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A
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
By
V. VIJAY BHASKAR ,
(0198129).
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS ROBOTICS?
 LAWS OF ROBOTS
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 Acquiring Knowledge
 Knowledge Representation
 Goal Trees
 ROBOT APPLICATIONS
 Scientific
 Nuclear reactors
 Military
 Industrial
 Medical
 WORKING
 PERCEPTION
 Vision
 Speech recognition
 ACTION
 Navigation
 Manipulation

 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION

Introduction
Any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble
human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner. The term is derived from
the Czech wordro b o ta , meaning "forced labour" Modern use of the term stems from the playR.U.R.,
(Rossums Universal Robots) written in 1920 by the Czech author Karel Capek, which depicts society
as having become dependent on mechanical workers called robots that are capable of doing any kind
of mental or physical work.
Robotics is science of designing building and application of robots. The aim of robotics is to
design an efficient robot. Robot will become efficient if it can think for thinking robotics uses AI
technology for manufacturing robots. Robotics and AI seem to be different branches of science.
Robotics concerned with mechanical and electrical devices while AI is branch of computer science,
which is concerned with ways of programming, and designing computers to simulate human
intelligent thought robot is ordered to get target.

What is Robotics?
The word "robot' was coined by Karel Capek who wrote a play entitled "R.U.R." or
"Rossum's Universal Robots" back in 1921. The base for this word comes from the Czech word
'robotnik' which means 'worker'. In his play, machines modeled after humans had great power but
without common human failings. In the end these machines were used for war and eventually turned
against their human creators.
But even before that the Greeks made movable statues that
were the beginnings of what we would call robots.
For the most part, the word "Robot" today means any man- made machine that can perform
work or other actions normally performed by humans.
What Do Robots Do?
Most robots today are used in factories to build products such as cars and electronics. Others
are used to explore underwater and even on other planets.
What are Robots Made Of?
Robots have 3 main components:
•

Brain - usually a computer

•

Actuators and mechanical parts - motors, pistons, grippers,

wheels, gears
•

Sensors - vision, sound, temperature, motion, light, touch, etc.

With these three components, robots can interact and affect
their environment to become useful.

Laws Of Robotics
Popular science fiction writer Isaac Asimov created the Three
Laws of Robotics:
1. A robot must not injure a human being or, through inaction,
allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must always obey orders given to it by a human being,
except where it would conflict with the first law.
3. A robot must protect it's own existence, except where it would
conflict with the first or second law.
Later, Asimov added this "Zeroth Law"
A robot must not injure humanity or, through inaction, allow
humanity to come to harm.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is study of mental faculties (powers)
through use of computational models.
A fundamental principle of AI is “what a brain does may be
thought of at some level at kind of computation”.
The aim of AI is to create machine, which can think. What is
meant by think is the capability of acquiring and applying knowledge.
Acquired knowledge is done by through

• Vision

• V o i c e r e c o g n i t i o n

• I n f e r e n c e s
Acquiring knowledge is represented in memory by using
• P r e d i c a t e d c a l c u l u s
t e c h n i q u e s
• B y b i t s , i n t r i n s i c
( r e a l o r g e n u i n e )
i m a g e s , a b s t r a c t
v i e w ,
object identification.
To reach a goal we will use goal trees and plans. A goal tree describes a situation in which a
goal can be satisfied by solving sub goals. There is more than one method available; an algorithm
may have to try several before finding one that works. This brings about such problem. All possible
ways that a problem can be solved constitutes a search space backtracking, planning and
coordination. It is impossible to search all the search space as the search space increases
exponentially with the possible ways.
By using fundamental (primitive tasks) tasks only the goals is reached. There changes
according to their domain of field concerned like home, scientific.
Applications

• S c i e n t i f i c

a p p l i c a t i o n s .

• N u c l e a r r e a c t o r s .

• M i l i t a r y -

i n t e l l i g e n t r a d a r s ,

i n t e l l i g e n t a g e n t s .

• I n d u s t r i a l .

• M e d i c a l .

• H o m e .

Working
The working of robot is combination of perception and action. Perception involves
interpreting sights, sounds, smell and touch. Action includes ability navigate through the world and
manipulate objects.
Cognition=knowing, perception
The above figure shows design for a complete autonomous robot. Most of AI is concerned
only with cognition, the idea being that an intelligent program or developed we will simply add
sensors and
Physical
World
Cognition
Perception
Action

Robot
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