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SI Units
temperature: °C
amount: g-mol
Please read cell comments
AFT-Calc
An Adiabatic Flame Temperature Calculator fo
mass: g
energy: J Combustion of Natural Gas
Please read Calculations based on combustion of 1 gram-mole of fu
this document.
Document
Fuel
Burner Flame:
CO2, H2O, O2, N2
Oxidant
Enter/Edit values in blue-bordered cells only!
Like these Heat loss, J
40,000
30,000
1000 1200
T-Calc
erature Calculator for Excess Air
AFT-Calc is a Thermart
Software program. © 2013
by Arthur E. Morris.
n of Natural Gas www.thermart.net
bustion of 1 gram-mole of fuel
1900
0
1800
AFT, deg. C
1700
Oxidant Properties 1600
21% 1500
100%
1400
25
1300
9.351
1200
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
25
% excess oxidant
Figure 1. Relationship between the AFT and the % excess oxidant used for combustion.
Chart and table will reconfigure when any blue-cell entry value is changed.
Excel's Trendline tool can be used to give a quadratic equation fit to the results. For x, use %/100.
AFT-Calc Operation
Summary of Results
The
% XS Calculator
oxidant 0.0%has two main20.0%
10.0% worksheets,
40.0%plus one
60.0%for stored
80.0%results.
100% Enter data only
this worksheet,
AFT, °C 2051in blue-bordered
1914 cells
1795 only.
1598 Data will
1441 be copied
1313 into1207 Calcs worksh
the
Figure 1 summarizes the results. The chart legend shows a quadratic Trendline fi
The calculator contains a sample system. Changing any blue-bordered cell value will result in recalcu
of all other dependent values. Please read cell comments (cells with red corner), and the documen
1. Enter the fuel composition in column E, making sure that the value in cell F29 is non-negative.
%C (E31) should be 0% (or 100% for graphite combustion).
J/g-mol
2. Enter the oxidant properties in range K19:K21 and the heat loss in cell K16. Enter 0 for an
-802,327 adiabatic calculation. The oxidant temperature range should be between 0° - 100°C.
-1,323,113 3. Enter the fuel temperature in cell K24, in the range should be between 0° - 100°C.
-1,427,776 4. Enter the upper limit on the range of calculations of % excess air in cell K20. Seven values wil
used in the % available heat calculation, starting at stoichiometric oxidant (0% excess).
-2,043,936 5. A complete summary of the available heat results are shown on worksheet Calcs.
-2,656,958 6. If desired, you can copy results for several different fuels or oxidant properties to worksheet
-241,814 StoredResults, and chart them. This worksheet has results for pure methane combustion for the
conditions noted in the IH article, plus a chart for other species.
7. Please read the cell comments and documents.
used in the % available heat calculation, starting at stoichiometric oxidant (0% excess).
5. A complete summary of the available heat results are shown on worksheet Calcs.
6. If desired, you can copy results for several different fuels or oxidant properties to worksheet
StoredResults, and chart them. This worksheet has results for pure methane combustion for the
conditions noted in the IH article, plus a chart for other species.
-282,980 7. Please read the cell comments and documents.
-393,510
-44,020
,000
f(x) = 0.0042038585x^2 + 36.6052926736x - 3123.5631055861
,000
,000
f(x) = 0.0011726951x^2 + 33.6999325847x - 2509.1194199172
f(x) = 0.0012285294x^2 + 31.7667882685x - 2417.0153732532
,000
,000
O2, (g)
,000 Polynomial
(O2, (g))
,000
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
temperature, deg. C
57013
combustion.
Legend
Do not edit/enter values in any cells!
Values Entered on MainEntry Vol. % O2 in ox
Natural Gas/Fuel Properties
Species Cp Mol. mass Vol % Mass, g Mass % DH°comb
Methane CH4 36 16.04 96.40% 15.47 93.56% -773,443
Ethene C2H4 43 28.05 0.15% 0.04 0.25% -1,985
Ethane C2H6 54 30.07 0.30% 0.09 0.55% -4,283 Stoichiometric oxid
Propane C3H8 75 44.10 0.25% 0.11 0.67% -5,110
Butanes & higher C4H10 + 103 58.12 0.10% 0.06 0.35% -2,657
Hydrogen H2 29 2.02 0.20% 0.00 0.02% -484
Carbon monoxide CO 30 28.01 0.15% 0.04 0.25% -424
Carbon dioxide CO2 38 44.01 0.20% 0.09 0.53% 0
Water vapor H2O 33.6 18.02 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0
Nitrogen (by diff.) N2 29.1 28.01 2.25% 0.63 3.81% 0
Graphite C 10 12.01 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0
O2 29.4 32.00 ---
DH°comb of Fuel, kJ/g-mol -788,386
Molecular mass of NG 16.53
moles mass
CO2 produced by combustion 0.986 43.39
H2O produced by combustion 1.957 35.26
Stoich. O2 required for combustion 1.965 62.86 Composition,
b b² 4ac
X
2a
Flame:
CO2, H2O, O2, N2
Calculator
#1
2.25 3.24
124.1% 134.6%
24.07% 34.60%
11.60 12.59
12.606 13.591
10.649 11.634
4.44% 5.84%
325.00 352.59
#REF! #REF!
Results of Sample Calculations
1900
1800
AFT, deg. C
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% excess oxidant
Figure 1. Relationship between the AFT and % excess oxidant for article example.
As noted in article text, AFT = 1608°C with 40% excess oxygen. Air enters at 38°C and methane at 20°C.
Excel's Trendline tool can be used to give a quadratic equation fit to the results. For x, use %/100.
2100 Theo
rC
2000 Theo
rCH4
1900
1800
AFT, deg. C
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1700
AFT, de
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% excess oxidant
Figure 3. Comparison between theoretical (solid lines) and equilibrium (dashed lines) AFT for combustion
Notice the increasing deviation between the two versions above about 1650°C.
The difference is caused by increasing thermal disproportion of H 2O and CO2 at elevated temperatures (se
Summary of Results--Methane
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0%
AFT, °C 1954 1872 1772 1676 1588 1508 1436
CO 0.911% 0.265% 0.087% 0.030% 0.011% 0.004% 0.002%
CO2 8.5% 8.4% 7.9% 7.4% 7.0% 6.5% 6.2%
N 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000%
N2 70.9% 71.8% 72.4% 72.9% 73.3% 73.7% 74.0%
N2O 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000%
NO 0.199% 0.319% 0.336% 0.308% 0.267% 0.224% 0.185%
O 0.021% 0.024% 0.016% 0.009% 0.005% 0.003% 0.001%
O2 0.5% 1.7% 3.0% 4.3% 5.4% 6.4% 7.3%
H2 0.368% 0.107% 0.037% 0.014% 0.006% 0.002% 0.001%
H2O 18.4% 17.1% 15.9% 14.9% 13.9% 13.1% 12.3%
OH 0.294% 0.282% 0.202% 0.133% 0.085% 0.053% 0.034%
Summary of Results--Graphite
% XS oxidant 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
AFT, °C 2027 1952 1852 1748 1651 1562 1482
CO 2.23% 0.889% 0.326% 0.116% 0.042% 0.016% 0.006%
CO2 18.5% 18.1% 17.1% 16.0% 15.0% 14.0% 13.1%
N 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
N2 77.9% 78.4% 78.6% 78.7% 78.8% 78.8% 78.9%
N2O 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
NO 0.35% 0.45% 0.45% 0.41% 0.35% 0.29% 0.23%
O 0.047% 0.046% 0.030% 0.017% 0.009% 0.004% 0.002%
O2 0.92% 2.10% 3.42% 4.69% 5.84% 6.86% 7.76%
Please read
AFT, deg. C
1800
1600
1400
1200
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% excess oxidant
Figure 2. Relationship between the theoretical AFT and % excess oxidant for differe
d methane at 20°C. Oxidant and fuel enter at 25°C.
use %/100. Summary of Results--Methane
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%
AFT, °C 2053 1916 1797 1599 1442
Summary of Results--Ethane
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%
AFT, °C 2106 1964 1840 1636 1473
Summary of Results--Propane
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%
AFT, °C 2119 1975 1850 1644 1480
Theo
rC Summary of Results--Graphite
Theo % XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%
rCH4 AFT, °C 2185 2024 1886 1662 1488
Summary of Results--Hydrogen
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%
AFT, °C 2247 2112 1992 1789 1624
2
at elevated temperatures (see data below).
CH
4
C2
H6
C3
H8
s--Methane
80.0% 100%
1313 1207
80.0% 100%
1341 1232
s--Propane
80.0% 100%
1347 1237
s--Graphite
80.0% 100%
1348 1233
--Hydrogen
80.0% 100%
1488 1373
s--Carbon Monoxide
80.0% 100%
1615 1496