SPRING 2018

MHA/ÖUB/ÖUB

MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ME 306 FLUID MECHANICS II
GROUPS 01, 02 & 03
HOMEWORK 4
1. A certain aircraft flies at the same Mach number at all altitudes. If it flies at a speed that is
120 km/hr slower at an altitude of 12000 m than it does at sea level, find the Mach number
at which it flies. Assume standard atmospheric conditions. (Ans. 0.737)

2. Air at a temperature of 250C is flowing with a velocity of 180 m/s. A projectile is fired into
the air stream with a velocity of 800 m/s in the opposite direction to that of the air flow.
Calculate the angle that the Mach waves from the projectile make with the direction of flow.
(Ans. 20.680)

3. An observer at sea level does not hear an aircraft that is flying at an altitude of 7000m until
it is a horizontal distance of 13 km from the observer. Estimate the Mach number at which
the aircraft is flying. In arriving at the answer, assume that the average temperature of the
air between sea level and 7000 m is -100 C. (Ans. 2.109)

4. An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 6 km at a Mach number of 3. Find the distance behind

the aircraft at which the disturbances created by the aircraft reach sea level. (Ans. 19092 m)

5. An observer on the ground finds that an airplane flying horizontally at an altitude of 2500
m has travelled 6 km from the overhead position before the sound of the aircraft is first
heard. Assuming that, overall, the aircraft creates a small disturbance, estimate the speed at
which the airplane is flying. The average air temperature between the ground and the
altitude at which the airplane is flying is 100 C. Explain the assumptions you have made in
arriving at the answer. (Ans. 876.9 m/s)
6. A Pitot static tube is placed in a subsonic air flow. The static pressure and temperature in
the flow are 80 kPa and 120C, respectively. The difference between the stagnation and
static pressures is measured using a manometer and found to be 200 mm of mercury. Find
the air velocity assuming
a) an incompressible flow and
b) compressible flow.
(Ans. a) 233.2 m/s; b) 221.1 m/s)

7. The exhaust gases from a rocket engine have a gas constant of 594 J/kgK. They can be
assumed to behave as a perfect gas with a specific heat ratio of 1.25. These gases are
accelerated through a nozzle. At some point in the nozzle where the cross-sectional area of
the nozzle is 0.7 m2, the pressure is 1000 kPa, the temperature is 5000C and the velocity is
100 m/s. Find the mass flow rate through the nozzle and the stagnation temperature and
pressure. Also find the highest velocity that could be generated by expanding this flow. If
the pressure at some other point in the nozzle is 100 kPa, find the temperature and velocity
at that point in the flow assuming the flow to be one-dimensional and isentropic. (Ans.
152.5 kg/s, 774.7 K, 1011 kPa, 2145.2 m/s, 487.7 K, 1305.7 m/s)

8. A liquid fuelled rocket is fired on a test stand. The rocket nozzle has an exit diameter of 30
cm and the combustion gases leave the nozzle at a velocity of 3800 m/s and a pressure of
100 kPa, which is the same as the ambient pressure. The temperature of the gases in the
combustion area is 24000C. Find the temperature of the gases on the nozzle exit plane, the
pressure in the combustion area and the thrust developed. Assume the gases have a specific
heat ratio of 1.3 and a gas constant of 923.9 J/kgK. Assume that the flow in the nozzle is
isentropic. (869.6 K, 12980 kPa, 127 kN)

9. The control system for some smaller space vehicles uses nitrogen from a high-pressure
bottle. When a vehicle has to be maneuvered, a valve is opened allowing nitrogen to flow
out through a nozzle thus generating a thrust in the direction required to maneuver the
vehicle. In a typical system, the pressure and temperature in the system ahead of the nozzle
0
are about 1.6 MPa and 30 C, respectively, while the pressure in the jet on the nozzle exit
plane is about 6 kPa. Assuming that the flow through the nozzle is isentropic and the gas
velocity ahead of the nozzle is negligible, find the temperature and the velocity of the
 nitrogen on the nozzle exit plane. If the thrust required to maneuver the vehicle is 1 kN, find
the area of the nozzle exit plane and the required mass flow rate of nitrogen. It can be
assumed that the vehicle is effectively operating in a vacuum. (61.42 K, 708.5 m/s, 0.00566
m2, 1.365 kg/s)

10. A body moves through air at a velocity of 200 m/s. The pressure and temperature in the air
upstream of the body are 100 kPa and 300C, respectively. Assuming that the flow is
isentropic, find the pressure at a point on the body where the velocity of the air relative to
the body is zero
(a) accounting for compressibility and
(b) assuming incompressible flow.
(Ans. a) 124.9 kPa; b) 123 kPa)

11. A normal shock wave occurs in an air flow at a point where the velocity is 680 m/s, the
static pressure is 80 kPa and the static temperature is 600C. Find the velocity, static pressure
and static temperature downstream of the shock. Also find the stagnation temperature and
stagnation pressure upstream and downstream of the shock. (Ans. 277.1 m/s, 309.6 kPa,
525.1 K, 563.5 K, 504.1 kPa, 563.5 K, 396.1 kPa)

12. A perfect gas flows through a stationary normal shock. The gas velocity decreases from 480
m/s to 160 m/s through the shock. If the pressure and the density upstream of the shock are
62 kPa and 1.5 kg/m3, find the pressure and density downstream of the shock and the
specific heat ratio of the gas. (Ans. 292.4 kPa, 4.5 kg/m3, 1.3)

13. Show the downstream Mach number of a normal shock approaches a minimum value as the
Mach number increases towards infinity. What is this minimum Mach number for a gas
with a specific heat ratio of 1.67. (Ans. 0.4479)

14. Air is expanded from a large reservoir in which the pressure and temperature are 500 kPa
0
and 35 C through a variable area duct. A normal shock occurs at a point in the duct where
the Mach number is 2.5. Find the pressure and temperature in the flow just downstream of
the shock wave. Downstream of the shock wave, the flow is brought to rest in another large
reservoir. Find the pressure and temperature in this reservoir. Assume that the flow is one-
 dimensional and isentropic everywhere except through the shock wave. (Ans. 208.5 kPa,
292.5 K, 249.5 kPa, 308 K)

15. A thermocouple placed in the mouth of a Pitot tube can be used to measure the stagnation
temperature of a flow. In this case, there will be a curved shock wave before the Pitot tube.
The stagnation streamline acts as a normal shock wave and Pitot tube measures the
properties after the shock wave. Such an arrangement placed in an air flow gives the
stagnation pressure as 180 kPa, the static pressure as 120 kPa and the stagnation temperature
0
as 95 C. Estimate the velocity of the stream assuming that the flow is supersonic. (Ans.
551.3 m/s)

16. Consider the flow of air out of a large vessel through a convergent nozzle to the atmosphere,
the atmospheric pressure being 101.1 kPa. The temperature of the air in the vessel is 40°C
and the pressure in this vessel is varied. Show how the mass flow rate out of the nozzle per
unit exit section area varies with the pressure in the vessel. Assume steady, one-

dimensional, isentropic flow in the nozzle. (Ans. 33.16 p0 p0 1.429  26.91 p0 1.714 for 101.1

kPa < p0 < 191.4 kPa and 0.002284 p0 for 191.4 kPa  p0 )

17. Air flows isentropically through a convergent nozzle. At a section within this nozzle at
which this cross-sectional area is 0.01 m2, the pressure is 300 kPa and the temperature is
30°C. If the velocity at this section of the nozzle is 150 m/s, find the Mach number at this
section, the stagnation temperature and pressure, and the mass flow rate through the nozzle.
If the nozzle is choked, find the area, pressure and temperature at the exit of the nozzle.
(Ans. 0.4299, 340.6 kPa, 314.2 K, 5.175 kg/s, 0.00666 m2, 179.9 kPa, 261.8 K)

18. A convergent-divergent nozzle is designed to expand air from a chamber in which the
pressure is 800 kPa and the temperature is 40°C to give a Mach number of 2.5. The throat
area of the nozzle is 0.0025 m2. The flow can be assumed to be isentropic everywhere except
through the shock wave. Find
(a) the flow rate through the nozzle under design conditions,
(b) the exit area of the nozzle,
(c) the design back pressure and the temperature of the air leaving the nozzle with
this back pressure,
 (d) the lowest back pressure for which there is only subsonic flow in the nozzle,
(e) the back pressure at which there is a normal shock wave on the exit plane of the
nozzle,
(f) the back pressure below which there are no shock waves in the nozzle,
(g) the range of back pressures over which there are oblique shock waves in the
exhaust from the nozzle,
(h) the range of back pressures over which there are expansion waves in the exhaust
from the nozzle,
(i) the back pressure at which a normal shock wave occurs in the divergent section
of the nozzle at a point where the nozzle area is half way between the throat and the exit
plane areas.
(Ans. (a) 4.568 kg/s; (b) 0.0066 m2; (c) 46.82 kPa, 139.1 K; (d) 771 kPa; (e) 333.6 kPa;
(f) 333.6 kPa; (g) 333.6 kPa > pb > 46.82 kPa; (h) pb < 46.82 kPa; (i) 498.1 kPa)

19. Air flows through a convergent-divergent nozzle from a large reservoir in which the
0
pressure and temperature are maintained at 700 kPa and 60 C, respectively. The rate of air
flow through the nozzle is 1 kg/s. On the exit plane of the nozzle the stagnation pressure is
550 kPa and the static pressure is 500 kPa. A shock wave occurs in the nozzle and the flow
can be assumed to be isentropic everywhere except through the shock wave. Find the nozzle
throat area, the Mach numbers before and after the shock, the nozzle areas at the point where
the shock occurs and on the exit plane and the air density on the exit plane of the nozzle.
(Ans. 0.000645 m2, 1.86, 0.6036, 0.000972 m2, 0.00139 m2, 5.367 kg/m3)

20. Air flows from a large reservoir in which the temperature and pressure are 80°C and 780
kPa through a convergent-divergent nozzle which has a throat diameter of 2.5 cm. When
the back pressure is 560 kPa, a shock wave is found to occur at a location in the nozzle
where the static pressure is 210 kPa. The flow can be assumed to be isentropic everywhere
except through the shock wave. Find the exit area, exit temperature, the exit Mach number,
the area at which the shock wave occurs and the pressure ratio across the shock. (Ans.
0.000621 m2, 328.4 K, 0.6157, 0.0005807 m2, 2.493

QUIZ 8 BASED ON PROBLEMS 1 TO 10 WILL BE GIVEN ON MAY 08, 2018 AT

9:15 a.m.