Period 6: Key concepts 6.1-6.

Directions: please do the following with the key concepts/terms/people below

1. Define or provide a description (meaning the why, who, cause/effect) of the events
2. Make sure to connect the term/event to the topic sentence above it.
3. Place it into one of the 5 APWH themes:
a. Environment (ENV
b. Dev./Interaction of Cultures (CUL)
c. State building, expansion and conflict (SB)
d. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems (ECON)
e. Dev./Transformation of Social Structures (SOC)
4. This is due on Wednesday, May 9th

Key concept 6.1- Science and Environment

I. Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world, assisted by
the development of new technology
a. The Green Revolution
a. An increase in crop production in developing countries. This was achieved by
the use of fertilizers, pesticides, as well as others
b. The newly discovered fertilizers made it faster and easier to grow crops all over
the world. The advances in agricultural sciences helped developing countries in
the process.
c. ENV
b. Antibiotics
a. A medicine that fights against bacteria
b. Without the development of antibiotics, bacterial infections such as lyme
disease would be incurable and the population potentially would decrease.
c. ENV, SOC
c. The polio vaccine
a. a vaccine administered to induce specific active immunity to poliomyelitis
b. Polio happens to be one of the most contracted viruses of this time period and
without the vaccine, then people today might still be affected by polio.
c. ENV, SOC
II. During a period of unprecedented global population expansion, humans fundamentally
changed their relationship with the environment.
a. Deforestation
i. to clear forests of trees
ii. During this time period, people began to modernize and group around cities.
Families began to move and communities grew; with this, forests were cut
down to create space for housing.
iii. ENV
 b. Greenhouse gas
i. any of the gases whose absorption of solar radiation is responsible for the
greenhouse effect, including carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and the
fluorocarbons
ii. When cars and other forms of transportation began to become more popular,
greenhouse gases were let out into the atmosphere.
iii. ENV
c. Climate change
i. a long term change it the earth's atmospheric temperature
ii. When people create greenhouse gases, it not only pollutes the air but warms up
the atmosphere.
iii. ENV
III. Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to demographic shifts.
a. Malaria
i. a disease that is spread by mosquitoes
ii. When people trade with places that have mosquitoes that carry malaria, they
could come over with the goods being traded and then malaria would be spread
to different areas of the world.
iii. ENV
b. 1918 Influenza pandemic
i. deadly outbreak of the spanish flu all over the world
ii. Due to people traveling to and from Spain, people contracted the Spanish flu
and brought the disease back to their home.
iii. SOC, ENV
c. HIV/AIDS
i. A disease in which the body loses immunity and greatly lowers the body’s ability
to infection or illness
ii. spread through certain bodily fluids. Can be sexually transmitted and spread
easily.
iii. SOC
d. Birth control
i. A medicine that prevents fertilization during sexual intercouse
ii. can prevent a population growing. Or for women who are not aloud to use birth
control, it can vastly increase a population.
iii. SOC
IV. Improved military technology and new tactics led to increased levels of wartime casualties
a. Tanks
i. an armored, self propelled combat vehicle, armed with cannon and machine
guns and moving on caterpillar treads
ii. This weapon that was very hard to disarm, changed warfare because it vastly
increased the amount of casualties. With a cannon and machine guns, this
vehicle could do much more damage than any soldier could.
iii. ECON, SB
 b. Trench Warfare
i. combat which each side occupies a system of protective trenches
ii. This increased casualties of war because of the harsh conditions within the
trenches and also the trek across no mans land almost certainly guaranteed
death.
iii. ECON, SB
c. Hiroshima
i. The site of the first atomic bomb strike
ii. The atomic bomb kills around 80,000 people on impact and even more later,
due to radiation poisoning.
iii. ECON, ENV
Key Concept 6.2-Global Conflicts and Their Consequence

I. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both
land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new states by the century’s end.
a. India from the British Empire
i. British negotiated independence with india
ii. The british were a strong enough empire that they could let places they
controlled become independent and still stay on top.
iii. SB, ECON
b. Algeria and Vietnam from the French Empire
i. Achieved freedom through military force
ii. By fighting for their independence, VIetnam and Algeria achieved independence
iii. SB
II. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to this dissolution of empires and the
restructuring of states.
a. Muhammad Ali Jinnah in British India
i. Religious movements that challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial
boundaries
ii. The religion that Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s supported was not the religion that
was supported in British India
iii. CUL
b. Indian National Congress
i. Gandhi challenged imperial rule in Africa and Asia
ii. This caused an uprising and later a fall of imperialism
iii. ECON, SOC
c. Communism
i. a political theory that advocates for everyone to get paid according to their
abilities and needs
ii. People advocated to communism when movements were made to redistribute
land within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
iii. ECON
 III. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences
a. India/Pakistan partition
i. The redrawing of old colonial boundaries that led to population resettlements
ii. When boundaries were redrawn, the demographics changed drastically and
people moved back in
iii. SOC, SB
b. Filipinos to the United States
i. The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles
ii. People flooded into the US and crowded it
iii. SB
c. The Holocaust
i. A time when certain ethnic groups such as jews were pushed out of their homes
and suppressed
ii. The holocaust led to the displacement of millions of jewish people which
resulted in refugee populations
iii. SOC
IV. Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups,
including states, opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified
the conflict.
a. Picasso in his Guernica
i. One of the most famous war paintings in history
ii. Groups decided to challenge the may wars of the century to bring about
political change.
iii. SOC, CUL
b. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
i. Leader of the civil rights movement
ii. Kept a non violent protest during the civil rights movement so that so one else
would get hurt. Some of these protests turned violent when police officers were
involved however.
c. Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa
i. A british organization that was at the center of the international movement
opposing South Africa’s system of apartheid and supporting South Africa’s non-
whites.
ii. They promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political and social orders
iii. ECON
d. Al-Qaeda
i. a racial Sunni Muslim organization dedicated to the elimination of a western
presence in Arab countries and militantly opposed to western foreign policy.
ii. Al-Quaeda used violence against civilians to achieve political aims
iii. SOC
Key Concept 6.3- New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

I. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century
a. The Five Year Plan
 i. The soviet plan that developed over a course of five years
ii. In the communist states of the soviet union, governments directed the national
economies and oversaw the development of industry
iii. ECON
b. The New Deal
i. A group of government programs to improve conditions for persons suffering in
the great depression
ii. At the beginning of the century in the US, government's played a small role in
national economy. The great depression began and governments decided to
take a more active role.
iii. ECON
c. Free- Market policy of Ronald Reagan
i. Prices and good services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand ad
are aloud to reach their point of equilibrium
ii. Many governments began to encourage free market economic policies and
promoted economic liberalization
iii. ECON
II. States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process
facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance.
a. The United Nations
i. an organization formed to increase political and economic cooperation among
its member countries
ii. Formed to maintain world peace after WWII
iii. SOC
b. The World Bank
i. an international finance institution that provides loans to countries of the world
for capital projects
ii. wanted to spread the principles associated with free market economics
throughout the world
iii. ECON
c. Greenpeace
i. an organization devoted to environmental activism
ii. Movement spread throughout the world to protest the inequality of
environmental consequences of global integration
iii. ENV
III. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; rights-based discourses
challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion. In much of the world,
access to education, as well as participation in new political and professional roles,
became more inclusive in terms of race, class, and gender.
a. The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
i. Historical document that was adopted by the UN as a resolution at the Palais de
Chaillot in Paris
ii. The notion of human rights gained traction all over the world
iii. SOC
 b. Right to vote for women in the United States in 1920
i. Women's suffrage
ii. Women moved up in society and fought for women's suffrage and achieved
their goal. They kept working towards equality with men
iii. SOC
c. U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965
i. Movement for equality between races
ii. Black and white people slowly became equal, starting with military integration
all the was to brown vs. board of education
IV. Popular and consumer culture became more global.
a. Reggae
i. a style of strongly accented music
ii. Widespread diffusion of music
iii. CUL
b. Bollywood
i. A style of film
ii. Widespread diffusion of film due to changes in communication and technology
c. World Cup soccer
i. Soccer that was played by and against teams all over the world
ii. Brought cultures and communities together for a common interest.
iii. CUL
DUE: Wednesday May 9th