Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating: Purpose

Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating

FilterFBG_UniOpt Optical Filters, FBG & AWG
Purpose
This module simulates a uniform-strength-grating zero-chirp Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) reflection
filter. This has a band-pass characteristic, with strong side lobes if a low-loss is required (that is, a
strong peak reflectivity). The intrinsic dispersion of the grating is included.
The physical design of the Bragg grating is calculated from the bandwidth, center frequency and
maximum reflectivity of the filter. The grating response is then calculated analytically for speed. A
much more general filter is implemented in the module Fiber Bragg Grating.
Keywords
Optical Filter, FBG, DSM, Uniform, Fiber Bragg Grating.
Inputs
input = optical signal
(signal type: Optical Blocks, Optical Samples)
Outputs
output = optical signal
Physical Parameters
Name and Description Symbol Unit Type Volatile Value Range Default Value
CenterFrequency fc Hz real yes ]0,∞[a 193.1e12
Center frequency of the filter.
Bandwidth Δf0 Hz real yes ]0,∞[a 4 *
Bandwidth of the filter, frequency BitRateDefault
difference between two first zero points of
the transfer function.
Reflectivity Rmax — real yes ]0,1[a 0.5
Maximum filter reflectivity.
20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-61

Optical Filters, FBG & AWG
Enhanced Simulation Parameters

a
NoiseDynamic ND dB float yes ]0,∞[ 3.0
Maximum allowed ratio of noise “coloredness”
with one single bin.
NoiseThreshold NT dB float yes ]−∞,0[a -100
Maximum attenuation of spectral regions in
which to adapt Noise Bins.
ActiveFilterBandwidth Δfact Hz float yes [0,∞[a 1.0e12
Bandwidth in which filtering is accurate;
outside this range, filtering is replaced by
attenuation.
DownsampleToActiveFilterBandwidth — — enum yes ON, OFF
Define if sampled bands beyond the active filter OFF
bandwidth are to be discarded.
DigitalFilterOrder — — int yes [8,1024]a 128
Order of a FIR filter employed for aperiodic
simulation.
ConserveMemory — — enum yes ON, ON
If ON, the transfer function is reused on OFF
consecutive calls.
Active — — enum no ON, ON
Defines if the module is active or not. OFF
For a description of the enhanced simulation parameters, see also “Characterization of Optical Filters”
(page 9-3).
Description
A fiber Bragg grating is a periodic perturbation of the refractive index neff along the fiber length, which
in general case can be described by
2π
δn eff ( z ) = δn eff ( z ) # 1 + v cos ------ z $ , (1)
! Λ "
where δneff(z) is the “dc” index change spatially-averaged over a grating period, v is the fringe visibility
of the index change, Λ is the nominal period defining the filter center frequency. For a uniform-strength
(unapodized) and chirpless grating the refractive index δn eff ( z ) = const (see Figure 1). A transfer
function of the uniform filters (for the reflected wave) can be calculated analytically and is given by
9-62 VPItransmissionMaker™/VPIcomponentMaker™
2 2
κ sinh κ – ξ
T ( f ) = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- , (2)
2 2 2 2 2 2
ξ sinh κ – ξ + j κ – ξ cosh κ – ξ
where parameter κ describes the coupling “strength” between the incident Ei and reflected Er waves,
and parameter ξ represents a normalized frequency offset from the center frequency of the filter. κ can
be found from the maximum FBG Reflectivity Rmax = |Er/Ei|2, (which is reached at the center
frequency, parameter CenterFrequency) according to
κ = arctanh R max (3)
and is defined by the FBG length L and the refractive index perturbation as given by
π
κ = --- vδn eff L , (4)
λ
where λ is the wavelength of the light wave.
L
Ei
incident wave transmitted wave
Et
reflected wave
Er OPTICAL FIBER
Λ
Figure 1. Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) filter
The normalized detuning is defined by the frequency offset f−fc and the filter Bandwidth Δf0 as given
by
π 2 f – fc
ξ = 2κ 1 + # ---$ ------------ . (5)
! κ" Δf
0
It can be seen that the filter bandwidth is defined as the frequency difference between two first zero
points of the transfer function A(f) (see Figure 2).

Δf0
Reflectivity
Figure 2. Spectral dependence of the transfer function |A(f)|2 of the uniform FBG with the
bandwidth Δf0 =100 GHz and maximum reflectivity Rmax =0.95
Signal Representation
Multiple Bands. If DownsampleToActiveFilterBandwidth is set to ON, bands lying within the
ActiveFilterBandwidth are downsampled to a single band; otherwise, each spectral band is filtered
separately with the appropriate filter transfer function. However, bands lying beyond the active filter
bandwidth are weighted with a constant value T(f), which is evaluated at the boundaries of the active
filter bandwidth.
Parameterized Signals. Power information of Parameterized Signals is changed according to the value
of the filter’s transfer function, evaluated at the center frequency of the respective signal.
Noise Bins. The module's behavior with respect to the noise signal carried is modified using the
parameters NoiseDynamic and NoiseThreshold, respectively. Noise Bins are resized in bandwidth if
two conditions are satisfied:
(1) The dynamic range of the filters’s transfer function (i.e., the logarithmic ratio of its maximum to
minimum value) exceeds parameter NoiseDynamic.
(2) The attenuation of the filter in the spectral region of the bin does not exceed the value specified by
parameter NoiseThreshold.
Interactions between differently represented signals. No interaction between spectral components of the
input signal is considered since the filter module acts as a pure linear device.
Boundary Conditions. The filter module may be operated at both periodic and aperiodic boundary
conditions. Filtering is done in the frequency domain if PERIODIC is chosen; when set to APERIODIC,
the signal is processed in the time domain, using a windowed FIR-Filter. The overlap-and-save method
is applied by the module only if the following relationship between input blocklength and parameter
DigitalFilterOrder is satisfied:
4Ncoeffs < Nblock
where Nblock denotes the input block length and Ncoeff denotes the number of coefficients, as given by
the parameter named.
Individual Samples
In Sample Mode (Aperiodic boundary conditions) time domain filtering is applied using a windowed FIR
filter.
Reinitialization Behavior
Multiple Runs. If parameter ConserveMemory is set to ON, the filter’s transfer function is calculated
once, being re-used each time the module executed. Otherwise, the transfer function will be evaluated
each run.
Restart of Simulation or Reset during Simulation. If the simulation is reset, data stored by the module
(e.g., coefficients) will be lost.
Module Deactivation. If the module is deactivated, the input data will simply be passed through.
References
[1] T. Erdogan, “Fiber grating spectra,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, pp. 1277–1294, 1997.
[2] K.O. Hill & G. Meltz, “Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview,” J. Lightwave
Technol., vol. 15, pp. 1263–1276, 1997.
[3] C.R. Giles, “Lightwave applications of Fiber Bragg gratings,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, pp. 1391–
1404., 1997.

Fiber Bragg Grating

FiberBraggGrating Optical Filters, FBG & AWG
Purpose
This module simulates one or more fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) written along a single-mode optical
fiber. Each grating can be independently specified, and can be apodized and can include linear chirp.
Unwritten sections can be placed between the gratings, to form resonant cavities. Additionally, any
grating apodization or chirp function can be described as a set of sub-sections. The module has outputs
for the reflected and the transmitted waves. The intrinsic dispersion of the grating is included.
The flexibility of this model makes it ideal for: single-channel and multiple channel filters (such as de-
interleavers); gain-flattening reflection filters (with variable apodization to set the reflectivity versus
wavelength); dispersion-compensators; thermally-tuned gratings (where each heater is represented by a
sub-grating); adaptive dispersion compensators, and optical signal processors for microwave signals.
Keywords
Optical Filter, Physical, FBG, Fiber Bragg Grating, Dispersion, Compensation, Chirp, Cascaded,
Interleaver, De-interleaver.
Inputs
Outputs
outputTransmitted = optical signal
outputReflected = optical signal
Physical Parameters
Period Λ0 m floatarray yes ]0,∞[ 535.355e-9
Period of the grating(s).
Length L m floatarray yes ]0,∞[ 1.0e-2
Length of the grating(s).
Fiber Bragg Grating
DeltaN δn — floatarray yes ]0,∞[ 10.0e-5
Magnitude (zero-peak) of refractive index
modulation.
ChirpParameter — nm floatarray yes — 0
Grating chirp across the length of each
grating chirp.
ApodisationProfile — — intarray yes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 0
Specifies the apodisation profile of the
grating(s): None=0, Cosine=1,
RaisedSinusoid=2, Tanh=3, Blackman=4.
ApodisationParameter η — floatarray yes — 0.0
Generalized parameter specifying details
of apodisation for each grating
apodisation.
Note that each of the Physical Parameters can be entered as an array. Each element of the array
represents a separate grating written into the fiber. The first element describes the left-most grating.
The gratings are written end to end. All parameters should have the same number of elements in their
arrays. The parameters can also be entered as Tcl scripts that generate an array from, say, a for loop, or
read an array from file. The Tcl command rangeApplyExpression is particularly useful for generating
an array.

NoiseDynamic — dB real yes ]0,∞[ 1.0
Maximum allowed power variation of
filter transfer function within the
bandwidth of one Noise Bin.
NoiseThreshold — dB real yes ]−∞,0[ -100
Lower limit of transfer function for
spectral regions in which the Noise Bin
width is adapted.
Number of filter coefficient for digital
filter.
ConserveMemory — — enum yes ON, OFF
If ON, the transfer function is stored and OFF
reused on consecutive calls.
Active — — enum yes ON, ON

(page 9-3).
Description
Uniform Fiber Bragg Gratings
A uniform FBG has a constant-amplitude, axially-periodic perturbation of wave-guiding properties
along the length of a fiber. The change to the waveguide typically comprises a permanent periodic
change of effective refractive index in a photosensitive fiber core induced by exposure to a interference
fringes of ultraviolet laser radiation. For a grating with period Λ0, the effective refractive index of the
core can be described at a location z by the expression:
n ( z ) = n eff + δn cos [ 2β 0 z ] , (1)
where neff is the effective background refractive index of the host fiber (including any change induced
during fabrication, set to 1.45 in this model), δn is the zero-peak amplitude of the (spatially
independent) effective refractive index modulation, and β0 is the propagation constant of the grating
defined by:
π
β 0 = ------- . (2)
Λ0
The purpose of the index modulation is to phase-match a core-guided fiber mode into its backwards-
propagating counterpart, to give a strong reflection in the ‘stop-band’ of; the transmission spectrum.
The strongest coupling, the center of the stop-band, occurs at a frequency fBragg defined by:
c 2πn eff
f Bragg = -------------------- % β Bragg = ---------------- f Bragg , (3)
2n eff Λ 0 c
where c is the vacuum speed of light. The scattering nature of the grating means that their transfer
function must be derived from a matrix describing the coupling between input and output fields at both
sides of the grating (see Figure 1). The transfer function may be determined by either the scattering
matrix, or by the transfer matrix, described below (the scattering matrix allows calculation of the two
output fields based on the two input fields, whilst the transfer matrix relates both the input and output
fields at one side of the grating to those at the other side).
2
E 1in E out
S,T
E 1out E in2
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of FBG transfer-function matrix construction
Fiber Bragg Grating
+ E 1out ( f ) ( + E 1in ( f ) (
) 2 & = S ( f )) 2 &
* E out ( f ) ' * E in ( f ) '
(4)
+ E in2 ( f ) ( + E 1in ( f ) (
) 2 & = T ( f ) ) 1 &
* E out ( f ) ' * E out ( f ) '
(5)
For the case of a uniform FBG the transfer matrix may be written in an analytical form based on closed-
form solutions to coupled ordinary differential equations describing the evolution of the two counter-
propagating modes in the grating [1],[2]. The elements of this transfer matrix are given by:
δ
T aa = T bb * = cosh[γL]− i sinh[γL]
γ (6)
κ
T ab = T ba * = −i sinh [γL]
γ
(7)
where L is the length of the grating, κ defines the coupling between counter-propagating fields, such
that:
β0
κ = ------------- δn eff . (8)
2n eff
δ describes the detuning from fundamental Bragg resonance:
δ = β ( f ) – β0
2πn eff , (9)
≡ ---------------- f – β 0
c
and γ is given by the relation:
γ2 = κ2 – δ2 , (10)
Note that the parameter γ is only real when the detuning is larger than the coupling of the grating. The
region that this defines, often referred to as the ‘band gap’ or stop-band, denotes the range of
frequencies for which the modes in the grating are evanescent (outside the band gap the mode is
oscillatory).
The elements of the scattering matrix are related to those of the transfer matrix by:

T ba
S =−
aa T bb
1
S =S =
ab ba T bb
T ab
S =
bb T bb
(11)
The four elements of the scattering matrix can be used to define the transfer function between the fields
at the input and output of the FBG.
Non-Uniform Fiber Bragg Gratings

The application of a uniform FBG is limited because it has strong reflective peaks outside the stop-
band, and a bandwidth linked to the peak reflectivity. Of much more practical value are FBGs with
refractive index modulation amplitudes that taper to zero at their physical extents (apodisation), and/or
with a spatially-dependent modulation period (chirp).
The effect of apodisation is to greatly suppress the (usually undesirable) out-of-band reflective peaks, to
giving a well-shaped narrow-band filter [3]. A grating with a chirped structure can have a much wider
bandwidth, not linked to its reflectivity, and can be designed to have an almost-constant 2nd order
dispersion for light with frequencies in the reflection band. It is this dispersive characteristic that has
been exploited in the design and use of chirped FBGs to compensate for the 2nd-order dispersion of
telecommunications fiber. The generalized refractive index modulation profile of a chirped FBG with an
apodised refractive index modulation profile is thus:
n( z ) = neff ( z ) + δn( z ) cos[2β 0 ( z ) z ]

(12)
with the effective refractive index, refractive index modulation depth, and propagation constant all
gaining spatial dependence.
The advent of sophisticated grating fabrication techniques allows complex apodisation and chirp
profiles to be realized [4],[5] in practical devices.1 The response of an FBG, however, can only be
described analytically for the case of the uniform refractive index modulation described by equation (1).
To simulate the response of apodised and chirped FBGs it is necessary to discretize the structure into
short sections that can be approximated to uniform gratings [2]. The prescription of the transfer matrix
in equations (5),(6),(7) allows for the calculation of a single transfer matrix for a complex apodised and/
or chirped FBG by simply cascading the transfer matrices appropriate to each discretization section.
Thus for a structure discretized into m samples of length Lm, the overall transfer matrix is given by:
1. In particular it is possible to maintain a constant effective refractive index during apodisation, so the intrinsic
z-dependence of neff can be ignored.
Fiber Bragg Grating
T FBG ( f ) = T m ( f , κ m , δ m , Lm )L T 2 ( f , κ 2 , δ 2 , L2 )T 1 ( f , κ1 , δ1 , L1 )
(13)
with:
T m ( f , κ m , δ m , Lm ) ≡ T m (β 0 m , neff , δnm , Lm )
m
(14)
Once the final transfer matrix has been calculated it can be re-cast as a scattering matrix and the
transfer function of the FBG can be identified.
The number m of discretization sections of apodised FBG is 250. For chirped FBG the number of
discretization sections is calculated as m = 4000*Ch, where Ch is specified by the ChirpParameter.
For apodised and chirped FBG the number of subsections is defined as a maximum of numbers required
by apodisation and chirp.
Supported Apodisation Profiles

The apodisation profile, α(z), describes the refractive index modulation envelope along the grating
length such that 0≤α(z)≤1. Generally α(z) is symmetrical about z=0, increasing monotonically from the
boundary conditions of α(±L/2)=0 to unity. A generalized parameter η () is used to specify the details of
each apodisation profile.
No Apodisation (Uniform Grating Strength)

(η has no effect)
L L
α(z) = 1 – ---- ≤ z ≤ ---- (15)
2 2
Quarter-Cosine Apodisation
α( z ) = 1 z < L[1 2 − η]
+π ( /
α( z ) = cos) z ′& ,,
*2 ' L[1 2 − η] ≤ z ≤ L 2
z + L[η − 1 2] .
z′ = ,
ηL ,-
(16)

1.0
0.8
apodisation profile
0.6
0.4
η
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

normalised position in grating
Figure 1. Cosine apodisation profile
Raised-Sinusoid Apodisation
1.0
0.8
apodisation profile
0.6
0.4
η
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Figure 2. Raised-sinusoid apodisation profile
Fiber Bragg Grating
α( z ) = 1 z < L[1 2 − η]
12 + π (/ /
α( z ) = 11 + cos ) z ′& . ,
20 * 2 '- ,
. L[1 2 − η]≤ z ≤ L 2
z + L[η − 1 2] ,
z′ =
ηL ,-
(17)
Tanh Apodisation
1.0
0.8
apodisation profile
0.6
0.4
η
2
0.2
4
8
0.0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Figure 3. Tanh apodisation profile
tanh [ η ( 1 – 2 z ⁄ L ) ]
α ( z ) = ------------------------------------------------------
tanh ( η )
(18)
L L
– ---- ≤ z ≤ ----
2 2
Blackman Apodisation
1 + [ 1 + η ] cos [ 2πz ] + η cos [ 4πz ] L L
α ( z ) = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- – ---- ≤ z ≤ ---- (19)
2[ 1 + η] 2 2

1.0
0.8
apodisation profile
0.6
0.4
η
0.2 -0.2
0.19
0.3
0.0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Figure 4. Blackman apodisation profile
Cascaded Gratings: Entering Parameters as Arrays

FiberBraggGrating has a powerful feature of being able to model cascaded gratings, each with
independently-specified parameters, specified using an array. The bidirectional iterations between the
cascaded gratings are included, so that resonances between the gratings are modeled. Many interesting
devices can be simulated using this array input function:
• gratings with arbitrary chirp profiles and apodization (using file inputs)
• gratings with localized temperature tuning (one section per heater)
• cascaded gratings with unwritten regions between them
• Fabry-Perot filters made with two gratings
• optical signal processing modules for microwave signals
• multi-band dispersion compensators
• gain-flattening filters (with intrinsic dispersion compensation).
The GUI User’s Manual includes detail on how define parameters as Tcl expressions, so that arrays for
the parameters can be automatically generated. For convenience, the basis are repeated here.
Entering and array of numbers

Arrays of numbers are most simply entered by using spaces between each element, e.g. for the Period:
535.35e-9 535.45e-9 535.55e-9
However, repeated elements may be entered more quickly using:
535.35e-9 [2] 535.55e-9
which is equivalent to repeating the first element twice, to form a 3-element array.
Fiber Bragg Grating
Example: Quarter-Wave Shifted Grating

An array can be used to enter a quarter-wave-shifted grating design. This will have three elements,
each describing a section of the grating (see Figure 5). The model assumes the grating modulation is
continuous from section to section. The middle element should be short and should have a different
period to the outer elements, so the accumulated optical signal’s phase shift across the middle element
is 90-degrees greater (or less) than if the middle element had the same period as the outer elements. For
example, if the outer elements have a Period = Λouter to set the stop-band frequency, set the length of
the middle element to be equal to Λouter, then set the Period of the middle element to be 2.Λouter to
obtain a quarter-wave shifted grating. (As usual, the quarter is in terms of the signal wavelength at the
center of the stop-band, which is equivalent to half the period of the grating.)
The module’s parameters could be, for example:
• Period: 500e-9 1000e-9 500e-9
• Length: 2000e-6 500e-9 2000e-6
• DeltaN: 4.0e-4 [3]
• ChirpParameter: 0.0 [3]
• ApodisationProfile: 0.0 [3]
• ApodisationParameter: 0.0 [3]
Uniform Grating
Grating Period = Λ
Quarter-Wave-Shifted Grating
Any Length L=Λ Any Length
Grating Period = Λ Grating Period = Λ

Grating Period = 2.Λ
Figure 5. Method of including a quarter-wave phase shift into the FiberBraggGrating module.
Arrays with 3-elements each are used to describe the phase-shifted grating. The second elements
of the Period and Length parameters are set as shown in the figure.
Note that the index modulation waveform is continuous across the element boundaries, and that
the central section is designed to have a 180-degree phase shift across it (in terms of the grating
period) by doubling its period with respect to the end sections.

Producing an array using a For loop

The rangeApplyExpression Tcl is a compact way of creating an array with a combination of a For
loop and a function to convert the output of the For loop into a useful parameter. It generates a
sequence of values by applying a consecutive sequence of numbers to a Tcl expression that is a function
of i.
Example: De-Interleaver using cascaded Fiber Bragg Gratings
You can generate a set of cascaded Bragg grating filters, with increasing frequencies, by setting the
gratings’ Periods using this expression:
! "rangeApplyExpression
{ 2.997925e8/(1.45*2.0*({FirstFrequency}+{FreqIncrement}*$i)) }
0 [expr {numberOfGratings}-1]"
(This expression should be entered on a single line in the Period field of the Parameter Editor).
The third-line generates a set of integers from 0 to numberOfGratings - 1, where
numberOfGratings is a parameter defined by you at a higher level. The second line converts this set
of integers to an array of grating Periods, where FirstFrequency and FreqIncrement are defined by
you at a higher level. The first line invokes the Tcl interpreter and tells it to execute the command
rangeApplyExpression.
You can use this comment to produce an array of equal-value elements such as for the grating Length
and other parameters:
! "rangeApplyExpression {Length} 0 [expr {numberOfGratings}-1]"
However, the same can be achieved more conveniently using:
Length [numberOfGratings]
Please see the Demos Active Photonics → Laser Transmitters for an implementation of a cascaded
grating.
Reading an array from file

An array can be read from a file into a parameter. This is useful when describing non-uniform gratings
by using many cascaded uniform gratings, for example, to enter an arbitrary chirp or apodization
profile, or included manufacturing variations. The file should contain the element values separated by
spaces, although line breaks (Returns) can also be added between any number of elements (for example,
a single column is acceptable). The filename is entered as below:
< c:/filename.txt
References
[1] H. Kogelnik, in: T. Taminr (ed.), Integrated Optics, Springer, Berlin, pp. 15–81, 1975.
[2] T. Erdogan, “Fiber Grating Spectra,” J. Lightwave Technol., 15 (8), pp. 1277–1294, Aug., 1997.
Fiber Bragg Grating
[3] P.S. Cros and H. Kogelnik, ”Sidelobe Suppression in Corrugated-Waveguide Filters,” Opt. Lett., vol. 1
no. 1, pp. 43–45, Jul. 1977.
[4] M.J. Cole, W.H. Loh, R.I. Laming, M.N. Zervas and S. Barcelos, “Moving Fiber/Phase Mask-Scanning
Beam Technique for Enhanced Flexibility in Producing Fiber Gratings with Uniform Phase Mask,”
Electron. Lett. vol. 31 no.17, pp. 1488–1490, Aug. 1995.
[5] A. Asseh, H. Storøy, B.E. Sahlgren, S. Sandgre, and R.A.H. Stubbe, “A Writing Technique for Long
Fiber Bragg Gratings with Complex Reflectivity Profiles,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, no. 8,
pp. 1419–1423, Aug. 1997.
Characteristics of Unchirped FBGs

Unapodised, Unchirped FBGs
The analytical description of a uniform FBG yields two particularly useful relationships: the first
describes the maximum reflectivity; the second predicts the bandwidth of the primary Bragg reflection
peak [1].
R max = tanh 2 [ κL ]
π (20)
≡ tanh 2 ----------------- δnL
λ Bragg
The magnitude and group delay response1 of reflection from several 25 mm long uniform FBGs with
different values of δn is shown in Figure 6. Note that the non-primary reflection maxima have a
constant group delay: this is identical for the time taken for light to propagate through a fiber with the
same length and effective background refractive index as the grating. It is only the frequencies inside
the band gap that have a smaller group delay (the magnitude of the time delay reflects the decay length
of the evanescent modes in the grating). For unchirped gratings the group delay response in
transmission is identical to that in reflection, whilst the magnitude of the transmitted and reflected
components are complementary.
1. The group delay response is calculated as the derivative of phase and often provides a more visually-
accessible representation of the temporal grating characteristics than the phase response itself.

1.0 delta n
5e-6
1e-5
0.8 1.75e-5
2.5e-5
5e-5
reflectivity
0.6 1e-4
2.5e-4
0.4
0.2
0.0
2000
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
1750 delta n
5e-6
1500 1e-5
1.75e-5
time delay (ps)
1250 2.5e-5
5e-5
1000 1e-4
2.5e-4
750
500
250
0
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

detuning from Bragg wavelength (nm)
Figure 6. Effect on changing δn on the spectral response of 25mm long uniform FBGs
Apodised Unchirped FBGs

The spectral response of standard unchirped FBGs exhibit strong reflection at frequencies outside the
band gap. For many applications it is desirable for a filtering device to have a single well-defined
rejection band. The out-of-band response associated with uniform FBGs can be suppressed strongly by a
suitable apodisation function (the refractive index modulation depth is tapered, usually to zero, at the
physical extents of the grating). The effects of several apodisation profiles are illustrated in Figure 7 for
the case of a 25-mm long FBG with refractive index modulation depths of 10−5 and 10−4. Of these
profiles, the Blackman function is the most effective at reducing the out-of-band response.
Fiber Bragg Grating
normalised grating position
1.0
apodisation profile
0.8
0.6
0.4 unapodised
tanh4
0.2
sin
0.0 Blackman
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0
-20
normalised reflectivity (dB)
-40
-60
-0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

0
-20
-40
-60
-0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

Figure 7. Effect of apodisation on the spectral response of 25mm long gratings with δn=10−5
(middle) and δn=10−4 (bottom)
References
[1] T. Erdogan, “Fiber Grating Spectra,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15. no. 8, pp. 1277–1294, Aug. 1997.
Characteristics of Chirped FBGs

Unapodised Chirped FBGs
The effect of chirping an FBG structure is reflected in both the spectral and dispersive characteristics of
its response. A grating structure with a period that changes linearly by an amount ΔΛ around the
fundamental period Λ0 exhibits primary reflection over a spectral range given by:
Δλ = 2n eff Δ Λ (21)

c 2 1 1 /
Δf = ------------- 1 ----------------------------- – ------------------------------ .
2n eff 0 Λ 0 – 0.5ΔΛ Λ 0 + 0.5ΔΛ -
(22)
c 2 ΔΛ /
≡ ------------- 1 -------------------------------------- .
2n eff 0 Λ – [ 0.5ΔΛ ] -
2 2
0
where neff = 1.45.

For a linearly chirped FBG the position of exact phase-matching for different wavelengths varies in a
correspondingly-linear fashion along the grating length. The consequence of this is a constant 2nd order
dispersion response in the reflection band. The magnitude of this dispersion, β2, is given by:
L
β 2 = --------- (23)
Δλ c
The magnitude and group delay response of reflection from an unapodised chirped FBG is shown in
Figure 8. A striking feature is the ripple observed on both reflectivity and group delay profiles. Note
that the reflectivity ripples are symmetrical, whilst the period of the time delay ripples decreases with
the depth into the grating of the Bragg phase-matching condition for a given wavelength.
Apodised Chirped FBGs

The usefulness of chirped FBGs can be enhanced by apodising the structure; the ripples in both
reflectivity and group delay can be reduced considerably. The reflected spectral response of an apodised
chirped FBG with similar characteristics to that of Figure 8 is shown in Figure 9.
Fiber Bragg Grating
1.0
0.8
reflectivity
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1200 1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5
1000
800
time delay (ps)
600
400
200
-200
40 1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5

30
deviation from linear
20
time delay (ps)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5

wavelength (nm)
Figure 8. Response in reflection of a 10 cm long, 2 nm bandwidth, unapodised chirped FBG

with δn=10−4

1.0
0.8
reflectivity
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1200 1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5
1000
800
time delay (ps)
600
400
200
-200
40 1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5

30
deviation from linear
20
time delay (ps)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5

wavelength (nm)
Figure 9. Response in reflection of a 10 cm long, 2 nm bandwidth, chirped FBG with

δn=10−4. The grating is apodised with the cosine profile with η=0.1
Fiber Bragg Grating
Block
Multiple Bands. Each spectral band is filtered separately with the appropriate filter transfer function.
Parameterized Signals. Power information of Parameterized Signals is changed according to the value
of the filter’s transfer function, evaluated at the center frequency of the respective signal.
Noise Bins. The module’s behavior with respect to the noise signal carried is modified using the
parameters NoiseDynamic and NoiseThreshold, respectively. Noise bins are resized in bandwidth if
two conditions are satisfied: (1) The dynamic range of the filters’s transfer function (i.e., the logarithmic
ratio of its maximum to minimum value) exceeds parameter NoiseDynamic. (2) The attenuation of the
filter in the spectral region of the bin does not exceed the value specified by parameter
NoiseThreshold.
Interactions between differently represented signals. No interaction between spectral components of the
input signal is considered since the filter module acts as a pure linear device.
Boundary Conditions. The filter module may be operated at both periodic and aperiodic boundary
conditions. Filtering is done in the frequency domain if PERIODIC is chosen; when set to APERIODIC,
the signal is processed in the time domain, using a windowed FIR-Filter. The overlap-and-save method
is applied by the module only if the following relationship between input blocklength and parameter
DigitalFilterOrder is satisfied:
4Ncoeffs < Nblock
where Nblock denotes the input block length and Ncoeff denotes the number of coefficients, as given by
the parameter named above.
Individual Samples
In Sample Mode (Aperiodic boundary conditions) time domain filtering is applied using a windowed FIR
filter.
Multiple Runs. If parameter ConserveMemory is set to ON, the filter’s transfer function is calculated
once, being re-used each time the module executed. Otherwise, the transfer function will be evaluated
each run.
Restart of Simulation or Reset during Simulation. If the simulation is reset, data stored by the module
(e.g., coefficients) will be lost.
Module Deactivation. If the module is deactivated, the input data will simply be passed through.
Acknowledgements
This module was implemented in cooperation with Mike Durkin from Southampton University,
Optoelectronic Research Centre.

Fiber Bragg Grating Filter

FilterFBG Optical Filters, FBG & AWG
Purpose
This module is a specialization of the unchirped FBG filter designed to provide a band-pass/band-stop
filter (transmission and reflection outputs are provided). The filter is specified by its center frequency,
stop-band depth and bandwidth. The module includes the dispersion characteristics of the filter.
Keywords
Optical Filter, DSM, FBG, Fiber Bragg Grating, Apodised.
Inputs
Outputs
Physical Parameters
BraggResFreq — Hz real yes ]0,∞[ 193.1e12
Stop-band center frequency.
Rejection — dB real yes ]0,∞[ 30
Depth of the transmission null at the center
of the stop-band.
Bandwidth — — real yes ]0,∞[ 4*BitRateDe-
Approximate width of the stop-band for fault
large Rejections.

with one Noise Bin.
Number of filter coefficient for digital filter.
If ON, the transfer function is stored, and reused OFF
on consecutive runs.
in this section.
Description
The response of this filter is calculated using the method described for the general Fiber Bragg Grating
Filter. The FBG is designed for use as a narrow-band filter and is based on the Blackman apodisation
function with an apodisation parameter of 0.19. The centre-frequency, bandwidth, and rejection of the
FBG are specified; these parameters are used to calculate the length and index modulation depth
parameters needed for the generic Unchirped FBG Filter. The rejection of the grating is taken as the
depth of the filter notch (in dB) when the transmission of a broadband continuous-wave input in
considered. The shape of the reflection spectrum for an unchirped FBG changes somewhat when the
rejection of the filter is increased (see Figure 1); typically the response tends more towards a top-hat
filter as the rejection is made larger. For this reason the specified bandwidth denotes the approximate
full-width of the filter response, rather than the width at −3dB. The response should always be tested
before use, using an optical impulse and an OSA. If a filter with a higher filling factor is required for a
given bandwidth then the rejection parameter should be increased. Note that with this type of filter it is
not possible to have a top-hat spectral response with a modest rejection; such a filter requires a more
complex apodisation profile [1].
The primary advantage of the Blackman apodisation profile lies with its strong suppression of side-
lobes in the spectral response. It should be noted that gratings of this type can exhibit a strong
dispersive characteristic when the rejection is large [2],[3],[4]; there is inherently a trade-off between
filling factor and in-band dispersion.

1.0 delta n
5e-6
1e-5
0.8 1.75e-5
2.5e-5
5e-5
reflectivity
0.6 1e-4
2.5e-4
0.4
0.2
0.0
2000
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
1750 delta n
5e-6
1500 1e-5
1.75e-5
time delay (ps)
1250 2.5e-5
5e-5
1000 1e-4
2.5e-4
750
500
250
0
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Figure 1. Effect on changing δn on the spectral response of 25-mm long uniform FBGs
Comparison of Model with Experimental Results

The measured response of a 4-dB Blackman-apodised unchirped FBG with bandwidth 0.21 nm is
compared to the output of this simulation module with the same parameters in Figure 2. The length is
correctly identified as 20 mm and the effective refractive index modulation depth as
∼6⋅10−5. Note that the continuum of the measured response is an artefact of the limited dynamic range
of the measurement system.
0
-5
reflectivity (dB)
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0
-5
reflectivity (dB)
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
1550.0 1550.1 1550.2 1550.3 1550.4 1550.5
wavelength (nm)
Figure 2. Comparison of measured and simulated response of a 4-dB Blackman-apodised

unchirped FBG
Signal Representation: Block

Please see module Fiber Bragg Grating (page 9-66) for detailed information.
References
[1] M. Ibsen, M.K. Durkin, M.J. Cole, and R.I. Laming, “Optimized square passband fiber Bragg grating
filter with in-band flat group delay response,” IEE Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 800–802, 1998.
[2] B.J. Eggleton, G. Lenz, N. Litchinitser, D.B. Patterson, and R.E. Slusher, “Implications of Fiber Grating
Dispersion for WDM Communication Systems,” IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 1403–1405,
1997.

[3] H. Geiger, and M. Ibsen, “Complexity Limitations of Optical Networks from Out-of-Band Dispersion of
Grating Filters,” Proc. ECOC ’98, Sep. 20–24, 1998, Madrid, 1, pp. 405–406.
[4] M. Ibsen, H. Geiger, and R.I. Laming, “In-Band Dispersion Limitations of Uniform Apodised
FiberGratings,” Proc. ECOC ’98, Sep. 20–24, 1998, Madrid, 1, pp. 413–414.
Acknowledgements
Filter FBG Bidirectional

FilterFBG_Bi Optical Filters, FBG & AWG
Purpose
The module is a bidirectional FBG filter, with two bidirectional ports. It is a galaxy consisting of two
FBG Filters and two ideal multiplexers which combine the reflected and transmitted outputs of the two
FBGs. The filter is specified by its center frequency, stop-band depth and bandwidth. The module
includes the dispersion characteristics of the filter.
Keywords
FBG, Optical Filter, DSM, Fiber Bragg Grating, Bidirectional.
Inputs
inForward = optical signal forward propagation
inBackward = optical signal backward propagation
Outputs
outForward = optical signal forward propagation
outBackward = optical signal backward propagation
Physical Parameters
BraggResFreq fBragg Hz real yes ]0,∞ [ 193.1e12
Stop-band center frequency.
Rejection — dB real yes ]0,∞[ 30
Depth of the transmission null at the center of
the stop-band.

Bandwidth — Hz real yes ]0,∞[ 40e9
Approximate width of the stop-band for large
Rejections.
WDM MUX N-1 Ideal
InsertionLoss — — real yes [0,∞[ 0.0
Specifies the insertion loss of the ideal
multiplexers.

Maximum allowed ratio of noise “colored.ness”
within one single bin
which Noise Bins are adapted.
in this section.
Description
The galaxy consists of two Fiber Bragg Grating filters FiberBraggGrating and two ideal multiplexers
WDM_MUX_N_1_Ideal (as shown in Figure 1). The initial forward propagating signal (input port
inForward) is filtered by the first FBG. The initial backward propagating signal (input inBackward) is
filtered by the second FBG. The resulting forward propagating signal, which consists of the transmitted
output of the first FBG and the reflected output of the second FBG is combined by an ideal multiplexer.
The resulting backward signal, which consists of the reflected output of the first FBG and the
transmitted output of the second FBG is also combined by an ideal multiplexer. The multiplexer is
characterized by its InsertionLoss. The parameters BraggResFreq, Rejection, Bandwidth,
NoiseDynamic, NoiseThreshold and ConserveMemory characterize the FBGs.
For a detailed description and information about signal representations, see modules FilterFBG and
WDM_MUX_N_1, from which this galaxy is derived.
Figure 1. Two Fiber Bragg Grating filters with two ideal multiplexers showing initial and
resultant propagating signals

Dispersion Compensation with FBG

FBG_DispComp Optical Filters, FBG & AWG
Purpose
This module is a specialization of the Fiber Bragg Grating module designed with characteristics
suitable for application in a dispersion compensating role.
Keywords
Optical Filter, Dispersion Compensation, DSM, FBG, Fiber Bragg Grating.
Inputs
Outputs
Physical Parameters
BraggResFreq — Hz real yes ]0,∞[ 193.1e12
Frequency of the Bragg resonance.
Dispersion — s/m real yes ]−∞,∞[ -0.8
Dispersion of group delay.
Bandwidth — — real yes ]0,∞[ 80e9
Bandwidth of active dispersion compensation.

with one single bin.
Number of filter coefficient for digital filter.
If ON, the transfer function is stored, and reused OFF
on consecutive calls.
(page 9-3).
Description
The response of this filter is calculated using the same method as for the general Fiber Bragg Grating
Filter. The chirp profile is set to ‘linear’ and the index modulation is shaped with a partial ‘raised-
cosine’ apodisation profile. The in-band rejection of this grating type is fixed at 15 dB. The apodisation
parameter, length, chirp, and index modulation depth are automatically calculated based on the
specified bandwidth and dispersion.
Application of Chirped FBGs to Dispersion Compensation

Apodised chirped FBGs have found a worthy application in compensating the dispersion of standard
non-dispersion shifted telecommunications fibers (NDSF) [1]–[5]. Typical NDSF is designed with a
dispersion zero in the 1.3 µm telecommunications window, giving rise to a positive dispersion, βfiber, in
the order of 16–17 ps/nm/km in the 1.55 µm/EDFA window. The dispersion of a chirped FBG required
to compensate for a distance D of NDSF is thus:
β 2 = – β fiber D (1)
Note that the FBG dispersion is required to be negative: physically this means that the longest period of
the grating structure should be at the input end.
The default value for the dispersion of −0.8 s/m allows the compensation of the dispersion in a fiber of
50-km length with a dispersion of 16 ps/nm/km.

Comparison of Model to Experimental Results

This simulation module is compared to the measured response of a 1meter long, 5 nm bandwidth,
chirped FBG in Figure 1 [6]. Both the in-band dispersion and reflectivity are seen to agree well; the
small amount of out-of-band noise is attributable to the fabrication system and the dynamic range or
the measurement device. The simulated profile was calculated using a bandwidth of 625 GHz and a
dispersion of 1933 ps/nm.
0 10000
-5
8000
-10
reflectivity (dB)
time delay (ps)

-15 6000
-20
4000
-25
-30 2000
-35
0
-40
0 10000
-5
8000
-10
reflectivity (dB)
time delay (ps)
-15 6000
-20
4000
-25
-30 2000
-35
0
-40
1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559
wavelength (nm)
Figure 1. Comparison of measured and simulated response of a 15 dB raised-cosine-apodised

chirped FBG with a bandwidth of 5 nm and length 1 m
Refer to module Fiber Bragg Grating for detailed information.
Error Messages and Warnings

The module issues an error message if the specified grating is less than 5 cm in length.
The reason for this is, that the purpose of this module is to provide a grating with a design that is
suitable for dispersion compensation (it is an extension of the more generalized chirped grating module
in which you have freedom to specify an arbitrary length). Dispersion compensation requires a good
group delay linearity and a flat in-band reflectivity. In order to achieve this the grating is apodised
(tapered refractive index modulation amplitude) at either end, over a length of ∼2.5 cm. This means
that basic apodised chirped gratings have non-ideal group delay characteristics, and a small usable
reflection bandwidth if they have a length of much less than 10 cm. It would be surprising if anyone
would ever want to use a standard chirped grating for dispersion compensation with a length of less
than 5 cm—hence the error message. Chirped grating shorter than this really only have applications as
filters; you should use the more generalized chirped grating of module Fiber Bragg Grating if you want
to explicitly specify length, bandwidth, etc., rather than dispersion and bandwidth.
References
[1] F. Ouellette, “Dispersion Compensation using Linearly Chirped Bragg Grating Filters in Optical
Waveguides,” Electron. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 847-849, 1987.
[2] M.J. Cole, H. Geiger, R.I. Laming, S.Y. Set, M.N. Zervas, W.H. Loh and V. Gusmeroli, “Continuously
Chirped, Broadband Dispersion-Compensating Fiber Gratings in a 10Gbit/s 110km Standard Fiber
Link,” Proc. ECOC ’96, Oslo, ThB.3.5, pp. 5.19–5.22, Sep. 1996.
[3] L. Dong, M.J. Cole, A.D. Ellis, M. Durkin, M. Ibsen, V. Gusmeroli and R.I. Laming, “40Gbit/s 1.5mm
Transmission Over 109km of Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber with Long Continuously chirped Fiber
Gratings,” Proc. OFC ’97, Dallas, PD6, pp. 1–4, 16–21 Feb. 1997.
[4] M.J. Cole, S. Aina, M. Durkin, M. Ibsen, F. Vaninetti, V. Gusmeroli and R.I. Laming, “Design and
Application of Long, Continuously Chirped Fibre Gratings,” Proc. IEE Coll. on Optical Fibre Gratings,
London, pp. 16/1, 7 Feb. 1997.
[5] A.B. Grudinin, M. Durkin, M. Ibsen, R.I. Laming, A. Schiffini, P. Franco, E. Grandi and M. Romagnoli,
“Straight Line 10Gbit/s Soliton Transmission over 1000km of Standard Fiber with In-Line Chirped
Fiber Grating for Partial Dispersion Compensation,” Electron. Lett., 33 (18), pp. 1572–1573, 28 Aug.,
1997.
[6] M.K. Durkin, M. Ibsen, M.J. Cole and R.I. Laming, “1m Long Continuously-Written Fiber Bragg
Gratings for Combined Second- and Third-Order Dispersion Compensation,” Electron. Lett., 33 (22),
pp. 1891–1892, 23 Oct., 1997.
Acknowledgements

Fiber Bragg Grating Filter (TLM)

FilterFBG_TLM_Opt Optical Filters, FBG & AWG
Purpose
A Fiber Bragg Grating filter suitable for Aperiodic boundary condition simulations using Sample Mode.
The module has an infinite impulse response spanning across several blocks.
Keywords
Optical Filter, Physical, TLM, TLLM, Bidirectional, Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG.
Inputs
leftInput = Input of optical signal
(signal type: Optical Samples)
rightInput = Input of optical signal
Outputs
leftOutput = Output of optical signal
rightOutput = Output of optical signal
Physical Parameters
GroupEffectiveIndex — — real no ]0,∞[a 1.447
Group index of grating.
GratingLength — m real no ]0,∞[a 0.01
Length of the grating.
GaussianFullWidthHalfMaximum — m real yes ]0,∞[a 1.0e+15
Full width half maximum of Gaussian
apodisation (m).
CosineAndGaussianOrder — — int yes ]0,∞[a 1
Order of cosine or Gaussian
apodisation.
ApodisationType — — enum yes ALLPASS, RECTANGULAR
Apodisation type (select from list). RECTANGULAR,
TRIANGULAR,
LINEARRAMPUP,
LINEARRAMPDOWN,
FLATTENEDCOSINE,
SUPERGAUSSIAN
RightGratingEndPhase — deg real no [0,∞[a 0.0
Phase of right end of reflectivity
(defined in terms of grating phase).
LeftGratingEndPhase — deg real yes [0,∞[a 0.0
Phase of left end reflectivity (defined
in terms of grating phase).
RightEndReflectivity — — real yes [0,∞[a 0.0
Power reflectivity of right end of
grating.
LeftEndReflectivity — — real yes [0,∞[a 0.0
Power reflectivity of left end of
grating.
LinearChirp — Hz real yes [0,∞[a 0.0
Chirp of the grating from end to end
(Hz).
FiberLossCoefficient — dB/m real yes [0,∞[a 0.0
Attenuation per unit length of grating.
PeakCouplingCoefficient — m−1 real yes ]0,∞[a 200.0
Peak Bragg coupling constant
(m^(-1)).
GratingStopbandOffset — Hz real yes [0,∞[a 0.0
Offset from midband of stop band of
grating (Hz).
Description
Please refer to the LaserTLM reference manual pages, and the description of the theory of the TLLM
laser model within the Active Photonics User’s Manual for a full explanation of the modeling techniques.
The module represents the grating as a concatenation of lump-element mirrors, storing a scattering
matrix to describe each and computing the evolution of the internal field amplitudes scattered from
each in the time domain.
The model is only valid for gratings written into single-mode waveguides and fibers.
Parameter ApodisationType selects the type of the apodisation profile:

• SUPERGAUSSIAN: Gaussian Apodisation Profile

The apodisation profile is given by:
2 n
# # 4# z – L ----$ $ $
ˆ 3 3 ! 2" 4 4
n ( z ) = exp 3 – 3 -------------------------4 4
2
3 3 s 4 4
! ! " "
where:
n̂ =Amplitude of grating envelope
z = distance along grating
L = total grating length (GratingLength)
s = Full width half maximum (GaussianFullWidthHalfMaximum)
n = Apodisation flattening order (CosineAndGaussianOrder)
• RECTANGULAR: a uniform apodisation profile (no apodisation)
• LINEARRAMPUP: linear ramp (increasing from left to right) apodisation profile
• LINEARRAMPDOWN: linear ramp (decreasing from left to right) apodisation profile
• FLATTENEDCOSINE: raised-cosine apodisation profile
The apodisation profile is given by:
n
# 1 – cos # 2πz ----------$ $
ˆ 3 ! L "4
n ( z ) = 3 ----------------------------------4
3 2 4
! "
where:
n̂ =Amplitude of grating envelope
z = distance along grating
L = total grating length (GratingLength)
n = Apodisation flattening order (CosineAndGaussianOrder)
• TRIANGULAR: symmetrical triangular apodisation profile
Block
Reception of a Block Mode signal on any of the optical or electrical ports will cause a fatal error.
Individual Samples
This module only processes sample-mode tokens, sampled at rates given by the global simulation
parameter SampleModeBandwidth. Reception of samples at any other rate will cause a fatal error.
Multiple Runs. Memory for storing the scattering matrix coefficients representing the grating as and
the field amplitudes is allocated and initialized. The values of the internal field amplitudes are
preserved between runs.
Restart of Simulation or Reset during Simulation. All data are lost and the memory to hold the laser’s
scattering matrices and internal fields is released. New memory is allocated and new scattering
matrices are initialized ready for the new simulation i.e., the laser object is destroyed and a new one
recreated in its place.
Error Indications and Warnings

The module assumes that the sampling rate is set to the ONSL global simulation attribute
SampleModeBandwidth and will throw a fatal error if it detects samples at rates other than this
quantity.
The module will also throw errors on receipt of ONSL signal tokens with either block (as opposed to
sample) mode representation or periodic (not Aperiodic) boundary conditions.
References
[1] A.J. Lowery, “Dynamic Modeling of Distributed Feedback Semiconductor Lasers using Scattering
Matrices,” Electronics Letters, vol. 25. pp.1307–1308, 1989.

Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating: Purpose

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Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating

Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-61

Enhanced Simulation Parameters

κ = arctanh R max (3)

Figure 1. Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) filter

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-63

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-65

Fiber Bragg Grating

Enhanced Simulation Parameters

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-67

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of FBG transfer-function matrix construction

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-69

Non-Uniform Fiber Bragg Gratings

n( z ) = neff ( z ) + δn( z ) cos[2β 0 ( z ) z ]

Supported Apodisation Profiles

No Apodisation (Uniform Grating Strength)

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-71

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Figure 1. Cosine apodisation profile

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Figure 2. Raised-sinusoid apodisation profile

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Figure 3. Tanh apodisation profile

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-73

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Figure 4. Blackman apodisation profile

Cascaded Gratings: Entering Parameters as Arrays

Entering and array of numbers

Example: Quarter-Wave Shifted Grating

Any Length L=Λ Any Length

Grating Period = Λ Grating Period = Λ

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-75

Producing an array using a For loop

Reading an array from file

Characteristics of Unchirped FBGs

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-77

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Apodised Unchirped FBGs

normalised grating position

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

-0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

-0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

Characteristics of Chirped FBGs

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-79

where neff = 1.45.

Apodised Chirped FBGs

1200 1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5

40 1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5

1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5

Figure 8. Response in reflection of a 10 cm long, 2 nm bandwidth, unapodised chirped FBG

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-81

1200 1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5

40 1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5

1548.5 1549.0 1549.5 1550.0 1550.5 1551.0 1551.5

Figure 9. Response in reflection of a 10 cm long, 2 nm bandwidth, chirped FBG with

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-83

Fiber Bragg Grating Filter

Enhanced Simulation Parameters

20 June 2002 5:36 pm Photonic Modules Reference Manual 9-85

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Comparison of Model with Experimental Results

Figure 2. Comparison of measured and simulated response of a 4-dB Blackman-apodised