Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
A004 6576
AIAA 2000-0722
HYEONG-JIN KIM
and
DAVID G. LILLEY
HEATRELEASERATESOF
BURNING ITEMS IN FIRES
* Member AIAA
** Professor, Fellow AIAA
Copyright 1999 by D. G. Lilley. All rights reserved
Published by AIAA with permission.
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
Fast 0.044444 kW/Z In order to characterize in the above fashion the actual
Ultra-fast 0.177778 kW/s= experimental data of heat release rate versus tune, one
proceeds as follows:
and these correspond to growth times of the tire 6om zero
size to 1 MW total heat output in 1. First, one decides the values to be taken for the
three key parameters Q,,,= (maximum heat
Slow 600 seconds
release rate), tp, (time to reach 0 ,,) and td (time
Medium 300 seconds
Fast 150 seconds to start decay). Adjustments are made in order to
Ultra-fast 75 seconds ensure that the modeled total heat release during
the time interval of from t, to td seconds matches
the experiment to within 0.1 percent.
BURNING RATES OF TYPICAL ITEMS 2. Then, the time to onset of ignition t,, with
associated value of fire-growth parameter as is
Experimental data are available for a variety of items, chosen so as to match the total heat release during
the growth phase of from t, to tao seconds. The
giving heat release rate Q (kW) vs time (seconds). Each
correspondence of tO, tp, and ag is automatic since
of these graphs is in conformity with several parameters
a t*-fire growth is being assumed.
that comnletely characterize the situation, as given in
3. Finally, the end time tendwith associated value of
Figure 1: ’
fire-decay parameter ad is chosen so as to match
time to the onset of ignition the total heat release during the decay phase of
to
time to reach 1 MW from td to tend seconds. Again, the
tl MW
level-off time correspondence of td, tend and ad is automatic
t Qo
since a t*-fire decay is being assumed.
td time at which 0 decay begins
t end time at which Q equals zero Modeled data are given for heat release rate 0 (kW)
G
growth time = t, MW- t, vs. tune (seconds) in Tables A, B, C and D respectively as
follows:
Notice that both the ascent and decent are characterized by
t*-tire activity: 1. Furniture calorimeter data from FASTLite (see
Pot-tier et al, 1996).
($ =a,t*wheret=t-t, 2. Furniture calorimeter data from HAZARD (see
0 = adt2 where t = tend- t Peacock et al, 1994).
3. Furniture calorimeter data from Building and Fire
where ag and ad are the fire-growth and fire-decay Research Laboratory (see BFRL Website, 1999).
coefficients (kW/s*), respectively. 4. Cone calorimeter data from HAZARD (see
Peacock et al, 1994).
These heat release rates G (in kW) vs time t (in The data are also given in Figures as follows:
seconds) are active only in the growth (to I t I t tQ,) and
decay (td 5 t I tend), respectively. The rfIaXimUm heat 1. Table A, see Figures A 1 through A34.
release rate o,, (kW) occurs when tp,, I t I td. The 2. Table B, see Figures B 1 through B2 1.
growth time to reach 1 MW = 1,000 kW of heat release 3. Table C, see Figures Cl through ClO.
4. Table D, see Fgiures Dl through D25.
rate G is t, MW- t, seconds, and this is related to the fire-
growth parameter ag (kW/s*) via Careful perusal and interpretation of the figures will
enable the discerning reader to deduce what the values of
ag = 1000 / (tl MW - to)*. the defining parameters are. However, for completeness,
the data are given directly in the extensive Tables A, B, C,
Simularly the tire-decay parameter ad (kW/s’) is found via and D in numerical form. Finally 0 vs. t is given by
ad = Q m&end - td)*.
6 =o ostst,
Q =a,(t-L)* &, 2 t < tQ,
Also note that the maximum heat release rate 0 max(kW)
tQ, 2 t < t,,
is related to other parameters via: i2 = ag (tb - to>*
with the parameters taken directly from the Tables for the
particular item under consideration.
3
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
WHAT HAPPENS NEXT? uninvolved items. The ignition principles suggestthat, for
thermally thick materials,the inverse of the squareroot of
During the course of the burning of the first item of time to ignition is expectedto be a linear function of the
furniture in a room, as specifiedfrom data such as that just difference between the external heat flux and the CHF
presentedin the Table, one of severalthings might occur. value
The abovehas provided informationabout the burning rate
(heat releaserate vs. time) of a single specified item in the fi(i, - CHF)
bum room. What happensnext? Either the item bums out
without further damage to the surroundings, or one or TRP
more nearby items ignite and add fuel to the fire. This can
be by direct flame contact (if the seconditem is judged to
be sufficiently close) or, more usually, by radiant heat where tis is time to ignition set, qz is the externalheat
energy becoming sufficiently large on the surface of the flux kWlm*, and CHF is in kW/m*. Most commonlyused
second item. Direct flame contact requires time to materials behave as thermally thick materials and satisfy
pyrolyze the fuel and time to heat the gasesproduced to this equation.
their ignition temperature. The radiant flux ignition
problem is a very complicatedissue,and dependson many The Critical Heat Flux and the Thermal Response
factors. The radiant energy comes from the flame above Parametervalues for materials derived from the ignition
the first item, the upper layer and room surfaces, but data measured in the Flammability Apparatus and the
simplifying assumptions are sometimes used. As the Cone Calorimeter,by Scudamoreet al (1991, are given in
radiant energy flux rate increasesfrom the first item to the Lilley (1998). He also shows in Tables and Figureshow
second,often a simple criterion for ignition of the latter is the ignition time tis may be determinedfrom the heat flux
used. A good approximationis that the radiant heat flux q” and the Critical Heat Flux CHF and Thermal Response
(arriving on the surface of the second item) necessaryto ParameterTRP. Completedata are given in Lilley (1998)
ignite the seconditem is: so as to enablethe ignitability question to be determined
quickly. Readersare directed to that study to see fully
10 kW/m* easily ignitable items, such as thin how the size and material of a pool fire determinesthe
curtainsor loosenewsprint total heat release0, the heat flux q” on a target fuel, and
20 kW/m* normal items, such as upholstered the time requiredfor ignition to occur.
furniture
FLASHOVER
40 kW/m* difficult to ignite.items, such as wood of
0.5 inch or greaterthickness Whether or not “flashover” occurs during the course
of a fire is one of the most important outcomesof a fire
In actuality, ignition is not immediate when the calculation. Flashover is characterized by the rapid
particular level of incident radiant heat flux reaches10, 20 transition in fire behavior from localized burning of fuel to
or 40 kWlm* respectivelyfor easy,normal and difficult to the involvementof all combustiblesin the enclosure.High
ignite items. These values are used as simple rules of radiation heat transfer levels from the original burning
thumb in applied calculations, see Lilley (1995). item, the flame and plume directly above it, and the hot
Fundamentalignition principles, outlined for example in smoke layer spreadingacrossthe ceiling are all considered
SFPE (1995),. suggestthat, for tire initiation, a material to be responsiblefor the heating of the other items in the
has to be heated above its critical heat flux CHF value room, leading to their ignition. Warning signs are heat
(CHF value is relatedto the fire point). It was found that, build-up and “rollover” (small, sporadic flashes of flame
as the surface is exposedto heat flux, initially most of the that appear near ceiling level or at the top of open
heat is transferred to the interior of the material. The doorways or windows of smoke-filled rooms). Factors
ignition principles suggestthat the rate with which heat is affecting flashover include room size, ceiling and wall
transferred depends on the ignition temperature Tip, conductivity and flammability, and heat- and smoke-
ambient temperatureT,, material thermal conductivity k, producing quality of room contents. Further research
material specific heat c,,, and the material density p. The studiesrelating to this topic include Kim and Lilley (1997
combinedeffects are expressedby a parameterdefined at and 1999),and Lilley (1995, 1997and 1998).
the Thermal ResponseParameter(TRP) of the material
item on fire (in terms of burning rate versus time) so as to Conf./Design Conf. Paper DETC 97/CIE-4428,
more accurately be able to calculate fire growth and the Sacramento, CA, Sept. 14- 17, 1997.
possible occurrence of flashover.
Lilley, D. G. (1998), “Radiant Ignition of Flammable
Heat release rates of typical items in fires were needed Materials.” Proc. of Int. Joint Power Generation
as a prerequisite for estimating fire growth and Conf., Baltimore, MD, Aug. 23-26, 1998.
temperatures in structural tires. That is, these burning
rates were required to be specified by the user as input to NFPA (1997). “Fire Protection Handbook.” 18th
single-room and multi-room structural fire computer codes Edition (Cote, A. E. and Linville, J. L. eds.),
like FPETool, FASTLife and HAZARD. Data was given NFPA, Quincy, MA, 1997.
here that permit burning items to be specified in a permit
burning items to be specified in a useful modeled way, Peacock, R. D. et al (1994). “An Update Guide for
taking a t*-fire for the growth and decay periods, with a HAZARD 1 Version 1.2.” NIST Report NISTIR
constant maximum heat release rate between these two 5410, May 1994.
periods.
Portier, R. W., Peacock, R. D. and Reneke, P. A.
(1996). “FASTLite: Engineering Tools for
REFERENCES Estimating Fire Growth and Smopke Transport.”
NIST Special Publication 899, Gaithersburg,
Babrauskas, V. and Grayson, S. J. eds. (1992). “Heat MD, April 1996. See also: Update to Version
Release in Fires.” Elsevier Applied Science, 1.Ob, Feb., 1997.
1992.
SFPE (1995). “Handbook of Fire Protection
Bukowski, R., et al (1989). “The HAZARD- 1 Engineering.” NFPA, Quincy and SFPE, Boston,
Computer Code Package for Fire Hazard MA, 1995.
Assessment.” NBS(NIST), Gaithersburg, MD.
Scudamore, M.J., Briggs, P.J. and Prager, F.H.
Cooper, L. Y. (1984). “Smoke Movement in Rooms (1991). “Cone Calorimetry - A Review of Tests
of Fire Involvement and Adjacent Spaces.” Fire Carried Out on Plastics for the Association of
Safety Journal, Vol. 7, 1984, pp. 33-46. Plastics Manufacturers in Europe.” Fire and
Materials, Vol. 15, 199 1, pp. 65-84.
Drysdale, D. (1985) “An Introduction to Fire
Dynamics.” Wiley, Chichester, England, 1985. Thomas, P. H. (1974). “Fires in Enclosures.” Paper
in Heat Transfer in Fires (P. L. Blackshear, ed.),
Emmons, H. W. (1985). “The Needed Fire Science.” Halsted-Wiley, New York, 1974, pp. 73-94.
Paper in Fire Safety Science (C. E. Grant and P.
J. Pagni, eds.), Hemisphere, New York, 1985, pp. Zukoski, E. E. (1985). “Fluid Dynamic Aspects of
33-53. Room Fires.” Paper in Fire Safety Science (C. E.
Grant and P. J. Pagni, eds.), Hemisphere, New
IFSTA (1992). “Essentials of Fire Fighting.” 3rd York, 1985, pp. l-30.
Edition, IFSTA, Stillwater, OK, 1992.
/’
(c)2000 American nstitute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or pybl&h@ v,$h@er_mis$o~of# w(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
2gz?g8$jm~82 NNWWW-SON-
Nu-ggzpz 3
88;; a%i?8”R8s:8
38 ;; 00600-3 OFoo;;oomo
qq~8~000000 0000000~0
ooodddddddd ddddddddd
~W~WW~OW~WOt00~NOO~~N
m~~~w~omw”w$~~~~~~~~~
-r-ggzgg
mmm -WON00
3 OOOONC9 w-mom00~0
v)v -ooo- 000~t0~00---0w0
dddddddddddiddddddddd
i
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
lcititi
mmm
mmm
8
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
-N
E E
-NO
3-N al
9
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
g
6000
g / $iGizeq.
6000
.
/
I 500 1000 1500 2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Fig. Al. l/2” Plywood wardrobe, clothing on 16 Fig. A4. l/8” Plywood wardrobe, FR paint, clothing
hangers on 16 hangers
z
W
6000
I
/ 1 piJEzzz1
3 6000
25
I
I
! ,
I P
.i ._.. _. ..__...._.__...._ 8 4000 .~.._."... ..~ ..:... ___~ _~.. I--.- .--.........--f.-..-.~.~.-..--. .
j
z
4, 1 I /
..:. 1.. i d 2000 .,. ..,...........
., .
1
I
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2000
Fig. A2. l/8” Plywood wardrobe, clothing on 16 Fig. A5 3/4” Particle-board wardrobe, thin plastic
hangers coating
1500 2000
TIME (second) TIME (second)
Fig. A3. l/8” Plywood wardrobe, FR paint, clothing Fig. A6. Chair, one-piece wood-reinforced
on 16 hangers urethane foam
10
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
525
6000
P
6000
1I pizq
j
d 4000
: / !
4
d 2000 . " ...' .. "" /
1 ! /
.. "'i " "" '.'..
I
.
LY 1
2 -1, j
I kt O.
0 500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000
Fig. A7. Chair, polypropylene foam frame, Fig. AlO. Chair, wood frame, California foam,
urethane foam, polyolefin fabric Haitian cotton fabric
6000 6000
g
w
k 4000
~2001~ ~ ., ! ~,I
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Fig. A8. Chair, thin wood frame, California foam, Fig. Al 1. Chair, wood frame, California foam,
polyolefin fabric polyolefin fabric
6000 z
25
6000
1 Chair4 J.
I 2
2 4000
iii
4
!. -I 2000
%
1
2 I
k? O. 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Fig. A9. Chair, urethane foam frame, urethane Fig. A12. Chair, wood frame, FR cotton stuffing,
foam, polyolefin fabric Haitian cotton fabric
11
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
6000 , I
A
0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (second) TIME (second)
Fig. A13. Chair, wood frame, FR cotton stuffing, Fig. A16. Chair, wood frame, urethane foam,
polyolefin fabric cotton fabric, polyester batting
r
d 4000 ..
ii
4
J 2000
z
i j
s 0 h
l-
1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (second) TIME (second)
Fig. A14. Chair, wood frame, urethane foam, Fig. Al 7. Chair, wood frame, urethane foam,
cotton fabric polyolefin fabric
6000 6000
P
2 4000
E ii
;5
a
-I 2000 !I 2000
2 k!
is O
-I-
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (second) TIME (second)
Fig. Al!% Chair, wood frame, urethane foam, Fig. A18. Chair, wood frame, urethane foam,
cotton fabric quilted cotton/polyolefin, polyester
batting
12
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
6000 6000 1
Lounge Chair 3
W
:
9d 2000
LT
s Ini II
2
!A!
I
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Y O. 500 1000 1500
1
2000
Fig. Al 9. Innerspring mattress and boxspring, Fig. A22. Lounge chair, one-piece molded
cotton felt/urethane/sisal spring cover thermoplastic
F25 6000
Lounge Chair 1
F
d 4000 . " / .I .
I
ki
/
l-2
ij 2000 - ;
IY
Is
- o-'
I
-0 500 1000 1500 2000
Fig. A20. Lounge chair, metal frame, urethane Fig. A23. Lounge chair, wood frame, latex
foam, plastic-coated fabric foam/cotton stuffing, plastic-coated
fabric
6000
Lounge Chair 2 6000 T
I
! ! i
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (second)
TIME (second)
13
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
Fig. A25 Loveseat, wood frame, California foam, Fig. A28. Metal wardrobe, clothing on 8 hangers
poiyolefin fabric
6000 6000 r
Patient Lounge Chair
/ E I
I
j i ,, 4000 . .. ...I...
d
4000 . '....
%
%
/ /
/
2000 .
iz
-1
w
iz t2000 - .I.
,j, I
'. .I
a
is
L c
!
II
i 1
0 r/\, I
Y O.
0 500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000
Fig. A26 Loveseat, wood frame, urethane foam, Fig. A29. Patient lounge chair, metal frame,
plastic-coated fabric urethane foam cushion
I
= -0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Fig. A27. Metal wardrobe, clothing on 16 hangers Fig. A30. Sofa, metal frame, urethane foam,
plastic-coated fabric
14
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
Fig. A31. Sofa, wood frame, California foam, Fig. A33. F31 Loveseat, wood frame,
polyolefin fabric polyurethane foam, olefin fabric
6000
’pii&q
e.
d 4000 .
Fig. A32. F21 Chair, wood frame, polyurethane Fig. A34. F32 Sofa, wood frame, polyurethane
foam, olefin fabric foam, olefin fabric
15
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
z256000 6000
ifs 4000
if
$ 4000
ii c!
4 4
i.j 2000
L-
(j 2000
,
i 0 ;z
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (SEC) TIME (SEC)
Fig. Bl. Double bed, bedding, night table; gyp Fig. B4. Chair, F23, wood frame, fr cotton
bd walls; test RI (85-2998) batting, olefin test 24(82-2604)
x I
-0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (SEC) TIME (SEC)
Fig. 82. Double bed, bedding, night table; Fig. B5. Upholstered chair, F25, wood frame, pu
plywood walls; test R5 (85-2998) foam, olefin, test 29
F25 6000
pi@ iq.
2
d 4000 . . .
Fig. 83. Upholstered chair, F21, wood frame, pu Fig. B6. Uphols.chair, F28, wood frame,
foam-fr, olefin pulpektn bedding, cotton test 28
16
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
6000 f 6000
55
F
$ 4000
ii
4d 2000
oz
Fig. 87. Uphols.chair, F30,pu frame, pu foam, Fig. BlO. Easy chair, molded ps foam frame, pu
olefin, test 30 (82-2604) pad & cover, ~07, test 48
l-
3A 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 r$ o1 j-y 1 j 1
TIME (SEC) 0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (SEC)
Fig. 88. Bean bag chair, vinyl/ps foam beads,
~05 nbs tn 1103 Fig. Bll. Christmas tree, spruce, dry, vtt 285,
no.17
6000
6000
g
F
4000 / .
d
ii I
j /
4 _
d 2000 ,,,
I .I "' "'
IY
I-
u , 1
4
= Oo 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (SEC)
TIME (SEC)
Fig. B9. Chair, molded flexible pu frame, pu
cover test 64 (83-2787) Fig. 812. Cooking Oil, Corn; Cottonseed; Etc In
12in.Pan
17
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
z. 6000
r
d 4000 .
/
t
3d 2000 . . .i 1 .
tc 1I
$ 0
TIME (SEC) TIME (SEC)
Fig. 813. Curtain, Cotton, 0.31 kg/M2, Item 9 Fig. B16. Mattress + boxspring (west chase
hilton) test 67 (83-2787)
.._.
- .
I
0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (SEC)
TIME (SEC)
Fig. 814. Loveseat, F31, wood frame, pu foam
(fr), olefin test 37 (82-2604) Fig. B17. Upholstered\sofa, F32, wood\frame, pu
foam-fr, olefin test 38
6oob
if F 6000
s 4000 25
ii
P
4
d 4000
d 2000
! 2ooo
f 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
z
TIME (SEC) g 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (SEC)
Fig. B15. Mattress, m05, pu foam, rayon ticking,
bedding
Fig. 818. Trash bags (3), paper
18
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
6000
I
0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (SEC) TIME (SEC)
Fig, B19. Television set, b/w, wood cabinet, exp.3 Fig. 821. Wastepaper basket, polyethylene, milk
cartons, exp.7
19
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with peimission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
F
25
6000 z
25
6000
Mattress (Center)
W
5 4000
%
4 !
!
d 2000 I 1... .
Rz
I
Fig. Cl. Bunk Bed, BFRL in February 1996 Fig. C4. Mattress (Center), BFRL in February
1996
Mattress (Corner)
I
0 500 1000 1500 2000
5
I
00 500 1000 1500 2000
Fig. C2. Koisk, Western Fire Center in the Fig. C5. Mattress (cbrner), BFRL in February
summer of 1995 1996
F25 6000
ii9d
i! I I
2000
TIME (SEC)
1500 2000
TIME (SEC)
Fig. C3. Loveseat Fig. C6. Small Dresser, BFRL in February 1996
20
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
F55 6000
Wooden Pallet
b!i I
~200~~~ /
Fig. C8. Wooden Pallet, BFRL in February 1996 Fig. ClO. Workstation (3 panels), Sponsored by
GSA and performed at BFRL in 1991
21
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
1 ‘.c--- ““‘[’1
2 I
!i! 00 500 1000
TIME (SEC)
1500 2000 I 0 500 1000
TIME (SEC)
1500 2000
Fig. Dl. Cotton fabric, fr (test 803a), Fabric Fig. D4. Douglas fir plywood, l/2 in. thick (446),
Board
-!-
-r
/
I Gypsum Board 1
/ _!..
Fig. D2. Douglas fir (828), Board Fig. D5. Gypsum board, l/2 in. thick (434)
cc-
,E 1000 -
25
-I
3
pvood f ard 1 1
227
z I-
I \
-L -I
0 500 1000 1500 2000
5 O 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (SEC) TIME (SEC)
Fig. D3. Douglas fir plywood, l/2 in. thick (439, Fig. D6. Gypsum board, l/2 in. thick (448)
Board
22
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
Mattress Composite []
I -
--I
,9 “:
L
Fig. D7. Mattress a&y m05, pu foam, rayon Fig. 010. Red oak, 7/8 in. thick (1468), Board
ticking (test 296), Composite
w-
36?1000
28i55oo
,E
I
iit
i5 aL 0 I
500 1000 1500 2000
c 500
g Oo 1000
TIME (SEC)
1500 2000
TIME (SEC)
Fig. D8. Red oak, 7/8 in. thick (1454) Fig. Dll. Pine (838), Board
1J,, 1 ,;..s.s 1
1
TIME (SEC)
1500 2000 I 0 500 1000
TIME (SEC)
1500 2000
Fig. D9. Red oak, 718 in. thick (1456), Board Fig. D12. Pine (842), Board
23
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
PMMA Sheet 2
I
Fig. D13. White pine (wood), 0.75 in (test 487) Fig. D16. PMMA 1” black (cb) w/frame (test
Board 1470) Sheet
N-
$ iOO0
~ olr . 1 i (
I 0 500 1000 1500 2000
$ o,b ’ /
500
’ :
1000 1500 2000
TIME (SEC) TIME (SEC)
Fig. D14. White pine (wood), 0.75 in (test 493) Fig. D17. Rigid polyisocyanurate foam, 2 in (test
Board 438) Foam
'r A
leet 1
L
2000
TIME (SEC) TIME (SEC)
Fig. D15. PMMA 1” black (cb) w/frame (test Fig. D18. Rigid polyisocyanurate foam, 2 in (test ,
1461) Sheet 449) Foam
24
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
c-7
~looo-
3 Polystyrene Foam
Y
if
2
g 500 - i
i5 /
iii I
IY / 1
i 0 J
A
0 500 1000 1500 2000 i
0 500 1000 1500 2000
TIME (SEC) TIME (SEC)
Fig. D19. Polystyrene foam, 2 in (test 437) Foam Fig. D22. Rigid polyurethane foam, fr, gm-31 (test
258) Foam
1
.
: Polyurethane Foam 1
1 Oo
li 500 L-L- L
1000
TIME (SEC)
1500 2000 $ O! ’ 500
\ 1000
TIME (SEC)
1500
I
2000
Fig. D20. Flexible polyurethane foam, fr, 2 in (test Fig. D23. Polyvinyl chloride, 0.5 in thick (test
725) Foam 333) Sheet
t-44
,E 1000
3 Polyurethane Foam 2 Rayon Fabric
s /
? /
s /I ,/
I
ii4 5oo /
I
I
// /
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 z 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Fig. D21 Rigid polyurethane foam, gm-29/gm-30 Fig. 024. Rayon fabric (test 804a), Fabric
(test 257) Foam
25
(c)2000 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or published with permission of author(s) and/or author(s)’ sponsoring organization.
26