Construction and Building Materials 142 (2017) 101–108

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Effects of high-density polyethylene and crumb rubber powder as

modifiers on properties of hot mix asphalt
Hussein A.A. Gibreil ⇑, Cheng Pei Feng
Civil Engineering Department, Northeast Forestry University (NEFU), P. Box 150040, Harbin, PR China

h i g h l i g h t s

Modifiers used are high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and crumb rubber powder (CRP).

Using HDPE and CRP as modifiers improves the physical properties of asphalt.

Marshall stability, flow and MQ values of modified mixtures are higher than the control mixture.

Resistance to moisture damage increases significantly after addition of HDPE and CRP.

Resistance to permanent deformation (i.e., rutting resistance) increases with an increase in the HDPE and CRP contents.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The effects of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and crumb rubber powder (CRP) on the properties of hot
Received 14 November 2016 mix asphalt were investigated. The physical properties, penetration, softening points, and ductility of
Received in revised form 15 February 2017 unmodified and modified asphalt were measured for various HDPE and CRP contents. Marshall stability
Accepted 9 March 2017
and flow, Marshall quotient, moisture sensitivity, and wheel tracking (rutting) tests were also conducted.
The results showed that using HDPE and CRP as modifiers improves the physical properties of asphalt and
Marshall properties of HMA mixtures. The resistance to moisture damage increased significantly after the
Keywords:
addition of HDPE and CRP, as did the resistance to permanent deformation.
Hot mix asphalt
High density polyethylene
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Crumb rubber
Performance tests

1. Introduction In recent years, polymeric materials have usually been used as

Asphalt modifiers can improve the properties of asphalt and
asphalt mixes. Asphalt containing such modifiers is called modified
asphalt. Rubber-modified asphalt and polymer-modified asphalt
are usually used under conditions involving extreme climatic vari-
ations. Some of the properties of modified asphalt are as follows:

Lower susceptibility to temperature variations.

Significant resistance to deformation at high temperatures.

Better long-term resistance properties.

Higher fatigue life.

Better adhesion between asphalt and aggregates.

Prevention of rutting and cracking.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: Husseinadam9@yahoo.com (H.A.A. Gibreil),
feng@126.com (C.P. Feng).
asphalt modifiers in road construction [1,2]; this has been one of
the main reasons for decrease in the number of asphalt-
pavement-related disasters in recent years [3–6]. The characteris-
tics of blends of asphalt and polymer depend on the type and con-
centration of the polymer used. Usually, the polymer is used in
concentrations of approximately 4–6% of the asphalt weight [7].
Polyethylene is a very popular plastic used widely all over the
world. When used for modifying asphalt, polyethylene can
improve the rigidity of asphalt pavements, thus decreasing their
deformation under heavy traffic loads at high temperatures [8].
Rubber has also been used as an asphalt modifier in road pave-
ments since the middle of the last century. McDonald used crumb
rubber (CR)-modified asphalt to improve the performance of
asphalt mixtures [9–11]. In previous years, CR has been employed
widely as an additive for the asphalt mixtures used for road pave-
ments [12]. The moisture damage of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix-
tures is one of the commonest forms of damage that occur in
asphalt pavements. Moisture damage is defined as the loss of the
chengpei- mechanical properties of materials owing to the presence of water

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.062
0950-0618/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
102 H.A.A. Gibreil, C.P. Feng / Construction and Building Materials 142 (2017) 101–108

in the HMA mixture [13,14]. Rutting is one of the major issues Table 2
related to the HMA mixtures used for road pavements and is usu- Properties of aggregates used in this study.

ally manifested under heavy traffic loads [15,16]. In the laboratory, Aggregate property Value
a rutting device can be used to simulate a wheeled vehicle to assess Crushing value (coarse aggregate) 12.9
the permanent deformation resistance of test specimens based on Los Angeles abrasion value (%) 16.8
the rut depth. The rut depth is considered an appropriate index for Apparent specific gravity (g/cm3) 2.84
comparing the sensitivity of asphalt mixtures to permanent Water absorption (%) 0.426
Apparent specific gravity (fine aggregate) 2.84
deformation. Sand equivalent (%) 73.8
Al-Hadidy and Tan [17] reported that adding low-density poly-
ethylene to asphalt improves its resistance to deformation at high
and moderate temperatures. In addition, its shear resistance is also
120
improved. Moatasim et al. [18] found that adding high-density Min.
polyethylene (HDPE) to asphalt improves its resistance to deforma- 100 M
tion under high and moderate temperatures as well as its shear Max.

% Passing
80
resistance. Further, it also improves the Marshall quotient (MQ)
and indirect tensile strength (ITS) of asphalt mixtures. Sinan and 60
Emine [19] investigated the suitability of different types of plastic
waste containing HDPE as modifiers for asphalt concrete. Their 40
results indicated that HDPE-modified asphalt concrete exhibits 20
increased Marshall strength (stability) and a higher MQ value.
Al-Hadidy and Tan [20] studied the effects of CR as a modifier 0
on the properties of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures. They 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
found that the addition of CR to SMA mixtures results in a signifi- Seive size (mm)
cant increase in the Marshall stability as well as the MQ and ITS
Fig. 1. Gradation of aggregates used in this study.
values. Alireza et al. [21] investigated the effects of using reclaimed
asphalt pavement (RAP) on the rutting performance of rubberized
asphalt mixtures. The test results indicated that the use of CR and
RAP in HMA mixtures can effectively improve the engineering
characteristics of these mixtures. Punith and Veeraragavan [22]
investigated the use of reclaimed PE in asphalt concrete mixtures
as an additive. They found that PE-modified asphalt mixtures
showed improved rutting resistance and lower temperature sus-
ceptibility compared to unmodified mixtures.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of
HDPE and CRP as modifiers on the properties of HMA (Marshall
design parameters, moisture sensitivity, and rutting resistance).
The physical properties of HDPE and CRP-modified asphalt, such
as the softening point, penetration, and ductility, were also
evaluated.

Fig. 2. High-density polyethylene.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Asphalt used

Table 3
The asphalt used in this study was of 60/70 penetration grade. Several physical Physical and mechanical properties of HDPE used in this study.
tests such as the penetration test, softening point test, ductility test, and specific
Property Value
gravity test were performed to characterize the properties of the asphalt. The engi-
neering properties of the asphalt are listed in Table 1. Density (g/cm3) 0.955
Tensile strength (MPa) 27
Flexural modulus (MPa) 1372
2.2. Aggregates used Elongation at break (%) 560

The crushed coarse and fine aggregates used in this study were obtained from
Harbin City in northeast China. The properties of the aggregates are listed in Table 2;
they had a maximal normal size of 19 mm. Fig. 1 shows the gradation limits of the
aggregates used in this study as determined based on the ASTM D3513 standard 2.3. Additives used
[23] for HMA mixtures; the selected gradation lay in the middle of the limits. The
filler used was passed through a #200 sieve and had a specific gravity of 2.78. Polyethylene is the most commonly used plastic in the world. Hence, HDPE (see
Fig. 2) was used as the asphalt modifier in this study. The physical and mechanical
properties of the HDPE sample used are listed in Table 3. A CRP sample that had
been passed through an ASTM #40 mesh was also used as an asphalt modifier in
Table 1
this study (see Fig. 3). Its gradation is listed in Table 4.
Physical and mechanical properties of asphalt binder used in this study.

Test Standard Result

Penetration (100 g, 5 s, 25 °C), 0.1 mm ASTM D5 64
2.4. Experimental setup
Ductility (25 °C, 5 cm/min), cm ASTM D113 150 +
Softening point (°C) ASTM D36 55
Fig. 4 shows the experimental setup used in this study. The flowchart shows the
Specific gravity at 25 °C (g/cm3) ASTM D70 1.03
methods and materials used to prepare the asphalt mixtures and the various tests
Flash point (°C) ASTM D92 321
performed to evaluate the physical properties tests of the asphalt and engineering
Penetration index (PI) 0.601
properties tests of the asphalt mixtures.
 H.A.A. Gibreil, C.P. Feng / Construction and Building Materials 142 (2017) 101–108 103

the asphalt binder and the mixture was stirred at a rate of 4000 rpm for 1.5 h at
185 °C. Finally, in order to remove the air introduced by the high-speed rotation
process, the mixture was stirred at a low rate of 200 rpm for 15 min.

2.6. Physical tests of asphalt

Several physical tests, including the penetration test (at 25 °C), the softening
point test, and the ductility test (at 25 °C), were performed as per the ASTM D5,
ASTM D36, and ASTM D113 standards, respectively, using the appropriate appara-
tuses, in order to characterize the physical properties of the modified asphalt.

2.7. Marshall mix design

Fig. 3. Crumb rubber powder sample passed through #40 mesh.
2.5. Sample preparation
In this study, three concentrations (4%, 5%, and 6%) of HDPE and three concen-
trations (5%, 10%, and 15%) of CRP based on the asphalt weight were used. The
asphalt samples modified with HDPE and CRP in different concentrations were pro-
duced using a high-speed stirrer. First, the asphalt was heated, and HDPE was added
to it at a shearing rate of 1200 rpm for 15 min at 185 °C. Next, the CRP was added to
The Marshall mix design process is usually performed in accordance with the
ASTM D 1559 standard [23] to optimize HMA mixtures. This is done to ensure
the formation of voids of the appropriate size in the HMA. Asphalt was used in
six different concentrations (4.0–6.5%) to prepare the HMA. It was found that the
asphalt concentration corresponding to an air void volume content of 4.0% was
6.4%. Hence, this asphalt concentration was used when preparing all the HDPE
and CRP-modified HMA samples, in order to maintain consistency.
The dry process was used to prepare all the test samples. In the dry process,
HDPE and CRP were added to the hot aggregates, and the components were mixed
thoroughly. This resulted in the HDPE and CRP getting coated on the surfaces of the
aggregates uniformly. Next, the asphalt was added to the mixture. The coated
aggregates, asphalt, and filler were then mixed at a temperature 185 ± 5 °C for
approximately 5 min. This mixture was then placed in Marshall molds and the

Table 4
Gradation of CRP sample used in this study

Sieve (mm) 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.075

Passing (%) 100 100 90 4 0.4

Fig. 4. Experimental flow chart.

104 H.A.A. Gibreil, C.P. Feng / Construction and Building Materials 142 (2017) 101–108

Fig. 5. Indirect tensile test setup: (a) specimen before testing, (b) specimen in water at 60 ± 1 °C, (c) device for indirect tensile testing, and (d) specimen after testing.

Fig. 6. Wheel tracking test setup: (a) compaction device, (b) specimen before testing, (c) wheel tracking device, and (d) specimen after testing.
 H.A.A. Gibreil, C.P. Feng / Construction and Building Materials 142 (2017) 101–108 105

Marshall mechanical hammer was used for compacting the mixture. A total of 75
blows were made on each face of the specimens at a temperature 10 °C lower than
the mixing temperature.
2.8. Performance tests
2.8.1. Moisture sensitivity test
The moisture sensitivity test was performed by comparing the ITS of three Mar-
shall samples each of the HMA mixtures conditioned in water at 60 ± 1 °C for 24 h
(wet group) with the ITS of three samples each of the HMA mixtures conditioned at
25 ± 1 °C (dry group) according to the AASHTO T283 procedure [24]. The ITS sam-
ples were compacted with a Marshall mechanical hammer till their air void volume
content was 7.0%. All the samples were loaded to failure as shown in Fig. 5, and the
following equations were used to calculate the ITS and tensile strength ratio (TSR)
values:
. Indirect tensile strength (ITS):
2.8.2. Wheel tracking test (rutting test)
The permanent deformation (rutting) performances of the HMA mixtures were
evaluated using the wheel tracking test. In this test, the depth of the rut produced
by the repeated rolling of a loaded wheel (700 N) was measured. The tire pressure
was 0.7 MPa. The rutting test was performed at a high temperature (60 ± 0.5 °C),
and the samples were kept at this temperature for 6 h. The dimensions of the test
samples used were 300 mm  300 mm  50 mm. The setup of wheel tracking test
is shown in Fig. 6. The dynamic stability (DS) was calculated as follows [25]:
ðt2  t 1 Þ:N:C 1 :C 2
DS ¼ ð3Þ
ðd2  d1 Þ
where

DS = dynamic stability (cycle/mm)

d1, d2 = rut depth at time t1 (45 min) and time t2 (60 min) respectively, mm

C1, C2 = machine and specimen factors, respectively (here, both are 1.0)

N = wheel passes per min, 42 cycles/min

2Pmax
ITS ¼ ð1Þ 3. Results and discussion
ptd
where
3.1. Physical tests

ITS = indirect tensile strength (Pa)

Pmax = maximum applied load (N) The effects of HDPE and CRP on the physical properties (pene-

t = thickness of specimen (mm) tration, softening point, and ductility) of asphalt were evaluated;

d = diameter of specimen (mm)
the results obtained are shown in Figs. 7, 8, and 9. As can be seen
. Tensile strength ratio (TSR): from Fig. 7, the penetration decreased with increase in the HDPE
and CRP contents, with the penetration being lower by 42% when
ITSwet
TSRð%Þ ¼ 100 ð2Þ 5% HDPE and 10% CRP were used. On the other hand, the softening
ITSdry
point increased with increase in the HDPE and CRP contents, with
the softening point being 44% higher when 5% HDPE and 10% CRP
were used (Fig. 8). This indicated that the addition of HDPE and
CRP results in improvements in the resistance to deformation in
70
moderate and high temperatures. Furthermore, the asphalt sam-
0%HDPE
4%HDPE
ples modified with both modifiers (HDPE and CRP) exhibited lower
60
5%HDPE
6%HDPE
Penetration (0.1mm)

50
140 0%HDPE
4%HDPE
40 120 5%HDPE
6%HDPE
30 100
Ductility (cm)

80
20
60
10
40

0 20
0 5 10 15
CRP (%) 0
0 5 10 15
Fig. 7. Relationship between penetration and HDPE and CRP contents. CRP (%)

Fig. 9. Relationship between ductility and HDPE and CRP contents.

100
0%HDPE
4%HDPE
5%HDPE

80
6%HDPE Table 5
Penetration index results.
Softening point (°C)

CRP (%) HDPE (%) Penetration index

60
0 0 0.601
0 4 1.881
40 0 5 2.605
0 6 3.015
5 4 2.605
5 5 3.129
20
5 6 3.363
10 4 2.903
10 5 3.483
0
0 5 10 15 10 6 3.452
15 4 3.700
CRP (%)
15 5 4.050
15 6 3.667
Fig. 8. Relationship between softening point and HDPE and CRP contents.
106 H.A.A. Gibreil, C.P. Feng / Construction and Building Materials 142 (2017) 101–108

1200 5
0%HDPE
0%HDPE
4%HDPE
4%HDPE 5%HDPE
1000 5%HDPE 6%HDPE
6%HDPE 4

800

Flow (mm)
Stability (Kg)
3

600
2
400

1
200

0 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
CRP (%) CRP (%)

(a) (b)
2.5 350
0%HDPE 0%HDPE
4%HDPE 4%HDPE
5%HDPE 300 5%HDPE
2.4 6%HDPE
6%HDPE
Unit weight (kg/cm3)

250

MQ (kg/mm)
2.3 200

150
2.2
100
2.1
50

2.0 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
CRP (%) CRP (%)

(c) (d)
24
0%HDPE
4%HDPE 0%HDPE
5%HDPE
23 4%HDPE
4
6%HDPE 5%HDPE
22 6%HDPE
Air voids (%)

21
VMA (%)

3 20
19
18
2
17
16

1 15
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
CRP (%) CRP (%)
(e) (f)
90
0%HDPE
4%HDPE
5%HDPE
6%HDPE
85
VFA (%)

80

75

70
0 5 10 15
CRP (%)
(g)
Fig. 10. Relationship between HDPE and CRP contents and Marshall properties (a- stability, b- flow, c- unit weight, d- MQ, e- air voids, f- VMA, and g- VFB)
 H.A.A. Gibreil, C.P. Feng / Construction and Building Materials 142 (2017) 101–108 107

penetration and higher softening points than those of the samples Table 6
modified with a single modifier (HDPE), suggesting that the HDPE- Results of ITS tests.

and CRP-modified asphalt samples exhibited better properties at CRP (%) HDPE (%) ITS (MPa) at 25 °C ITS (MPa) at 60 °C
high temperatures. 0 0 1.51 1.24
The ductility decreased when HDPE and CRP were added into 5 4 1.91 1.72
the asphalt. Accordance with the ASTM specifications a minimum 5 5 2.03 1.88
range ductility value of 100+ cm. It can be seen from Fig. 9 that 5 6 2.11 1.99
10 4 2.08 1.94
the samples with 5% HDPE and 10% CRP, 4% HDPE and 10% CRP, 10 5 2.16 2.05
5% HDPE and 15% CRP, and 4% HDPE and 15% CRP are keeping 10 6 1.96 1.78
the ductility values of 100+ cm. The ductility decreased with an 15 4 1.93 1.74
increase in the HDPE content irrespective of the CRP content. On 15 5 1.89 1.69
15 6 1.86 1.65
the other hand, for all HDPE contents, the ductility increased with
an increase in the CRP content. This may be attributable to the
small changes induced in the structure of the asphalt by the mod-
ifiers. When HDPE is added to asphalt, a framework is not formed 3.4. Moisture sensitivity tests
throughout the asphalt; as a result, the asphalt is not very ductile.
On the other hand, the added CRP improves the elasticity because The variations in the ITS and TSR values with the addition of
the CRP particles can form interconnections. Further, the HDPE HDPE and CRP in different concentrations are shown in Table 6
may have already formed a partial network across the asphalt, and Fig. 11. The ITS of the unmodified mixture was lower than
making the asphalt less stiff. Thus, the addition of HDPE and CRP those of the mixtures modified with HDPE and CRP. The test results
increased the ductility of the asphalt. also showed that the TSR values of the unmodified asphalt sample
and the sample modified with 5% HDPE and 10% CPR were 82.1%
3.2. Temperature sensitivity tests and 95%, respectively. The ITS and TSR values increased with the
addition of the modifiers for each testing temperature. This was
In order to evaluate the effects of HDPE and CRP as additives on because an increase in the temperature resulted in an increase in
the temperature sensitivity of the asphalt binder, we used Eq. (4), the degree of adhesion between the asphalt and the aggregates,
which was proposed by Yang [26], to determine the penetration resulting in a decrease in the degree of stripping of the HMA. Thus,
index: it can be said that the addition of HDPE and CRP increases the
moisture resistance of HMA mixtures.

Penetration index ¼ ½ð20  500AÞ=ð1 þ 50AÞ ð4Þ

A ¼ ½ðlog penetration:@T  log 800Þ=ðT  TR&B Þ
where T is the penetration test temperature (°C) and TR&B is the
softening point temperature (ring and ball; °C).
Table 5 shows the relationship between the HDPE and CRP con-
tents and the penetration index. It can be seen that all the modified
asphalt binder samples were less susceptible to temperature vari-
ations than the unmodified one (a higher penetration index indi-
cates a lower temperature sensitivity).
3.3. Marshall tests
Three samples each of the control and modified asphalt mix-
tures were produced at the optimum asphalt content of 6.4% and
used to determine the properties of the modified asphalt mixture
samples through the Marshall test. The stability and flow values
were calculated after the samples had been placed in a water bath
at 60 °C for 30 min and then loaded at a rate of 50.8 mm/min. The
test results are shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 10(a) shows that when 5%
HDPE and 10% CRP were used as the modifiers, they increased
the Marshall stability of the unmodified asphalt mixture by
32.92%. On the other hand, the flow value decreased with the addi-
3.5. Wheel tracking test
The results of the wheel tracking (rut depth) test are shown in
Fig. 12. It can be seen that the rut depth decreased with increasing
HDPE and CRP contents. Using Eq. (3), the dynamic stability has
been calculated; the results are presented in Fig. 13. It can be seen
from the Fig. 13 that the dynamic stability of the unmodified mix
was 3663 cycle/mm while that for the mixture modified with 5%
HDPE and 10% CRP was 9844 cycle/mm. Further, it can be observed
that the dynamic stability increased with increasing HDPE and CRP
contents. Thus, the permanent deformation resistance (i.e., rutting
resistance) of the asphalt mixtures increased with the addition of
HDPE and CRP, owing to the stiffening of the asphalt mixture; this
indicated an increase in the ability of the asphalt mixture to resist
accumulated deformations under traffic loads.
96
0%HDPE
4%HDPE
5%HDPE
6%HDPE
92
TSR (%)

tion of the modifiers for all HDPE and CRP contents (Fig. 10(b)).
88
Fig. 10(e) shows that for all HDPE and CRP contents, the volume
content of the air voids was within the limits (3–5%) suggested
by the ASTM specification for HMA mixtures [18]. Fig. 10(d) shows
that the MQ value increased by 57.84% when 5% HDPE and 10% CRP 84

were used, indicating that the asphalt mixtures modified with

HDPE and CRP exhibited a greater resistance to permanent
deformation, owing to their high MQ value and greater Marshall 80
0 5 10 15
strength. This suggests that asphalt mixtures modified with HDPE CRP (%)
and CRP can be used for paving sites where asphalt mixtures with
low asphalt concentrations and high stiffness are needed. Fig. 11. Relationship between TSR and HDPE and CRP contents.
108 H.A.A. Gibreil, C.P. Feng / Construction and Building Materials 142 (2017) 101–108

3.0 7. The rutting depth decreased with increase in the HDPE and CRP
0%HDPE contents. On the other hand, the dynamic stability increased
2.5
4%HDPE when HDPE and CRP were added to the asphalt mixture. Fur-
5%HDPE
6%HDPE
ther, the permanent deformation resistance (rutting resistance)
increased with the addition of HDPE and CRP.
Rutting depth (mm)

2.0 8. The optimum contents of the additives were found to be 5% for

HDPE and 10% for CRP (by weight of the asphalt binder).
1.5

Acknowledgments
1.0

The authors would like to thank the Civil Engineering Depart-

0.5 ment, Northeast Forestry University (NEFU) for sponsoring this
research study.
0.0
0 5 10 15 References
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drawn:
1. The penetration decreased with increasing HDPE and CRP con-
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