TITRATION CURVES

RAMÓN, Laura Juliana. VALBUENA, Jonathan David. Universidad Distrital

Francisco José de Caldas. Facultad de Ciencias y Educación. Licenciatura en
Química. 26 de abril de 2018. Análisis químico inorgánico.

ABSTRACT.

In this laboratory several acid-base titrations were carried out, of certain acids and bases, such as
NH4OH, NaOH, HNO3, HCl, CH₃-COOH, to determine the pH of each one in certain periods of time,
and thus determine the equivalence point, and achieve graph the volume vs the pH of each valuation,
both its first and second derivative.

KEYWORDS. Titration, acid, base, concentration, volume, curves.

TEORIC FRAME indicator is appreciated, the final point has

ACID BASE TITULATIONS
The titration is an analytical process whose
objective is to determine the concentration of
an analyte with acidic or basic properties,
using a valued solution of a base or acid, by
means of a neutralization reaction to form a
salt and water.
 Analyte: problem solution of
unknown concentration.
 Titrant: solution of variable volume
(the one that is placed in the burette)
 Standard: solution of known
concentration.
In order to carry out the experimental
procedure, a determined volume of the
unknown solution, that is, the problem
solution, must be placed in an Erlenmeyer
flask. The standard solution is dropped from a
burette, that is, the solution of known
concentration, until reaching the point of
equivalence, which is the point where there is
no acid or free base in the sample.
To determine when the equivalence point is
reached, before adding the titration, a few
drops of the indicator, which is usually
phenolphthalein, must be added. At the
moment in which a change of color of the
been reached.
The expression to calculate the concentration
of the problem solution is:
Characteristics:
-They are based on an acid-base volumetric
reaction.
The theoretical basis of this reaction is the
transfer of protons between the acid and the
base
- The turning interval is characterized by a
sudden change in pH.
- A chemical indicator or pH meter is needed
to monitor the titration.
TITRATION CURVES
Son las representaciones gráficas de la
variación del pH durante el transcurso de la
valoración. En el curso de una valoración
ácido–base, el pH varía a medida que se va
añadiendo el reactivo valorante a la muestra.
Cuando se representa el pH frente al volumen
de reactivo añadido, o, preferiblemente, frente
al porcentaje de ácido o base neutralizado, se
tiene la curva de valoración, de la que se
pueden deducir interesantes conclusiones para
juzgar si una determinada valoración es
factible, así como para seleccionar el indicador • pH after the equivalence point: depends on
adecuado. the concentration of the excess base in the
solution

Image 1 (PH range with respect to the

neutralization of the molecules)

Phases of curves

The plot of the valuation curve includes the

calculation of the pH in three zones or
moments of the valuation:
• Point where no titrant has been added
• Before the equivalence point
• At the equivalence point, the amount of H +
added is that necessary to react with all the
OH-, forming water. The pH is defined by the
dissociation of water
• After the equivalence point, where there will
be excess of the titrant reagent.
TRITATION CURVES
Strong acid with a strong base.
Weak acid with a strong base
Weak base with a strong acid
Polytrotic acid with a strong base.
WEAK ACID TRITATION CURVE AND
STRONG BASE
The weak acid solution has a higher initial pH
than a strong acid solution of the same
concentration.
The pH increases rapidly in the initial part of
the curve, but more slowly near the
equivalence point.
Before the equivalence point, the
neutralization produces a buffer solution.
The pH at the equivalence point will not be 7,
it depends on the resulting saline solution.
After the equivalence point the pH depends on
the excess base concentration.

STRONG STRONG-BASE ACID

TRITATION CURVE

Initial pH: Given by the initial concentration

of the acid.
• pH before the equivalence point: it depends
on the concentration of acid that was not
neutralized by the base.
• pH equivalence point: it depends on the
resulting saline solution, and the pH will be WEAK BASE AND STRONG ACID
equal to 7 because the pH is defined by the TRITATION CURVE
dissociation of the water, since the present salt
does not hydrolyze. The pH remains very low while there is still
free acid and after reaching neutrality, the
slight excess of base gradually raises the pH,
without causing sudden changes. In this case,
at the equivalence point the pH <7.
Reagent Concentration
[NH4OH] 0,7N
[NaOH] 0,35N
[ HNO3] 1,6N
[HCl] 0,13N
[CH₃-COOH] 1,74N

 CH₃-COOH vs NaOH

5mL CH₃-COOH

NaOH (Titulant)

TRITATION OF POLYPROTICS ACID V pH ∆pH ∆V ∆pH/∆ ∆(∆pH/∆ V)

WITH STRONG BASES. NaOH V
0 3 0 0 0 0
The acid has more than one ionizable proton, 1 3,9 0,9 1 0,9 0,9
so the titration will have as many equivalence 1,5 4,1 0,2 0,5 0,4 -0,5
points as neutralizable protons that the acid has 2 4,3 0,2 0,5 0,4 0
Initial pH: Depends on the first ionization of 2,5 4,4 0,1 0,5 0,2 -0,2
the acid 3 4,6 0,2 0,5 0,4 0,2
pH before first equivalence point: Depends on 3,5 4,6 0 0,5 0 -0,4
the buffer solution formed. 4 4,8 0,2 0,5 0,4 0,4
First equivalence point: Salt formed from the 4,5 4,9 0,1 0,5 0,2 -0,6
first ionization 5 5,1 0,2 0,5 0,4 0,2
pH before the second equivalence point: 5,5 5,3 0,2 0,5 0,4 0
Depends on the buffer solution formed. 6 5,5 0,2 0,5 0,4 0
Second equivalence point: The solution has
6,5 6 0,5 0,5 1 0,6
the salt formed which contains the weak acid
6,8 10,5 4,5 0,3 15 14
anion.
7 11,1 0,6 0,2 3 -12
pH after the second point: The titrant base will
be in excess. 7,5 11,6 0,5 0,5 1 -2
8 11,7 0,1 0,5 0,2 -2
DATA ANALYSIS. 8,5 11,8 0,1 0,5 0,2 -0,8
9 11,9 0,1 0,5 0,2 0
The following section contains the analysis 9,5 12 0,1 0,5 0,2 0
that was carried out from the observations 10 12 0 0,5 0 0
made in this laboratory practice and that 10,5 12 0 0,5 0 -0,2
together with the previous knowledge and Table 1. CH₃-COOH vs NaOH
acquired to make this report allow a brief
discussion on the neutralization reaction
between an acid and a base and thus
understand the results obtained.

The reagents used are the following with their

respective concentrations, 5mL samples were
taken:
 V pH ∆pH ∆V ∆pH/∆ ∆(∆pH/
HCl V ∆ V)
 HNO3 vs NH4OH 0 12.5 0 0 0 0
5mL HNO3 0,4 12,3 -0,2 0,5 0,2 0.2
0.8 12.3 0 0,5 0 -0.2
NH4OH (Titulant) 1.2 12.2 -0,1 0,5 0,2 0.2
1.6 12 -0.2 0,5 0 -0.2
V pH ∆pH ∆ ∆pH/∆ ∆(∆pH/∆ V) 1.9 6.8 -5.2 0,5 0,4 0.4
NH4OH V V 2 2.2 -4.6 0,2 31,5 31.1
0 1,3 0 0 0 0 2.4 1.6 -0.6 0,9 1 -30.5
0,5 1,4 0,1 0,5 0,2 0.2 2.8 1.4 -0.2 0,5 0,6 0.5
1 1,4 0 0,5 0 -0.2 3.2 1.2 -0,2 0,5 0,2 -0.4
1,5 1,5 0,1 0,5 0,2 0.2 3.6 1.1 -0,1 0,5 0,4 0.2
2 1,5 0 0,5 0 -0.2 4 1 -0.1 0,5 0 -0.4
2,5 1,7 0,2 0,5 0,4 0.4
2,7 8 6,3 0,2 31,5 31.1
3 8,9 0,9 0,9 1 -30.5
3,5 9,2 0,3 0,5 0,6 -0.4
HCl (Titulant)
4 9,3 0,1 0,5 0,2 -0.4
Table 4. HCl vs NaOH
4,5 9,5 0,2 0,5 0,4 0.2
5 9,5 0 0,5 0 -0.4
5,5 9,6 0,1 0,5 0,2 0.2
6 9,6 0 0,5 0 -0.2  CH3COOH vs NH4OH
Table 2. HNO3 vs NH4OH
CONCLUSIONS.
 NH4OH vs HNO3 V pH ∆p ∆V ∆pH/∆ ∆(∆pH/
5mL NH4OH CH3COOH H V ∆ V)

HNO3 (Titulant) 0.2 12.3 0 0.2 0 0

0,4 12.3 0 0.2 0 0
V Ph ∆V ∆pH/∆ ∆(∆pH/∆ 0.6 12.3 0 0.2 0 0
HNO3 ∆pH V V) 0.8 12.3 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5
1 12.2 6.1 0.2 30.5 30
0 10,7 0 0 0 0 1.2 6.1 1 0.2 5 -25.5
0,5 9,5 -1,2 0,5 -0.2 -2.4 1.4 5.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 -4.5
1 8,6 -0,9 0,5 -0,45 1.95 1.6 5 0,2 0.2 0.4 0.5
1,3 3,1 -5.5 0,5 -11 -10.55 1.8 4.8 0,1 0.2 0.5 -0.5
1,5 2,2 -0,9 0,5 -1,4 9.6 2 4.7 0,1 0.2 0.5 0
2 2,0 -0,2 0,5 -0,7 0.7 2.2 4.6 0 0.2 0 -0.5
2,5 1,8 -0,2 0,5 -0,7 1.4 2.4 4.6 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5
3 1,7 -0,1 0,5 -0,2 0.5 2.6 4.5 0,1 0.2 0.5 0
 Table 3. NH4OH vs HNO3 2.8 4.4 0.1 0.2 0.5 0
3 4.3 0 0.2 0 -0.5
3.2 4.3 0.1 0.4 0.25 0.25
3.6 4.2 0 0.2 0 -0.25
3.8 4.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5
4 4.1 0 0.2 0 -0.5
4.2 4.1 0.1 0.4 0.25 0.25
4.6 4 4 -4.6 -0.869 -1.119
  The graph of the calculated pH shows
that it has greater precision because
the calculations made vary with the
calculations measured since it has an
acceptable average error in obtaining
the titration curve.
 According to the results obtained, we
can conclude that the differences that
were presented in the titration curve of
a strong base with a strong acid in the
respective graphs were indeed
observed.
 It can be stated that the equivalence
point obtained in the reactions that
were carried out was determined
by the change in coloration, which
can be determined by minimum
variations, that is, a single drop of
titrant can cause the coloration to
change, what these assessments
should be done with utmost care.
 It can be inferred that the
neutralization has occurred
completely when there are
permanent changes in the indicator
color depending on the tone that
expresses the turning point of the
solution.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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