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What is HTLV‐1? Arnhem Land. In non‐Aboriginal Australians
the virus still appears to be extremely
HTLV‐1 is the short name for ‘Human T‐cell uncommon but sporadic cases have been
lymphotropic virus type 1’. It is a virus that reported.
infects a type of white blood cell called a T‐
lymphocyte. HTLV‐1 is a distant relative of Diagnosis
the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)
The diagnosis is made by the detection of
which can cause acquired immunodeficiency
antibodies to HTLV‐1 in a blood test followed
syndrome (AIDS). HTLV‐1 does not cause
up by more specific confirmatory tests.
AIDS.
Transmission What diseases does HTLV‐1 cause?
The majority of HTLV‐1 infected individuals
HTLV‐1 can be transmitted through
will remain asymptomatic.
unprotected sex, by sharing contaminated
needles, by blood transfusion and from mother Two diseases have been definitely associated
to child (primarily through prolonged breast with HTLV‐1:
feeding).
1. A type of cancer which affects the blood
Overseas studies found that the overall risk of or lymph glands—called adult T‐cell
transmission by breast feeding is 20%, but risk leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL)
increases from around 5% at 6 months to 2. A disease of the spinal cord which causes
more than 30% if infants are breast fed longer weakness similar to multiple sclerosis—
than 12 months. Few infants are infected HTLV‐1 associated myelopathy/tropical
before or during birth. spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP).
HTLV‐1 cannot be transmitted through social Only a small proportion of HTLV‐1 carriers will
contact with infected people such as hand actually develop these 2 diseases. ATLL has
shaking, hugging, kissing or drinking from the been estimated to occur in up to 5% of
same glass, nor can it be transmitted by persons infected with HTLV‐1 and usually
coughing. presents later in life, with the peak incidence
after 50 years of age. HAM/TSP develops in
Prevalence 0.25%—3% of HTLV‐1 infected persons.
HTLV‐1 is prevalent in many countries, Other inflammatory diseases linked to HTLV‐1
principally Japan, the Caribbean and central infection include: chronic lung diseases, eye
Africa. It is also found in Iran, Iraq, southern inflammation and infective dermatitis.
India, China, the Seychelles, Papua New
Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Australia. HTLV‐1 infection also predisposes to more
severe infections with other pathogens, such
In Australia, the virus has been found in many as strongyloidiasis and scabies.
Aboriginal populations in Central Australia as
well as the Kimberley. Treatment
In Central Australia the adult prevalence in No specific treatment is available that targets
the Aboriginal population approaches 50% in the HTLV‐1 virus but treatment is available for
some communities. Prevalence is much lower complications. New treatments for ATLL are
in the Top End and close to zero in East moderately effective.
5/05/2018 HTLV‐1 for health practitioners
Immunosuppressive therapy for HTLV‐1 the finite risk of sexual transmission of
associated inflammatory disorders can be HTLV‐1 during attempts at pregnancy.
Food Safety
effective if treatment is started before there is
As for all patient contact, universal precautions
significant tissue injury, and infective
are recommended to guard against HTLV‐1
dermatitis responds to topical steroids and
transmission to health‐care workers.
long‐term antibiotics.
The risk of occupational transmission is low;
Prevention of infection however, health‐care workers caring for
Transmission by breast milk can be prevented HTLV‐1 infected persons need to avoid
by bottle feeding or freeze‐thawing breast percutaneous exposure to HTLV‐1
milk from infected mothers. Strategies to contaminated blood, as counselled for other
reduce risk of transmission to infants should blood borne viruses. In view of a higher
be discussed with a physician experienced in prevalence of HTLV‐1 in some inland
the management of HTLV‐1 infection. Aboriginal populations, HTLV‐1 antibodies
should be tested at baseline when needle‐stick
Persons infected with HTLV‐1 should refrain incidents are reported and during follow‐up
from donating blood, semen, body organs, or according to protocol.
other tissues.
In January 1993, the Australian Red Cross To date there have been no studies of using
instituted universal screening of all blood anti‐HIV drugs to prevent transmission of
donations for HTLV‐1. HTLV‐1 and there is currently no vaccine
available.
Safer sex practices are always recommended
and HTLV‐1 infected persons should be Infection with HTLV‐1 is a notifiable condition
educated that this virus can be transmitted in the NT as are the 2 uncommon diseases that
sexually and to use condoms to help prevent are clearly associated with HTLV‐1 infection:
transmission to a negative partner. Couples ATLL and HAM/TSP
desiring pregnancy should be made aware of
.
For more information contact the Centre for Disease Control in your region
Alice Springs 8951 7540
Darwin 8922 8044
Katherine 8973 9049
Nhulunbuy 8987 0357
Tennant Creek 8962 4259
or
https://health.nt.gov.au/professionals/centre‐for‐disease‐control/cdc‐contacts
5/05/2018 HTLV‐1 for health practitioners