo-
llowing initiatives are to be pointed out:
s Caribbean Academy of Sciences (CAS): Its
objectives are: To provide a forum for in-
terchange of ideas among scientists on im-
portant issues related to the application of
STI; to serve as a source of advise to regio-
nal governments and regional governmen-
tal and non-governmental organizations in
scientific and technological matters; to fa-
cilitate cooperation among scientists and
promote the execution and coordination
of scientific research in all its aspects; to
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liaise with relevant research agencies and
assist in facilitating their mutual interac-
tion; to recognise and reward outstanding
performance within the region in the fields
of STI; to undertake, and collaborate in
the compilation and publication of results
of scientific research; and to raise the level
of scientific consciousness in the region,
and increase the public understanding
and appreciation of the importance and
potential of STI in human progress. The
CAS has established linkages with The
Academy of Sciences for the Developing
World (TWAS), the International Council
for Science (ISCU) and the Inter Academy
Panel (IAP) which addresses international
scientific issues. At the regional level, the
CAS has established close linkage with the
University of the West Indies (UWI) and
Universities of Antilles and Guyana.
s Caribbean Scientific Union: Was created in
2000 to integrate, consolidate and promo-
te the Academies of the region and their
impact on the strengthening of national
scientific communities, in order to increa-
se their impact on local communities.
s UWI-CARICOM Project: It results from the
collaboration between the University of
the West Indies (UWI), Jamaica and the
CARICOM to facilitate informed decision-
making by CARICOM national officers and
the international community on the politi-
cal implication of positions taken by bo-
dies on a range of regional development
issues.
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In the Caribbean region there are about
42,000 students enrolled in all the universi-
ties. 27,000 of these students are registered
in the University of the West Indies (UWI),
which reflects the predominance of this insti-
tution in the training for STI in the region. The
 86G>8DB8djcig^Zh

most outstanding higher education institutes
in the Caribbean are the following:
s University of the West Indies (UWI): It has
campuses in Cave Hill (Barbados), Mona
(Jamaica), and St. Augustine (Trinidad
and Tobago). It is noted for its importance
in the training of human resources and in
research in the fields of Engineering, Basic
and Applied Sciences, Medical Sciences,
Agricultural Sciences, Gender Studies and
Social Sciences;
s University of Technology (UTech, Jamai-
ca): It is one of the main technological
institutes in the region. It specializes in
Engineering, Pharmacy and Computer
Science and performs a great deal of R&D
in Jamaica through the School of Graduate
Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship,
with a particular focus on inter-disciplinary
and applied research relevant to economic
and social problems and needs;
s University of Guyana (Guyana): In the last
decade this institution has developed its
graduate programmes and to date it offers
six master degree programmes in Educa-
tion and Humanities, Natural Sciences
and Social Sciences. It performs STI ac-
tivities mostly in the Natural and Social
Sciences.
s University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT,
Trinidad and Tobago): The UTT has re-
cently developed a series of graduate and
research studies to train the human capi-
tal necessary for the development of the
region. It offers graduate programmes in
ICTs, Environmental Management, Petro-
leum Studies, Energy Studies, Manage-
ment of Health and Sports and Leisure.

97H?I9?;D9;

CARISCIENCE is a R&D
network that includes post-
graduate programmes in the
Basic Sciences. It was laun-
ched in Jamaica, in June
1999, under the auspices of
UNESCO. It is managed by
active researchers who have
the purpose of promoting
academic excellence, impro-
ving the quality of scientific
research in the region and
foster the strengthening of
those actors linking R&D and
industry.
It coordinates the exchange
of researchers, professors and
students and organizes joint
research projects and regio-
nal courses. It also supports
curriculum development and
the training of science tea-
chers, and it is currently en-
gaged in the development of
a system of accreditation and
evaluation of postgraduate
programmes in sciences.
Despite the scarce funding
resources, it has managed to
provide assistance to a signi-
ficant number of scientists,
particularly women and young
scientists, while promoting
cooperation and knowledge
exchange within the region.
It is also important to men-
tion that the organization has
made great efforts towards
repatriating Caribbean scien-
tists living abroad. Awards
are granted yearly – in coordi-
nation with UNESCO and the
Academy of Science for the
Developing World (TWAS) –
to postgraduate students for
their outstanding scientific
research

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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
s Galen University (Belize): It offers educa-
tional programmes at the undergraduate,
graduate and professional level in Busi-
ness, Arts, Sciences and Education.
s University of Belize (Belize): It does not
offer graduate programmes however does
offer undergraduate programmes in Scien-
ce and Technology.
s St George’s University (Grenada): Consists
of a School of Medicine, a School of Vete-
rinary Medicine and a School of Arts and
Sciences and also offers graduate progra-
mmes in Public Health and in Research.
s The Anton de Kom University (Suriname):
It is the only University in Suriname. Of-
ffering graduate programmes in its diffe-
rent faculties (Medical Sciences, Social
Sciences and Technological Sciences), it
performs research activities through the
following research institutes: Institute for
Applied Technology (INTEC), Centre for
Agricultural Research in Suriname (CE-
LOS) and the Bio-Medical Research Ins-
titute (MWI).
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WdZ=beXWb_pWj_ed
A high number of regional and international
initiatives in the Region are, to a large extent
fostered by CARICOM. Among them the fo-
llowing are of importance:
s Caribbean Renewable Energy Develop-
ment Programme (CREDP): It is an ini-
tiative of the Energy Ministers of the CA-
RICOM established to change the market
environment for renewable energies in the
region. Funding for the Project is provided
by the: Global Environment Facility (USD
4.4 millions), GTZ (USD 2.2 millions),
UNDP (USD 80,000), contributions from
OAS and regional governments and insti-
tutions;
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s Agricultural Business Development Pro-
gramme: It is a sub-project within the Ca-
ribbean Integration Support Programme
(CISP) funded by the European Develop-
ment Fund (EDF). The objectives of the
Programme are: to develop a strategic fra-
mework for regional agricultural business
development, which includes action plans
for targeted products; and to promote trai-
ning and dialogue among national and re-
gional policy makers and relevant private
sector stakeholders to advance the agricul-
ture industry development agenda;
s Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate
Change (MACC): The MACC is imple-
mented by the World Bank, with funding
of USD 5 millions from the Global Envi-
ronment Facility. The executing agency
is the CARICOM Secretariat located in
Georgetown, Guyana. Participants include
the Government of Canada and the Go-
vernment of the United States of America
through the National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration (NOAA) for techni-
cal assistance;
s Caribbean Development Bank (CARI-
BANK): Its purpose is to contribute to the
economic growth and development of the
member countries and to promote their
economic cooperation and integration, ta-
king into account the needs of the less de-
veloped members. It has a series of instru-
ments to foster development in the region,
among which the Caribbean Technological
Consultancy Services (CTCS) and a Fund
for Disasters and Climate Change Risk Ma-
nagement;
s Pancaribbean Partnership against HIV /
AIDS (PANCAP): It was established at the
February 2001 Meeting of the CARICOM
Heads of State and was endorsed by the
Nassau Declaration on Health 2001. It
aims at scaling up the response to HIV /

AIDS in the region. Its specific mandate
is to advocate HIV / AIDS issues at gover-
nment and highest levels of decision; to
coordinate the regional response and mo-
bilise resources both at the regional and
international levels; and to increase hu-
man and financial country-level resources
to address the epidemic;
s Multi-National System on Specialized Food
Biotechnology and Technology Information
for Latin America and the Caribbean (SIM-
BIOSIS): A virtual network for connecting
scientists, experts and research centres
interested in biotechnology, food tech-
nology and biodiversity. It is sponsored
by its member States and the OAS. The
SIMBIOSIS network provides information
on existing research programmes, national
institutions, development efforts and hu-
man capacity for STI;
s Caribbean Council for Science and Te-
chnology (CCST): An intergovernmental
organization based on the Organization
of American States (OAS) which, in colla-
boration with the countries of the region
has developed a regional policy framework
for STI action that seeks to guide policy
makers towards the consolidation of STI
capacities. It focuses on the key sectors
such as: agriculture, manufacture, biote-
chnology and security, heavy industry, as
well as services oriented to health, educa-
tion, tourism, energy and communication
and environment. Its mission is to promo-
te cooperation for the mutual transfer of
Science and Technology to facilitate the
adoption of imported technology and the
development of domestic technologies.
Additionally, the CCST is in charge of in-
creasing the regional negotiation power in
STI-related matters. Its office is in Trini-
dad and Tobago;
86G>8DB8djcig^Zh
s Caribbean Agricultural Research and De-
velopment Institute (CARDI): The institu-
te is in charge of providing for the R&D
needs of the agriculture of the region as
identified in national plans and policies,
as well as providing research and deve-
lopment service policy to the agricultural
sector of member countries;
s Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC):
A public information service aimed at im-
proving the dissemination of data neces-
sary to improve the health of the population
and prevent diseases in the Caribbean;
s Caribbean Industrial Research Institu-
te (CARIRI): A consultant agency in STI,
whose objective is to solve industrial pro-
blems and provide independent testing
and analytical services in the region. CA-
RIRI has the most technologically advan-
ced testing laboratories in the Caribbean;
s Pan American Health Organization (PAHO):
It leads collaborative efforts to promote
equity in health, to fight against diseases
and to improve life expectancy and quality
in most countries of the region.
L??$KD;I9E9^W_hi
s UNESCO Chair on Sustainable Utilization
of Rain Forest Resources – University of
Guyana - Georgetown – Guyana
s UNESCO Chair in Freedom of Expression
– University of Guyana – Georgetown - Gu-
yana
s UNESCO Chair in Education Sciences –
University of the West Indies - Barbados
L???$B_dai
CARDI: www.cardi.org
CAREC: www.carec.org
CARIBANK: www.caribank.org
CARICOM: www.caricom.org
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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

CARIRI: www.cariri.com Universidad de Galen: www.galen.edu.bz

CARISCIENCE: www.cariscience.org Universidad de Guayana: www.uog.edu.gy
CCST: www.ccst-caribbean.org Universidad de St George: www.sgu.edu
MACC: www.oas.org/macc/ UTech: www.utech.edu.jm
PANCAP: www.pancap.org UWI: www.uwi.edu
SIMBIOSIS:
www.science.oas.org/SIMBIOSIS
Universidad Antón de Kom: www.uvs.edu/
Universidad de Belice: www.ub.edu.bz

9Wh_XX[WdIY_[dY[<ekdZWj_ed9I<

The entity that promotes the
CSF is the Caribbean Diaspora
for Science, Technology and
Innovation (CADSTI), foun-
ded in Trinidad and Tobago in
2006 under the auspices of
UNESCO and the Caribbean
Community (CARICOM). The
CSF was created as an in-
dependent and semi-auto-
nomous Caribbean agency
whose mission is to promote
sustainable economic develo-
pment, national health, pros-
perity and the well-being of
Caribbean people based on
the advancement of science,
technology and innovation.
The CSF is implemented as
an agency for establishing
liaisons with international or-
ganizations, donor agencies
and NGOs interested in coo-
perating with Caribbean edu-
cation, science, technology
and innovation. Additionally,
the Caribbean States may re-
sort to the CSF for technical
and financial assistance in
local science, technology and
innovation projects. The CSF
will monitor STI activities
worldwide and will have per-
manent contact with research
communities. The STI areas
for the CSF include: energy,
agriculture, food science,
medicine, manufacturing,
development of SMEs and
entrepreneurship, software
and environmental science.
It is meant for identifying and
funding projects at the fron-
tiers of STI (with a bottom
up approach) that are of sig-
nificance for development in
the Caribbean. The process
begins with workshops and
conferences for identifying
and discussing regional pro-
blems. The CSF then assures
the funding in such areas and
publishes proposals submit-
ted. It offers added value due
to its role as facilitator for
alliances between research
centres, the private sector,
and Caribbean governmental
authorities.
The initial investment requi-
red for launching the CSF
in September 2010 was es-
timated at one million U.S.
dollars, yearly, until 2015,
when the entity will be able
to finance itself. Funds may
originate in the following
sources: yearly contributions
by member states, financial
support from the Diaspora,
and contributions from busi-
ness entities in the region.
The Governing Board is made
up as follows:
s Minister appointed by the
Prime Minister (responsi-
ble for Science and Tech-
nology at the CARICOM
Council)
s Chairman of the Caribbean
Association of Industry
and Commerce (CAIC);
s Chairman of the Ca-
ribbean Academy of
Science (CAS);
s Executive Secretary of
CARISCIENCE;
s Chairman of CADSTI;
s Director of the CSF;
s Members of Honor

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86G>8DB8djcig^Zh

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h[dY[edIY_[dY[
The representatives of national science, technology
and innovation (STI) bodies, National Academies
of Science, and the STI civil society sector in Latin
America and the Caribbean, met for two Regional
Forums on Science, Technology and Innovation
Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean - To-
wards a new social contract of science, to review
the progress and results achieved during the last
decade, and to propose further actions leading to
the implementation of the agreements contained
in the documents of the World Conference on Sci-
ence held in June 1999 in Budapest, Hungary, and
endorsed by Member States of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) at its General Conference in Paris and
by the International Council for Science (ICSU) at
its General Assembly in Cairo, namely:
i. The Declaration on Science and the Use of Sci-
entific Knowledge, which underscores the need
for political commitment to scientific endeavour
and to the solution of problems at the interface
between science, technology and society; and
ii. The Science Agenda - Framework for Action,
which provides a guide for fostering activities
aimed at the use of science and technology for
sustainable human development, and the envi-
ronment.
The representatives acknowledged that the global
arena shows very heterogeneous degrees of prog-
ress, such as the unequal growth of the number of
professionals involved in research and development
(R&D) activities and in the way that science and
technology respond to socio-economic demands in
different regions of the planet. It was also observed
that many of the goals set forth in the documents of
the World Conference on Science in Budapest, are
still far from being reached. It was emphasized that
the generation and absorption of knowledge is still
concentrated mainly in developed countries. This
has helped increase the technological gap between
these countries and those still under development.
It was also acknowledged that the intensification of
global relations and the internationalisation of sci-
7ff[dZ_n'
entific and technological production remain limited
by restrictions in the circulation and dissemination
of the knowledge produced.
Whereas:
1. In Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC),
over the last decade, progress has been made
in the fields of science, technology and inno-
vation (STI) and other economic and social
aspects. However, the region faces a set of
challenges and presents particular charac-
teristics that considerably distinguish it from
other regions of the world, namely:
a. The largest concentration of freshwater of
the planet;
b. One of the greatest biodiversities in the
world but with one of the highest loss rates
due to the conversion of natural ecosys-
tems;
c. A region where many countries have energy
matrices with a high potential for the use
and development of clean and renewable
energy sources;
d. The region within the global land area that
constitutes the largest sink of CO2;
e. One of the highest rates of increase of
the agricultural frontier along with secular
problems of land tenure and accreditation
of rural properties, which hinder conserva-
tion efforts and sustainable management of
natural ecosystems;
f. A high level of vulnerability to natural disas-
ters, particularly tropical cyclones;
g. An accelerated degradation of coastal and
watershed ecosystems that are increasingly
threatened, among other causes, by increas-
ing pollution;
h. The environmental and economic vulner-
ability of Small Island Developing States
(SIDS) within the Caribbean;
i. Strong contrasts of inequality, despite
the decline in poverty and exclusion rates
achieved in the last five years;
j. An increase in the concentration of popu-
lation in cities boosts the demand for re-
sources and energy, exacerbating the loss of
cultural identity, marginalization and social
inequality;
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CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
k. The paradox of being one of the most dy-
namic food productive regions in the world,
while presenting harmful levels of hunger
and malnutrition;
l. Shortage of skilled workforce, which limits
the ability address scientific, technological,
social and economic development prob-
lems; and a disturbing weakness of STI lo-
cal capacities to meet LAC needs;
m. Five decades of continuous drain of talents
(brain drain) to the developed world;
These unique characteristics and the search for a
solution to the above-mentioned challenges that
characterize Latin America and the Caribbean re-
quire investment and regional cooperation in all
knowledge-related areas. By successfully applying
and developing science, technology and innovation
in addressing and managing these challenges and
characteristics, LAC could make a significant con-
tribution to the solution of global problems.
2. During the last 10 years institutional chang-
es in the field of STI in LAC have taken place
through the implementation of national me-
dium-term programmes, the formulation of
legal regulatory frameworks for the STI sys-
tems, as well as the creation of a variety of
instruments for the promotion of research,
development as well as innovation activities,
and human resources capacity-building.
3. National investment in R&D tasks, as well as
other output indicators of STI activities, have
increased in comparison with the precedent
decade, indicating moderate progress in the
way LAC countries are trying to consolidate a
knowledge-based society articulated by sci-
ence and technology.
Based on the foregoing, the representatives of the
above-mentioned bodies recognise the need to:
significantly increase STI capacity in LAC; reduce,
on the one hand, disparities within the LAC region,
and, on the other, STI differences with other more
advanced regions; contribute to the design and
implementation of development strategies based
on the capacity to produce, appropriate and use
knowledge; enhance the contribution of STI in the
strengthening of competitiveness; promote citizen
participation; improve the quality of life; preserve
the environment; increase employment opportuni-
ties; reduce social exclusion; foster regional coop-
eration; promote peaceful conflict resolution and
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develop a culture of peace in all areas and at all
levels . Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to ar-
ticulate policies, design coordinated strategies and
specific lines of action for the countries of the re-
gion within the following terms:
IJH7J;=?9H;=?ED7BFHE=H7CC;
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C;DJI
1. In each of the countries of our region, the
development of STI should be adopted as a
State policy that transcends each government
and other political-economic situations, and
should be explicitly incorporated into devel-
opment strategies. STI national systems in
LAC countries should focus on addressing
the fundamental needs of its population.
2. Climate change, environmental deterioration
and global instability require a redefinition of
the concept and practice of development, as
well as the role of STI in LAC, taking into ac-
count the need to change those models and
patterns of production and consumption that
are incompatible with sustainability, which
generate poverty, exclusion, and inequal-
ity. They also affect climate, environmental
degradation, and global instability. It is re-
quired to devise a common STI Strategic Re-
gional Programme, which should be jointed
co-ordinately by the national, sub-regional,
regional, bilateral and multilateral agencies
that exist today.
3. To promote coordination and articulation
among multilateral institutions responsible
for STI activities, with each other and with
their Member States, to support common
and complementary strategies, avoid dupli-
cation, overlapping and institutional gaps.
4. The components that should be consid-
ered in the Strategic Regional Programme
include, on the one hand, the design and
implementation of a new regional financial
instrument for strategic areas in science,
technology and innovation; mechanisms and
institutions aimed at articulating and harmo-
nizing regional policies for STI (with private
sector participation); and on the other hand,
the training of specialized human resources
in STI policies and management. The articu-
lation of these initiatives should take into

account networking; the existence of tempo-
rary programmes (sunset clauses); the pref-
erence for countries with less capacity; light
governance and management; assessment,
transparency and accountability.
5. Countries should cooperate with intergovern-
mental institutions such as the Inter-Amer-
ican Development Bank (IADB), the Eco-
nomic Commission for Latin America and
the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Organization
of American States (OAS), the Organization
of Ibero American States (OEI), the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), among others, in
the design and implementation of a set of
innovative and sustainable instruments for
financing of the scientific, technological and
innovation activities that enable LAC coun-
tries to pool their resources and combine
their efforts.
6. To encourage civil society organizations
representing the scientific community. To
create and strengthen science academies,
which may form a national advisory institu-
tion, independent in nature, in the field of
science and science policy. To support the
integration of National Academies of Sci-
ence to the international organizations of
scientists, especially to the Inter American
Network of Academies of Science (IANAS),
the Inter Academy Panel (IAP), and the
ICSU. Furthermore, to promote societies for
the advancement of science and scientific
associations by fields.
7. To strengthen regional and international co-
operation in order to promote scientific and
technological capacity building; to share
high investment facilities and laboratories;
to encourage the dissemination of informa-
tion on STI; to promote the social appropria-
tion of science and technology; to exchange
knowledge and scientific data; and to work
jointly in the development of potentialities
and the solution of problems of regional and
global interest. Specifically, the articulation
and implementation of new South-South co-
operation instruments and mechanisms for
the identification of common LAC STI proj-
ects aimed at solving specific problems in
the Region should be promoted, as well as
the establishment of common educative and
research programmes to favour the exchange
6eeZcY^mZh
of graduate students and researchers and
the development of regional centres of excel-
lence and scientific-technological parks.
8. To establish and promote science and tech-
nology policy mechanisms and instruments
that prevent talent drain towards other regions
of the planet. To promote and strengthen the
articulation of joint work with Diasporas and
networks of scientists and technologists in
Latin America and the Caribbean, who work
outside the region. To encourage the circu-
lation of graduate students and researchers
between the different countries of LAC.
9. To promote the creation of a Scientific and
Technological South-South Cooperation Re-
gional category 2 Centre under the auspices
of UNESCO, to facilitate the coordination
and application of the regional strategic pro-
gramme.
FK8B?9FEB?9?;IED?DDEL7J?ED
10. A new path towards development for LAC re-
quires public policies that expand the num-
ber of innovative enterprises; promote en-
dogenous R&D and establish partnerships or
collaborations with research institutions; pro-
mote the recruitment of qualified personnel;
increase productive efficiency and broaden
the international insertion of those segments
of higher technological content oriented by
prospective studies of strategic sectors. The
human resources capacity-building needed
to establish national systems of innova-
tion requires a greater diversification of the
higher education institutions, which should
include not only universities but also tech-
nological institutes. In particular, the prior-
ity is to create professional profiles able to
manage technology-based projects or enter-
prises. Institutions should be encouraged to
establish specific evaluation systems for hu-
man resources devoted to applied research,
experimental development and technologi-
cal innovation. Innovation should necessar-
ily take into consideration social dimensions
such as health, education, sanitation, food,
housing, security, among others. Our societ-
ies should aim at building a culture of inno-
vation that include all these dimensions.
11. To promote the protection of potentially ap-
propriable science, technology and innova-
tion research results.
&*.
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc
FK8B?9FEB?9?;IED;:K97J?ED
12. To implement a long-term State policy of
quality universal education at all levels, from
initial to higher education. It should be sus-
tained by significant investments that remain
stable over time. This also implies a special
effort to make teaching careers attractive at
all levels, with emphasis on elementary edu-
cation. The main instrument for mitigating
the effects of gender disparity and discrimi-
nation against less favoured groups should
be lifelong and continuing education, in-
cluding scientific, technical and vocational
education.
13. To prioritise the improvement of science and
technology education at all formal and non-
formal education levels and modalities, as
a complementary means of citizens educa-
tion by developing personal skills and abili-
ties such as the capacity for observation,
analysis, critical thinking and formulation
of proposals. These tools will facilitate the
active participation of society in the discus-
sions and decisions about the ethical use of
scientific and technological knowledge, thus
favouring the quality of life of the popula-
tion.
14. To support regional and international higher
education programmes and networking of
educational institutions for undergraduate
and graduates students, with special atten-
tion to small and least developed countries,
with the purpose of strengthening their sci-
entific and technological potential.
15. To enhance the teaching of science, technol-
ogy and innovative processes that focus on
social inclusion as an ethical and strategic
imperative for the region. Those responsible
for tertiary and university education should
establish mechanisms for students, gradu-
ates and researchers to learn how to solve
specific problems and to meet the needs of
society by using their skills and their scien-
tific and technological knowledge.
16. To foster university programmes in all fields
of science focused on education as much as
on research, and on the synergy between the
two. In particular, the main regional prob-
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lems require an interdisciplinary and trans-
disciplinary approach (Mode 2 of Knowledge
Production), demanding a new profile of uni-
versity graduates with an integrated vision of
knowledge and able to incorporate an analy-
sis of the societal and ethical implications of
their professional work.
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17. To promote the widest access to knowledge
in all communities and regions of Latin
America and the Caribbean, giving priority to
the most excluded sectors.
18. To promote the development and establish-
ment of science popularisation programmes
and actions, interactive museums and cen-
tres for social appropriation of research and
development tasks, with the aim of dissemi-
nating scientific knowledge and progress,
and stimulating interest and critical-scientif-
ic thinking among the population, reducing
scientific and technological illiteracy and ad-
dressing prejudices of anti-scientific nature.
19. To stimulate capacity-building in profession-
al science journalism, to encourage the cre-
ation of magazines, journals and newspapers
of scientific quality, and to promote the dis-
semination of scientific research results in
the region by all means available, including
regional and sub-regional activities such as
science fairs and Olympiads, research schol-
arships for the young, among others.
20. Stimulate cooperation in the production and
exchange of vulgarisation products between
Latin America and the Caribbean countries,
as well as with other countries of the world.
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21. To promote open access to the results of
scientific, technological and innovation re-
search carried out with public funding. To
encourage and support initiatives aimed at
facilitating the access of scientists and in-

stitutions in LAC countries to scientific in-
formation sources. To strengthen regional
information systems in STI and to stimulate,
through academic promotion mechanisms,
the publication of results of R&D tasks in
specialized publications in the region.
22. To create mechanisms for closer linkage be-
tween modern scientific knowledge and the
ancestral knowledge of indigenous cultures
in LAC, generating interdisciplinary projects
related to biodiversity, natural resources and
energy management, understanding environ-
mental disasters risks and mitigation of their
effects, and other fields such as health, food
production and sanitation.
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23. To develop LAC regional skills in risks as-
sessment and vulnerability, as well as in
the implementation of early warning mecha-
nisms for potential disasters or long-term en-
vironmental changes that may endanger its
sustainability. Emphasis should be placed
on the effective preparation for all types of
disasters, as well as on the development of
means for adaptation and mitigation of their
effects. Furthermore, mainstreaming of di-
sasters management to national and regional
development planning.
24. To encourage decision-makers to take into
account the environmental component, in-
cluding the complexity of global phenomena
such as –among others- climate change,
biodiversity loss and desertification, so as to
develop new strategies for anticipation and
observation, using the Precautionary1.
25. Governments and the private sectors in the
region should increase investment in those
science and technology sectors in charge of
avoiding potential conflicts, for example in
the use of energy, management and use of
freshwater reserves, and other natural re-
sources, pollution of air, soil and water, as
well as to prevent the spread of endemic
and emerging diseases such as yellow fever,
dengue, Chagas disease, HIV, influenza and
others.
1 We use the sense of the “precaution principle” as used in UNESCO
(2005): “Risks and human security in knowledge societies”, in
UNESCO Wolrd Report: Towards Knowledge Societies, UNESCO Edi-
tions, Paris, pp 133-147.
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26. To favour the creation of instances at non-
governmental organizations and scientific
institutions for studying ethical issues on
the use of scientific knowledge and its ap-
plications. These should promote also the
establishment of ethics committees in their
field of competence. In addition, the private
sector should be called to mainstream the
ethical dimension as a structural component
of their social responsibility. In all cases, the
ethical principles related to the activities of
science, technology and innovation should
be promoted, both at the institutional and
individual levels. Regional and international
cooperation and inter consultation mecha-
nisms on these subjects should also be fos-
tered.
27. To promote provisions in items 50 and 54 of
the Science Agenda: Framework for Action
adopted by UNESCO Member States at the
30th General Conference held in Paris on
18 August 1999 (Doc. 30/C15) on the de-
velopment of mechanisms to guarantee that
scientific-technological careers students and
graduates be made aware of their specific
responsibility not to apply scientific knowl-
edge and skills to activities which threaten
peace and security. Furthermore, a dialogue
should be promoted between representatives
of governments, civil society and scientists,
engineers and other technologists in order to
reduce military spending in the region and
the orientation of science towards military
applications.
28. To promote item 73 of the Science Agenda:
Framework for Action adopted by UNESCO
Member States at the 30th General Confer-
ence held in Paris on 18 August 1999 (Doc.
30/C15), by which the bodies represented
in this Declaration, jointly with the regional
scientific community, in collaboration with
other social stakeholders, should foster a
debate, which could be a public debate, to
promote environmental ethics and environ-
mental codes of conduct.
29. LAC representatives consider that it is an
ethical and strategic imperative for science,
technology and innovation to integrate social
inclusion as a common thread of their activi-
ties (STI & I).
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The representatives of the parliamentary commit-
tees on science, technology and productive in-
novation of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and
Venezuela, met at the city of Buenos Aires, Argen-
tine Republic, on March 7-8, 2005 during the First
Latin American Forum of Chairmen of Parliamen-
tary Committees on Science and Technology.
The meeting was organized by the Committee on
Science and Technology of the Honorable House of
Representatives of the Argentine Nation, UNESCO
Regional Office of Science and Technology for Lat-
in America and the Caribbean and the Secretariat
of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation
of Argentina.
Having considered the “Declaration of Santo Do-
mingo2” which recognizes that Latin America and
the Caribbean confront the absolute need to in-
crease the quality of life of their inhabitants and
make progress in economic, social and environ-
mental sustainable development where science,
technology and innovation processes may contrib-
ute to: increase the quality of life of the population,
raise its cultural and educational level, promote a
genuine protection of the environment and natural
resources, create more opportunities for the em-
ployment and qualification of human resources, in-
crease economy competitiveness, help to transform
production processes of goods and services, and
reduce regional unbalances. In short, it is impera-
tive to establish a social compromise (contract) of
science and technology with society, which shall be
based on poverty eradication, assuring a continu-
ous increment in the quality of life of the popula-
1 EDITOR’S NOTE: the translation from Spanish into English was made
by Nora Izetta from the Translation Department of the National Con-
gress of Argentina
2 Regional Meeting of Consultation for Latin America and the Caribbean
of the World Conference on Science, Santo Domingo, Dominican Repu-
blic, March 10-12, 1999.
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tion and promoting a harmonious relationship be-
tween nature and sustainable development.
As set out above, this compromise or social con-
tract of science and technology with society should
include a series of explicit objectives jointly ad-
opted by governments, the entrepreneurial sector,
academic and scientific communities, other collec-
tive actors and international cooperation. It is nec-
essary to establish solid foundations for long term
strategies and policies on science, technology and
innovation activities for self-sustainable human
development, implying the adoption of measures
that effectively promote scientific research, tech-
nological development and productive innovation
in order to obtain original solutions for the specific
problems of the region countries..
Having considered the Declaration of Lima3, that
recognizes the imperative need to work for the
wide acceptance and recognition of science, tech-
nology, engineering and innovation as fundamen-
tal elements for the development of a social and
economic growth strategy and their inclusion in
national and regional development plans in order
to reduce poverty in the hemisphere, and that also
tries to achieve, for 2007, that all the States of the
region adopt efficient national policies on science,
technology, engineering and innovation clearly in-
tegrated to economic and social policies –being
necessary, for this purpose, to enact legislation and
legal frameworks to guarantee and promote these
policies in the future.
Considering that regional integration in the activi-
ties of scientific research, technological develop-
ment and productive innovation should imply the
use of a powerful instrument to encourage synergy
among the different individual groups of our coun-
tries, optimizing, in this way, physical, human and
economic resources and favoring the existence of
projects which may solve fundamental problems in
Latin America, such as the quality of life of their
inhabitants, the conditions for the preservation of
the environment and natural resources, and the
encouragement and promotion of creation and in-
novation processes in every aspect of human activi-
ties.
Taking into account the experiences and successful
proposals of regional cooperation, integration and
3 Meeting of Ministers and Principal Authorities on Science and Techno-
logy, organized by the Inter-American Council for Integral Development,
Organization of American States, November 11-12, 2004, Lima, Peru

development among different governments imple-
mented by the Regional Program of Scientific and
Technological Development of the Organization
of American States4 different initiatives adopted
within the framework of the member countries of
the “Andean Pact”, the Iberoamerican Program of
Science and Technology for Development (CYTED)5
and MERCOSUR Specialized Meeting on Science
and Technology (RECYT)6, it is recognized that the
region is characterized by an asymmetrical devel-
opment not only of its science, technology and pro-
ductive innovation institutions, but also of its par-
liamentary committees, which are responsible for
the legal frameworks that regulate the activities of
the former. Meanwhile some countries have a con-
solidated institutional structure, others are just be-
ginning institutionalization processes for scientific
and technological activities. Certain phenomena
such as institutional instability and lack of conti-
nuity in policies implementation limit the evolution
of the scientific and technological systems of some
countries in the region.
Considering the recommendations of the “Declara-
tion on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowl-
edge7 which suggests that governments, and par-
ticularly parliaments, should systematically turn to
the cooperation of scientists and technologists in
order to create adequate policies and legislation for
the processes of economic, social and technologi-
cal transformation. The contribution of these ex-
perts should become a part of the parliamentary
advisory programs. This is an increasingly top prior-
ity in the decision-making processes and in the de-
sign of short, medium and long-term national and
regional policies.
THE LATIN AMERICAN LEGISLATORS WHO
PARTICIPATE IN THE FIRST LATIN AMERICAN
FORUM OF CHAIRMEN OF PARLIAMENTARY
COMMITTEES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DECLARE THAT:
4 OAS Regional Program of Scientific and Technological Development
was created in 1968 by decision of America’s presidents during a
meeting held at Punta del Este (Uruguay) in 1967.
5 The Iberoamerican Program of Science and Technology for Development
(CYTED), which was created in 1984 by means of an Inter-Institutional
Frame Agreement signed by 19 countries of Latin America, Spain
and Portugal, is defined as an international program of multilateral
scientific and technological cooperation, with horizontal character and
Iberoamerican basis.
6 The Specialized Meeting on Science and Technology of MERCOSUR
(RECYT) was created at the II Meeting of the Common Market Council
(CMC), held in June 26-27, 1992 in Las Leñas (Argentina).
7 World Conference on Science” held at Budapest (Hungary) from
June 26 to July 1, 1999, under the auspices of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the
International Council for Science (ICSU).
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1. It is essential to take measures tending to
promote the institutional and organizational
strengthening of the legislative Committees
devoted to the design of legislation and legal
frameworks for the performing and financing
of scientific research, technological develop-
ment and productive innovation activities,
which permit the formulation, implementa-
tion, execution, evaluation and management
of adequate national and regional policies.
2. It is imperative to consider science, technol-
ogy and innovation activities as a fundamen-
tal axis of national and regional development,
reducing the investment gap that separate us
from the developed countries, implementing
adequate measures in national budgets and
favoring private investment in such sector.
3. The region’s parliaments should propose and
adapt national legislation to encourage sys-
tematic activities directly and specifically
related to scientific and technological devel-
opment, through the generation, spreading,
transmission and application of knowledge,
technologies and productive innovations
deriving from the creation of scientific and
technological systems and the traditional
knowledge of every country.
4. It is necessary to harmonize national legis-
lation in order to favor international coop-
eration mechanisms for scientific research,
technological development and productive
innovation which should contribute to: (i) the
stable installation of fundamental scientific
capacities in the less developed countries;
(ii) the training of young researchers inte-
grated with their own social realities; (iii) the
adequate management of researching agen-
das according to the values and priorities of
the region and a global perspective.
5. Horizontal cooperation should be encour-
aged among the region’s countries, and
particularly among their parliaments, creat-
ing unprecedented possibilities to allow the
exchange and supplementation of human,
physical and financing capacities among the
different parliamentary groups which have
the responsibility for legislating about sci-
ence, technology and innovation matters.
6. It is fundamental to update information for
legislators and other individuals responsible
for decision-making processes on subjects
related to science, technology and innova-
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tion, which continuously expand their influ- ers; (7) copyright; (8) biosecurity; and (9)
ence to all human activities. international treaties on scientific techno-
7. Permanent dialogue mechanisms with aca- logical cooperation.
demicians, scientists and all the experts’ 12. Parliaments should prepare legislative bills
community should be established in order to promoting the exchange of teachers and re-
promote the development of the necessary searchers among Latin American countries
information at decision-making processes in order to take advantage of the existing ca-
related to science, technology and innova- pacities in science and technology and to in-
tion activities. crease the critical mass, in relevant subjects
8. It is necessary to study the possibility of for the region, by means of Master’s degrees
implementing an interparliamentary Latin and Doctorates.
American network of advice and evaluation 13. It is necessary to propose another meeting
of legislative bills on science, technology of Latin American legislators, specialized in
and innovation, in order to share the nec- science, technology and innovation subjects,
essary resources, keep academic excellence in order to establish an agenda that guar-
in the advice and evaluation processes and antees the regional integration process and
undertake joint working actions among the the viability of the social contract during the
region’s parliaments. following decade.
9. It is essential to promote the establishment This declaration is signed at the Autonomous City
of national parliamentary forum as a way to of Buenos Aires on March 8th, 2005.
study medium and long-term strategies and
scenarios in order to design policies stimu-
lating the application of science, technology
and innovation in the improvement of the
region’s inhabitants life conditions.
10. The systematic studies of different national
laws and existent bilateral and multilateral
treaties shall be considered in order to har-
monize, if possible, the different national
laws and legal frameworks to promote re-
gional integration on science, technology
and innovation subjects.
11. Nations know that the exchange, among
them, of the information about science,
technology and innovation legislation, shall
facilitate knowledge about our respective
legal frameworks. For this purpose, the Ar-
gentine Republic offers, in this first stage,
the data base on MERCOSUR science and
technology legislation of the Secretariat of
Science, Technology and Productive Inno-
vation (SECyT) to include there the data of
the other participant countries. In order to
systematize the analysis and search in the
future regional data base, the legislation to
be send shall be grouped in the following
categories: (1) institutional organization of
the science, technology and productive inno-
vation system; (2) training and technological
development; (3) tax incentives: exemptions
and deductions; (4) financial credit; (5) non
tax incentives: economic assistance; (6) oth-

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Scientific and Technological Activities: systematic
activities closely related to the generation, produc-
tion, publication and application of scientific and
technical knowledge in all fields of science and
technology. Scientific and technological activities
include: research and development, scientific and
technical education and training, and scientific
and technical services.
LAC: Latin America and the Caribbean.
Bibliometry: A method used for measuring part of
scientific and technological production, aimed
at strengthening the administrative and research
decision-making process by using parameters like
the number of articles in mainstream magazines,
technical reports, conference summaries, etc., as
well as quotes therefrom. These indicators allow
comparisons, by country, of the added productivity
of publications in mainstream magazines.
BID (IADB): Inter-American Development Bank.
Bioinformatics: Field of knowledge relative to the
building databases on genomes, protein sequenc-
ing and mathematical modelling of complex bio-
logical and systems biology processes.
Biosafety: The legal meaning in accordance with
the Cartagena Protocol, implies a direct signifi-
cance for food safety, environmental preservation
(including biodiversity) and sustainability of agri-
culture. The biosafety concept includes all regu-
latory frameworks for action in cases of risk con-
cerning food and agriculture. It consists of three
sectors, namely: food innocuousness, vegetation
life and health, and animal life and health. These
sectors include the production of food in regards to
its innocuousness, plant plagues introduced, ani-
mal plagues and diseases and zoonosis, the intro-
duction and release of genetically modified organ-
isms (GMO) and by-products, and the introduction
and innocuous handling of invasive exotic species
and genotypes.
1 NOTE FROM THE EDITOR: This annex was prepared by G.A.
Lemarchand, taking the canonical definitions available in specialized
literature.
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Biotechnology: The application of science and tech-
nology to living organisms, their parts, or derived
products or models, in order to alter materials,
whether living or not, meant for the production of
knowledge, goods or services.
Risk capital: Funds invested in small firms during
their start-up stages, when assessment of their fu-
ture behaviour in the medium and long terms is
not possible.
CARICOM: Caribbean Community, which includes:
Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,
Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamai-
ca, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and
Tobago.
Cluster: Sectorial concentration of enterprises in a
common field of work, or with very related activi-
ties, both backwards – with technology factories,
supplies and equipment providers – and forwards,
horizontally – with processing and user industries,
as well as with services and other closely related ac-
tivities, with significant cumulative external econo-
mies, clustered and specialized, with the presence
of producers, providers and specialized manpower,
and ancillary services specific of the sector. Also
with the possibility of undertaking joint actions in
search of collective efficiency.
Gini Coefficient: Measures the degree of deviation
of the distribution of income (or consumption) of
individuals or homes in a country, in relation to a
distribution under fully egalitarian conditions. Zero
represents total equality and 100 total inequality.
Invention Coefficient: This indicator shows the rela-
tion between patents applied for by residents and
the country’s population. It is expressed in number
of patents per one hundred thousand inhabitants,
and represents the number of patents applied for
by the country’s residents, in a normalized man-
ner in regards to the population. The assumption
is that: the greater the indicator, the greater the
country’s capability for invention.
Competitiveness: Capability of a company (or coun-
try) to maintain and extend its market share (or ex-
ports). The significant aspect for competitiveness
(and productivity) is not the amount invested in
research and development but rather the capacity
to make technological developments part of pro-
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ductive innovations within a corporate (or national)
strategy.
International Cooperation Agreements: Written agree-
ments governed by public international law sub-
scribed bi or multilaterally between governments,
with the purpose of embarking on specific actions
where each country takes shared responsibilities
for one another.
S&T: Science and Technology.
STI: Science, Technology and Innovation.
Experimental Development: Systematic work on ex-
isting knowledge, or knowledge acquired from re-
search and experimental practice, oriented at the
production of new materials, products and servic-
es, the installation of new processes, systems and
services, and a significant improvement of those
already produced and installed.
Public Debt: The total of debt contracted by the
central and regional governments.
FTE: Full-time equivalent. This term is used for
practical purposes in estimating and normalizing
the equivalent number of individuals that perform
certain activity (for example: research and develop-
ment activities) per year. The process includes tak-
ing into account individuals that perform such spe-
cific tasks on a full-time basis (eight hours daily,
five days a week that represent one individual/year),
as well as those that do part-time work, where only
the fraction of yearly hours spent on such tasks
(fraction of individual/year) are accounted for. The
aggregate sum includes the number of “full-time
equivalent” individuals that perform a specific ac-
tivity throughout a year’s time, at a particular insti-
tution, sector, country or region.
High Technology Enterprises: Business units that
produce goods and services whose competitive-
ness depends on the design, development and pro-
duction of new innovative processes or products,
through the systematic and intensive application of
scientific and technological knowledge.
Sectorial Funds: Specific funding for the develop-
ment of certain sectors in economic activities and
topics of strategic national interest. Such funds
imply investments for the generation of scientific,
technological and engineering knowledge, produc-
tive innovation processes, human resources train-
ing, infrastructure development for research labo-
ratories and pilot plants of intensive-technology
industries, and for obtaining, preparing, processing
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and publishing information relative to the devel-
opment of innovations in a certain sector of the
economy or a knowledge sector.
R&D (or investment) Expenditure: Regular and capi-
tal expenses (including general expenses) resulting
from creative and systematic activities performed
with the purpose of increasing the volume of knowl-
edge. They include basic and applied research and
the experimental development activities oriented
at new articles, products and processes.
Expenditure on R&D or S&T as compared to the GDP:
This indicator expresses, in percentage, a country’s
relative efforts in R&D or S&T, based on the GDP
as comparative parameter.
Expenditure on R&D or S&T per capita: This indicator
shows the expenditure on science and technology,
or on R&D, in a form related to the population. This
comparative variable is used because it is relatively
independent from economic and financial aspects
or others associated with currency exchange rates.
Public expenditure on education: Distributions made
to public education, plus subsidies for private edu-
cation at the primary, secondary and tertiary lev-
els.
Genome: The genetic material of a species consid-
ered as a whole, and as a feature of such species.
Genomics: The study of genes and their functions.
Great advances have been possible in our knowl-
edge of genomics thanks to the Human Genome
Project and other similar projects on the genome of
plants, animals and micro-organisms. The develop-
ment of genomics applies not only to the knowl-
edge of biological processes but also to improved
therapies and the treatment of illnesses, as well
as to the development of new industrial processes
and products.
R&D: Research and Development. Experimental
research and development include the creative
work done systematically to increase the volume
of knowledge, referred to mankind, culture, society
and the use of such knowledge for finding new ap-
plications.
HDI: Human Development Index, by the UNDP.
This compound index is based on three indicators:
longevity, measurement based on life expectancy
at birth, average educational level based on a com-
bination of the adult literacy rate (weighing of two
thirds) and the gross registration rate of primary,
secondary and tertiary education combined (weigh-

ing of one third) and level of life measured by the
GDP per capita expressed in U.S. dollars, adjusted
according to the purchasing power parity (PPP).
Gender-related Development Index (GDI): Measures
achievement according to the same dimensions
and variables as used for the HDI, but also takes
into account the inequality between men and wom-
en in relation to such achievements. The greater
the disparity between genders in what concerns
human development, the lesser will be a country’s
GDI as compared to its HDI.
Innovation: The Oslo Manual defines “innovations
of technological products and processes” as the
implementation of technologically new products
and processes, and the significant technological
improvements achieved in products and processes.
An implemented innovation is one that has been
introduced in the market (product innovation) or
used in a productive process (process innovation).
Innovation implies a series of scientific, techno-
logical, organizational, financial and commercial
activities.
Internet: Digital pack commutation network based
on TCP/IP communication protocols. It intercon-
nects lower-scale networks (which justifies its de-
nomination), and data transmission between any
pair of computers connected to such subsidiary
networks.
Invention: A product, technique or process with
novel and ingenious features that provides a solu-
tion to a specific problem. Inventions are a stage
of technological development that have advanced
enough to draw plans or build a working model. It
differs from innovation to the extent that inventions
are not immediately applicable to the industry or in
practice, they are a preliminary stage – though not
necessary – of innovation.
Basic scientific research: Consists of experimental
or theoretical work undertaken mainly for obtaining
new knowledge regarding the bases of observable
phenomena and facts, but not oriented at any spe-
cific application or use.
Applied scientific research: Consists of experimental
or theoretical work undertaken mainly for obtaining
new knowledge regarding the bases of observable
phenomena and facts, oriented at a specific practi-
cal objective.
Technological research: Activity aimed at the gen-
eration of new technological knowledge that can be
directly applied to the production and distribution
6eeZcY^mZh
of goods and services. It may lead to an invention,
an innovation or an improvement (a minor applica-
tion). Technological research is not the only source
of change in technology.
Researchers: Professionals who work in conceiving
and creating new knowledge, products, processes,
methods and the management of the respective
projects.
Researchers per one thousand individuals of the EAP:
This indicator shows the relative weight of research-
ers among the economically active population. It is
expressed in researchers (as natural persons or in
FTE) per one thousand individuals of the EAP. The
indicator reveals the potential of human resources
for R&D in relation to the dimensions of the work
force.
Know-how: A form of technological transfer. The
term relates to techniques or criteria used in the
preparation or design of a project that may be re-
used in other similar projects. The know-how basi-
cally describes the capability of an organization for
developing its functions, in relation to both produc-
tion and services, apart from including also areas
such as accounting and human resources, among
others.
MERCOSUR: (Spanish Acronym for “Mercado Común
del Sur”) Meaning “Southern Common Market”.
The member countries are: Argentina, Brazil, Para-
guay and Uruguay, and Bolivia and Chile are their
associated countries.
Women as compared to the total S&T staff: This indi-
cator shows, in percentage, the number of women
in relation to the total staff in science and tech-
nology, which reflects the equality or inequality of
gender in the S&T sector.
Nanobiotechnology: The application of techniques
of micro and nanotechnology to processes and tools
in the micro and nano-manufacture of devices for
the study of biosystems and applications to medi-
cal diagnosis and drug dosage systems.
Nanotechnology: The study, design, creation, syn-
thesis, handling and application of functional ma-
terials and matter control systems at a nanometric
scale (one billionth part of a meter) or technologies
comparable to the length of a small molecule. At
such scale, matter shows different properties that
may be applied to the development of new tech-
nologies that provide solutions for a great variety of
current problems found in the industry, in medical
research and in the environment.
&+,
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Education levels: Education has been classified into
three levels: primary, secondary and tertiary, pursu-
ant to the International Standard Classification of
Education (ISCED). Primary education (level 1 in
ISCED) provides the basic elements of education
at institutions like elementary schools. Second-
ary education (levels 2 and 3 in ISCED) is based
on four previous years of education minimum in
the first level, and provides general or special-
ized education or both, at institutions like inter-
mediate schools, junior and senior high schools,
teacher training colleges of that level, and schools
for teaching trades or technical knowledge. Ter-
tiary education (levels 5 to 7 in CIUED) refers to
education provided at universities, higher teacher
training colleges and higher professional training
institutions that call for graduation from secondary
level schools, or proof of proficient knowledge at
an equivalent level, as a minimum requirement for
registration.
Techno-economic paradigm: Theoretical conceptual-
ization developed by economists of the technologi-
cal change: Christopher Freeman (United Kingdom)
and Carlota Pérez (Venezuela), who try to explain
the presence of long cycles (50 to 55 years) re-
current in the economic growth and technological
development of countries. A techno-economic par-
adigm may be understood as a global revolution,
both technical and organizational, that transforms
the “what” and “how” of profitable production in
general, to set a new frontier of maximum produc-
tive efficiency. This allows for each cycle to have
a technology that articulates all the economy. The
trend to increase in productivity, under each para-
digm, is a logistic curve, like the spreading process
through companies, branches and countries. The
current curve would be marked by micro-electron-
ics and biotechnology. Analysts expect that the
next techno-economic paradigm will be articulated
around nanotechnologies and the use of hydrogen
as a source of energy.
Patent: A patent is an intellectual property right
over a invention of technological kind. A patent
may be authorized by a patents office to a firm, an
individual or to a public entity. A patent applica-
tion must fulfil certain requirements: the invention
must be original, and the result of an inventive ac-
tivity, as well as applicable to the industry.
Patents authorized: This indicator shows the num-
ber of patents authorized in each country, by the
place of residence of each applicant. For analyzing
this indicator, the non-existence of a linear rela-
tionship between patents authorized and applied
for each year is to be considered, for time periods
for authorizations of patents may be substantially
variable, among different countries, and within one
single country as well.
Patents applied for: This indictor shows the num-
ber of patents applied for in each country, per the
place of residence of applicants. For the analysis
of this indicator, the fact that not all patents are
the result of R&D efforts should be taken into ac-
count, as well as the fact that many products from
industrial R&D, particularly in certain productive
sectors, are not subject to patenting. Despite such
restriction, the indicator is used for comparison in
all international series. It should be noted that,
for the case of Latin America and the Caribbean,
certain countries have gaps in their series due to
changes in legislation and in policies.
GDP: Gross Domestic Product. Final total produc-
tion for the use of goods and services in an econo-
my, by both residents and non-residents, and con-
sidered independently from the citizenship of the
owners of factors. Deductions due to depreciation
of physical capital or those corresponding to the
exhaustion and deterioration of natural resources
are not included.
EAP: Economically Active Population (natural per-
sons between 15 and 65 years of age).
Support personnel: Consists of technicians, ac-
quired personnel and other staff that contribute to
scientific research, technological development and
productive innovation activities.
Science and Technology personnel: This indicator
shows the number of individuals involved in sci-
entific and technological activities, according to
their various functions: researchers, beneficiaries
of scholarships on R&D or doctorates, support per-
sonnel and scientific and technological services
personnel. The information may be submitted both
in natural persons and in FTE.
Science and Technology policy: The group of regula-
tions and the legal provisions that the State must
adopt for promoting scientific and technological
research.
Short term policies: Policies whose implementation
plan is developed in a time period shorter than five
(5) years.

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Long term policies: Includes policies which have an
implementation plan developed in a time period
between twenty (20) and fifty (50) years long.
Medium term policies: Policies whose implementa-
tion period is developed in a time period longer
than five (5) years but shorter than twenty (20)
years.
Percentage of literate adults: Percentage of individ-
uals 15 years of age or more capable of reading,
writing and understanding a short and simple text
on everyday life.
Percentage of sectorial composition: Percentage of
the share of each of the three productive sectors in
the added value of the economy.
PPP: Purchasing Power Parity. PPP rates allow
the determination of the number of units of the
currency of a country, necessary for acquiring the
same package representative of goods and services
as acquired with one U.S. dollar in the U.S. The
PPP can also be expressed in other currencies or
in transfer rights. The PPP allows for a comparison
of the real level of life of prices among countries,
just as conventional price indices allow for com-
parisons of real value in time; otherwise, the regu-
lar exchange rate could overvaluate or undervaluate
purchasing power.
Mode 1 of Knowledge Production: A complex of
ideas, methods, values and standards grown to the
extent of controlling the spreading of the Newto-
nian model of science to an increasing number of
research fields, assuring compliance with what is
considered a sound scientific practice.
Mode 2 of Knowledge Production: Knowledge produc-
tion that takes place in the context of application,
characterized by trans-disciplinarity, heterogeneity,
organizational de-structuring and transience, so-
cial responsibility and reflectiveness, and quality
control that points to the dependence on context
and use. It is the result of the parallel extension of
knowledge producers and users in society.
Biotechnological product: Defined as a good or ser-
vice, it is the development requiring one or more
biotechnological techniques for its production. In-
cludes the know-how generated by R&D processes
in biotechnology.
Technologically new product: A product whose tech-
nological features or the use for which it is intend-
ed, differ significantly from other products manu-
factured previously. These innovations may involve
6eeZcY^mZh
radically new technologies or could be based on
the use of a combination or new technologies and
common use.
Technologically improved product: A product with
significantly increased or updated performance.
Simple products may be improved (in terms of
performance improvement or lower costs) through
the application of highly improved materials and
components, or complex products consisting of a
variety of integrated technical subsystems capable
of being improved through changes in one of their
subsystems.
Publications en SCI Search per one hundred thousand
inhabitants: This indicator shows the number of sci-
entific publications corresponding to authors from
each of the various countries, registered at SCI
Search, as compared to the country’s population.
Publications in SCI Search per million USD in R&D:
This indicator shows the number of scientific pub-
lications corresponding to every different country,
registered at SCI Search, as compared to the coun-
try’s expenditure on R&D.
Cartagena Protocol (on Biosafety to the Conven-
tion on biological diversity): The purpose of the
protocol, as indicated in Article 1, is to “contrib-
ute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in
the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of
living modified organisms resulting from modern
biotechnology that may have adverse effects on
the conservation and sustainable use biological
diversity, also taking into account risks to human
health, and specifically focusing on transboundary
movements”.
Human Resources in Science and Technology: The
portion of the work force with specific skills that
includes those involved in all fields of activity and
study relative to science, technology and produc-
tive innovation, due to their level of education and
current work positions.
Publications in SCI Search: This indicator shows the
number of scientific publications corresponding to
the authors from different countries, registered at
SCI Search. It is a database of scientific publica-
tions produced by the Institute for Scientific In-
formation (ISI: www.isinet.com), located in Phila-
delphia, U.S.A. This database is multidisciplinary
and covers approximately 6,100 magazines on life
science, environment, technology and medicine.
It is the most used database for work in the field
&+.
CVi^dcVaHX^ZcXZ!IZX]cdad\nVcY>ccdkVi^dcHnhiZbh^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc

of bibliometry. Its contents make up the so-called socio-economic phenomena, (g) essays,
mainstream of science. normalization and quality control, (h) ad-
vice and consulting activities, and (i) patent
Sectors where DSTI activities are implemented: The
and license activities by public agencies.
implementation of activities relative to scientific
research, technological development and produc- g. Information Society: Social development
tive innovation takes place in the following sectors stage characterized by the capability of the
of the economy: members of that society (citizens, compa-
nies and public agencies) for obtaining and
a. Tertiary education: includes all universities, instantly sharing any information from any
technology colleges, and higher education place and in any manner desired.
institutions, regardless of their sources of
h. Software (logic components, programs):
funding or legal status, as well as research
Programs or logic components that enable
institutes, and experimental stations and
a computer or a network to function, or that
clinics administered or directly controlled
are executed in them, as opposed to physi-
by, and/or associated with them.
cal components of such computer or net-
b. Government: includes all governmental bod- work.
ies, and national, provincial and municipal
i. Dependency Rate: This indicator shows the
departments and agencies (except those re-
coefficient between patents applied for
lated to higher education).
by non-residents and those applied for by
c. Private non-profit institutions: include private residents. Values greater than one show
non-profit institutions that offer philan- the prevalence of patents applied for from
thropic services to individuals, like foun- abroad, while values between 0 and 1 indi-
dations, professional associations, charity cate the prevalence of patents of applicants
institutions and private parties. residing in the country.
d. Productive (private): includes all companies,
firms, organizations and institutions (ex-
cluding those in the field of higher educa-
tion) whose main activity is the production
of goods and services. This sector includes
also private non-profit institutes whose
main objective is to provide services to pri-
vate companies.
e. Foreign: include all institutions and individ-
uals located beyond the political borders of
a country, except for vehicles, ships, aircraft
and space satellites used by national insti-
tutions, and off the testing fields acquired
by such institutions and all international
organizations (except for firms and compa-
nies), including their facilities and activities
within the borders of the country.
f. Scientific and Technical Services: This con-
cept includes activities developed through
experimental research and development that
contribute to the production, publication
and application of scientific and technical
knowledge. UNESCO classifies them into
the following categories: (a) S&T activities
at libraries, (b) S&T activities at museums,
(c) translations, editions, etc., (d) (geology,
hydrology, etc.) inventories and reports, (e)
exploration, (f) gathering of information on

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J[Y^debe]o"?ddelWj_edWdZH[#
]_edWb9eef[hWj_edWdZ?dj[]hW#
j_edFheY[ii[i
ACAL: Academia de Ciencias de América
Latina (Caracas). www.acal-scientia.org
ACDI: Agencia Canadiense de Desarrollo
Internacional. www.acdi-cida.gc.ca
AECI: Agencia Española de Cooperación
Internacional. www.aeci.es
AICD: Agencia Interamericana para la Co-
operación y Desarrollo de la OEA. www.
iacd.oas.org
ALADI: Asociación Latino Americana de
Integración. www.aladi.org
ALCA: Acuerdo de Libre Comercio de las
Américas. www.ftaa-alca.org
BCIE: Banco Centroamericano de Coope-
ración Económica. www.bcie.org
BID: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
www.iadb.org
British Council: www.britishcouncil.org
CAF: Corporación Andina de Fomento.
www.caf.com
CARICOM: Comunidad del Caribe. www.
caricom.org
CCST: Consejo Caribeño para la Ciencia y
la Tecnología. www.ccst-caribbean.org
CEPAL: Comisión Económica para Amé-
rica Latina y el Caribe de las Naciones
Unidas. www.cepal.org
CIDI: Consejo Interamericano para el
Desarrollo Integral. www.cidi.oas.org
CLACSO: Consejo Latinoamericano de
Ciencias Sociales. www.clacso.org.ar
CLAF: Centro Latino Americano de Física.
http://152.84.50.40/
CNR: Consejo Nacional de Investigación
– Italia. www.cnr.it
CNRS: Centro Nacional de Investigación
Científica – Francia. www.cnrs.fr
Comunidad Andina:
www.comunidadandina.org
6eeZcY^mZh
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CYTED: Programa Iberoamericano de
Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo.
www.cyted.org
FLACSO: Facultad Latinoamericana de
Ciencias Sociales. www.flacso.org
Fundación Carolina:
www.fundacioncarolina.es
GTZ: www.gtz.de
ICGEB: Centro Internacional para la Inge-
niería Genética y la Biotecnología.
www.icgeb.org
ICSU: Consejo Internacional para la Cien-
cia. www.icsu.org
IDRC: Centro de Investigación de Desarro-
llo Internacional. www.irdc.ca
ILPES: Instituto Latinoamericano y del
Caribe de Planificación Económica y
Social perteneciente a CEPAL-ONU.
www.eclac.cl/ilpes
JICA: Agencia de Cooperación Internacio-
nal del Japón. www.jica.go.jp/english
LATINDEX: Sistema Regional de Informa-
ción en Línea para Revistas Científicas
de América Latina, el Caribe, España y
Portugal. www.latindex.unam.mx
MERCOSUR: Mercado Común del Sur.
www.mercosur.org
OCDE/OECD: Organización para la Coope-
ración y el Desarrollo Económico.
www.oecd.org
OEA/OAS: Organización de Estados Ameri-
canos. www.oas.org
OEI: Organización de Estados Iberoameri-
canos para la Educación, la Ciencia y la
Cultura. www.oei.es
Oficina de Ciencia y Tecnología de la OEA:
www.redhucyt.oas.org/ocyt/espanol/stip.
htm
OIEA: Organismo Internacional de Ener-
gía Atómica de las Naciones Unidas.
www.iaea.org
&,&
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OMPI: Organización Mundial de la Pro- SIBI: Sociedad Internacional de Bioética.

piedad Intelectual. www.wipo.int www.sibi.org
ONU: Organización de las Naciones Uni- SICA: Sistema de la Integración Centro-
das. www.onu.org americana. www.sita.int
Organización del Convenio Andrés Bello: SIDA: Agencia de Cooperación Internacio-
www.convenioandresbello.info nal de Suecia. www.sida.org
OPS: Organización Panamericana de
Salud. http://new.paho.org TWAS: Academia de Ciencias para los
PNUD: Programa de Naciones Unidas Países en Desarrollo. www.twas.ictp.it
para el Desarrollo. www.undp.org/spanish TWNSO: Consorcio de Ciencia, Tecnología
e Innovación para el Sur. www.twnso.org
RECYT: Reunión Especializada en Ciencia
y Tecnología del MERCOSUR. www.recyt. UNESCO: Organización de las Naciones
org.ar Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la
RICYT: Red Iberoamericana e Interameri- Cultura. www.unesco.org
cana de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecno-
logía. www.ricyt.org

SCIENTI: Red Internacional de Fuentes

de Información y Conocimiento para la
Gestión de la Ciencia, Tecnología e Inno-
vación. www.scienti.net

&,'HX^ZcXZEda^XnHijY^ZhVcY9dXjbZcih^cAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc#Kda#&#

 8_Xb_e]hWf^o
 H[fehji0
National reports drawn up by Member Sta-
tes for the First Regional Forum on Science,
Technology and Innovation Policies in Latin
America and the Caribbean: Towards a New
Social Contract of Science, Mexico DF, Mexi-
co, March 9 to 13, 2009.
National reports drawn up by Member Status
for the Second Regional Forum on Science,
Technology and Innovation Policies in Latin
America and the Caribbean: Towards a New
Social Contract of Science, Buenos Aires, Ar-
gentina, September 23 to 25, 2009.
Inventario de instrumentos y modelos de po-
líticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación en
América Latina y el Caribe, Sergio Emiliozzi,
Guillermo A. Lemarchand, and Ariel Gordon,
Inter-American Development Bank, Working
Paper 9, 2009.
Regional Report on Latin American Countries,
Study on National Research Systems: a Meta-
Review, compiled by R. Wast, UNESCO Forum
on Higher Education, Research and Knowled-
ge, UNESCO, 2007.
Answers to a national survey by the Scientific
Policy and Sustainable Development Division
of the Regional Bureau for Science in Latin
America and the Caribbean (UNESCO Monte-
video) regarding advances of national policies
on science, technology and innovation during
the past decade.
6eeZcY^mZh
7ff[dZ_n+
Ej^[h0
Caribbean Development Bank:
www.caribank.org
World Bank, World Development Indicators
Online: www.worldbank.org
Science and Technology Indicators database
of the Iberoamerican and Inter-American
Network of Science and Technology Indica-
tors (RICYT): www.ricyt.org
Central Intelligence Agency, The World Fact-
book 2007: www.cia.gov
United Nations Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC):
www.eclac.org
International Monetary Fund: www.imf.org
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, available at:
www.uis.unesco.org
United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP): www.undp.org
Maps were taken from the Wolfram Alpha
website: www.wolframalpha.com
Internal data was generated by the Regional
Bureau for Science of UNESCO, Montevideo.
Digital sources used are indicated in the
“Links” section of national reports.
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7ff[dZ_n,

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