INTRODUCTION

The name “photogrammetry" is derived from the three Greek words phos or phot which
means light, gramma which means letter or something drawn, and metrein, the noun of measure.

Photogrammetry is the science of obtaining reliable information about the properties of

surfaces and objects without physical contact with the objects, and of measuring and interpreting
this information. Photogrammetry has been defined by American Society for Photogrammetry
and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical objects and the environment through processes of recording,
measuring, and interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant
electromagnetic energy and other phenomena (Paul R. Wolf). The product of photogrammetry is
to develop a topographic map for example other than that it also used to produce a 3D map by
using a specific procedure from its software.

Image interpretation is the process of examining an aerial photo or digital remote sensing
image and manually identifying the features in that image. This method can be highly reliable
and a wide variety of features can be identified, such as riparian vegetation type and condition,
and anthropogenic features such as roads and mineral extraction activity. However, the process is
time consuming and requires a skilled analyst who has a ground-level familiarity with the study
area.

Image interpretation is based on elements that are inherent in imagery. These image
characteristics (also called image attributes) are comprised of seven elements that we use to
derive information about objects in an image. These image characteristics are: size, shape,
tone/color, texture, shadow, association, and pattern.

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OBJECTIVE

 The ability to obtain a historical image record to document change:

– The photographs or images are valuable historical records of the spatial distribution
of natural and manmade phenomena.
– The study of change increases our understanding about the natural and human-
induced processes in the landscape.

 Three-Dimensional Depth Perception:

– We can obtain a 3-dimensional view of the terrain by viewing the two images of the
terrain from two slightly different vantage points at the same time.
– Stereoscopic analysis process provides us the information of object’s height, depth,
and volume.

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PROCEDURE

Image 1: ArcMap Toolbar

 NEW – Create a new document

 OPEN – Open existing document

 SAVE – Save the current document

 PRINT – Print the current document

 PASTE – Paste the clipboard into the map

 ADD DATA – Add a new data into map data frame

 EDITOR TOOLBAR – Open the editor toolbar to edit map

 TABLE OF CONTENT – To help during map process

 CATALOG – To manage your data

 SEARCH – to search your data

 ARCTOOLBOX – To access geoprocessing tool

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 PYTHON – To excute geoprocessing command and script

 MODELBUILDER – To make geoprocessing model

 ZOOM OUT & IN – To enlarge small and big map

 PAN – To drag the map

 FULL EXTENT – To zoom extent of the entire map

 FIXED ZOOM IN & OUT – Zoom in and out at center of the map

 SELECT ELEMENT – Select , reset and move test of the element

 IDENTIFY – Identify geographic information by clicking

 FIND – Find geographic feature, place or address

 FIND ROUTE – Find a specify route

 GO TO XY – Type in xy location to find it

 CREATE VIEWER WINDOW – Create a new window by draw

rectangle

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Add a New Feature to the Map Layer
Firstly, add all of the basemaps , image in the form of .tiff and other necessary layers you want
to work with in the Map Project to ArcMap.

Then, created in ArcCatalog to which you want to add Features. This is important because you
want to classify the features.

Image 2: Drawing board of ArcMap

Activate the editor toolbar

Activate the Editor Toolbar to Your Tools by clicking Customize → Toolbars →

Editor. If there is a check box next to the Editor option already, it means that the Editor Toolbar
is already enabled and visible. If there is not a check box next to the Editor option, click on
Editor to add the Toolbar to your list of tools.

Image 3: Editor Toolbar

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Begin Digitizing Features

Click the Editor Button in the Editor Toolbar. Then the menu will pull down choose
Start Editing. The Editor window will appear with the Create Features menu. The name of your
new features will appear at left side of your window screen

Image 4: Features Customize Box

Click on the tool you will use to create your features. The main tool for creating each
type of Feature appears as the first option in Construction Tools. When you move the cursor
over the main Data Frame, the cursor will become a cross-hair. Click with the cross-hair to begin
digitizing the Feature you want to create.

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Points: You only need click once to create the Feature, which will be a vertex (point).

Lines: Click along all of the points where you want to line to appear. A vertext will appear each
time you click, but these vertices will disappear when you are done creating the Feature. Double
click on the last vertex to end a Line Feature.

Polygons: Click along the main points of the Feature's perimeter. A line will continue to
connect the first vertex drawn to the cross-hairs. Polygons are closed shapes, so the last vertex
and the first vertex should be in the same location. Double click on the last/first vertex to finish
a Polygon Feature.

Image 5: Example of Construction tools

Edit Attributes of the Feature

Click on the Attributes button of the Editor Toolbar. The Attributes menu will appear.
Click inside the cells next to the Attribute names to fill in data about each new Feature. It's
advisable to at least name each new Feature during this part of the process to create a human
readable label. Press the Enter button on your keyboard when you are finished adding data to the
Attributes of the new Feature.

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RESULT

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CONCLUSION

At the end we can easily say that photo interpretations are important in photogrammetry.
In some disciplines, interpretation is the primary reason for aerial photos such as location of
mineral deposits through interpretation, discovery of disease problems in forested areas,
assessment of food supplies from Landsat imagery, National security, Military applications are
where photo interpretation is the most demanding.

The basic elements of aerial photo interpretation are the seven circulated components.
The most basic of these principles are the elements of image interpretation. They are: location,
size, shape, shadow, tone/color, texture, pattern, height/depth and site/situation/association.

The effective tips that I learn to develop the skills necessary for effective photo
interpretation is Interpretation should begin with general items and proceed to the specific. Look
to center of the photo and work outward and Evaluate broad regional patterns first (terrain,
drainage, agriculture). Proceed from the known to the unknown and Keep in mind the
photographic qualities of a particular photo. Lastly, maintain a proper state of mind. Don’t get
frustrated and Weigh all evidence before making difficult interpretations

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REFERENCE

 LECTURER

 MADAM NAZIRAH BINTI MD TARMIZI

 INTERNET

 http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_methods:image_i
nterpretation

 https://geomassive.blogspot.my/

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photographic_and_satellite_image_inter
pretation

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