INTRODUCTION

This study examines the design of surface storm drainages in HARGEISA LOCAL
MARKET and also the primary objectives of this study are to manage floods during
the rainy season in the SHIRAQLE MARKET. And this chapter deals with the
following sub-titles such as: Background, Statement of the problem, purpose of
the study, objectives, research questions, research hypothesis, and scope of the
study and significance of the study
BACKGROUND

Drainages are being used as prevention for the accumulation of water that can lead
to flooding. It is designed to drain excess rain water and ground water from
impermeable surfaces such as paved streets, car parks, parking lots, footpaths,
sidewalks, and roofs. Solid wastes carried off by the rain water are one of the
major problems that cause clogging of the drainage. Drainage of surface water is
all the more important in hill roads. Apart from the drainage of water from the road
formation, the efficient diversion and disposal of water flowing down the hill slope
of XUSBIGA AREA across or along the roads and from numerous cross streams is
an important part of hill road construction.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The lack drainages of SHIRAQLE MARKET in HARGEISA city causes that

water flows with a rubbish and garbage thus spreading of it around the main roads
causing unaesthetic of market.

This improper management of storm floods causes damage of roads, base of

buildings and other building structures in the market, and also caused health risk,
pollution and inconvenience market.

During the rain it causes closing the small business sectors

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

General objectives: The main objectives of this study are to relate the design
drainage and storm water in SHIRAQLE HARGEISA. The goal of this research
project is to design drainage with crumb rubber tires as filter for the
advancement of Storm Water Management. In addition, this research will help
 the environment to reduce the accumulated waste produced by the scrap rubber
tires. It specifically aims the following:

 To prevent damage of floods in the market

 To present the new drainage design with covers

 To promote sanitation of local market

 To collect design information for drainage system.

 To keep the convenience of the market during the raining

TARGET BENEFICIARIES OF THE STUDY

This study will present the effective drainage system in the residence of
SHIRAQLE market. The result of this study will be beneficial to the following:

 Local Government. The study will serve as cooperation in sustaining the city
robust and industrial growth and development.
 Community. The result of this study will provide the people within the
SHIRAQLE market an adequate drainage system.
 Researchers. The result of this study will serve as a basis for the future
researchers for the improvement of the water treatment system.
 Contractor. This study will provide information to the contractor to execute a
design and to be able to do budget proposal

Scope of the study

 Geographical scope
This study area is in the centre of Hargeisa where water flows from the hills
in the north of the market “from IDACADA AND XUSBIGA AREA” water
runoff high velocity toward the main valley/channel this water passes
through the SHIRAQLE market.
Orientation of project (from north main road at centre of hargeisa , west
from road which crosses the main road HADIYA SUBERMARKET AREA,
south direction parallel to the valley, east ……………….
  Time scope
The study was covered a period of four months start from first April to last
July in 2018, because this time when we have been experiencing the
problem of lack of drainage system in SHIRAQLE AREA.

Research question
This study focuses to answer the flowing question

1. Where is the main stream of water flow from?

2. What are the qualitative and quantities assessment of pathway runoff in the
market?
3. What are the possible solutions which can be manage storm water in terms
of runoff?
4. What is the significant relationship between drainage system and storm
water?

5. what are demographic characteristic of respondents according to:

 age
 gender
 education
 experience
 sex
 marital status

Conceptual frame-work
Lack of drainage in the market storm floods

Other causes indicators

 Unaesthetic of  Cracks in the road
market  Inconvenience
 Spread of waste in during the raining
the market  Accumulation of
 Sanitation problems rubbish along the
roads of market
 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Design drainage systems or water removal devices to prevent water and waste
accumulating in poorly Designed residential streets and areas. Stagnating water
and waste in residential areas create serious health and sanitation dangers. As many
streets and living areas have been constructed with inadequate drainage
Considerations, this issue is prominent within the HARGEISA community. Bad
drainage has damage and loss in serviceability of both rigid and flexible types of
pavements much greater when structural section contains free water. The Quality
of drainage is an important parameter which affects the performance of the
highway pavement. Poor drainage quality on roads leads to a large amount of
costly repairs or replacements long before reaching their design life. The gradation
and properties of layer materials seldom permit the layer to be an effective
drainage layer, leading to entrapment of water within the pavement causing a
"bathtub" condition, resulting in premature failures and chronic pavement
distresses. Many research works have been carried out on the effect of a poor
drainage system on roads as it will reviewed below. Jitendra et al (2013) carried
out a framework for quantification of the effect of drainage quality on structural
and functional performance. They presented the structural and functional
performance of the pavement in predicted terms of deflection and roughness
respectively. Their study was useful to reduce the maintenance cost of highway
pavement system and to preserve huge highway network in India.
Getachew et al (2015) based their research on the assessment of the effect of urban
road surface drainage: A case study at Ginjo Guduru Kebele of Jimma town. They:
assessed the pavement damage due to improper drainage, identified areas most
prone to flooding problems, assessed the existing condition of road and surface
drainage infrastructure, examine the impacts of road surface drainage structures
integration on road performance and related social as well as environment issues
and make recommendations on urban road and drainage structures integration,
their provision and management. They conducted a cross-sectional study in Ginjo
Guduru Kebele of Jimma town from January to August 2014.The data they
collected was then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, and the results from
their study were presented in tables and in themes. From the study made, generally,
they observed that the road surface drainage found to be inadequate due to
insufficient road profile, insufficient drainage structures provision, improper
maintenance and lack of proper interconnections between the road and drainage
infrastructures thereby resulting to the damages to road surface material and
flooding in the area.
Victor,(2010). Carried out an investigation into the adequacy of the drainage
system on Narok-Mai Mahiu road which was determined to: examine the adequacy
of the drainage system in Narok-Mai Mahiu road, study the effects of inadequate
drainage systems on roads and the surrounding environment and to investigate the
reasons for inadequate drainage systems in Narok-Maai Mahiu road and the
challenges faced by the institutions mandated with the responsibility of
maintaining them. They employed a research survey in order to obtain the
information that would describe the state of drainage infrastructure in Narok Maai
Mahiu road and how poor drainage affected the surrounding environment and the
road users. Various data collection techniques that were used include
questionnaires, photographs, observation, and interviews. The results indicated
that Narok Maai Mahiu road drainage system was not adequate to satisfactorily
drain the runoffs. As a result, the surrounding environment was greatly affected as
exemplified by runoffs washing away some sections of the road and bridges,
creating gullies on peoples’ land, blockage of the road, loss of life and property
and washing away of the fertility of the land. Poor design, workmanship, and
maintenance were the main challenges. He then pushed that drainage facilities
should be improved through maintenance, gabions be built for remedying of
gullies and construction of water conservation structures e.g. water pans to hold
and reduce the speed of water. Furthermore, redesign of the whole drainage system
in Narok-Mai Mahiu road should be considered. Siddhartha et al (2012) carried out
a research on drainage and flexible pavement performance; in the
research, they pointed out that providing adequate drainage to a pavement system
has been considered as an important design consideration to prevent premature
failures due to water related problems such as
pumping action, loss of support, and rutting, among others. They continued that
most water in pavements is due to rainfall infiltration into unsaturated pavement
layers, through joints, cracks, shoulder edges, and various other defects, especially
in older deteriorated pavements. Water also seep upward from a high groundwater
table due to capillary suction or vapour movements, or it may flow
laterally from the pavement edges and side ditches. Providing adequate drainage to
a pavement system has been considered as an important design consideration to
ensure satisfactory performance of the pavement, particularly from the perspective
of life cycle cost and serviceability. To minimize premature
pavement distresses and to enhance the pavement performance, it is imperative to
provide adequate
drainage to allow infiltrated water to drain out from the base and sub-base, thus
avoiding saturation of
base and subgrade soils. Magdi, (2014) studied the impacts of poor drainage on
road performance in Khartoum, a city in Sudan
with two case studies; attempts were made to find out the reasons for road failure
within the first five
years as a result of poor drainage. In this quest, it was discovered that four basic
reasons lead to early
deterioration of road pavements in the study, these factors according to the
research includes, Poor
drainage design and construction, poor maintenance structure, use of low-quality
materials and no local
standard of practice .It was concluded that if these factors are put into
consideration in planning and
execution and if improved on pavement structures would serve within its expected
design life.
Patil and Jalinder (2011) studied the effects of bad drainage on roads with
precision on some roads in
India. It was found that increase in moisture content increases the chances of road
failure before the
stipulated or expected design life. It was observed that on Service road to Mumbai
Pune Expressway the
blockage of drainage channels lead to accumulation of water on pavement thus,
leading to the stripping
of bitumen. On walhekarwadichowk road, poor drainage leads to formation of
waves and corrugations which as well leads to increase in weight and thus
increases the stress causing the simultaneous reduction in strength of soil mass. On
Nehru Nagar Road, Pimpri Akurdi Railway Station Road, and
Holkar Bridge Chowk, Khadaki it was found that water penetrated into the
subgrade thus making it weak and subsequently development of potholes as a
result of water logging. The Approach road to The damaging effect of water in the
pavement can be controlled by keeping water out of the places where it can cause
damage or by rapidly and safely removing it by drainage methods.

Improper drainage of roads can lead to:

 Loss of strength of pavement materials.
 Hydroplaning
 Mud pumping in rigid pavement
 Stripping of the bituminous surface in flexible pavements

TYPES OF DRAINGE
There are two types of drainage applied to the highways that is;
o Subsurface drainage
o Surface drainage
Sub-surface drainage is concerned with the interception and removal of water from
within the pavement. Some of the sources of subsurface water include; infiltration
through the surface cracks, seepage from the sides of the pavement to mention but
a few.
Application of side slopes on the road surface, installing of drainage beds in the
pavement and use of transverse drains are some of the measures of the effecting
subsurface drainage.
Surface drainage deals with arrangements for quickly and effectively leading away
the water that collects on the surface of the pavement, shoulders, and slopes of
embankment.
The water collected is led into natural channels or artificial channels so that it does
not interfere with the proper functioning of any part of the highway
The main source of surface water in most places in precipitation in form of rain.
When precipitation falls on an area, some of the water infiltrates in to the ground
while a considerable amount remains on top of the surface as surface run off.
Surface drainage must provide to drain the precipitation away from the pavement
structure. This can be done through the use of shoulders, ditches and culverts.
Surface drainage design includes the prediction of runoff and infiltration as well as
open channel analysis and culvert design for movement of surface water to the
convenient locations or naturally occurring paths. So, the surface drainage study
can be conveniently divided into two parts namely.
 Hydrological study – which is concerned with the determination of water
reaching the inlet of the drainage ditch or culvert.
 Hydraulic study- it is concerned with design of facilities needed to handle the
water arriving at the inlet.

HYDROLOGICAL STUDY
These deals mainly with precipitations and run offs in the area of interest. When
rainfall, which is the main source of water, falls onto an area some of the water
infiltrates in the soil while the remaining portion either evaporates or run off.
The portion that remains as runoff is the one of major importance in the design of
surface drainage facilities.
DETERMINATION OF RUNOFF
Runoff at particular point is determined with respect to a given catchment area and
depends on a number of factors such as; type and condition of the soil in the
catchment, kind and extent of vegetation or cultivation, length and steepness of the
slopes and developments on the area among others.
The following formula known as the rational formula is used for calculation of
runoff.