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Abstract
The Downtown Line Stage 3 (DTL3) Expo Station is an interchange station located perpendicular to
the existing East West Line (EWL) Expo Station. The proposed station is located within close
proximity to several sensitive EWL MRT structures. Due to the site arrangement and the effect of
excavation works for the proposed station, the existing MRT structures would require underpinning
and strengthening so that the construction of the proposed station will not disrupted and compromised
the functionality of existing MRT system. Existing MRT viaduct piers, P412E & P413W are to be
underpinned and its foundation shall be transferred to the new proposed station structures with existing
piles being removed and replaced with barrette piles. Pile strengthening is proposed for viaduct piers,
P413E & P414W. The concept of the strengthening works is by introducing compensation piles with
transfer beam similar to the underpinning scheme for P412E and P413W.
Different options of underpinning system had been evaluated and the most feasible option was adopted
for the design so to facilitate construction of the proposed station so that the functionality of existing
MRT system is not disrupted and compromised. A more advance constitutive model namely,
Hardening soil model was used to simulate the stress-strain behaviour. The basic feature of the
hardening soil model is the stress dependency of soil stiffness which also contains both shear hardening
and compression hardening. This paper describes in details the challenges in the design considerations
for developing the strengthening and underpinning scheme for the project. This paper also describes a
case history of similar underpinning works for construction of Circle Line Paya Lebar Interchange
Station.
1. Introduction
The proposed DT35 Expo Station is an interchange station allocated perpendicular to the existing Expo
Station and it undercrossed the existing East West Line (EWL) at the junction of Changi South Ave 1
and Expo Drive. Figure 1 shows the overall view of the DTL3 alignment and the interface with the
existing East West Line. Due to the close proximity to existing EWL structures and considering the
effects of excavation works, two (2) numbers of viaduct piers (P413E & P414W) with foundation piles
shorter than the proposed excavation required strengthening so that the viaduct and its existing piles
could withstand the lateral movement induced during diaphragm wall installation and subsequent
excavation of the station and two (2) numbers of the viaduct piers which are situated directly above the
proposed station required underpinning. The location of these affected viaduct piers are shown in
Figure 2.
For the existing MRT station, although strengthening of piles is not required, however a 350mm micro-
pile wall is been introduced in between the proposed station and existing station. The purpose of this
micro-pile wall is to serve as a cut off wall in the event where the soil in diaphragm wall trench may be
loosened during trenching, the cut off wall would serve as a physical barrier to protect the underground
soils surrounding the existing EWL station piles such that they would not lost their geotechnical
capacity.
In this paper, different options of underpinning systems will be discussed and the most feasible option
will be recommended.
Figure 1. Overall view of DTL3 Alignment and Interface with EWL
Figure 2. Layout of Proposed Expo Station and Existing MRT Viaduct Structure
The existing clear height between the viaduct and existing ground level is between 3.2m to 5.4m,
construction activities would be hindered by this low headroom condition, as shown in Figure 3.
Therefore in order to have sufficient space for construction activity, top soil will need to be trimmed by
about 1m to 3m at different areas.
Due to site constraints, the proposed horizontal alignment, as shown in Figure 2, is set very close to the
existing station columns (STN-P). The distance measured from as-built record shows that the proposed
station wall clashes with the existing escape staircase. The staircase shall be relocated temporary to
facilitate construction of the proposed station. The foundation system for the two existing MRT viaduct
columns (P412E & P413W) at the centre road median would be transferred and integrated with new
station structure. The existing piles shall be cut away so that they would not obstruct passengers flow.
From as-built drawings, the existing pile lengths for viaduct columns, P413E & P414W are short
(approx. 10m to 12m). The piles of station columns STN-P are about the formation level of proposed
new station. The Singapore Expo is about 30m away which is not likely be affected by the excavation
and construction of the proposed new station.
Figure 3. Site Photo of Existing EWL Expo Station and Viaduct
Several technical papers on similar underpinning works has been reviewed and compared with the
design carried out for the underpinning work of this project. Yeoh et al (2008) has presented in the
paper that the underpinning and pile removal at operating SMRT Bishan Depot for the safe passage of
a tunnel boring machine. The underpinning and pile removal was successful with minimum impact to
the existing depot structure and operation. Ma et al (2008) presented in the paper that a shield machine
has to cross under a bridge pile foundation at Shajinggang Bridge on Siping Road of Shanghai China.
A new pile underpinning technology has been used in this project and it was shown to be successful in
allowing the underpinning and pile removal works to be carried out without disturbing the heavy traffic
flow of the major road. Chong et al (2006) has presented the underpinning works of the B2 link at
existing Dhoby Ghaut Station (DBG) for the construction of Circle Line (CCL) interchange. The link
structure at the existing DBG has to be temporarily supported by underpinning to enable construction
of the new station box of CCL. This paper showed that hand-dug caissons under certain soil conditions
can be employed in underpinning works even in tight spaces. Its robustness, large axial and bending
capacity is suited for underpinning highly loaded columns and coupled with high stiffness.
2. Geotechnical Condition
The soil investigation report indicated that the site consists of backfill material approximately at the top
3m and underlying by Old Alluvium (OA). The OA contains mainly sand and silt, SPT-N values
ranging from 30 to 100 within excavation depth. Groundwater level is found very close to ground level.
Figure 4 shows the soil profile for the site.
Strength Parameters
Undraine Drained
Effective Modulus Coefficient
Unit Total Stress d
Stress E‘ of Earth Permeability
Material Weight Modulus
(kN/m3) Eu (MN/m2) Pressure (m/s)
Su c' ’ At-rest, Ko
(MN/m2)
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (o)
0.75z +
16.25
E 15 0 15 0.2 Su EU/1.2 1.0 10-9
(20 ≤ Su ≤
35)
1.5z + 12.5
F2 19 (20 ≤ Su ≤ 5 25 0.2 Su EU/1.2 1.0 10-9
50)
1.285z +
M 16 3.575 for 0 22 0.3 Su EU/1.2 1.0 10-9
10≤ Su ≤55
OA (E)
(N<10) 20 5N 0 30 1.0 EU/1.2 10-7
OA (D)
20 5N 5 32 2N EU/1.2 10-7
(10N<30)
OA (B)
21 3N+100 10 35 1.2N+40 EU/1.2 10-7
(50N<100
Old Alluvium
Long term material properties were used in analysis. The concrete grade proposed for the
underpinning: Barrette piles: Grade 40 concrete with a thickness of 1000mm; Bored piles: Grade 50
concrete with pile size of 2m diameter. From BS5400, the long term material properties such as the
Young’s Modulus are taken as 75% of the short term value, i.e 25.5 kN/mm2.
The disadvantage of the option is no preloading are proposed for the new piles in the design as it deems
to be unnecessary, any increase in settlement during construction could be rectified by adjusting the
ballast. Cutting of redundant piles (stage construction) may cause sudden increase in deflection
(although the overall settlement will still be within tolerance and it could be controlled by additional
propping system). This has raised Client’s concerns during concept design stage. Base on the
preliminary study the induced settlement at the pile cap top is about 12.47mm (without preloading),
which included stage construction.
10. Option 3 – Barrette Piles/Columns with 2.5m thick Transfer Slab with Jacking
It is the preference of construction team to replace bored piles with Barrette piles as to minimize the
type of construction on site. The Barrette piles are set out at a similar distance to the pile option (see
Figures 7a and 7b), so that the disturbance during installation of Barrette piles would be kept to an
acceptable level, in addition the setting out has also taken into account of the available space for M&E
rooms. Base on the study a 2.5m thick transfer slab would satisfy the settlement requirement.
Figure 7a. Plan for Option 3
Although the disturbance to existing piles during the installation of Barrette pile would be higher than
Option 1, by providing sufficient clear distance (minimum 3.5m) between the existing piles would
reduced such effect to its minimum. Furthermore with a reduction in slab thickness compared to option
2, the disturbance to the existing piles could also be reduced. Jacking could be introduced as a
contingency measure. Base on the study the induced settlement at the pile cap top is about 10.9mm
vertically and 14mm horizontally. From the above study, Option 3 is the most preferred option by
client.
11. Pile Strengthening System for Piers P413E and P414W
In view of the close proximity of the excavation works to Viaduct pier P413E / P414W and also the
recommendation of the Building Damaged and Protective Work Report, pile strengthening works are
considered. The concept of the strengthening works is by introducing compensation piles with transfer
beam similar to the underpinning scheme for P412E and P413W. The arrangement of new pile is also
similar such that they form a structural frame that is rigid and can resist lateral and vertical forces
induced by excavation. The additional piles are to be in place before the installation of diaphragm wall
and excavation for station works at the Viaduct pier area. Transfer beam shall be cast to combine all the
new and old piles together. Since the new piles will be installed to a much deeper depth so that any
subsequent excavation will not affect the bearing capacity of the new foundation system.
The following options have also been looked into in the design of the pile strengthen system:
- Option 1: Bored Pile with transfer beam
- Option 2: Barrette piles with transfer beam (similar location to piles option)
- Option 3: Barrette piles with transfer beam spanning transversely
12. Study of Different Pile Strengthening Options for viaduct piers P413E and P414W
All three options in general are of the same pile strengthening concept, the difference between these
options are referred to the supporting system or arrangement.
Option 1: By using bored piles of 1400mm diameter as a supporting system (see Figure 8) would
provide lesser disturbances to the existing piles, however the piles need to be set at a distance from the
viaduct as it required higher headroom machine near to the viaducts. The client also preferred to adopt
the same system (diaphragm wall) to save time and cost.
Figure 8. Option 1
Option 2: Having Barrette pile of 2800mm by 1000mm thick as a supporting option (see Figure 9) is
also a viable option and low headroom machine could be utilised. Furthermore, the Barrette piles could
be integrated as the station earth retaining system.
Figure 9. Option 2
Option 3: Similar to Option 2, however in this option the transfer beam is span in the transfer direction
(see Figure 10). Although this would provide a shorter load transfer path, however the risk of having
the existing piles being disturbed would be comparatively higher than Option 1 and 2. Also due to the
existing piles, placing of reinforcement would be an issue.
From the above comparison, Option 1 is most preferred from design point of view but from
construction point of view, Option 2 is preferred. As such, Option 2 was selected.
Figure 11. PLAXIS model used to study the behavior of the piers due to excavation
Figure 12b. Summary of Horizontal Displacement for Viaduct Pier P413E / P414W
Figure 12c. Summary of Vertical Displacement for Viaduct Pier P413E / P414W
20. Case Study of Underpinning of Viaduct Piers for Construction of Circle Line Paya
Lebar Interchange Station
A case study on a the construction of the underground Circle Line (CCL) Paya Lebar Interchange
Station which requires two existing viaduct piers of an operating Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) line to be
underpinned was carried out to compare with the proposed underpinning design. This case history was
reported in papers by Lim et al (2007) and Cai et al (2003). The paper by Lim et al (2007) describes
the design of the underpinning works, its construction and the monitoring of the nearby existing MRT
viaduct structure including the measures that were implemented to minimize movements. The loads
from each viaduct pier were transferred from their existing piled foundation to a new support system
using hydraulic jacks and a transfer beam supported at both ends on barrette piles.
Figure 15. Photograph showing the location of viaduct piers to be underpinned during
construction of Circle Line
The two existing EWL MRT piers, as shown in Figure 15, were designed to be underpinned by transfer
beams spanning between barrette piles. The loads from the existing MRT piers were to be transferred
to the new transfer beams using hydraulic jacks. Figure 16 shows the cross section of the underpinning
area. The 8m (L) x 1m (W) barrette piles provide support for the 18m (L) x 8m (W) x 3.1m (D) transfer
beams. To allow adequate working space for jack set-up, the transfer beams were located 1m below the
soffit of the pile caps.
Figure 16. Cross section of the Underpinning Works for Viaduct Piers
The sequence adopted for underpinning construction, as shown in Figure 17, is as follow:
a) Installation of barrette piles to about 50m be-low ground level
b) Installation of lean concrete walls to about 15m below ground level
c) Strutted excavation in 4 layers to 10m below ground level
d) Construction of transfer beams across barrette piles
e) De-bonding of existing piles
f) Construction of corbels at four corners of each pile cap
g) Excavation to 2m below transfer beams to allow deflection by self-weight
h) Installation of jacks and jacking
i) Cutting of 8 nos of 1m diameter bored piles at each pier
j) Continue strutted excavation to formation level (about 5m)
k) Cast station base slab and build up structure in stages up to roof level
l) Encasement of pile cap and jacks
Figure 17a. Sensitivity study for optimum jack Figure 17b. Sensitivity study for optimum jack
load – Deflection of existing pier load – Deflection of new transfer beam
In order to derive the optimum percentage of jack pre-loading, a sensitivity study was carried out using
different percentages of pier dead load. The predicted vertical movements of the pier and new transfer
beam are shown in Figure 17a and 17b respectively. From the sensitivity analysis, a jack pre-loading
of 50% of pier dead load is optimal as it limits the vertical movement of piers to be less than 0.5mm.
Pre-loading of jacks to 50% of the existing pier dead load was then adopted.
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Journal of The Institution of Engineers, Singapore Vol 41, No. 3 2001