POAD A: URINARY AND ENDOCRINE MODULE learning outcomes
Introduction to urinary and endocrine module
Mon 21 May 2018, 9:00 am to 10:00 am
Associate Professor Mark Krockenberger
1. Understand normal urinary tract structure &
function and how dysfunction can → disease.
2. Be able to investigate and diagnose common
urinary tract problems (PU/PD, abnormal
micturition, discoloured urine) using all
relevant disciplines.
3. Identify key urinary tract disease processes
using clinical presentation, clinical pathology
data, microbiological data, toxicologic data
and diagnostic imaging to identify important
disease agents & predisposing causes.
4. Be able to effectively collect, prepare and
analyse samples to diagnose urinary tract
diseases.
Urinary tract clinical pathology 1
Mon 21 May 2018, 10:00 am to 11:00 am
Associate Professor Mark Krockenberger
1. Review the structure and function of the urinary
tract.
2. Definitions of dysfunction, including the
difference between azotaemia and uraemia.
3. Consider laboratory changes in renal disease.
4. Distinguish between pre renal, renal and post
renal azotaemia and proteinuria.
5. Consider common renal pathology for the five
pathological processes.
6. IRIS staging of renal failure in cats and dogs.
Urinary tract pathology 1
Mon 21 May 2018, 11:00 am to 12:00 pm
Associate Professor Mark Krockenberger
• Please refer to previous lecture.
Urinary tract pathology and histopathology
practical
Mon 21 May 2018, 1:00 pm to 3:00 pm
Dr Derek Spielman
1. Describe pathology of the kidneys for
interstitial nephropathies, glomerulopathies,
glomerulonephropathies, pyelopathies and
pyelonephropathies.
Urinary tract clinical pathology case studies tutorial
Mon 21 May 2018, 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm
Associate Professor Mark Krockenberger and Dr
Mark Westman
1. Detect, describe and deduce abnormal renal
haematology, biochemistry and urinalysis
results from clinical case studies.
Urinary tract host defences and urine sampling
Wed 23 May 2018, 9:00 am to 10:00 am
Dr Mark Westman
1. Host defences. Use your knowledge of
anatomy, physiology, histology and
microbiology to discuss the host defence
mechanisms of the urinary tract and the
clinical outcomes of host defence breakdown.
2. Urine sample collection and transport. Using
your knowledge of the normal flora and host
defence mechanisms of the urogenital tract,
discuss the principles of urine collection,
handling and transport for urine analysis and
microbial culture/identification.
3. Apply the principles of the four point rule in
determining the correct way to diagnose an
agent of disease of the urinary tract.
Pathogens of the urinary tract 1
Wed 23 May 2018, 10:00 am to 11:00 am
Dr Katrina Bosward
1. Recall the main bacterial pathogens involved
in causing urinary tract infections in animals.
2. Demonstrate a practical knowledge of how the
Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas,
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and
Enterococcus spp. are differentiated and
determined to be the causative agent of
urinary tract infections.
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of infections caused
by the main bacterial pathogens involved in
causing urinary tract infections including
where they are normally found, the source and
route of transmission, and virulence factors
that enable them to cause disease.
Urinalysis practical
Wed 23 May 2018, 11:00 am to 1:00 pm
Dr Derek Spielman
1. Perform a complete urinalysis (including urine
biochemistry, urine specific gravity (USG),
sediment exam) and using the available
patient information, interpret and discuss the
results for your patient.
2. Examine further microbiological tests (gram
stain, antimicrobial susceptibility tests) to
further refine your diagnosis and develop a
plan for further diagnostic investigation and
treatment.
Urinary tract clinical pathology 2
Thu 24 May 2018, 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm
Associate Professor Mark Krockenberger
• No learning outcomes.
Urinary tract pathology 2
Thu 24 May 2018,?? 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm
Associate Professor Mark Krockenberger
1. Urinalysis observation of physical properties.
2. Assessment of solute concentration (USG).
3. Chemical analysis (Dipstix).
4. Sediment examination (Wetprep).
5. Optional examinations.
Pathogens of the urinary tract 2
Thu 24 May 2018, 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm
Dr Mark Westman
1. Discuss the characteristics, niches and
disease causing capacity of Corynebacterium
species in animals especially in relation to
urinary tract disease.
2. Discuss the characteristics, niches and
disease causing capacity of Actinobaculum
suis in pigs.
Leptospirosis
Mon 28 May 2018, 10:00 am to 11:00 am
Dr Mark Westman
1. Describe the niche and characteristics of
Genus Leptospira including the role of that
serovar variation has on host, geographic
distribution and pathogenicity.
2. Outline the modes of transmission for
Leptospira and explain the difference between
the pathogenesis of leptospirosis in the
maintenance and incidental hosts using
examples.
3. Outline the clinical syndromes in dogs, cattle,
pigs and horses infected with leptospirosis
and discuss the different methods of
diagnosis.
4. Describe the broad control measures used to
reduce leptospirosis including the pros and
cons of vaccination.
Endocrinopathies
Mon 28 May 2018, 11:00 am to 12:00 pm
Associate Professor Mark Krockenberger
3. Pathological processes affecting the endocrine
system (ie. endocrinopathies). Recognise that
the most significant pathological processes
affecting the endocrine system are disorders
of growth; inflammation & repair, with some
importance of deposits & pigmentations (esp.
endocrine pancreas).
4. Mechanisms of endocrine dysfunction (ie.
aetiopathogenesis). Understand that the
endocrinopathies are manifested clinically by
either syndromes of hyperfunction or
syndromes of hypofunction.
5. Recognise the 9 general mechanisms of
endocrine dysfunction and be able to group
them in a logical framework and provide
specific disease examples of each with an
understanding of the pathological process
important to each specific example.
6. Investigation of endocrine dysfunction (ie.
diagnosis). Be able to interpret clinical
pathology data suggestive of an
endocrinopathy and formulate an investigative
plan for definitive diagnosis of
endocrinopathies.
7. Pituitary endocrinopathies. Understand the
pivotal role of the pituitary in many endocrine
systems.
8. Adrenal endocrinopathies. Understand the
pathogenesis and pathophysiology of primary
and secondary hyperadrenocorticism.
Understand the pathogenesis and
pathophysiology of hypoadrenocorticism.
Understand the pathophysiology of
phaeochromocytoma.
9. Thyroid & Parathyroid endocrinopathies.
Understand the pathogenesis of
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Understand the pathogenesis of primary and
secondary hyperparathyroidism.
10. Pancreatic endocrinopathies. Understand the
pathogenesis and pathophysiology of
Diabetes mellitus. Understand the
pathogenesis and pathophysiology of
hyperinsulinism.
Urinary pharmacology 1
Mon 28 May 2018, 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm
Associate Professor Merran Govendir
1. Use the following names appropriately,
understand the pharmacokinetic properties of
the water soluble antibacterials and their
general spectrum of activity and possible
adverse side effects:
• Beta lactams
Narrow spectrum penicillins
Aminopenicillins
Antistaphylococci penicillins
Antipseudomonal penicillins
Aminopenicillins & b‐lactamase inhibitor
First group cephalosporins (oral and
parenteral)
Cefovecin (ConveniaÒ) (registered for dogs
and cats)
Ceftiofur (registered for horses, cows and
dogs)
• Aminoglycosides – neomycin, gentamicin &
amikacin.
2. Propose an approach to making therapeutic
decisions for treating bacterial infections of the
urinary tract and prostate (the latter discussed
in tutorial).
3. Describe how alpha 1 adrenoreceptor agonists
may assist in reducing urinary incontinence in
a spayed bitch.
Endocrine pathophysiology practical
Mon 28 May 2018, 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm
Associate Professor Mark Krockenberger and Dr
Derek Spielman
• No learning outcomes.
Urinary pharmacology 2
Wed 30 May 2018, 9:00 am to 10:00 am
Associate Professor Merran Govendir
• Please refer to previous pharmacology lecture.
Inappropriate urination
Wed 30 May 2018, 10:00 am to 11:00 am
Dr Paul McGreevy
• No learning outcomes.
Endocrine clinical pathology case studies tutorial
Wed 30 May 2018, 11:00 am to 1:00 pm
Associate Professor Mark Krockenberger
• No learning outcomes.
Antimicrobial therapy tutorial
Wed 30 May 2018, 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm
Associate Professor Merran Govendir and Dr Mark
Westman
1. Using the available patient information, and the
results from your patient’s urinalysis, interpret
and discuss the results for your patient
explaining in particular your understanding of
the importance of urine pH, USG, protein (via
dipstick and SSA) and wet prep exam.
2. Review the results of antimicrobial
susceptibility tests performed on bacterial
isolates from urine cultures during your
practical and use your knowledge of the
pharmacology of drugs, the agent of disease
and the pathological processes involved to
formulate and justify a treatment plan for dogs
with urogenital disease including the role of
concurrent diseases in limiting the success of
treatment.
Developmental and congenital disorders of the
urinary tract
Thu 31 May 2018, 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm
Dr Hamutal Mazrier
1. Describe the formation and development of the
excretory organs (pronephroi, mesonephroi &
metanephroi).
2. The structure and fate of the mesonephroi and
the associated mesonephric and
paramesonephric ducts*.
3. The formation and development of the
urogenital sinus and the structures that arise
from it in the male and female.
4. The structure and function of the urachus.
5. Relate common urinary developmental
abnormalities to the fault in their normal course
of development.
Imaging of the urinary tract
Thu 31 May 2018, 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm
Dr Mariano Makara
1. Describe imaging procedures of the urinary
tract.
2. Indications, limitations, contraindications and
pitfalls.
3. Normal radiographic and ultrasonographic
findings.
4. Abnormal radiographic findings.
5. List of differential diagnoses.