CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL

2.1 BASIS THEORY

2.1.1 Structural Analysis
Structural analysis is a process by which the structure will be
analyzed his strengths. The main purpose of the analysis is to
determine the structure of the external force and the force of the
system structure to be used for estimate the cross-sectional
dimensions of the structural elements.

2.1.2 Building Structure

Based on the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 28, 2002,
article 1, paragraph 1, of the building. Building is a physical
manifestation of the work of construction that blends with its
domicile, partly or wholly on the top or in the ground that serves as
a place of human activity, either for residential or residential,
religious activities, business activities, social culture activities, as
well as special activities.
Based on the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 28, 2002,
article 5, paragraph 1 function includes a function of building is
residential, of religious, business, social and cultural, as well as
special functions. Based building business functions include
buildings for offices, trade, industry, tourism, and recreation,
terminal and storage.

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2.1.3 Basics Planning
a. Imposition
Impositionis an important factor in designing the
structure of the building. Therefore, in designing the structure of
the need to identify the loads acting on the structure of the
system. The loads acting on a structure caused directly by the
forces of nature and man-made (Schueller, 2001).
The structure is made of a material having mass, the
structure will be influenced by its own weight. Self weight of the
structure and the structural elements referred to as the dead
load. Besides the dead load, the structure is influenced also by
the loads that occur due to the use of the room. This expense is
referred to as the live load(liveload).In addition, the structure is
influenced also by influences from the outside due to natural
conditions such as the effects of wind, snow, earthquake, or
influenced by differences in temperature, as well as damaging
environmental conditions (eg, the effect of chemicals, moisture,
or corrosion).
In reviewing a burden, we should not only determine the
amount or intensity, but also need to review under what
conditions the load applied to the structure.
In connection with the elastic properties of the material
structure, every system or structural element will deform when
loaded, and will be back kebentuknya together when the work
load dihilangkan.Oleh because the structure has a tendency to
sway laterally(slideway),or bend down(deflection) when loaded.

b. Dead load

dead load is the weight of the whole material attached

building construction, including walls, floors, roofs, ceilings,
stairs, partition walls remain, finishing, klading buildings and
architectural components and other structural and other

5
 equipment installed serviceability including faucet (SNI 1727-
2013).
For purposes of analysis and design of building
structures, the amount of dead load should be estimated or
determined in advance. Dead loads are loads that work down at
the structure and has the characteristics of the building, such as
floor coverings, mechanical devices, and partitions. To calculate
the amount of dead load an element is done by reviewing the
unit weight of the material is based on volume elements. The
unit weight(unitweight)of material empirically determined and
listed many table on a number of standards or regulatory
imposition.
Alone unit or heavy weight of some konsruksi materials
and components can be determined from the building
regulations in Indonesia, Indonesian Loading for Building
Regulations 1983 or regulation in 1987. Information on the unit
weight of various construction materials commonly used dead
load calculation are listed below ,

1) Building Materials
Table 2.1Weight Alone Building Material
No. Material Weight Specification
1. Steel 7850kg / m3
2. Natural stone 2600kg / m3
Stone sides,
3. cobblestone, stone 1500 kg / m3 pile weight
mountain
4. The rock 700 kg / m3 Weight stacks
5. Stone broke 1450 kg / m3
6. Stone castings 7250kg / m3
7. Concrete 2200 kg / m3
8. Stone reinforced 2400 kg / m3
9. Wood 1000 kg / m3 Class 1

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 air dry until
10. gravels, coral 1650 kg / m3 damp, without
sifted
3
11. Pairs of red rocks 1,700 kg / m
Pairs atu sides,
12. cobblestone, stone 2200 kg / m3
mountain
13. Pairs print stone 2200 kg / m3
14. Pairs of rock 1450 kg / m3
of air to
15. Sand 1600 kg / m3
moistDry
of
16. Sand 1800 kg / m3
waterSaturated
of air to
17. Sand gravel, coral 1850 kg / m3
moistDry
Dry air until
18. Land, clay and silt 1700
moist
Source: Imposition Planning Guidelines for Home and Building.
2) Building Components
Table 2.2Individual ComponentsWeightBuilding
No. Material Weight Description
Digesters, per cm
thickness:
21 kg / m2
1. ● From the cement
17 kg / m2
● from lime, cement
red / tras

2. Asphalt, per cm thickness: 14 kg / m2

wall couples brick

3. ● Onestone 450 kg / m2
● half stone to 250 kg / m2

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 wall couples batako:
● Perforated:
20 cm wall thickness 200 kg / m2
(HB 20)
of 10 cm wall thickness 120 kg / m2
4.
(HB 10)

● without holes:
to 300 kg /
15 cm wall thickness
m2
Teal walls 10 cm
200 kg / m2
The ceilings and walls,
includes the
comprising:
ribs, without
5. ● asbestos Cement
suspension or
(plasterboard), 11 kg / m2
stiffener
max thickness of 4 mm
● Glass, 3-5 mm thick 10 kg / m2

without
ceilings, spans
simple wooden floor with 2
6. 40 kg / m up to 5 m, max
wooden beams
live load of 200
kg / m2

spans up to 5
7. Hanger ceiling (wood) 7 kg / m2 m, distance sks
min 0,80 m
with battens
and rafters /
8. Cover the tile roof of 50 kg / m2
rafters per m2
roof area
with battens
9. Closing the roof shingle 40 kg / m2 and rafters /
rafters

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 ata Cover p zinc gelombag
10. 10 kg / m2 Without rafter
(BJLS-25)
Tiles portland
cement,
Floor covering tiles, 7 cm
11. 24 kg / m2 terrazzo and
thick
concrete,withou
t mortar

12. The asbestos cementwave 11 kg / m2

Source : Guidelines imposition for Home and building

c. Live Load

live load is a load that occurs as a result of residential /

use of a building and its depth including the loads on the floor
coming from items that can move, machinery and equipment
that are part of the building are inseparable of the building and
can be replaced during the lifetime of the building, resulting in a
change in the loading floor and the roof.

Especially on the roof into the live loads may include

loads which comes from rain water, either due to inundation or
due to hit falling (kinetic energy) of water droplets. Into the live
load does not include wind loads, earthquake loads and special
loads. From this description, it is clearly impossible to review
separately all loading conditions that may occur. Therefore, it is
used a statistical approach to define the burden of this life, as an
evenly distributed static load that is safe to be equivalent to the
weight of the usage centrally expected maximum for a particular
application.

The actual live load actually acting on the structure are

generally smaller than the planned live load weighing on the
structure. However, there is kemunginan live load magnitude

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 cooperation with the design load on the structure. It is clear that
the structure of the building has been planned for a particular
use should be re-examined when the powers will be used for
other purposes. For example, a building which was originally
planned for the apartment will not be strong enough when used
for the building or the market.

The amount of live load evenly distributed equivalent to

be reckoned with in the building structure, can generally be
determined based on the standards berlaku.Dalam planning
application Unswagati hall living expenses adjusted to the
function room which is already planned, in this case refers to the
imposition of SNI - 1727- 2013 for buildings are as follows:

1) on floor building Living Expenses

Table 2.3 Living Expenseson floorbuilding
No. Residential weight Description
The office building
- office space
1. 240kg / m2
- on the first floor
corridor at
meeting
seats remain
Main
2. 479 kg/ m2 and are not
Stagemeeting
tantamount
floorpodium
3. the dining room and
479kg / m2
Resoran
4. the Points bowling,
gym is 359kg / m2
swimming pool
5. the ballroom 479kg / m2
6. Floor and balcony 479kg / m2 mosques,
inside of the meeting churches, show
room room /
restaurant,

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 movie theater
with fixed
seating
7. corridor on the
Hospitals 383 kg / m2
first floor
8. Domestic and family hot of office
479kg / m2
road r Domestic
9. FloorAppliances, for
192kg / m2
residential
10. The library 287kg / m2
Stores
11.
Retail 479 kg / m2 Minimum
Wholesale 600 kg / m2

12. Hotel 250 kg / m2

13. School
Classrooms 192kg / m2
Minimum
on the first floor 383 kg / m2

Source: SNI - 1727- 2013 Minimum expensebuildings

d. Earthquake Load
In planning a building structure (buildings, bridges,
docks, etc.) seismic is one of the most decisive parameter load.
In real terms this can be seen from the number of building
damage and failure caused by the earthquake. The number of
casualties also encourage scholars to pay more attention to the
effects of the earthquake in the planning.
To plan a good earthquake resistant buildings some
institutions have made a guide in the earthquake load. In
Indonesia, the guidelines must be used today for planning the
seismic load is SNI 03-1726-2012 which is a replacement of

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 SNI 03-1726-2002. This standard refers to thecodeASCE 7-10,
FEMA P750 / 2009, and IBC 2009.
SNI 03-1726-2012 specifies that the seismic load
analysis can be done with three procedures, namely the
equivalent lateral force analysis, response spectrum analysis of
variance, and the procedure history seismic response.
Determination of analytical procedures that can be used
depending on the category of seismic design of structures,
structural systems, dynamic property, and regularity. Conditions
allowed analytical procedures that can be seen in Table 1. In
addition to the three procedures SNI allow alternative procedure
done with the consent of the licensor who has the legal
authority (SNI Article 7.6).

e. wind load
The amount of wind load acting on the structure of the
building depends on the wind speed, air density, geographical
location, shape and height of the building, as well as the rigidity
of the structure. The building is located on the track winds, will
cause the wind to turn or to stop. As a result, the kinetic energy
of the wind will be transformed into potential energy, in the form
of pressure or suction on the building.

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 Figure 2.1.Effects of wind on buildings
One of the important factors that affect the magnitude of
the pressure and suction on the building at the time of moving
wind is the wind speed. The magnitude of the wind speed is
different for each geographic location. Wind speed plan is
usually based on the 50-year period. Due to the higher wind
speed with height above the ground, then the high speed of the
plan, too. In addition it should also consider whether the
building was situated in an urban or rural. If the wind speed is
known, the wind pressure acting on the buildings can be
determined and expressed in equivalent static force.
The actual movement of the wind patterns around the
building is very complicated, but configuration has been widely
studied and tabulated. Due to a building, causing the wind
pressure and suction, then there is a special coefficient for the
pressure and suction of wind tabulated for various locations in
the building.
To account for the effect of wind on structures, guidelines
in Indonesia requires several things as follows:
● pressure of the wind should be taken at least 25 kg / m 2

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 ● pressure of the wind on the sea and on the edge of the
sea as far as 5 km from the coast, should be taken
minimum 40 kg / m2
for places where there is wind speed which may result in
a larger inflatable pressure. The wind pressure (p) can be
determined based on the empirical formula:
P = V2/16(kg / m2)
where V is the wind speed in units of m / sec.
Due to the wind load will cause pressure and suction,
then based on experiments, it has been determined coefficients
forms of pressure and suction for various types of buildings and
roofs. The purpose of the use of these coefficients is to simplify
the analysis. For example, the building is closed, in addition to
the walls of the building, the roof structure of the building will
also be under pressure and wind suction, whereby the amount
depends on the shape and slope of the roof. In buildings and
homes covered with a high no more than 16 m, with floors and
walls that provide sufficient rigidity, the main structure (portal)
need not be counted against the wind.

f. The combination Imposition

There are several types of loads that can work on every
structure. This is important in determining the design load on
the structure is to question whether all of the work load
simultaneously or not. The dead load due to its own weight of
the structure must always be taken into account. While the
magnitude of the live load is always changing depending on the
use and combination of live load. For example, it is not
reasonable to design the structure to be able to withstand the
maximum load caused by the earthquake and the maximum
wind load, and simultaneously carry the burden of life in a full

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state. Possible workings maximum loads on the structure at the
same time is very small. The building structure can be designed
to carry the maximum load which all work simultaneously. But
the structure is designed so would have a very real strength
may occur during the design life of the structure. From the
standpoint of structural engineering, structural design with a
load like this is unrealistic and very expensive, in this respect,
many regulations recommend to reduce the design load on a
particular combination of loading.
For loading on multistory buildings, it is not possible at
the same time all the floors bear the burden of the maximum life
simultaneously. Therefore, it is permitted to reduce the burden
of living for planning, structural elements by taking into account
the effect of the combination of loading and placing the burden
of life.
For specific load combinations are often allowed to
reduce total design style with a certain factor. For example,
instead of a combination of 1.0 (dead load + live + seismic load
or wind load) are used for calculations, but 0.75 (dead load +
live + seismic load or wind) so required by many regulations.
What is meant by this expression is that not all of the burden
that will work on the structure at a maximum price
simultaneously, given the seismic load or wind load is a load
transient. Instead the structure should be designed to carry a
combination of dead load and live load full working
simultaneously, or expressed as 1.0 (dead load + live load). For
the structural design of the building, in general, many
combinations of load should be reviewed in the analysis. The
elements of the structure must be designed to endure the worst
possible combination of loading occurs.

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g. The combination Imposition On Portal Structure
In Indonesia, in general, the design life of the building
structure the average is 50 years. Therefore, during the life of
the plan, building structures that must be able to accept or
assume a wide variety of combinations of
load(loadcombination)that may occur. The loads acting on the
building structure, can be any combination of multiple load
cases(loadcase)occurring simultaneously.
To ensure that a strukturbangunan can persist for the life
of the plan, then the design process of the structure, necessary
to review some combination of loading that may occur in
struktur.Kombinasi loading that must be considered in the
design of building structure is:
1) A combination ofimposition Stay
loadingAt this fixed combination, burden to be diperhitunkan
work on the structure is (SNI 1727-2013).
2) The combination Imposition While
On this temporary load combination, the load to be reckoned
with work on the structure is (SNI 1727-2013).
Where:
D = dead load
L = live load
A = The roof load
R = Load rain
W = WindExpenses
E = Expenses earthquake
F = Fluid pressure
T = Charging of decline foundation,
imposition temperature, concrete creep and shrinkage
coefficient of 1.0, 1, 2, 1.6, 1.4, is the multiplier of expenses,
which is called the load factor(loadfactor).While the factors of

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 0.5 and 0.9 is the reduction factor. Structural systems and
structural elements must be weighed against two combination
of loading, ie loading permanent and temporary loading,
bending moment (Mu), torsional or torsional moment (Tu),
shear force (Vu), and the normal force (Pu), which occurs in an
element- the second consequence of structural elements
combination of loading are reviewed, selected the most
substantial costs, for subsequent use in the design process.

For the purposes of analysis and design of a building

structure, necessary engineering mechanics calculations of
concrete portal with two loading combinations are still loading
and loading while. Combination of loading to the structural
design of buildings that are often used in Indonesia is (SNI
1727-2013).

In general, as the horizontal forces are working on the

system in terms portal structure is earthquake loads, therefore
Indonesia has the burden of earthquake greater than the wind
load. Earthquake load acting on the structure of the system can
be directed back and forth, therefore this effect needs to be
reviewed in the calculation. Dead load and live load is always
trending down since the gravity loads, wind loads or load while
the earthquake was horizontal directional load

2.1.4 calculation and imposition BasicPlan

Basicstructure is one part of the overall process of planning
and building. The design process is a combination of elements of
art and science that requires the expertise in the process. The
process is divided into two multi-story:
➢ The first phase of

17
 the general design of a general review of the outline of the
decision region. Structure type selected from various alternatives
memungkinkan.Tata location of the structure, geometry or shape
of the building, the distance between the columns, high floor and
building materials have been established with certainty at this
stage.

➢ The smallest design.

Design smallest among other great review about the
determination of the cross section beams, columns, thick plates
and other structural elements. Both interlocking design process.

2.1.5 Types of Structural Upper

Generally these kinds of structures on commonly used to

bangunangedung are as follows:

❖ Structural steel (steel structure)

The steel structure is very appropriate to be used in
high-rise buildings, because materialbaja have the power
and the level of ductility high if dibandingkandengan
materials other structures.
❖ Composite structure
the composite structure is a composite structure
consisting of two types of materialatau more. In general,
composite structures are often used adalahkombinasi
between structural steel reinforced concrete. Inimemiliki
composite structural behavior between steel structure and
reinforced concrete structures. Composite structures are
widely used for medium to high building structure.

❖ Reinforced concrete structure

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 of reinforced concrete structures are widely used for
building structures to high-level. This structure is the most
widely used when compared with other structures for moreof
reinforced concrete structures monolith apabiladibandingkan
with steel and composite structures.

a. Part Of StructureOver
Structurethe top or upper structure are building elements
that are above the soil surface. In the planning process include:
roof, floor plates, columns, beams, portal.
1) Roof
The roof is a structural element that serves to protect
the building and what was inside of the effect of heat and
rain.

2) Slab
Slab is the floor that is not located directly on the
ground, a level floor divider between levels one level to
another. Floor plate is supported by beams resting on the
columns of the building. Plates are reinforced concrete
panels which may reinforcement two-way or one-way,
depending on the system structure. Continuity reinforcement
plate is passed into the beam - beam and passed into the
column. Thus the whole plate system becomes a unity form
a rigid frame structure statically indeterminate very complex.
The behavior of the individual components of the structure is
affected by the rigid relationship with other components.
Burden not only gives rise to moments, shear forces and
direct Deflection on structural components holding him, but
other structural components related also interact as rigid
relationship between components. Based on the comparison

19
between long span and short-span plate is divided into two,
namely plate one-way and two-way plate.

❖ Slabe one direction

plate in one direction is the plate that is supported
on two opposite edges only so that the deflections that
arise only in one direction only, namely in the direction
perpendicular to the direction of the edge support. In
other words the plate in one direction is a plate that has a
ratio between the long side against short side
perpendicular to the larger of the two main deflection on
the shorter side.

❖ Slabe bidirectional
two-way plate is a plate that is supported along all
four sides with a deflection which will occur in two
directions perpendicular to each other or the ratio
between the long side and the short side perpendicular to
each other that no more than two.

Designed floor plate is a two-way slab supported

on four sides. To facilitate the design will be used on the
chart table and a count of reinforced concrete based SNI-
03-2847-2013.

➢ Determining the Minimum Thickness Plate (h)

1. For greater lm 0.2 but not more than 2.0, h should
not be more than
fy
ln ⁡( 0,8+ )
1400
h=
36+5 β ( αm−0,2)

and should not be less than 125 mm

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 2. for lm larger than 2.0, the minimum plate thickness
shall not be less than

0,8+ fy/1400
¿
ln ⁡¿
h=¿

and should not be 90 mm

where:
h = plate thickness
ln = net span length in the transverse direction
β = ratio between net span in the transverse direction
arahmemanjang against two directions
αm = the average value of α
Ecb. Lb
α=
Ecs . Ls

Ecb = elastic modulus on concrete

Ecs = the elastic modulus of the plates.

➢ plate bending moment Specifies that occurred

planning and analysis is done using the concept of
load envelope by using the moment coefficient of the
bending moment is:
MLX = 0,001.qu.Lx2.Clx
MTX = 0,001.qu.Lx2.Clx
Mly = 0,001.qu .Lx2.Cly
Mty = 0,001.qu.Lx2.Cly
By:
qu = Expenses Total
Lx = length short span
CTX = coefficient x direction moments pedestal

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 CLX = coefficient moments field directions x
Cty = coefficient of moment pedestal direction y
Cly = coefficient of torque field y direction

➢ Specifies reinforcement (As) x and y

mu
2
bd

ratio of steel-reinforcement must meet ρmin ≤ ρada

≤ ρmaks
• If ρada <ρmin, then used ρ = ρmin and As = ρada.bd
• If ρada> ρmaks, the plate thickness shall diperbesa Having
obtained ρperlu value, then:
Asperlu = ρperlu.bd
Distance reinforcement staple (taken b = 1 meter)
(Distance tul. = 1000 / (as / (1/4 d2)

3) Beams
Beams are structural members that support the
vertical and horizontal loads. Vertical load in the form of dead
load and live load of the floor plate is received, its own weight
and the weight block wall insulation on it. While the horizontal
loads such as wind and earthquake loads. The beam is an
important part of the building structure and aims to carry the

22
 load that can be either transverse bending loads, shear and
torsion. Therefore, planning a beam that is efficient,
economical and safe is very important for a building
structure, especially high-rise structures or large-scale
structure. Step langakah beam planning:

➢ Determine the quality of concrete and reinforcing steel:

≤ 30MPa f'c then β1 = 0,85Mpa
f'c ≥ 30MPa then β1 = 0.65 MPa

➢ Determining the value of reinforcement ratio (ρ):

ρ=
√ 2
(
0,8 fy ( 0,8 fy ) −4 0,4704

fy 2
fy 2
f'c )( )
mu
bd 2

(
2 X 0.4704 X
f'c )
1/4
ρmin =
fy

0,75 fc β 600
ρmaks=0,75( )( )
fy 600+ fy

Prerequisite: ρmin <ρ <ρmaks

ρ = ratio of reinforcement to the concrete expanses

effective under conditions of balanced
ρ max = ratio of reinforcement maximum
ρ min = ratio of reinforcement minimum

➢ Specifies the effective height (d) and width (b) concrete

cross section
b=½h
d = h - dc - Øtulangan ½ - ½ Øsengkang

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4) column
column definition is the component structure supporting
the main task vertical axial load demanded by the high and
unsupported at least three times the smallest lateral dimension.
The column is a vertical press rod of the frame(frame)load
bearing structure of the beam or joist. Column continuing burden
of elevation up to the lower elevation until it reached to the
ground through the foundation. Collapse in a column is a critical
condition that can lead to the collapse(collapse)the floor is
concerned and also collapsed total(totalcollapse)the whole
structure. The column is the structure that supports the load of
the roof, beams and weight alone are forwarded to the
foundation. In the structure of the column receives a large
vertical loads, but it must be able to withstand horizontal loads
even a moment or torsion / torque due to the influence of the
eccentricity of loading. Another thing to note is the high column
of the planning, the quality of concrete and steel used and the
eccentricity of loading terjadi.dengan other words, the column
also taken into account to support the axial load tap with a
certain eccentricity,

Pu <Pn Pn = 0,1.Ag.Fc
Description:
Pu = Load Incolumn
Pn = Strength column
Fc '=quality of the concrete used
Ag = Dimensions column (Area of column)
0.1 = factor Reduction
If Pu> Pn then the sectional column must be enlarged or
concrete quality should be increased.

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5) Portal
is a frame structure of the building must be able to
withstand the loads that are working, either dead loads, live
loads, as well as temporary load.

❖ Portal does not sway (braced frames)

steady the portal is defined as a portal where bending
oscillation is prevented by the strut elements of the structure
and not by the portal itself. Portal not sway has the
properties:
● The portal is symmetrical and the work load of
symmetrical
● portal which is concerned with the construction of
another that does not sway
❖ Portal sway
A portal is said begoyang, if:
● Costs which are not symmetrical working on the
portal yangsimetris or not symmetric
● symmetrical load acting on the portal symmetrical or
asymmetrical

2.1.6 Sub-Structure
sub-structure is part of the building which is located under
the surface. The foundation is a construct that serves to forward the
loads of the building on the ground who are able to support them.
Foundations generally applicable as a component of the supporting
structure of the building and palm bottom of the foundation serves
as the final element that transmit the load to the ground, so that the
sole foundation should fulfill the requirements for being able to
safely deploy loads that are transmitted such that the capacity or
the soil bearing capacity is not exceeded. It should be noted that in

25
 planning the foundation must take into account the circumstances
that relate to land quite strong in certain circumstances.

a. Planning SectionalFoundation

Figure 2.2 PiecesFoundation

σ netto tanah=σ tanah−Σ(h . γ beton )−Σ(h . γ tanah)

P My Mx
σ netto tanah= + +
A perlu 1 1
2 2
6. B x . B y 6. B y . Bx

(SNI 03-2847-2002)

Then, by trial and error in the capture value Lp (width of

the foundation) and Pp (length foundation) so obtained
grades A No = Lp x Pp> A necessary.

Contact voltage control that occurred bottom of

foundation:

P My Mx
σ netto tanah= + + < σ netto tanah
A ada a 1
6. P2 . L 6. L2 . P

(SNI 03-2847-2002)

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 Distance to center reinforcement pull into the fiber of
concrete:

d=h−Pb – ½ ν tulangan pokok ....... (SNI 03-2847-2002)

description: Rated P, Mx, My

land = weight of soil volume (kN / m3)

b. Land Data
In Tegal city.

2.1.7 structural system Selection

Selection of the structural system above(upperstructure) has
a close relationship with the functional system of the building. The
structural design will affect the overall building design. The factor a
factor that determines the choice of structural system is as follows:
a. Architectural Aspects
It is concerned with the plan and structure are selected,
in terms of architecture.
b. functional aspect
Thisrelates to the use of space. Usually it will affect the
use of structural elements used span.
c. Aspects of the strength and stability of the structure
of this aspect relating to the ability of the structure to
accept the burden - the burden of the work load both vertical
and lateral loads as well as the stability of the structure in the
second direction.
d. Economic aspects and ease of implementation
is usually in a building, can be used several kinds of
structures. Therefore, economic factors and ease of
implementation are factors that affect the execution system
structure to be selected.

27
 e. Factors ability of the structure to accommodate the building
services systems.
Selection of the structural system should also accommodate
mempertimbangkankemampuan structure in the existing service
system, which involveswork. mechanical and electrical As for
choosing the type of bottom structure (lower structure) that is the
foundation, it must implement measures - steps as follows:
➢ Obtain information that comes closest with respect to
keadaanbangunan and the load is transferred to the
foundation.
➢ Determining the underground conditions in general.
➢ Consider immediately the general shape of the foundation,
to memutuskanapakah the foundation can be made to
existing conditions. In a preliminary step that does not
match the shape is removed.
➢ Creating a more detailed study and preliminary design of
the most appropriate form of pondasiyang.
➢ Estimating the cost of each - each form of foundation.

2.1.8 .1.8SOFTWARE SUPPORT

1. Autocad Software
Autocadis a software that works for graphic design,
which can result in the form of a 2D image. Besides, this
software is very lightweight than other software. Although it
looks simple, Autocad allows us to draw more quickly and
accurately. This program is a program that is flexible 2D
modeling applications fast and practical. Autocad is also
usually used to design the building as well as the details
with 2D appearance that is easy to read.

2. SAP Program(StructureAnalysisPrograms)

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 SAP is a program to take into account the final result
of the imposition of the moment, and the force that occurs in
the planned structure. The program is designed to be very
interactive, so some things can be done, for example, control
the voltage conditions on the elements of structure, change
the dimensions of the rod and the (code) without having to
repeat the analysis of the design of the structure.

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