Slurry pumps. Power law, Bingham.

Heterogeneous flow

Index

Pump power of a power law fluid [15] slide 19

Pump pressure for a Bingham plastic flow [8] slide 50

Friction loss for heterogeneous flow [3] page C595

Yield pseudoplastic and Bingham equations [3] chapter 11

Rev. cjc. 03.06.2016
Pump power of a power law fluid [15] slide 19. Also [8] slide 43

(Flow behaviour index n)

n<1 Pseudoplastics
K=μ a⋅γ 1−n (shear thinning)
Generalized Reynolds number
ReN = 2^(3-n) * (n / ( 3*n+1 ) )^n * ( v^(2-n) * d^n * r ) / K
n= 0.4 -
v= #VALUE! m/s
d= #VALUE! m
r= 1441.7 kg/m³ fN = f(ReN, n)
K= 0.792 Pa s^n
ReN = #VALUE! -

Friction factor for pseudoplastic liquids, with turbulent flow

in smooth pipes [3]
The Reynolds number is given by equation (C11.13)

Figure C11.8 shows a plot of this equation

f^(-0.5) = (4/n^0.75)*log( ReP*f^(1-n/2) ) - 0.4/n^1.2 (C11.26)

[3]
 Return to index

Pipe: horizontal - Apparent viscosity Pipe interior diameter

material: CS - mapp = 50 cP d= 8
d= 8 in 1 cP = 0.001 Pa s sch = 40
sch = 40 - mapp = 0.05 Pa s di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_s
L= 50 miles at the specified shear rate g di = #VALUE!
di = #VALUE!
Fluid: Coal slurry Density
Power law model
Slurry model: r= 90 lb/ft³ Pipe section area
n= 0.4 - 1 lb/ft³ = 16.0185 kg/m³ A= (p/4)*di^2
mapp = 50 cP r= 1442 kg/m³ di = #VALUE!
at a shear rate A= #VALUE!
g= 100 1/s Consistency index
Pulp density K= mapp * (du/dr)^(1-n) Flow velocity
r= 90 lb/ft³ mapp = 0.05 Pa s v= Q/A
Flow rate g= 100 1/s Q= 0.057
Q= 900 gpm n= 0.4 A= #VALUE!
K= 0.7924 Pa s^n v= #VALUE!

Pump suction pressure and Flow rate Pipe length

line discharge pressure is at Q= 900 gpm L= 50
atmospferic pressure of 1 atm. Q= 0.057 m³/s L= 80,467
 Fanning friction factor Pressure loss
calculated using Eq. ( C11.26) DP = f * (L/d) * (r/2) * v^2
See page 4 f= 0.0186 -
fN = 0.0046 L= 80,467 m
d= #VALUE! m
Darcy friction factor r= 1441.7 kg/m³
f= 4 * fN v= #VALUE! m/s
fN = 0.0046 DP = #VALUE! Pa
f= 0.0186 - DP = #VALUE! k Pa
DP = #VALUE! bar
The friction value obtained
when using the Figure from Power
above page (page 2), for P= Q * DP
Re = #VALUE! Q= 0.057 m³/s
n= 0.4 DP = #VALUE! kPa
fN = f(ReN, n) P= #VALUE! kW
has been estimated to be [15] #VALUE! Hp(metric)
(see page 5)
fN = 0.0048 The result difference is mainly
due to the different value of
the friction factor used.

Reynolds number Darcy friction factor

Rep = 8 * r * d^n * v^(2-n) * ( n / (2 + 6*n ) )^n * (1/K) f= 4 * fN
 r= 1442 kg/m³ f= 0.0186
d= #VALUE! m
n= 0.4
v= #VALUE! m/s
K= 0.7924
Rep = #VALUE!

Iteration process for the calculation of the friction factor

fN_ass = 0.0046 (Iteration value, initially assumed.)

From equation (C11.26) and from the assumed value of the friction factor
Zero = (fC11.26)^(-0.5) - (fN_ass)^(-0.5)
Zero = (4/n^0.75)*log( ReP*f^(1-n/2) ) - 0.4/n^1.2 - fN_ass^(-0.5 )
This function will be solved to obtain Zero = 0, using the function Goal Seek,
by changing the value of the assumed friction factor f N_ass.

Zero = #VALUE!
#VALUE!

For
Re = #VALUE! -
n= 0.4 -

The friction factor can be

estimated to be
fN = 0.0048 -
 Rev. cjc. 03.06.2016
1 of 5

or diameter
in

Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch
mm
m

(p/4)*di^2
m
m²

m³/s
m²
m/s

miles
m

2 of 5
3 of 5

4 of 5
5 of 5
[8] slide 50

Pump pressure for a Bingham plastic flow

Pump pressure

Friction loss Due to the pressure loss the

DPloss = 4*f * (L/d) *v^2/(2*g) required pressure difference is
f= #VALUE! - DPreq = DPb-t + DPloss
L= 2438.4 m DPb-t = 2,627.9 m.p.c.
d= 0.1016 m DPloss = #VALUE! m.p.c.
rp = 1200 kg/m³ DPreq = #VALUE! m.p.c.
v= 0.389 m/s
DPloss = #VALUE! m.p.c. The static pressure is
DPloss = #VALUE! ft.p.c. DPstat= 2,438.4 m.p.c.

Required pressure difference The pump pressure is

between the bottom and the tiop Ppump = DPreq - DPstat
DPb-t = Pbott - Ptop DPreq = #VALUE! m.p.c.
Pbott = 31,026,420 Pa DPstat= 2438.4 m.p.c.
Ptop = 101,353 Pa Ppump = #VALUE! m.p.c.
DPb-t = 30,925,067 Pa Ppump = #VALUE! ft.p.c.
DPb-t = 3,153,479 mm.w..c.
DPb-t = 3,153 m.w.c.
SG = 1.2
DPb-t = 2,628 m.p.c.
 Return to index
Imperial data
Hwell = 8000 ft Pipe section area Equations from [3]
Q= 50 gpm A= (p/4) * di^2
di = 4 in di = 0.1016 m
Pbott = 4500 psi A= 0.008107 m²
Ptop = 14.7 psi
fluid: Bingham plastic Fluid velocity
ty = 100 dyn/cm² v= Q/A
m∞ = 35 cP Q= 0.003 m³/s
rp = 1.2 g/cm³ A= 0.00811 m²
rp = 74.9136 lb/ft³ v= 0.389 m/s

Required is the pump head Reynolds number

Re = v * di * rP / m∞
SI data v= 0.389 m/s
Hwell = 2438.4 m di = 0.1016 m/s
Q= 0.003 m³/s rp = 1200 kg/m³
di = 0.1016 m m∞ = 0.035 Pa s
Pbott = 31,026.4 kPa Re = 1,355 -
Pbott = 31,026,420 Pa
Ptop = 101.4 kPa Hedstrom number (C11.12)
Ptop = 101,353 Pa HeB = di^2* rP * ty / (h^2 )
fluid: Bingham plastic di = 0.1016 m/s
ty = 10 Pa rp = 1200 kg/m³
m∞ = 0.035 Pa s ty = 10 Pa
rp = 1200 kg/m³ h = 0.035 Pa s
HeB = 1.01E+05

Fanning friction factor, for Fanning friction factor, for

Bigham fluid, using the V.B. Bigham fluid, using the V.B.
function function
f =BinghamFrictionFactor_d_rhoP_tau_eta_Q f = Slurry_Friction_Factor_Bingham_Re_He
di = 0.1016 m/s Since the maximum possible
rp = 1200 kg/m³ Hedstrom number for this
ty = 10 Pa function is 100.000, the
h = 0.035 Pa s Hedstrom number used will
Q= 0.00315 m³/s be 100.000
f= #VALUE! Re = 1,355 -
 HeB = 100,000 -
f= #VALUE! -

Visual Basic functions

f = BinghamFrictionFactor_d_rhoP_tau_eta_Q

f = Slurry_Friction_Factor_Bingham_Re_He

L = 1.01 bar

L = 2484.4 m

P = 310.3 bar
 Rev. cjc. 03.06.2016
1 of 3

Equations from [3]

2 of 3

Fanning friction factor for Bingham laminar

flow

f= (16 / Re) * ( 1 + He / ( 6*Re) - He^4 / ( 3 *Re^7* f^3 ) )

ReB = 1,355.4
HeB = 101,119
fass = 0.0889 Initially assumed
 f= 0.08889 ???
fass - f 0.0000 Shall become zero
Iteration finished

This result is valid for laminar flow

From Figure C11.3 [3], page C.578,

For HeB = 101,119
n= 1
Rec = 6500
ReB < Rec
Incorrect f result. Revision required

3 of 3

L= 8000
Pbott_req = 4500
Pbott_req = 648000
r= 62.428
g= 32.2
g= 2010.182

Hbott_req = Pbott_req / g
Pbott_req = 648000
g= 2010.182
Hbott_req = 322.4
965 ft.p c
g= 9.8 m/s²
ft
psi
lb-f/ft²
lb-m/ft³
ft/s²
lb-f/ft³

lb-f/ft²
lb-f/ft³
ft.p.c
Friction loss for heterogeneous flow

Page
Example data and equations 2
Table 3
Unit pressure loss for water iw 4
Unit pressure loss of slurry "i" 5
Annex A 6
Determination of the drag coefficient using Figure C11.13
Annex B 7
Help variable CDi * Rew^2
Annex C 8
Settling velocity and drag coefficient of a single particle
Annex D 9
Example C11.10. pdf
Annex E 10
Durand equation for the unit friction loss " i " of
a heterogeneous flow

Example data and equations [3] page C595 Weight concentration of a weight fraction "i"
Example C11.10 Cw_i =
Cw : Weight concentration of solids
Estimate the friction loss for a coal-water slurry in a Wf-i : Weight concentration of the "i- component"
pipe with internal diameter "di", at a velocity "v", The following holds:
based on the following data: S Cw-i =
di = 0.3048 m
v= 2.44 m/s Settling velocity of a single particle
SS = 1.4 -
Cv = 0.20 -
Rabs = 0.051 mm
mw = 0.001 Pa s
rw = 1000 kg/m³ Application to the particle "i = 1"
(An assumed CD value is used as an example)
 Sw = 1 wo² =
wo =
Weight concentration [4] dparticle =
S s⋅C v Ss =
C w= (2 . 38b) Ref . 4
S L+( S s -S L )⋅C v CDass =
SL = Sw wo² =
Cw = Ss * Cv / ( Sw + (Ss - Sw)*Cv ) wo =
SS = 1.4 -
Cv = 0.20 - VB function for the Drag coefficient
Sw = 1 -
Cw = 0.259 - CDcalc = f(Re) =

Table
Particle size distribution
1 2 3 4 5
Particle diameter d Weight % Weight fraction Cw_i
W%_i Wf_i = W%_i / 100 -
i mm m % - Eq. (1)
1 6.1 0.00610 10 0.1 0.026
2 3.05 0.00305 40 0.4 0.104
3 1.52 0.00152 40 0.4 0.104
4 0.76 0.00076 10 0.1 0.026
S Cw-i = 0.259

Column Description
1 Particle diameter [mm]
2 Particle diameter [m]
3 Percentage weight [%]
4 Weight concentration [-]
5 Weight concentration of a weight fraction "i". Eq. (1)
6 Drag coefficient. Initially, an assumed value
Later, the "by changing" variable in the goal seek calculation
7 wo : settling velocity of solid particle in clear water of infinite
extent [m/s]. Eq. (2)
8 Particle Reunplds number Eq. (3)
Unit pressure loss for water iw
Friction factor (Newtonian fluid)
Friction factor Using the V.B. function
f = Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
Relative rugosity Rrel = 0.00017
Rrel = Rabs / d Rew = 739,169
Rabs = 0.0508 mm f= #VALUE!
d= 304.8 mm fN = f/4
Rrel = 0.00017 fN = #VALUE!

Kinematic viscosity of water Kinematic pressure

nw = m/r hv = v^2 / (2 * g)
mw = 0.0010 Pa s v= 2.4384
rw = 1000 kg/m³ hv = 0.303
nw = 1.01E-06 m²/s
Unit pressure loss for water
Reynolds number of water iw = f * (1/d) * hv
Rew = v * d / nw f= #VALUE!
v= 2.44 m/s d= 0.3048
d= 0.3048 m hv = 0.303
nw = 1.01E-06 m²/s iw = #VALUE!
Rew = 739,169 (with "f" calculated from V.B. func.)

Unit pressure loss of slurry "i"

[3]

(i - iw)/iw = 81 * ( v^2 / ( (SS-1)*g*d ) )^(-1.5) * S ( Cv_i * (CDi )^(-0.75) ) (C11.39)

v= 2.44 m/s
SS = 1.4 -
d= 0.3048 m
S Cv_i * CDi^(-0.75) = 0.264 (from page 3)
 (i - iw)/iw = 1.93

Annex

Annex A
Determination of the drag coefficient using Figure C11.13

Annex B
Help variable CDi * Rew^2

2 3 2
Help variable CD⋅Re w 4⋅g⋅d ⋅( S s−1 )⋅ρ L
CD⋅Re2w= (
4⋅g⋅d⋅( ρ s− ρL )
3⋅μ 2
CD=
3⋅w2o⋅ρ L
d⋅ρ L⋅wo
 2 3 2
Help variable CD⋅Re w 4⋅g⋅d ⋅( S s−1 )⋅ρ L
CD⋅Re2w= (
4⋅g⋅d⋅( ρ s− ρL )
3⋅μ 2
CD= Note. In Ref. [3], in equation (C11.35) is missing a
3⋅w2o⋅ρ L
d⋅ρ L⋅wo
Re w =
μ
2
4⋅g⋅d 3⋅( ρ s − ρ L )⋅ρ L
CD⋅Rew=
3⋅μ2
ρ ρ

CD⋅Rew=
2
ρL ρL (
4⋅g⋅d 3⋅ρ L⋅ s − L ⋅ρ L
)
2
3⋅μ
4⋅g⋅d 3⋅( S s −1 )⋅ρ 2L
CD⋅Re2w= ( C11. 35a )
3⋅μ2

Return to index
Annex C
Settling velocity and drag coefficient of a single particle

Application to the first particle of the example 10

dparticle = 0.00610 mm
Drag coefficient calculated elsewhere
CD = 0.413

Equation (C11.32)
wo² = 4 * g * dparticle * (Ss-1)/(3 * CD)
dparticle = 0.00610 m
Ss = 1.4 -
CD = 0.413 -
wo² = 0.077
wo = 0.278 m/s
Annex D
Example C11.10. pdf

Annex E
Durand equation for the unit friction loss " i " of a heterogeneous flow

Pressure los of heterogeneous flow

Validity range
0.2 < dsand < 25 mm
38 < dpipe < 580 mm
Cv <= 0.6
 Return to index

[3]

Note
Warman method for heterogeneous slurries Category "A".
Particles essentially all coarser than 50 mm and finer then 300 mm, and with Cw from Zero to 40%
For this conditions, head losses can be calculated by means of the empirical method propossed by Warman
www.piping-tools.net
Pump. Heterogeneous_Slurries_Type_A_Warman

Return to index
ht concentration of a weight fraction "i" Particle Reynolds number [3]
Cw*Wf-i Eq. (1)
Weight concentration of solids Eq. (3)
Weight concentration of the "i- component"
ollowing holds: Reparticle = dparticle * rw * wo / mw
SCw * Ww-i = Cw
Application to the particle "i = 1"
ng velocity of a single particle [3]
Eq. (2) Rew = dparticle * rw * wo / mw
dparticle = 0.00610 m
rw = 1000 kg/m³
wo = 0.278 m/s
plication to the particle "i = 1" mw = 0.001 Pa s
ssumed CD value is used as an example) Rew = 1,685 -
 4 * g * dparticle * (Ss-1)/(3 * CD)
( (4*g*d*(SS - 1)) / (3*CD) )^0.5 Volume concentration [4]
0.00610 m
1.4 -
0.413 - With Sf = 1 Eq. (4)
0.077 Cv = Cw / ( Ss - (Ss - 1 )*Cw )
0.278 m/s Cv = Cw / ( Ss - Ss*Cw + Cw )
Cv = Cw / ( Cw +(1 - Cw)*Ss )
nction for the Drag coefficient and for the i-fraction
Visual Basic f. Cv_i = Cw_i / ( Cw_i +(1 - Cw-i)*Ss )
Particle_Drag_Coefficient_CD_Re

Return to index

6 7 8 9 10 11
CD_ass wo Re CDcalc = f(Re) CDcalc - CD_ass Cv_i
Initially assumed m/s - Goal Seek
By changing term Eq. (2) Eq. (3) VB function Iteration difference Eq. (4)
0.41 0.278 1685 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.019
0.51 0.177 538 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.076
0.80 0.099 150 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.076
1.99 0.045 34 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.019
S =

9 Calculation of drag coefficient. Using V.B. function (V.B. function)

10 Difference between assumed and calculated drag coefficients
After data input, click on "Example 10" buttom to calculate.
A correct calculation wil be indicated with a value of zero in every cell.
11 Volume concentration of fraction "i" Eq. (4)
12 Help variable: Product Cv *CD^(-0.75)

Note. The drag coefficient can be estimated using Figure C11.13, CD = f(Re p)
See Annex A

Return to index
 Estimation from Fanning friction The friction factor estimated from
factor using Figure C11.6 Figure C11.6 is
With fN =
Re = 7.4E+05 - The Darcy riction factor is
Rrel = 0.00017 - f=
an estimated value is f=
fN = 0.00360 -
Unit pressure loss for water
Value used in the example, estimated iw =
from Figure C11.6 f=
with d=
Re = 2.38E+07 hv =
m/s Rrel = 0.000167 iw =
m fN = 0.00325 (with "f" estimated from Fig. C11.6)

-
m
m
m/m
Figure C11-6

Return to index

Unit pressure loss of slurry

(i - iw)/iw = 1.93

i= iw + [(i - iw)/iw] *iw

iw = #VALUE!
(i - iw)/iw = 1.93
i= #VALUE! m/m

Comparison of partial results

Calculated results Results from example

Fanning friction factor Fanning friction factor

fN = #VALUE! - fN =

S Cv_i * CDi^(-0.75) value S Cv_i * CDi^(-0.75) value

 S Cv_i * CDi^(-0.75) = 0.264 S Cv_i * CDi^(-0.75) =

Water unit pressure loss Water unit pressure loss

iw = #VALUE! m/m iw =

Slurry unit pressure drop Slurry unit pressure drop

i= #VALUE! m/m i=

Annexes

Return to index

Determination of the drag coefficient

using Figure C11.13

Particle Reynolds number

(application to the first fraction)
Rew = dparticle * rw * wo / mw
dparticle = 0.00610 m
rw = 1000 kg/m³
wo = 0.2778 m/s
mw = 0.00101 Pa s
Rew = 1,685 -

From Figure C11.13

with
Rew = 1,685
one estimates the value of the drag coefficient
CDi = 0.42

Return to index

Help variable CDi * Rew^2

3 2 3 2
4⋅g⋅d ⋅( S s−1 )⋅ρ L CD⋅Re2w=
4⋅g⋅d ⋅( S s− 1 )⋅ρ L
( C11. 35a )
D⋅Re2w= ( C11. 35a ) 3⋅μ 2

3⋅μ 2
 3 2 3 2
4⋅g⋅d ⋅( S s−1 )⋅ρ L CD⋅Re2w=
4⋅g⋅d ⋅( S s− 1 )⋅ρ L
( C11. 35a )
D⋅Re2w= 2
( C11. 35a ) 3⋅μ 2

3⋅μ
In Ref. [3], in equation (C11.35) is missing a term rL^2 CDi * Rew^2 = 4*g*di^3*(Ss-1) * rw^2 / ( 3 * mw^2 )
di = 0.0061 m (for particle i)
SS = 1.4 -
mw = 1.01E-03 Pa s
rL = rw = 1000.0 kg/m³
CDi * Rew^2 = 1.17E+06

Particle Reynolds number Drag coefficient using the V.B. function

CD = Particle_Drag_Coefficient_CD_Re
Reparticle = 1,685
CDcalc = #VALUE!

Reparticle = dparticle * rw * wo / mw

dparticle : particle mean diameter [m]

rw : density of liquid [kg/m³]
wo : settling velocity of solid particle in
clear water of infinite extent [m/s]
mw : viscosity of water [Pa s]

Rew = dparticle * rw * wo / mw
(Application to the first fraction)
dparticle = 0.00610 m
rw = 1000 kg/m³
wo = 0.278 m/s
mw = 0.001 Pa s
Rew = 1,685 -
Return to index

i= 0.0383 m/m

Return to index
 Rev. cjc. 03.06.2016
1 of 10

sed by Warman

2 of 10

Eq. (4)
 3 of 10

12
Cv_i * CDcalc_i^(-0.75)

Help variable
0.036
0.127
0.090
0.011
0.264

4 of 10
 iction factor estimated from

0.0036
arcy riction factor is
fN * 4
0.0144

pressure loss for water

f * (1/d) * hv
0.0144 -
0.3048 m
0.303 m
0.0143 m/m
"f" estimated from Fig. C11.6)

5 of 10

ts from example

ng friction factor
0.00325 -

CDi^(-0.75) value
 0.269

r unit pressure loss

0.0129 m/m

unit pressure drop

0.0383 m/m

6 of 10

7 of 10
 8 of 10

e V.B. function

cle_Drag_Coefficient_CD_Re
-
 9 of 10

S Cv_i * CDi^(-0.75) value

S Cv_i * CDi^(-0.75) = 0.269

Fanning friction factor

From Fig. C11.6
with
Re = 2.38E+07
Rrel = 0.000167
fN = 0.00325

Water unit pressure loss

iw = 0.0129 m/m

10 of 10
 Yield pseudoplastic and Bingham equations

Yield pseudoplastics
1 Hedstrom number for yield pseudoplastic (C11.16)
2 Parameter "x", Hedstrom for yield pseudoplastic (C11.15)
3 Reynolds number for yield pseudoplastic fluids, critical case (C11.14)
4 Reynolds number for pseudo plastic slurry (C11.13)

Bingham fluids
5 Hedstrom number for Bingham fluids HeB = f(x) (C11.16a)
6 Hedstrom number for Bingham fluid (C11.16b)
7 Laminar friction factor for Bingham slurries (C11.20)
8 Hedstrom number for Bingham flows (C11.16b)
9 Critical Reynolds number for Bingham fluids. ReBc = f(x) (C11.14a)
10 Reynolds number for Bingham plastic (C11.13a)
11 Laminar Bingham Fanning friction factor (Macro) (C11.20)
12 Friction factor for turbulent Bingham plastic flow (Ref. 15)
13 Friction factor for Bingham fluid-Calculation data (Ref. 3)
14 Friction factor for Bingham fluid-Re and He (Ref. 3)
15 Friction factor for Bingham fluid-Application of VB functions (VBA)

Critical Reynolds number for yield pseudoplastic fluids

Determination of "x" with equation (C11.15) and (C11.16)

1.- Hedstrom number for yield pseudoplastic 2.- Parameter "x", Hedstrom for yield pseudopl
"x" is the ratio of yield stress to wall shear stress at the cri

Heyp = (3232/n) * (2+n)^((2+n)/(1+n)) * (x/(1-x

Heyp = d^2* rP * to / (K^2 * gc) * ( to/K )^(2/n-2) n= 0.699
di = 0.3048 m x= 0.688
rP = 1500 kg/m³ Heyp = 1.01E+06
 t0 = 6 Pa He'yp - Heyp = 0
K= 0.144 Pa s^n
n= 0.699 Iteration finished
He'yp = 1.01E+06 - (C11.16)

3.- Reynolds number for yield pseudoplastic fluids, critical case

Recp = (6464*n) / (1+3*n)^n * (2+n)^((2+n)/(1+n)) * ( ((1-x)^2 / (1+3*n)) + ((2*x*(1-x))/(1+2*n)) + ((x^2)/(1+n)) )^(2-n) /

n= 0.699
x= 0.688
Recp = 8,838

4.- Reynolds number for pseudo plastic slurry

Rep = 8 * r * d^n * v^(2-n) * ( n / (2 + 6*n ) )^n * (1/K) )

Application
rP = 1500 kg/m³
dpipe = 0.3048 m
n= 0.699 -
v= 1.09 m/s
K= 0.144 Pa s^n
Rep = 8,850 -

Hedstrom number for yield pseudoplastic 5.- Hedstrom number for Bingham fluids He
 "x" is the ratio of yield stress to wall shear stres

Heyp =
di =
d^2* rP * to / (K^2 * gc) * ( to/K )^(2/n-2)
0.3048 m
HeB=16794⋅
[ ] x
( 1−x )3
(C11 . 16a )

rP = 1500 kg/m³
t0 = 6 Pa HeB = 16794 * x / (1 - x)^3
K= 0.144 Pa s^n
n= 1.0 x= 0.434
He'yp = 40,323 - (C11.16) Heyp = 40,322

The Hedstrom number for yield

He'yp - Heyp = 0.000
pseudoplastic is Iteration finished
D2⋅ρ⋅τ y τ y 2n −2
He yp = 2
K ⋅gc
⋅
K () (C11 . 16)

For Bingham plastics, the flow

behaviour index is n=1
Replacing N=1 into eq .(C11 . 16)
and considering that g c=1 for SI system
D2⋅ρ⋅τ y τ y 0
He yp =
K
2 ()
⋅
K
D2⋅ρ⋅τ y
He yp = (C11 . 16b)
K2

Hedstrom number for yield pseudoplastic (repeated) 6.- Hedstrom number for Bingham fluid

For Bingham fluid, in equation (C11.16) the cons

index K has to be replaced by the limiting plasti
viscosity m∞ (also h). The flow behaviour index
the unity value
with gc = 1 for units in SI K= h
Heyp = d^2* rP * to / (K^2) * ( to/K )^(2/n-2) n= 1.0
Application example Application example
di = 0.3048 m HeB = d^2* rP * to / (
rP = 1500 kg/m³ di = 0.3048
ty = 6 Pa rP = 1500
K= 0.144 Pa s^n ty = 6
n= 0.699 h= 0.144
He'yp = 1.01E+06 - (C11.16) HeB = 40,323

Consistency index K
 K= mapp * g^(1-n)
g= du /dr (shear rate)
The apparent viscosity mapp has to be given at a
specific value of a shear rate. Example,
g= 100 1/s

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Hedstrom number for Bingham flow He = f(x) 8.- Hedstrom number for Bingham flows

HeB =16794⋅
[ ] x
( 1−x )3
(C11 . 16a ) Hedstrom number for yield pseudoplastic fluids
 d 2⋅ρ p⋅τ y τ y 2n −2
Heyp = 2
K
⋅ ()
K
(C11. 16 )

For Bingham fluid

n=1
and
K is replaced by η
d 2⋅ρ p⋅τ y τ y 21 −2
HeB= 2
η
⋅()
K
d ⋅ρ p⋅τ y τ y 0
2
HeB= 2
η
⋅()
K
2
d ⋅ρ ⋅τ
HeB= 2 p y (C11. 16b)
η

Reynolds number for pseudo plastic slurry (Repeated) Reynolds number for yield pseudoplastic fluids

Rep = 8 * r * d^n * v^(2-n) * ( n / (2 + 6*n ) )^n * (1/K) )

Application
rP = 1500 kg/m³
dpipe = 0.3048 m
n= 0.700 - Recp = (6464*n) / (1+3*n)^n * (2+n)^((2+n)/(1+n)) * ( ((1-
v= 1.09 m/s n= 0.700
K= 0.144 Pa s^n x= 0.434
Rep = 8,814 - Recp = 4,773

Recp=
6464⋅n
n
⋅( 2+ n )
2+n
1+n
⋅
[
( 1+3⋅n )
9.- Critical Reynolds number for yield pseudoplastic fluids

Critical Reynolds number for yield pseudoplastic fluid ( C11. 14 )

Critical Reynolds for Bingham fl

Recp=
6464⋅n
⋅( 2+ n )1+n⋅
2+n [ ( 1−x )2 2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x2
+
1+3⋅n 1+2⋅n
+
1+n ]
2−n

ReBc=8397⋅
[
( 1−x )2 2⋅x⋅( 1−x )
4
+
3
( 1+3⋅n ) n
( 1−x )n ( 1−x )
For the Bingham caso, n=1
2−1

ReBc=
6464⋅1
1
⋅( 2+1 )1+1 ⋅
2+1 [ ( 1−x )2 2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x2
+
1+3⋅1 1+2⋅1
+
1+1 ] 9.- Critical Reynolds number for Bing
ReBc =
( 1+3⋅1 ) ( 1−x )1 x=

[ ]
2 2
( 1−x ) 2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x ReBc =
+ +
6464 1. 5 4 3 2
ReBc= ⋅( 3 ) ⋅
4 ( 1−x )

ReBc=1616⋅5 . 1962⋅
4 [
( 1− x )2 2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x 2
+
3
+
2 ]
( 1−x )
Critical Reynolds number for Bingham fluid

ReBc=8397⋅
4[
( 1−x )2 2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x 2
+
3
+
2 ] (C11 .14a )
( 1−x )

10.- Reynolds number for Bingham plastics

Application

di = 0.1524 m
Reynolds number for pseudoplastic rP = 1500 kg/m³
and yield pseudoplastic slurry ty = 6 Pa
h= 0.144 Pa s^n
n
Re p =8⋅ρ p⋅d npipe⋅v 2−n⋅ (n2+6⋅n ) ⋅1K Q 0.08 m³/s

For Bingham plastics

n=1
and
 Reynolds number for pseudoplastic
and yield pseudoplastic slurry

n
n 1
(
Re p =8⋅ρ p⋅d npipe⋅v 2−n⋅ )⋅
2+6⋅n K
For Bingham plastics Flow velocity
n=1 A= (Pi()/4) * d^2
and d= 0.1524 m
K=η A= 0.0182 m²
1
ReB =8⋅ρ p⋅d 1pipe⋅v2−1⋅(2+6⋅1 ) ⋅1K
1
v= Q/A
1 1
ReB =8⋅ρ p⋅d pipe ⋅v⋅( )⋅ Q= 0.08 m³/s
8 η A= 0.0182 m²
1 v= 4.39 m/s
ReB =ρ p⋅d pipe⋅v⋅
η
v⋅d pipe⋅ρ p
ReB = (C11 .13a )
η

11. Laminar Bingham Fanning friction factor (Macro: Iteration_Macro_Delta_f)

fass =
f=
ReB =
HeB =
f=
Df =
Df =

Laminar friction factor for Bingham slurries

where, the Reynolds and Hedstrom numbers are given by

the eqs. (C11.11) y (C11.12)
 Return to top
12.- Friction factor for turbulent Bingham plastic flow

Turbulent
f= 10^(-1.378* ( 1 + 0.146* Exp( -2.9E-5 * He ) ) ) * ReBP^(-0.193)
Re = 80,000
He = 1.0E+06
f= 0.0047

13.- Friction factor for Bingham fluid-Calculation data

2. Parameter "x", Hedstrom for yield pseudoplastic
Data
di = 0.3048 m
rP = 1500 kg/m³
ty = 6 Pa Heyp = (3232/n) * (2+n)^((2+n)/(1+n)) * (x/(1-x)^(1+n))^((2-n)/n) * (1/(1
h= 0.144 Pa s^n n= 0.2
x= 0.449
1. Hedstrom number for Bingham fluid He'yp = 40,322
HeB = d^2* rP * to / (h^2 ) (C11.16b) He'yp - He = 0.000
di = 0.3048 m Iteration finished
rP = 1500 kg/m³
ty = 6 Pa
 h= 0.144 Pa s^n
HeB = 40,323 -
3.- Critical Reynolds number for Bingham fluids. ReBc = f(x) (C11.14a)

Critical Reynolds for Bingham fluid

ReBc=8397⋅
4 [
( 1−x )2 2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x 2
+
3
+
2 ]
( 1−x )
0 ReBc = 8397* ( (1/4) * (1-x)^2 + (1/3) * ( 2 * x * ( 1-x) + (1/2) * x^2 ) )
x= 0.449 -
ReBc = 4,182 -

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14.- Friction factor for Bingham fluid - Re and He 2.- Parameter_x for Bingham (n = 1)
BinghamFrictionFactor_d_rho_tau_eta_v(d, Rho, tauY, eta,Q)
di = 0.1524 m
HeB=16794⋅
[ ] x
( 1−x )3
(C11 . 16a )

rP = 1500 kg/m³ HeB' =

ty = 6 Pa x=
h= 0.144 Pa s^n HeB' =
Q 0.08 m³/s HeB' - HeB =

Flow velocity
A= (Pi()/4) * d^2 Using the VB function
d= 0.1524 m x=
A= 0.0182 m² For a Hedstrom number
v= Q/A HeB =
Q= 0.08 m³/s the resulting parameter x is
A= 0.0182 m² x=
v= 4.39 m/s
3.- Critical Reynolds number for Bingham flui
1. Hedstrom number for Bingham fluid
Critical Reynolds for Bingham fluid
HeB = d^2* rP * to / (h^2 ) (C11.16b)
di = 0.1524 m
ReBc=8397⋅
[( 1−x )2 2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x 2
4
+
3
+
2 ]
rP = 1500 kg/m³ ( 1−x )
ty = 6 Pa ReBc =
h= 0.144 Pa s^n x=
HeB = 10,081 - ReBc =

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15.- Friction factor for Bingham fluid-Application of VB functions
 Return to index

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"x", Hedstrom for yield pseudoplastic

of yield stress to wall shear stress at the critical Reynolds number

232/n) * (2+n)^((2+n)/(1+n)) * (x/(1-x)^(1+n))^((2-n)/n) * (1/(1-x))^n

Solution, initially assumed (0 < x < 1)

(C11.15)
 This difference shal become zero

ration finished

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x))/(1+2*n)) + ((x^2)/(1+n)) )^(2-n) / (1-x)^n

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number for Bingham fluids HeB = f(x)

Hedstrom number for yield pseudoplastic fluids
2+n 2−n n
Heyp =
3232
n
⋅( 2+n )1+n ⋅
[
x
( 1−x )1+n ] ( )
n ⋅ 1
1− x
(C11. 1

For n=1
 Hedstrom number for yield pseudoplastic fluids
tio of yield stress to wall shear stress at the critical Reynolds number 2+n 2−n n

4⋅
[ ] x
( 1−x )3
(C11 . 16a )
Heyp =
3232
n
⋅( 2+n )1+n ⋅
x
[
( 1−x )1+n ] ( )
n ⋅ 1
1− x
(C11. 1

For n=1
2+1 2−1 1

794 * x / (1 - x)^3 (C11.16a)

HeB =
3232
1
⋅( 2+1 )1+1 ⋅
3
x
[
( 1− x )1+1 ] ( )
1 ⋅1
1−x

Solution, initially assumed (0 < x < 1)

(C11.15)
2
HeB = 3232⋅( 3 ) ⋅
[
]( ) x
⋅
1
( 1−x )1+1 1− x

ration finished
This difference shal become zero
[ ]
1 .5
HeB = 3232⋅( 3 ) ⋅
x
2
⋅
1
( 1−x ) ( 1− x )

[ ]
1 .5
HeB = 3232⋅( 3 ) ⋅
x
( 1−x )3

[ ]
HeB = 3232⋅5 . 196⋅
x
( 1−x )3
HeB =16794⋅
[ ]
x
( 1−x )3
(C11 . 1

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number for Bingham fluid

fluid, in equation (C11.16) the consistency

be replaced by the limiting plastic di : inside pipe doameter m
also h). The flow behaviour index n takes rP : pulp density kg/m³
ty : yield stress Pa
(= minf) K : Consistency index Pa s^n
m∞ : limiting plastic viscosity Pa s
n : flow behaviour index -
2* rP * to / (h^2 ) (C11.16b) He : Hedstrom number -
m
kg/m³
Pa
Pa s^n
-
 Return to top

7.- Laminar friction factor for Bingham slurries

where, the Reynolds and Hedstrom numbers are given by

the eqs. (C11.11) y (C11.12)

From the figure,

with
ReB = 6,962
HeB = 10,081
One obtains
f= 0.13

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m number for Bingham flows Reynolds and Hedstrom numbers for Bingham flows

ber for yield pseudoplastic fluids

 2
⋅τ y τ y
()
−2
n
⋅ (C11. 16 )
K
m fluid

by η
2
y τy
⋅
K () 1
−2

y τy
⋅ ()
0
Setting in equation (C11.13) n = 1 and replacing the
consistency index K by the Bingham palstic
HeB=16794⋅
[ ] x
( 1−x )3
(C11 .

K
viscosity h, one obtains the Reynolds number for
y Bingham plastic fluids. d2⋅ρ p⋅τ y
(C11. 16b) HeB = ( C11 .16
η2

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mber for yield pseudoplastic fluids, critical case (Repeated)

64*n) / (1+3*n)^n * (2+n)^((2+n)/(1+n)) * ( ((1-x)^2 / (1+3*n)) + ((2*x*(1-x))/(1+2*n)) + ((x^2)/(1+n)) )^(2-n) / (1-x)^n

2−n

=
6464⋅n
n
⋅( 2+ n )
2+n
1+n
⋅
[ ( 1− x )2 2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x 2
1+3 n
+
1+2 n
+
1+n ]
( 1+3⋅n ) ( 1−x )n
 Return to top

ritical Reynolds for Bingham fluid

eBc=8397⋅
[ ( 1−x )2 2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x 2
4
+
3
+
2 ] (C11.14a)

( 1−x )

Critical Reynolds number for Bingham fluids. ReBc = f(x) (C11.14a)

8397* ( (1/4) * (1-x)^2 + (1/3) * ( 2 * x * ( 1-x) + (1/2) * x^2 ) ) / ( 1-x )
0.434 -
4,086 -

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Reynolds number for Bingham Variable x

plastics

ReB =
v⋅d pipe⋅ρ p
(C11 . 13a )
HeB =16794⋅
[ ]
x
( 1−x )3
(C11 . 16a )

η Hedstrom number for Bingham fluid (Repeated)

ReB = v * dpipe * rP / h
v= 4.39 m/s HeB = d^2 * rP * to / h^2
 dpipe = 0.1524 m/s d= 0.1524 m
rP = 1500 kg/m³ rp = 1500 kg/m³
h= 0.144 Pa s ty = 6 Pa
ReB = 6,962 h= 0.144 -
HeB = 10,081

Since
ReBc = 4,086
HeB=16794⋅
[ ] x
( 1−x )3
(C11 . 16a )

ReB = 6,962 HeB' = 16794 * x / (1 - x)^3

Re_B > Re_Bc x= 0.252 Initially assumed
Flow is turbulent HeB' = 10,081
HeB' -HeB = 0.00 Shall be zero
Note Iteration finished
Without consideration of
a transition zone

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0.0029 - Value initially assumed Solucion using the function Goal Seek
16 * ( 1/Re + He / ( 6 * Re^2 ) - He^4 / ( 3 * f^3 * Re^8 ) ) Data
6,962 What-if Analysis
10,081 Goal Seek…
0.0029 Laminar Bingham Fanning friction factor
f - fass fN = 0.0029
0.0000 Value shall become zero
Iteration finished
turn to top

[15]

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om for yield pseudoplastic 4.- Reynolds number for Bingham plastic

v⋅d pipe⋅ρ p
ReB = (C11 . 13a )
η
(2+n)/(1+n)) * (x/(1-x)^(1+n))^((2-n)/n) * (1/(1-x))^n ReB = v * dpipe * rP / h
v= 1.09 m/s
Solución, initially assumed dpipe = 0.3048 m/s
(C11.15) rP = 1500 kg/m³
(Eqs. (C11.15) and (C11.16) h= 0.144 Pa s
hed ReB = 3,461

5.- Laminar or turbulent flow

 Critical Reynolds
ReBc = 4,182
r Bingham fluids. ReBc = f(x) (C11.14a) Reynolds
ReB = 3,461
Bingham fluid
Flow is laminar
2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x 2
3
+
2 ] If ReB > ReBc the flow is turbulent
If ReB < ReBc the flow is considered
x)^2 + (1/3) * ( 2 * x * ( 1-x) + (1/2) * x^2 ) ) / ( 1-x ) to be laminar.
No transition zone is considered, since
there is no information that would allow
to considere this fact.

Parameter_x for Bingham (n = 1) 4.- Reynolds number for Bingham plastic

HeB=16794⋅
[ ] x
( 1−x )3
(C11 . 16a )
ReB =
v⋅d pipe⋅ρ p
(C11 . 13a )
16794 * x / (1 - x)^3 (C11.16a) η
0.252 Initially assumed ReB = v * dpipe * rP / h
10080.625 v= 4.39 m/s
0 value shall be zero dpipe = 0.1524 m/s
Iteration finished rP = 1500 kg/m³
h= 0.144 Pa s
ing the VB function ReB = 6,962
HedstromX
r a Hedstrom number HeB = d^2* rP * ty / (h^2 ) (C11.16b)
10,081 di = 0.1524 m
e resulting parameter x is rP = 1500 kg/m³
#VALUE! ty = 6 Pa
h= 0.144 Pa s^n
Critical Reynolds number for Bingham fluids. ReBc = f(x) (C11.14a) HeB = 10,081 -
Critical Reynolds for Bingham fluid

ReBc=8397⋅
[
( 1−x )2 2⋅x⋅( 1−x ) x 2
4
+
3
+
2 ]
( 1−x )
8397* ( (1/4) * (1-x)^2 + (1/3) * ( 2 * x * ( 1-x) + (1/2) * x^2 ) ) / ( 1-x )
0.252 -
3,098 -

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Fanning Friction factor for Bingham fluid using the VB function
BinghamFrictionFactor_d_rhoP_tau_eta_Q(d, Rho, tauY, eta,Q)

f= BinghamFrictionFactor_d_rhoP_tau_eta_v(d, Rho, tauY, eta, Q)

di = 0.1524 m
rP = 1500 kg/m³
ty = 6 Pa
h= 0.144 Pa s^n
Q= 0.08 m/s
f= #VALUE!

Fanning Friction factor for Bingham fluid using the VB function

Slurry_Friction_Factor_Bingham_Re_He

with
HeB = 10,081 -
ReB = 6,962 -

ff_B = Slurry_Friction_Factor_Bingham_Re_He
Re = 6,962
He = 10,081
ff_B = #VALUE!
Rev. cjc. 03.06.2016
Page 1 of 15

Page 2 of 15
 Page 3 of 15

Page 4 of 15

oplastic fluids
2−n n
1
n ⋅
( )
1− x
(C11. 15 )
oplastic fluids
2−n n
1
n ⋅
( )
1− x
(C11. 15 )

2−1 1
1 ⋅1
(1−x )
x )
)

(C11 . 16a )

Page 5 of 15
Page 6 of 15

Page 7 of 15
B =16794⋅
[ ] x
( 1−x )3
(C11 . 16a )

d2⋅ρ p⋅τ y
B= ( C11 .16b )
η2

Page 8 of 15
 Page 9 of 15

Page 10 of 15

fluid (Repeated)
Initially assumed

Shall be zero

Page 11 of 15

nction Goal Seek

Page 12 of 15

Page 13 of 15
Page 14 of 15

Page 15 of 15
[3]

For Bingham flow, set n = 1

Figure C11.3 [3], page
C.578
[15] Non-Newtonian Fluids Slide 26
Power law fluid behaviour. Berkeley
Go to:
https://www.google.cl/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Turbulent+Bingham+Plastic+Flow
Select:

Slide 26
Slide 19
Return to index
[1]

[2]

[3]

71061 c11 - SlideShare

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Traducir esta página
28 ago. 2015 - FIGURE C11 SLURRY AND SLUDGE PIPING C.611 hydraulic fluid with a ..... Bingham plastic,

[4] Curso de transporte hidraulico de solidos

Tecnex
JRI

[5]
[6] Slurry pumping manual Ex [1]
Warman International Ltd.
1st edition, 2002

[7]

[8] Ch2_FluidFlow_2

[13] http://digitalknowledge.cput.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11189/1496/VAN%20DEN%20HEEVER_E_201
[14] Flow behavoiur of non Newtonian sludges.
Stephen Nicholas Little
http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6228/1/Stephen_Nicholas_Little_1998.pdf

[15] Non-Newtonian Fluids Slide 26

Power law fluid behaviour. Berkeley
Go to:
https://www.google.cl/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Turbulent+Bingham+Plastic+Flow
Select:

[21] http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1417

[22] http://taninos.tripod.com/mallas.htm
 Return to index

uid with a ..... Bingham plastic, pseudoplastic, and yield pseudoplastic models are generally .... This value of the Hedstrom number
VAN%20DEN%20HEEVER_E_2013_MTECH%20dissertation_199022984.pdf?sequence=1
lue of the Hedstrom number is used in Eq. (C11.15) t