Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

INDEX

Additional Indexes Page

•Index of Standards 2677
•Index of Interactive Equations 2689
•Index of Materials 2694

Acme threads (continued)

diameter allowances 1825
A diameter tolerances 1825
drill sizes for 919
Abbreviations form 1825
accuracy 1250 general purpose 1825–1832
mathematical signs and 2542 length of engagement 1825
scientific and engineering terms 2540– multiple start 1826–1827
2543 stub 1843–1846
symbols for mechanics 2543 alternative 1846
welding 1435 60-degree 1846
Abrasive taps for 918–919
belt thread profile form 1825–1834
applications 1230 tolerances application 1837
cutting off difficulties 1233 types of 1825, 1834, 1837
grinding 1230–1231 wire sizes for checking 1908
rotative speeds 1234 Active face width 2029
selection 1230–1231 Acute-angle triangles solution 64, 94–95
contact wheel selecting 1232 Adaptive control, NC 1262
cubic boron nitride (CBN) 782, 1178, Addendum 2029
1195, 1204 chordal 2048–2049
cutting 1230–1233 modification 2077
diamond 1177 involute spur and helical gears 2077
grains and materials 1177 Addition
grinding 1177 decimal fractions 10
honing 1233–1235 fractions and mixed numbers 9
lapping 1235–1238 matrix 119
polishing 1460 Addresses, letter, NC 1272
stones for honing 1235 Adhesives
ABS plastics 2533 acrylic 2481
Absolute bonding 2480
programming, NC 1269 moisture cured polyurethane 2483
system of measurement 142 one-component 2482
temperature 2583 retaining compounds 2483
zero 2583 rubber cements 2483
Acceleration 142, 167–170 sealants 2484
angular 169 threadlocking 2484
constant 167 two-component 2480
linear, of point on rotating body 169 types 2480–2481
of gravity, g 142 Adiabatic expansion and compression 430
Accuracy Adjoint of a matrix 121
effect of, on part tolerances 1249 Adjusting gear blanks for milling 2093
of NC machine tools 1247–1248 Aerodynamic lubrication 2342
positioning 1245 Aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1805
repeatability, and resolution, NC 1245 Aero-thread 1890
significance of 1247–1248 Aging of metal 503
Acme threads Air
abbreviations 1826–1827 absolute pressure 433–435
angle of thread 1825 adiabatic expansion and compression 431
ANSI Standard 1825–1846 compression and flow 428
centralizing 1832–1843 density 429
checking 1908 expansion and compression
adiabatic 430
2588

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2589
Air (continued) Alloy steels (continued)
expansion and compression tensile strength 1364
compression 430 turning 1027–1030
expansion 430 Alloys
horsepower to compress 432–435 aluminum 571–579
isothermal 431 antimony 585
work to compress 431 bearing 1373, 2261–2263
flow in pipes 436 binary 441
gage pressure 433–435 brazing 1382–1388
power or work to compress 431, 435 cast steels 1362
pressure, temperature, and volume copper 555–570
relationships 430 copper-beryllium 569–570
properties of 428–429 copper-silicon 569
velocity of escaping 437 die casting 1371
volume and weight at different magnesium 586, 588
temperatures 428 nickel 589–590
volume transmitted through pipes 436 nonferrous 554
work to compress 431 numbering systems for 440
Airdry wood, weight per cubic foot 413 quaternary 441
AISI–SAE soldering 1380
alloy steels 446–447 ternary 441
carbon steels 444–445 titanium 589, 591
Algebra and equations 29 Alternating current motors 2469–2472
Algebraic Alternating stress 206
expressions and formulas 30 Aluminum
rearrangement and transposition of alloys 571–579
terms 29 anodizing 1463
Allowances and tolerances characteristics 584
allowance defined 645, 651 chemical composition 575, 578–579
allowance for forced fits 647 electrical conductivity 584
application 646 elongation 575–583
bending sheet metal 1332–1335 high corrosion resistance 584
cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard for 651 mechanical properties 584
fits 645–651 temper 575–583
metric ISO, British Standard for 679– ultimate tensile strength 575–583
688 workability 584
preferred series 652 yield strength 575–583
tolerance defined 645, 651 Association 572, 575
unilateral and bilateral tolerances 645 bearing material 2264
Alloy cast iron 1360 cast composition 575
Alloy steels 439 characteristics of 571
AISI-SAE designations 442–443 clad alloys 583–584
basic numbering system 440, 442 coefficient of expansion 403
carburizing grades 455 density 403
casting 1363 designations 575
compositions 446–447, 1364, 2146 die casting 1372
directly hardenable grades 456–457 elongation 417
drilling and reaming 1061–1064 heat treatability of wrought 583
effects of alloying elements 2147 machining 1153
electrodes (welding) melting point 403
current to use with 1413 soldering 1380
elongation 1364 specific heat 403
forged and rolled 2145 structural shapes 2518
gears 2145 temper designation 572–575
hardness of heat-treated 466–471 tensile strength 417
heat treatments 533 thermal conductivity 403
mechanical properties 466–471, 1364 welding 1416
milling 1045–1048 wrought 583
numbering system 440, 442 yield strength 417
strength of heat-treated 466–471 American
Boiler Makers Association 292

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 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2590 INDEX

American (continued) Angle (continued)

Brass Company 569 thread, tolerances on gages 1917
Bureau of Shipping 390 to find, given taper per foot 713–715
Foundrymen's Association 503 tolerance, single point tool 767
Gear Manufacturers Association trigonometric functions of 99–102
(AGMA) 2032, 2035, 2068 useful relationships among 99
Institute of Steel Construction 291 Angular
column formulas 289 acceleration 169
Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 380, 440, torque, relation to 172
442 backlash in gears 2073
National Standards Institute vi, 2079 indexing 1990–2009
(see also ANSI Standard) velocity 167–169
Society for Metals (ASM) 471 of rotating bodies 168
Society for Testing and Materials Annealing 450, 503
(ASTM) 503, 550, 586–588, 1360 constant temperature, transformation 525
copper alloys 554 temperatures
Society of Mechanical Engineers carbon steel 525
(ASME) vi, 2079 stainless 536–537
(see Index of Standards) tungsten 541
Standard Code for Information Annuities (calculation of) 127–128
Interchange (ASCII) 1323 Anode 1349
Standards Association vi Anodizing 1464
wire gage 2520 hard 1468
AMO thread 1886–1889 ANSI Standard
design dimensions 1888 abbreviations 2540, 2543
design requirements 1887 Acme threads 1825–1843
formulas 1888 bolts, nuts, screws, washers
gage testing 1887 inch 1512–1539
lengths of engagement 1887 metric 1540–1544
limit of size 1889 boring tools 887, 891
swiss screw thread 1889 carbide 887–888
symbols 1888 buttress inch screw thread 1850
tolerances and allowances 1887, 1889 cap screws
Analysis, break-even 134–137 inch
Analytical geometry 39–48 hex 1516
Angle slotted head 1618–1619
between lines tangent to two circles 715 socket head 1620
between two lines 42 metric 1540–1543
compound 108–110 socket head 1552
cutting tool 750 chain, transmission 2441–2446
degrees into radians 96, 98 clearance fits 669–671, 674–675
functions of 88–107 core drills 876
helix 1965 cutting tools 756–772
indexing 1990 cylindrical fits 645
involute functions of 103–107 diamond wheels 1201–1206
lead 1965 dowel pins, hardened and ground 1670–
length of arc of given radius 66, 70–72 1671
length of chord 66, 70–72 drawing and drafting practices 630
measuring by disc method 713 symbols
minutes, seconds into decimal degrees 97 accuracy 1250–1253
minutes, seconds into radian 96 between 633
radian into degrees 96–98 comparison to ISO 633
sine bar for measuring 695–705 concentricity 1252
structural 2515–2517 controlled radius 633
bent to circular shape, lengths of 2508 datum referencing 638
moment of inertia 2515–2517 diameter 633
radius of gyration 2515–2517 parallelism 633
section modulus 2515–2517 part tolerance 633, 667
weight per foot 2515–2517 perpendicularity 633
taper per foot corresponding to 714 position 633, 1250
roundness 633

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2591
ANSI Standard (continued) ANSI Standard (continued)
drawing and drafting practices machine screws
runout 633 fillister head 1593
section lining 632 flat, countersunk head 1588–1590
statical tolerance 633 hexagon washer head 1590
total runout 633, 1253 metric 1597–1604
welding 1432 oval head 1593–1595
drill drivers 875, 878 pan head 1592
collet type 875 round head 1596
drive screws 1654 slotted hexagon 1591
drive studs 1678 truss head 1591
electric socket and lamp base manufacturers’ standard gage for sheet
threads 1884 steel 2522
engineering drawings 630–631 metric
fine-pitch cap screws 1540–1543
helical gears 2108–2111 clearance fits 670–671, 674–675
standard gear tooth parts 2040 hex flange nuts 1564
worm gearing 2095–2098 hex flange screws 1547
fire hose connection threads 1874 interference fits 672–677
fits 652 nut thread series 1563
hole basis 670–673 nut tops 1561
shaft basis 674–677 nuts 1560, 1567
flat metal products retaining rings 1684–1692
inch sizes 2522–2523 screw 1551
metric sizes 2523 screw threads, M profile 1783–1803
gagemakers tolerances 678 screw threads, MJ profile 1804–1807
gages 1910–1918 screws, bolts, nuts, and washers 1540–
for self-holding tapers 934 1544
for Unified screw threads 1911–1918 slotted hex nuts 1563
usage, recommended 678 square neck bolts 1547–1548
gear tooth forms 2035 transition fits 672–673, 676–677
geometric characteristic symbols 633 microscope threads 1884
geometric dimensioning and milling cutters 797–825
tolerancing 630 miniature threads 1777–1781
grinding wheel safety 1207–1211 numerical control 1255
grinding wheels 1179–1187, 1195, 1204 nuts 1512–1516
grooved pins 1677 pins 1667–1683
hexagon socket head shoulder pipe and pipe fittings 2526–2530
screws 1624 pipe thread 1860–1869
hexagon spline socket set screws 1627 plain washers 1532–1535, 1569
hose coupling screw threads 1873–1876 preferred
interference fits 669, 672–673, 1877– basic sizes 690
1882 fits 669
involute splines 2156, 2160 metric limits and fits 656
metric module 2176–2181 metric sizes 665, 690
jig bushings 975–985 thicknesses, thin, flat metals 2522
key drive 931–932 reamers 839–853
keys and keyseats 2363 retaining rings 1684–1692
keys and keyways 819 rivets 1483–1485
knurls and knurling 1240–1244 roundness symbols 1251
letter symbols for mechanics 2543 runout symbols 1253
limits and fits 651–677 screw thread symbols 1825–1834, 1837,
lock washers 1535–1539 1846, 1878
M profile thread metric 1785
design profile 1787 screw threads 1725, 1732–1776, 1783–
designations 1803 1843, 1850, 1881
limits of size 1797 metric MJ profile 1804–1807
tolerances of internal threads 1794 screws and bolts
machine screws 1587–1596 hex structural bolts 1549
binding head 1595 hexagon socket 1560
metric 1540, 1544–1546

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2592 INDEX

ANSI Standard (continued) Apothecaries measure

screws and bolts fluid 2567
metric hex bolts 1550 weight 2571
metric neck bolts 1547 Applications nickel alloys 589–590
square neck bolts 1548 APT (automatically programmed
section lining symbols 630, 632 tool) 1292–1309
self-tapping thread inserts 1654 axis nomenclature 1264
self-threading screws circles 1294–1299, 1301
inch 1639–1649 computational statements 1294
metric for turning 1307–1309
head types 1656 geometry statements 1294
serrations, involute 2156 geometry, 3-D 1303
set-screws motion statements 1299–1304
heads and points 1625–1628 planes 1302
socket type 1626, 1631 points 1295
shoulder screws 1624 postprocessor statements 1304–1309
slotted headless set screws 1625 program 1306
spindles and drives for portable programming 1292–1309
tools 948–951 tabulated cylinder 1303
spline socket set screws 1626, 1631 Arbors
splines, involute circular saw 948
metric module 2176–2181 diameters for spring-winding 353
spring pin 1682 dimensions of centers 839
spur gear tooth forms 2035 keys and keyways for 819
square head set screws 1628 milling cutters 815
straight pins 1673 shell reamer 850
surface texture 724 standard milling machine 940–944
symbols 678 Arc
accuracy symbols 1253 checking radius of 718
concentricity 633 cutting 1418
datum referencing 638 electric, cutting of metals 1418–1419
diameter 1251 length of given angle and radius 66, 70–
for section lining 632 72
tang drives 929–930 plasma precision cutting 1418
tapers 926–938 plasma welding 1414
taps and threading dies 892–918 welding 1389–1414
thread dimension 1879 Area
threads for electric sockets 1884 circle 66
thumb screws 1712–1720 circular
T-nuts, T-bolts, T-slots 1664–1666 ring 67
tolerances 652 ring sector 67
allowances for cylindrical fits 645 sector 66
gagemakers 678 segments 66, 71–72
symbols 633, 638 cycloid 66
tooth proportions 2039 ellipse 68
transition fits 669, 672–673 enclosed by cycloidal curve 61
twist drills 854–877 fillet 67
Unified threads 1725, 1732–1782 finding by Simpson’s rule 60
washers geometrical figures 63–74
inch 1532–1539 hexagon 65
metric 1566, 1568 hyperbola 68
welded and seamless wrought steel irregular outline 60
pipe 2527 octagon 65
wing nuts and screws 1712–1720 parabola 67–68
wood screws 1477 segment of 68
woodruff keys 2369–2372 parallelogram 63
worm gearing, fine pitch 2095–2098 plane figures 63–74
wrench openings 1530 plane surface of irregular outline 60
Antifriction bearings 2269–2323 polygon 65
rectangle 63
spandrel 67

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 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2593
Area (continued) Balls, standard (continued)
square 63 grades 2326
surface of revolution 59–60 hardness corrections for curvatures 2329
trapezium 65 hardness ranges 2327
trapezoid 64 materials 2326
triangle 64 number per kilogram 2331
units 2563 number per pound 2330
units and conversion of 2563–2565 ordering specifications 2324
various sections 238–247 package markings 2315
volume 59–80 preferred gages 2324
Argon, welding gas 1393, 1401, 1414 preferred sizes 2325, 2328–2329
Arithmetical tolerances 2326
operations, sequence of 5 Band brakes 2358
progressions 36–37 coefficient of friction 2360
ASA Code for transmission shafting 303 simple and differential 2359
ASCII, American Standard Code for Band saw
Information Interchange 1323 blade selection 1138–1139
Atmospheric pressure 428, 2574 blade types 1139
Austempering 503, 520 break-in 1142–1143
Austenite 507, 511 speed and feed 1140
Autocollimation 1248–1249 speed for cutting materials 1141–1142
Automatic screw machines 1131–1136 speeds and feeds, metal cutting 1140–
knurling on 1131 1142
Avoirdupois or commercial weight 2571 tooth forms 1139
Azimuth reading displacements 1248 Barometer reading and equivalent
pressure 430
Barrel
B effect 1350
liquid capacity 2567
B & S automatic screw machines 1131 volume 80
Babbitt metals 2261–2263 Base
properties of 2263 circle 2030, 2157
SAE general information 2261 diameter 2157
Backlash 2030 helix angle 2030
allowance in checking gears by the pin oils for metal cutting 1146
method 2139 pitch 2030
bevel gears 2069 spur gear, diameter 2035
calculation 2067 tooth thickness 2030
control of allowances in production 2070 Basic
control of in assemblies 2072 dimensions 636
determining proper amount of 2067 of shaft or hole 645
excess depth of cut 2070 endurance limit 2077
fine-pitch gears 2071 gear dimensions 2041
gearing 2067–2073 rack profiles 2180
hypoid gears 2069 space width 2157
recommended for gears 2069 Baumé’s hydrometer 408
Balance wheels 183 conversion 407
Balancing Beams 260–276, 2508–2514
calculations 197–202 channel 2514, 2518
counterbalancing masses combined stresses in 215–218
located in single plane 198–200 curved 279
located in two or more planes 200–201 deflections 260–271, 277–281
dynamic 197 designing for 277–281
lathe fixtures 201–202 fixed at one end 272–276
machines 197 I-beams 2508–2513, 2518
rotating parts 197–202 rectangular solid 272–276
running or dynamic 197 stresses in 213, 260–271
static 197 stresses produced by shocks 283
Ball bearing (see Bearings: ball) supported at both ends 260–276
Balls, standard 2323–2331 Bearings 2218–2323
ball bearing 2269–2288, 2294

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2594 INDEX

Bearings (continued) Bearings (continued)

ball bearing ball bearing
ABEC tolerances 2279–2284 soft metal and resilient housings 2296
alignment and squareness 2295 special or unconventional types of 2276
allowance for axial displacement squareness and alignment 2295
in 2286 starting torque 2303
angular contact 2271 static
cage materials 2277 equivalent load 2321–2322
clamping and retaining methods 2297– load criterion 2308
2302 load ratings 2319
clearances, running 2304 symbols 2269, 2271
closures 2297, 2302 thrust 2274, 2312
deficiencies 2307 thrust load 2313
design and installation 2286 tolerances 2278, 2284
designation 2277, 2289 types 2270, 2308
double row bearing 2271 guide 2221, 2260
equivalent thrust load 2313 hydrostatic 2221
failures 2307 journal 2229
fatigue life 2307 allowable pressure 2234
fits 2297, 2302 bearing pressure 2233
flanged housing 2277 capacity number 2236
friction losses 2302 classes 2234
handling precautions 2306 clearance modulus 2234
housing bore tolerances 2289–2290 diameter of bearing 2233
housings, soft metal 2296 diametral clearance 2234
life 2307 eccentricity ratio 2235
adjustment factor application 2318 factor 2236
adjustment factor for material 2318 film thickness 2239
adjustment factors 2318 flow factor 2236
criterion 2307 flow of lubricant 2236
limitations 2308 friction horsepower 2236
load ratings 2307 friction torque 2236
locknuts and shafts for 2299–2300 hydrodynamic flow of lubricant 2238
lockwashers for 2298 length of bearing 2233
lubrication method 2304 length to diameter ratio 2234
materials for 2277 lubrication analysis 2239
mounting 2294 operating temperature 2234
precautions 2297 pressure 2234
types 2305 pressure flow of lubricant 2238
pillow block 2277 temperature of mineral oils 2236
plastics 2276 temperature rise 2239
quiet or vibration-free mountings 2297 torque parameter 2235
radial and angular contact 2309–2310 total flow of lubricant 2238
radial and axial clearance 2305 viscosity of lubricant 2234
radial, deep groove and angular keying 2223
contact 2308 laminated phenolic 2265
rating life 2309, 2316 life adjustment factors 2318
reliability 2318 lubricants and lubrication
seating fits 2297 grease 2227
selection 2303 journal bearings 2230, 2233, 2239
shaft plain bearings 2226–2230
and housing fits for metric materials, plain 2260–2268
radial 2288 aluminum 2261, 2264
bore limits 2289–2290 babbitt metals 2261
housing fits 2286–2288 bronze 2264
tolerance cadmium alloys 2263
classifications, metric 2287–2288 carbon-graphite 2264
limits, metric 2288–2289 cast iron 2264
single row radial, filling slot 2270 compatibility 2260
single row radial, non filling slot 2270 conformability 2260
copper-lead 2261, 2263

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2595
Bearings (continued) Bearings (continued)
materials, plain plain
corrosion resistance 2262 length-to-diameter ratio 2233
embeddability 2260 lubricants 2227
fatigue resistance 2260 lubrication analysis 2233
graphitic 2266 lubrication methods 2226
laminated phenolics 2265 machining 2225–2226
load capacity 2262 materials 2260
nylon 2265 mixed-film lubrication mode 2222
plastics laminates 2265 modes of operation 2221, 2223
porous 2265 multiple-groove 2220
properties 2260 nutcracker 2220
rubber 2266 oil bath lubrication 2227
SAE compositions 2261 oil feeding 2230
silver 2264 oil grooves 2229, 2233
strength 2262 oil ring lubrication 2227
teflon (TFE) 2265 operating temperatures 2234
thermal conductivity 2262 pivot-shoe 2220
tin-bronze 2261 positive contact 2224
white metal 2261–2262 press or shrink fit 2223
wood 2266 pressure 2220
needle 2274 pressure lubrication 2226
loose roller 2275 pressure profile 2231
symbols 2274 retaining methods 2223
types of 2274 rubbing seals 2224
needle roller sealing methods 2223–2225
designations of 2289 sleeve 2230
fitting and mounting practice 2291 solid lubricants 2229
roller and cage assemblies 2291 splash lubrication 2226
shaft and housing tolerances 2292– static seals 2225
2293 surface finish and hardness 2225
tolerances 2284–2286 three-lobe 2220
pillow block 2277 types 2218–2221
plain 2218–2268 viscosity conversion table 2334
allowable pressures 2233 viscosity temperature chart 2228
boundary lubrication 2222 waste pack lubrication 2227
circumferential-groove 2218 porous 2265
classes of 2218 retension
clearances 2233 dowel pin 2224
controlled clearence noncontact housing cap 2224
seals 2224 set screws 2223
cylindrical-overshot 2220 woodruff key 2224
cylindrical-undershot 2220 roller 2269–2323
design 2221–2258 ABEC and RBEC tolerances 2289
design notation 2232 alignment and squareness 2295
die casting in place 1373 allowance for axial displacement 2286
displaced elliptical 2220 barrel roller 2272
elliptical-overshot 2220 barrel type 2276
full film lubrication 2222 bearing closures 2302
full film operational mode 2222 cage materials 2277
greases 2229 clamping and retaining methods 2297
grooving feeding 2230 closures 2302
hardness and surface finish 2225 cylindrical type 2272, 2276
heat radiating capacity 2229 deficiencies 2307
hydrostatic 2221 design and installation
journal 2230 considerations 2286
journal bearing oil grooving 2230 designation of 2277, 2289
journal bearing types 2231 failures 2307
journal or sleeve 2218 fatigue life 2307
keying methods 2223 fits 2297, 2302
flanged housing 2277

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2596 INDEX

Bearings (continued) Bearings (continued)

roller tapered
friction losses in 2302 roller thrust bearings 2273
handling precautions 2306 thrust bearing 2242, 2274
high speed effects 2313 ball 2274
housing bore tolerances 2289–2290 symbols 2272
housings, soft metal and resilient 2296 design notation 2243
internal clearance 2313 flat plate design 2242, 2244–2249
life 2307 depth of chamber 2246
adjustment factors 2318 film flow 2245
for application 2318 flow per chamber 2245–2246
for material 2318 friction power loss 2245
criterion 2307 kinetic energy correction 2246
life adjustment factors 2318 length of pad 2245
load ratings 2307 number of pad 2245
location and seating 2294–2302 pitch line velocity 2245
locknuts and shafts 2299–2301 radial pad width 2244
lockwashers 2298 required oil flow 2245
lubrication 2304, 2313 flat plate type 2248
materials for 2277, 2313 friction power loss 2246
method of designation 2288–2289 leakage factor 2253
mounting 2294 load 2243
precautions 2297 parallel flat plate 2242
type 2305 plain 2242
needle type 2291–2293 rated life 2312–2318
pillow block 2277 roller 2273–2274, 2316
plastics 2276 symbols 2273–2274
quiet or vibration-free mountings 2297 static equivalent load 2322–2323
radial 2315, 2323 step design 2242, 2248–2251
radial and axial clearance 2305 depth of step 2250
radial load 2315 film thickness 2250
rating life 2314, 2316 friction power loss 2250
reliability 2318 hydrodynamic oil flow 2250
seating fits for 2297 length of pad 2250
selection 2303–2304 number of pads 2250
self-aligning 2274 pad step length 2250
shaft and housing fits for 2297, 2302 pitch line circumference 2250
metric radial 2286–2288 pitch line velocity 2250
soft metal and resilient housings 2296 radial pad width 2249
special or unconventional types of 2276 temperature rise 2250
spherical roller 2272 tapered land design 2242, 2251, 2256
spherical type 2276 film thickness 2252
squareness and alignment 2295 friction power loss 2253
static equivalent loads 2322–2323 length of pad 2252
static load criterion 2308 number of pads 2252
stress concentrations 2313 oil film flow 2253
symbols 2269 oil flow factor 2253
tapered 2273 oil leakage factor 2252
tapered roller thrust type 2273 pitch line circumference 2252
thrust 2273–2274, 2284, 2316 pitch line velocity 2252
tolerances for 2278–2286 radial pad width 2252
torque, starting 2303 shape factor 2253
types of 2272, 2313 taper values 2252
roller thrust tilting pad design 2242, 2256
spherical roller 2274 bearing unit load 2257
sleeve 2229 dimensionless film thickness 2259
spacing and shaft stiffness 2084 film thickness 2258
tapered friction coefficient 2258
land thrust bearing 2242, 2251, 2256 length of pad 2257
roller bearings 2273 number of pads 2257
operating number 2257, 2259

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2597
Bearings (continued) Belts and pulleys (continued)
thrust bearing V-belts
pitch line velocity 2257 groove dimension 2401
radial pad width 2257 horsepower ratings 2403
temperature rise 2258 length correction 2405
tolerances 2284 sheave dimensions 2400–2402
tolerances 2278 speed ratio correction 2405
metric ball and roller 2279–2286 double V-belts 2406–2414
needle roller 2278 arc of contact 2414
thrust 2278 design method 2410
Belleville disc springs or washers 348, 354 effective diameter 2409
(see also Springs: disc) effective length 2406
Belts and pulleys 2388–2440 groove dimension 2407
flat belts 2391 length determination 2409
length formula 2388 length-flex correction 2413
rules for diameters and speeds of number of belts 2410
pulleys 2388 sheave dimension 2406–2407
speed limitations 2391 tension 2414
speed in compound drive 2390 tension ratings 2413–2414
synchronus belts 2432, 2436–2440 tight side tension 2411
cross section 2438 effective length 2391
designation 2432, 2438 horsepower ratings 2388
horsepower rating 2439–2440 light duty V-belts 2414–2417
length determination 2436 arc of contact 2414
pitch lengths 2435 designation 2414
pulley dimensions 2415
and flange dimension 2434 groove dimension 2416
diameter 2436–2437 horsepower rating 2416
size 2437, 2440 sheave dimension 2416
tolerances 2438 narrow V-belts 2393, 2398
section dimension 2434 arc of contact correction 2399
service factors 2432 cross section selection 2397
storage and handling 2429 groove dimension 2395–2396
timing 2432 horsepower ratings 2397
tolerances 2435 length correction factors 2399
tooth dimensions 2433–2434 number of belts 2399
torque ratings 2438–2439 sheave
width factor 2440 dimensions 2393, 2395–2396
width, finding 2439 outside diameter 2397
widths and tolerances 2436 size 2397
variable speed belts 2422–2427 speed ratio correction factors 2398
arc of contact 2429 ratio 2388
cross section selection 2426 SAE belts and belting 2429
degree 2427, 2429 belt dimensions 2430
designation 2425 pulley dimensions 2430
dimension 2422 service factors 2431
drive design 2425 sheaves 2388
groove dimension 2424 sixty (60)-degree 2429
horsepower rating 2426–2427 storage and handling 2430–2431
length correction 2428 V-ribbed belts 2417–2422
lengths 2423 arc of contact correction 2421
sheave dimension 2424 cross-sections 2417
sheave groove data 2425 designation 2419
speed ratio 2426 dimensions 2417
V-belts 2393–2431 effective length 2420
belt lengths and center distances 2398 grooved dimension 2418
classical V-belts 2399–2406 horsepower rating 2419
arc of contact correction 2406 length correction 2421
cross section correction factors 2398 sheave dimension 2418–2419
datum length 2400 speed ratio correction 2422
60 degree 2429

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2598 INDEX

Belts and pulleys (continued) Block (continued)

V-belts NC 1270, 1272, 1274
speed ratio correction 2427 or multiple indexing 2021–2022
Bending Blow, force of 175
allowances, sheet metal 1332–1335 Boilers, strength of flat stayed surfaces 292
formulas Boiling temperature,various substances 399
for beams 260–276 Bolt hole circles
for shafts 299–301 chordal distance 69
stress in beams 260–281 coordinates for 989–1004
structural angles 2515–2517 Bolts and nuts
Bending load, wood 411 angularity and eccentricity 1579
Bending moments units conversion 2577 ANSI Standard 1514
Beryllium and copper alloys 570 ANSI, inch dimensions
Bevel gearing 2081–2095 cap or acorn nuts 1523
ANSI/AGMA Standard 2085 countersunk bolts 1528–1529
applications of 2083 flat jam nuts 1520
bearing spacing 2084 hex
blanks 2083 flat nuts 1520
bronze and brass gears 2147 nuts 1519
chordal addendum 2095 slotted nuts 1520, 1522
chordal thickness 2093, 2095 thick slotted nuts 1521–1522
circular pitch 2088 jam nuts 1519
circular thickness 2095 ribbed neck bolts 1527
cutting angle 2088 round head bolts 1525–1527
cutting teeth 2084 round head fin neck bolts 1526
design 2083 slotted countersunk bolts 1529
dimensions 2087 square
face angle 2088 neck bolts 1525, 1528
factors for offset of cutter 2092 nuts 1512–1513, 1522
formed cutters for 2089–2091 step bolts 1528
German standard tooth form 2121 T-bolts 1665
hypoid gears 2082 T-nuts 1666
materials for 2094 Unified 1512, 1519, 1522
milled 2085, 2093 wing nuts 1712–1716
milling cutters for 817 ANSI, metric dimensions
milling setup 2092–2093 diameters 1543
mountings 2084 heavy hex bolts 1549
nomenclature 2085 heavy hex flange screws 1546
offset of cutter 2092 heavy hex nuts 1567
pitch cone 2087 hex jam nuts 1567
pitch diameter 2087 hex nuts 1562
planetary 2115 prevailing torque hex
replacement gear dimensions 2154 flange nuts 1566
selecting formed cutters for 2091 nuts 1565
shaft stiffness 2084 reduced diameter bolts 1544
spiral 2082 slotted hex nuts 1563
straight 2029, 2081, 2083 thread series 1563
thickness of tooth 2088 bolt designation 1513, 1550–1551, 1566,
types of 2081 1570, 1579–1580, 1588, 1601, 1618,
typical steels used for 2094 1629, 1632, 1640, 1656, 1715, 1718
Zerol 2029, 2082–2083 British Standard 1614
Bilateral and unilateral tolerances 645 fine thread 1638, 1859–1885
Binary multiples 2546 hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1578
Birmingham wire gage 2520 hexagon slotted and castle nuts 1573
Birnie's equation 295 metric hexagon 1574
Blank diameters, drawing dies 1331, 1333 precision hexagon nuts 1572
Blanks, sintered carbide 764 slotted and castle nuts 1572
Blast cleaning of castings 1368 Unified 1616
Block Whitworth 1571–1573, 1610, 1617,
brakes 2361 1638
chamfering 1579

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2599
Bolts and nuts (continued) Bolts and nuts (continued)
combination 1580 working strength of bolts 1509
counterbore sizes 887, 1557 wrench and socket clearances 1530–1531
countersinking 1579 wrench clearances for nuts 1530
deflection 1495 wrench openings 1530
designation 1580 yield strength 1495
diameter-length combinations 1552 Bonding, adhesives 2480
drill sizes 1557 Boring
elongation and tightening tension 1504 carbide tools for 887–888
elongation measurements 1500 cutting time for 1082
eye bolts and nuts 394–395 insert holder 762–764
finish 1578 wood 414
friction coefficient 1504 Boring machine, origin 891
friction coefficients 1498 Boring tools
grade markings for steel 1508 carbide carbide tipped round 889
head markings carbide sizes 887
inch 1508–1509 carbide style 887
metric 1550, 1561, 1566 sintered carbide 887
heavy hex structural 1514 solid carbide 891
heavy hex structural bolts 1549 Boring-bar, cutters, carbide 887–888
hex structural 1513 Boron nitride
hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1578 cubic (CBN) abrasive 1013, 1178, 1195,
hexagon sockets 1560 1204
identification symbols 1551 cutting tool materials 1013
length of thread 1579 speeds and feeds for 1033, 1039
load allowable on bolts 1509 Box wrench clearances 1530
loaded joints 1496 Brakes
marking 1580 band 2358
materials properties 1550 block type 2361
metric hex bolts 1550 coefficient of friction 2359
metric hex cap screws 1553 Brass and bronze
metric hex flange nuts 1564 alloys 555
metric hex lag screws 1552 cast 556–559
metric round head bolts 1551 speeds and feeds
metric screw 1551 drilling and reaming 1072
nominal lengths 1578 wrought 560–568
preload 1495 speeds and feeds
adjustments 1498 turning 1037
application methods 1500 strength data 554
applications 1497 Brass files 965
loaded joints 1496 Brazing 1382–1388
shear 1496 blowpipe 1387
proof strength 1495 dip 1387
relaxation of preloads 1499 filler metals for 1382
round head neck bolts 1526 fluxes for 1386
socket head cap screws 1552, 1560 furnace 1387
spacing for wrench clearances 1530– heating for 1387
1531 induction 1387
spline sockets 1560 methods 1387
square 1513 resistance 1387
steel nuts 1580 supplying heat
strength grade designations 1508–1509, blowpipe 1387
1550–1551, 1561, 1566, 1579–1580 torch 1387
tightening 1495 symbols 1387–1388
torque 1495 vacuum furnace 1387
torque prevailing types 1564 work 1387
torque required to tighten 1495 Break-even analysis 134–137
Unified square 1514–1515 Breaking load, bolts 1511
Unified Standard 1514–1515 Breaking load, screws 1511
washer facing 1579 Bricks strength 420

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2600 INDEX

Briggs (now ANSI) standard pipe British Standard (continued)

thread 1861–1862, 1890, 1892 limits and fits 684
drills for 1941 limits of tolerance for shafts 682
Brinell hardness 547 machine screw nuts 1605, 1610
aluminum alloys 575–583 machine screws 1605–1617
heat-treated steels 466–471 countersunk head 1608
Rockwell conversion tables 550–551 material 1605
test 547 metric series 1607
British Association slotted countersunk head 1607
basic dimensions 1886 machine screws and nuts 1614
instrument makers threads 1886 machine screws, cheese head 1612
standard screw threads 1885 machine screws, metric series 1613
tolerance formulas 1886 metric
tolerances and allowances 1886 and inch pipe threads 1870–1871
British Standard basic sizes, preferred 690
button head screws 1632 bolts, clearance holes 1938
buttress threads 1849 bright metal washers 1585
cap screws 1633 comparison of British, French, German
cheese head screw 1615 and Swiss 1824
clearance holes for metric bolts and dowel pins 1668–1669
screws 1938 drills 878–884
combined drills and countersinks 874 gauge and letter sizes 879
core drills 880–881 hexagon socket screws 1632, 1637
countersunk head screws 1610, 1614, keys and keyways 2374, 2387
1617 limits and fits 679–688
deviations for holes 687 machine screws and nuts 1605
deviations for shafts 685 metal washers 1584
dowel pins, metric 1668–1669 series 1605
drills and countersinks 878 series plain washers 1584–1586
drills, metric 878, 880–884 series spring washers 1582–1584
fasteners, mechanical properties 1578, spring washers 1583–1584
1632 taps, ISO 922–925
fine threads (BSF) threads 1824
basic dimensions 1859 morse taper 881
tolerance formulas 1857 mushroom head screw 1615
fits 683 nuts 1571–1574, 1576–1577, 1605–1614
hexagon and thin nuts 1576 pan head screw 1615
hexagon bolts 1570 pipe threads
hexagon bolts and screws 1575 jointing threads 1870
hexagon head screws 1614–1615 longscrew threads 1870
hexagon nuts 1573 non pressure tight joints 1869
hexagon slotted and castle nuts 1572, pressure tight joints 1870
1577 precison metric nuts 1577
hexagon socket countersunk 1632 preferred metric basic sizes 690
hexagon socket screws, metric 1632, preferred numbers 690
1634, 1637 preferred sizes 691
button head 1636 recessed head screws 1614
cap 1633 rivets 1485–1491, 1494
set 1635, 1637 RMS thread 1886
imperial wire gauge 2520 round head screw 1614
interference fits 1581 screws 1570, 1605, 1617, 1632–1638
ISO metric thread dimensions 1871, 1886
grade markings 1578 thread profiles 1782, 1857
limits and fits 679–688 slotted head screws 1614
tapping drill sizes for 1937 socket head 1633
taps 922–925 spark plug threads 1883
threads 1805, 1823 spur and helical gears 2076
ISO metric nuts 1576 straight splines 2182
ISO profile dimensions 1814 studs 1570, 1581
keys and keyways 2374, 2387 taps, ISO, metric 922–925
tolerance for holes and shafts 680, 682

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2601
British Standard (continued) Bushings
twist drills 880–883 gear 2149
Unified jig, materials for 975
machine screws and nuts 1616 standard, for jigs 975
screws and nuts 1616 Butt joint, riveted 1478–1482
thread system Button head screw 1632
UNJ profile threads 1782 Buttress threads 1849–1856
washers, plain, metric 1584–1586 allowances and tolerances 1855
Whitworth and fine machine screws 1605 ANSI Standard inch type 1850
Whitworth threads (BSW) 1857–1859 basic dimensions 1849–1850
basic dimensions 1858–1859 British Standard 1849
formulas 1858–1859 designations 1856
instrument threads 1886 diameter equivalents 1852
machine screws 1617 diameter-pitch combinations 1849–1850
measuring 1896–1897, 1899, 1902 dimensions 1855
pipe threads 1869–1870 formula 1856
set-screws 1617, 1638 height of thread engagement 1850
thread form 1857 lead and flank angles 1852
tolerance formulas 1857 pitch-diameter tolerances 1851
British thermal units, (BTU) 2583 symbols and formulas 1850
converted into foot-pounds 2579 thread form 1850
power and heat equivalents 2578 tolerances 1851, 1854–1855
Broaches wire method of measuring 1910–1911
chip breakers 959–960 Byte 2546
clearance angles for teeth 959 Byte, PLC 1258
depth of cut per tooth 958
depth of teeth 959
face angle or rake 959
land width 959
C
pitch of teeth 956–959 Cables, wire, breaking strength 372–377
radius of tooth fillet 959 CAD/CAM 1315–1325
shear angle 959–960 drawing exchange standards 1322–1324
surface 957 projections 1317
total length of 959 rapid prototyping 1324
types 955–956 standard lettering sizes 1322
Broaching 955–961 tips 1318
cutting oils for 1146 Cadmium
cutting speeds for 1074 bearing alloys 2263
difficulties 961 plating 1465
pressure 957 vacuum coating 1471
types of machines 959–960 Cage materials, anti-friction bearings 2277
Broken tap, removal of 1941 Caliper
Bronze bearing material 2264 gear tooth 2051
Brown & Sharpe measurement of gear teeth 2051
automatic screw machines 1131–1136 vernier 692
forming tool formula 787 Calorie, kilogram 2578, 2583
indexing plates 1983, 2011–2012 Cams and cam design 1135–1136, 2188–
milling machine indexing 1983, 1985, 2213
2011–2012 accelerating forces 2205
taper 926, 935–936 acceleration, velocity, and displacement
taper reamers for sockets 852 formulas 2190
wire gage 2520 classes of cams 2188
Brush finishing, power 1456–1459 constant velocity with parabolic
Buckling, columns 286 matching 2195
Buffing and polishing 1457 contact stresses 2210
Buffing wheels 1460 cylinder cams shape 2211
Bulk modulus of various material 420 displacement
Buoyancy 424 constant velocity 2190
Burs and files, rotary 965 curves 2189
cycloidal 2192
diagrams 2189

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2602 INDEX

Cams and cam design (continued) Carbide tools (continued)

displacement insert type 752, 756–764
harmonic 2191 materials for 773–780, 1010–1012
parabolic 2190 nose angle 769–770
synthesis of 2192 nose radius 767, 770
follower systems 2188 rectangular shank 767
forces 2205–2206 sharpening 971
friction forces 2206 side cutting edge angle 768
harmonic motion 2204 single point 764
layout of a cylinder cams 2211 sintered 764
materials 2205, 2210 square shank 767
compressive stress 2210 standard blanks for 764
milling 2212 style A 767
offset translating follower 2198 style B 768
pressure angle 2197, 2206 style C 769
formula 2201 style E 770
harmonic motion 2202 style EL 770
parabolic motion 2202 style ER 770
uniform velocity motion 2202 tips for boring tools 887–888
profile determination 2194, 2196–2197 Carbides and carbonitrides 773–778
radius of curvature 2203 Carbon steel 438
cycloidal motion 2204 AISI-SAE designations 442–443
parabolic motion 2204 chemical compositions 444, 2145
rise for threading 1134 classification 452
size determination 2197–2201 cold drawn 464–465
stresses, contact 2205, 2209–2210 electrodes 1413
swinging roller follower 2196, 2200 forged and rolled 2145
symbols 2189 free cutting 454
torque 2207 gears 2145
translating roller follower 2196 heat treatments 532
Cams and tool design 1135 mechanical properties 466–471
Canned (fixed) cycles, NC 1287–1291 milling 1045–1048
Cap screws 1516, 1618–1623 numbering system 440, 442
button head 1623 structure of 507
drill and counterbore sizes for 1621 tool steel as a cutting tool material 1010
finished, hexagonal 1516 turning 1027–1030
flat head 1622 unified numbering system 440, 442
hexagon socket head 1632 Carbonaceous mixtures 526
hexagon socket type 1620–1623 Carbon-graphite bearings 2266
hexagonal 1516 Carbonitrides and carbides 773–778
metric 1541 Carbonitriding 510
round head 1619 Carburizing 503, 509, 526
slotted fillister head 1619 gas 528
slotted flat head 1618–1619 liquid 528
slotted head 1618 solid materials 526
designation 1618 steels for 455
length of thread 1618 temperatures
spline socket type 1620–1623 alloy steel 533
Capitalized cost 132 carbon steel 532
Carat 2571 vacuum 528
Carbide blank Cartesian coordinates 42
designations 764–765 Case hardening 503, 526
sizes 764–765 steel 526
Carbide tools 771, 773 Cash flow conversion 127–130
application of cutting fluids to 1148 annuity to future value 129
boring 887–888, 1075 annuity to gradient value 129
coated 1011–1012 annuity to present value 129
cutting 764 diagrams 128
grinding 971–974 future value to annuity 129
insert holders 752–764, 1310–1312 future value to gradient 129
future value to present value 129

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Cash flow conversion
present value to annuity 129
present value to future value 129
present value to gradient 129
Casing thread 1890
Cast copper alloys 555–559
Cast iron
bearings 2264
chilled 1360
coefficient of expansion 404
cutting, flame 1419
density 404
ductile 1361
malleable 1361
melting points 404
nodular 1361
specific heat 404
speeds and feeds for
drilling, reaming, and threading 1068–
1069
milling 1052–1053
turning 1033–1034
strength 474
thermal conductivity 404
Cast metals, power constant 1084
Cast roller chains 2441
Cast steel 1362
austenitic manganese 1364
chemical composition 1364, 2146
corrosion resistant alloy 1364
elongation 1364
mechanical properties 1363
strength 474, 1363
tensile strength 1364
yield point 1364
Casting processes
accuracy 1376
aluminum alloys 1372
ductile iron 1361
extrusion 1377
gravity die casting 1367
gray iron 1366
green-sand molding 1366
investment casting 1374, 1376
investment removal 1376
low pressure casting 1367
permanent mold 1366–1367
shell-molding 1366
squeeze casting 1367
V-process 1366
weights and sizes 1376
Castings
alloy steel 1362
blast cleaning 1368
brass and bronze 554
bronze and brass for gears 2147
centrifugal 180
cleaning 1368
cleaning methods 1368
die design 1371
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX 2603
(continued) Castings (continued)
dimensions 1375
ductile (nodular) iron 1361
finishing operations 1367
heat treatment 1367–1368
investment 1374
malleable iron 474, 1361
metal 1365
milling cutters 1377
nodular cast iron 1361
removal of gates and risers 1367
shrinkage of 1369
steel, for gears 2094, 2146
surface texture of 735
tolerances 1375
weight 1368, 1370
Castle and slotted nuts 1513, 1571, 1573
Cathode 1350
Cell, flexible manufacturing, NC 1264
Cement, strength of 420
Cementation 503
Cemented carbide tools 773–778
coated 778
drilling with 1061–1064
grinding 971–974
materials for 1010–1012
milling with 1044–1053
turning with 1027–1040
Cementite 507
Cements, pipe joints 2484
Center
distance, gear set 2041, 2043, 2111
drills reamers and machine
countersinks 839
of oscillation 235
of percussion 235
Center distance, gearing 2030
Center of gravity 225–231, 235
any four-sided figure 226
circle sector 227
circular arc 226
cone 229
cone, frustum 229
cylinder 228
cylinder, portion of 228
ellipse segment 227
ellipsoid, segment of 230
fillet 227
of two bodies 229
parabola, area of 228
paraboloid 230
part of circle ring 227
perimeter or area of parallelogram 225
pyramid 229
pyramid, frustum 229
spandrel 227
sphere, hollow 230
spherical
sector 230
segment 230
surface 227
 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2604 INDEX

Center of gravity (continued) Chain (continued)

spheroid, segment of 230 pintle 2441
trapezoid 226 saw files 965
triangle 225 Chamfering insert holder 762–764
wedge 230 Chamfers and corner clearance,
Centering tools, length of point 877 gearing 2164
Centerless grinding 1220–1222 Change gears
troubles 1221–1222 compound 1946, 2009
Centers, for arbors and reamers 839 finding accurate ratios 1950
Centimeter-gram-second system of finding ratios 1950
measurement 2544 helical gear hobbing 2112
Centimeter-inch conversion tables 2553 helical milling 1965
Centipoises 2334, 2586 idler gears 2009
Centistokes 2334, 2586 lathe 1946
Centralized lubrication systems 2335 leads and angles for helical milling 1980–
Centralizing Acme threads 1832, 1843 1981
alternative series 1843, 1846 odd inch pitch threads 1949
basic dimensions 1834 output, quick change 1948
designation 1843 relieving helical-fluted hobs 1950–1951
diameter allowance 1836 thread cutting, lathe 1946
diameter tolerance 1837 fractional ratios 1947
formulas for determining diameters 1836 fractional threads 1946
limiting dimensions 1836 metric pitches 1946–1947
major and minor diameter allowances and modifying the gearbox output 1947
tolerances 1837 threads per inch with given
pitch diameter allowances 1836 combination 1946–1947
pitch diameter tolerance 1837 trains, for fractional ratios 1947
single start screw thread 1836 Channels
thread data 1836 aluminum 2518
thread form 1834 moment of inertia 2514, 2518
Centrifugal radius of gyration 2514, 2518
casting 180 section modulus 2514, 2518
clutches 2353 steel 2514
force 179–182 structural 2514, 2518
calculation 180 weight per foot 2514, 2518
stresses in flywheels 188 Checking
Ceramic Acme threads by three-wire method 1906
coefficient of expansion 415, 780 assembly 643
compressive properties 415 castings 643
compressive strength 415, 780 dimensions 643
cutting tool materials 778–781, 1012 drawings 642–644
density 415, 780 enlarged spur pinion 2143
dielectric strength 415 for strength 642
fracture toughness 780 gear size 2125–2143
hardness 415, 780 gears 2134
mechanical properties 415 machined parts 644
modulus of elasticity 780 measurements over pins or wires 2143
modulus of rigidity 780 radius of arc 718
poission’s ratio 780 rake angles
properties 780 indicator drop method 829–830
tensile strength 415 indicator drops on milling cutter
thermal conductivity 415, 780 face 830
whisker reinforced 781 relief angles
Cermets 773 indicator drop method 829
Cgs system of measurement 2544 indicator drops on end teeth 829
Chain indicator drops on side teeth 829
cast roller 2441 screw thread dimensions 1901
close-link 390 shaft conditions 719
crane and hoisting 386–391 spur gear by wires 2126–2133
detachable 2441 spur gear size 2126–2133
Whitworth threads 1901

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2605
Cheese head screws 1610, 1615 Cincinnati milling machines, indexing
Chemical compositions movements 2017–2020
alloy steels 446–447, 1364 Circles 45
aluminum alloys 578–579 center 45
carbon steels 444, 1364 chords for dividing circumference
cast steels 2146 of 989–992
copper 569 dividing, on jig boring machine 993–
copper alloys 556–568 1004
forged and rolled alloy steels 2146 enclosed within a circle 81–84
forged and rolled carbon steels 2145 enclosed within a rectangle 86
HSLA steels 463 general equation 45
magnesium alloys 587 geometry of 53
molybdenum 541 lengths of chords for dividing 989–992
nickel alloys 589–590 moment of inertia 241
shock-resisting tool steels 497 packing
stainless steels 448–449 in circles 81–84
tool steels 481 in circles and rectangles 81–86
treatment of metals 1461 in rectangles 86
vapor deposition (CVD) 776 programming in APT (NC) 1296–1299
Chemical elements 398 radius 45
atomic number 398 radius of gyration 241
atomic weight 398 section modulus 241
melting temperature 398 segments 66, 70–72
symbol 398 squares of equivalent areas 73
Chemical surface treatment of metals 1462– Circular
1464 arc center of gravity 226
Chilled cast iron 1360 disk, radius of gyration 233
Chip flow angle 1100 gear teeth 2039
Chip thickness 1093, 1158 interpolation, NC 1283–1284
Chipbreakers 755 measure 2550
angular shoulder type 755 mil gage for wires 2563
grinding 973–974 pitch 2030, 2157
groove type 755 given center distance and ratio 2045
light cuts 756 pitch gears, diameters of 2052
parallel shoulder type 755 pitch in gears 2052
Chord ring
length for given angle and radius 66, 70– moment of inertia 242
72 radius of gyration 242
length for given number of section modulus 242
divisions 989–992 sector area 67
Chordal addendum 2030, 2049 saws, arbors for 948
milled bevel gear teeth 2095 sector segment 989–992
milled, full-depth gear teeth 2047–2048 sector, area 66
Chordal distance of bolt circle 69 segment
Chordal thickness 2030 area 66, 70
gear teeth 2046, 2048, 2093 formulas 70
milled bevel gear teeth 2095 table of dimensions 71–72
milled, full-depth gear teeth 2047–2048 thickness 2030
Chrome 1465 milled bevel gear teeth 2095
Chromium outside diameter
gearing material 2146 has been enlarged 2046
plating 1423–1424 has been reduced 2046
tool steels 491 is standard 2045
Chucking reamers 833 tools 794
expansion 842 Circumference
rose 834 chords for dividing 989–992
Chucks of a circle, spacing 991–992
drill, tapers and threads for 939 CL data, NC 1271
hexagonal, for portable tools 951 Clad aluminum alloys 584
spindle, for portable tool grinders 948 Cladding with lasers 1454

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2606 INDEX

Classical belts and pulleys Coefficient of

V-belts 2399–2406 expansion
datum length 2400 aluminum 403
groove dimension 2401 cast iron 404
horsepower rating 2403 ceramics 415
length correction 2405 common materials 402
sheave dimension 2400–2401 copper alloys 403
Classification of carbon steels 452 ductile iron 404
Clavarino's equation 295 plastics 416
Clearance 2030 thermoplastics 402
angles titanium alloys 404
boring tools 887–888 various substances 402
for dies 1329 friction 157–158, 2362
milling cutters 825 rolling resistance 159
punch and die 1329 steel on various materials 158
reamers, tooth rest position 835 various materials on metal 2351
drill sizes, machine screw 1934 heat radiation 402
effects on working pressure 1329 heat transmission 402
for wrench 1530–1531 Cofactors of a matrix 121
holes 640, 645, 652, 655, 670 Cold-form tapping 1939–1941
hex-head bolt and nut 887 Cold-work
inch machine screws 1934 tool steels
metric air hardening 495
bolts and screws 1938 chemical composition 495
machine screws 1604 heat treatment 495
screws and bolts 1556 oil hardening 494
socket head cap screws 1557 Collets 945–947
square neck bolts 1558 Colloidal suspension 1350
tapping screws 1659 Coloring metals 1462–1464
punch and die 1329 Columns 285–291
Cleveland forming tool formula 787 American Institute of Steel
Clevis pins 1668 Construction 289, 291
Closed-loop system 1262, 2488 American Railway Engineering
Clutches 2350–2357 Association formulas 285
angle of cone 2352 eccentrically loaded 286
angle of dividing head for milling 2356– Euler formula 286–289
2357 J. B. Johnson formula 288–289
centrifugal and free-wheeling 2353 Rankine or Gordon formulas 285, 287
cone 2351–2352 steel pipe, allowable concentric
cutting teeth 2355–2356 loads 290–291
cutting with angular cutters 2355, 2357 Combination 18
disk 2350 drill and tap 1943
double angle cutter 2357 involute spline types 2167
friction 2349, 2351 shank, helix single end mills 807
friction coefficients 2351 Combined drills and countersinks 873
magnetic 2352–2353 Combined stress 215–218
positive 2354–2355 normal stresses at right angles 215
power capacity of 2350 Common fractions 8
saw tooth 2356 Compensation, insert radius, NC 1310–1312
single angle cutter 2356 Complex conjugate 17
slipping 2353 Complex or imaginary numbers 17
wrapped spring 2353 Composite, checking of gears 2073
CNC 1254–1255 Compound
programming 1269–1309 angles 108–110
Cobalt alloys 1012 indexing 1984–1990
Cobaltchrom steel 538 thread cutting, NC 1292
elongation 418 Compression
hardness 418 in columns 285–291
tensile strength 418 springs 308–328
yield strength 418 Compressive properties
ceramics 415

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Compressive properties
definitions 205
of air 430, 437
strength
ceramics 415
common non-metals 420
iron and steel 474
magnesium alloys 588
wood 412
strength, wood 412
Computer numerical control, CNC 1254–
1255
programming 1269–1309
Computer-aided (or-assisted)
design (CAD) 1315–1325
manufacturing (CAM) 1315
Concave arbor-type milling cutters 815
Concrete strength 420
Conditional expressions, NC 1287
Conductance, thermal 401, 2582
Conductivity
electrical, of metals 1354
electrical, of plastics 605
Cone
center of gravity 229
clutches 2351–2352
frustum
center of gravity 229
of volume 77
polar moments of inertia 252
radius of gyration 234
polar moments of inertia 252
radius of gyration 234
volume 77
Coned springs 354
Conical pendulum 165
Conjugate fractions 12, 14
Constants, fundamental 2548
Constructional steels 1188–1189
Contact
diameter 2030, 2059
diameter, gearing 2059
ratio 2030, 2060
face 2030
gearing 2060
total 2030
stress 2030
stresses, cams 2210
Contents of tanks 61–62
Continued fractions 11–12
use of as conjugates 13–14
Continuity equation 432
Control, adaptive, NC 1262
Convergents 11–14
Conversational part programming,
NC 1269–1270
Conversion
acceleration 2586
acres to hectares 2563
bending moments 2577
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX 2607
(continued) Conversion (continued)
celsius to fahrenheit temperatures 2583
centimeter to inch 2553
coordinate systems 42–44
cutting speed formulas 1016
density units 2572
energy units 2581
fahrenheit and celsius temperatures 2583
flow units 2570
force units 2576
fractional inch to millimeter 3
millimeter to fractional inch 3
moment and torque units 2577
moment of inertia units 2587
newton-meters into pound-inches 2577
numbers to powers-of-ten notation 15
oil viscosity unit 2334
pound-inches into newton-meters 2577
power units 2581
pressure units 2576
section modulus units 2587
specific gravity 408
tables
angular measure 96, 98
cutting speed and diameter to
rpm 1017, 1211
cutting speed formulas 1943
decimal multiples of SI units 2546
foot-pounds into Btu 2579
fractional inch to millimeter 2552
hardness 550–551
horsepower into kilowatts 2579
millimeter to fractional inch 2552
pounds-force into newtons 2577
power and heat 2578
radians into degrees 96, 98
thermal conductance 2582
torque units 2577
U.S.gallons into liters 2566
UK gallons into liters 2566
velocity units 2586
viscosity 2586
work units 2581
Convex arbor-type milling cutters 815
Coolants for
lapping 1238
machining
aluminum 1153
magnesium 1154–1155
tool sharpening 973–974
zinc alloys 1155
tapping 1943
Coordinate system 42–44
converting to another 43
Coordinates, for jig boring 986–1004
Copolymer 594
Copper
coloring 1462
lead bearings 2261–2264
passivation 1462
plating 1466
 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2608 INDEX

Copper and copper-base alloys Countersunk head (continued)

classification 555 rivets 1483, 1485, 1491
coefficient of expansion 403 British Standard 1491
composition 556–568 screw, British Standard 1614
copper-silicon alloys 569 screws 1588–1590, 1593–1594, 1610–
copper-zinc-tin alloys 569 1622
strength 420 British Standard 1610–1617
density 403 Couples of forces 148
die casting 1372 Couplings
elongation 417, 556–568 connecting shafts 2346
hardness 417 double-cone 2347
machinability 556–568 fire-hose 1874–1876
melting points 403 flexible 2348
passivation 1462, 1464 hose 1873–1874
powdered metal alloys 419 interference fits 2347
specific heat 403 knuckle joint 2350
speeds, for drilling and reaming 1072 safety flange 2346
for turning and milling 1037 shaft 306
tensile strength 417, 556–568 single keys used as fixed 2169–2170
thermal conductivity 403 slipping 2353
UNS number 555–568 universal 2348
yield strength 417, 556–568 CPVC plastics 2533
Copper- and iron-base sintered Crane
bearings 2267–2268 chain
Copper-base powdered alloys hoisting 386–391
density 419 safe loads 387–388, 390
elongation 419 slings 387–388
hardness 419 strength 386–387
rupture strength 419 hooks, eyes, shackles 386–395
ultimate strength 419 capacity of 393
yield strength 419 dimensions 393–395
Cordeaux thread 1891 Crane motors 2476–2477
Core drills 876 Crater-resistant carbide tools 1011
Corner-rounding milling cutters 800, 815 Creep 205, 208, 313, 602
Corrosion-resisting alloys 457, 460, 554, 570 modulus 602
Cosecant 88 rupture 205, 602
Cosine law of 89 Critical
Cost slenderness ratio 286
cutting grinding 1115 speeds 195–196
feeds and speeds 1118 formulas for 195–196
function 1108 of rotating bodies and shafts 195–196
minimum 1107, 1109, 1161 speeds of rotating shafts 306
optimum 1109 temperatures, heat treatment 503, 512
regrinding 1116 determining 515
tools with inserts 1116 Critical points of
Cotangent 88 decalescance 514–516
Cotter pins, standard sizes 1667, 1678, 1681 recalescance 514–515
Cotters 2374 Croning shell mold process 1366
Coulomb shear theory (plastics) 609 Crosby Group 392–395
Counterbores Cross recesses
cutters and guides 886 for machine screws 1596
pilot 886 for self-tapping screws 1642
solid 886 Cross section lining, ANSI Standard for
three piece 886 drawings 630, 632
Counterboring 885 Crossed helical gears 2029
Countersinks 839, 891 Crowned involute splines 2173
combined with drills 872 Crushing strength, wood 411
machine 839 Cryogenic treatment, steel 547
Countersunk head Cube, volume 75
cap screws 1618 Cubes of wire diameters 351

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2609
Cubic Cutting speeds and feeds 1009–1074
boron nitride (CBN) 1013, 1033, 1035, automatic screw machine 1132–1133
1039, 1177–1178, 1195, 1204 bandsaw 1140–1142
grinding wheels 1195, 1204 broaching 1074
conversions 2566 chip thickness 1023–1025
equations 33 cutting speed calculations 1036
measure 2566 cutting tool materials 475–501
Cumulative fatigue damage 207 CVD diamond tools 1013
Cupola malleable iron 1361 diamond tools 1012
Curve, normal distribution 1245–1248 drilling and turning titanium and titanium
Curved beams 279 alloys 1038
stress correction factor 279 drilling, reaming, and threading
Curved tooth files 964 copper alloys 1072
Cutoff or roughness sampling length 734 ferrous cast metals 1068–1069
Cut-off tools, circular dimensions 795 glass 1065
Cutter light metals 1070
bevel gear, formed types 2089–2090 plain carbon and alloy steels 1061–
box-tool 1132 1064
compensation, NC 1280–1282, 1310– stainless steels 1067
1312 tool steels 1066
helical gear, formed type 2108 equivalent
internal gear 2074 chip thickness (ECT) 1023–1025
location data (CL data) 1271 rpm for given cutting speed 1017–1021
Cutting rpm for given drill sizes and speed 1017
abrasive 952–954 formulas for 1016, 1036
bevel gear teeth 2084 honing 1233–1235
blades 783 metal cutting saws 1082
clutch teeth 2355 milling 1040–1053
costs grinding 1115 feeds for high-speed steel cutters 1054
electric arc 1418–1419 ferrous cast metals 1052–1053
fluids 1143–1148 plain carbon and alloy steels 1045–
application of to carbides 1148 1048
aqueous solutions 1144 stainless steels 1050–1051
broaching 1146 titanium and titanium alloys 1038
carbides 1148 planing 1082
chlorinated oils 1144–1146 reamers 1071
magnesium 1146, 1148 rpm for different speeds and
mineral oil 1146 diameters 1018–1021
selection 1144–1146 shaping 1082
soluble oils and compounds 1144 tapping 1072–1074, 1993–2007
sulfurized oils 1144, 1146–1147 thread chasing 1072–1074
various alloys 1144–1146 tool
gas torch cutting 1418, 1420 inserts 1310–1312
metals oxidizing flame 1418 life 1013–1014
roller chain sprocket teeth 2460 adjusting 1035–1036, 1040, 1043,
time for turning, boring and facing 1082 1059
time per piece 1114 steels 1031, 1049–1050, 1066
wire rope 380–381 turning
Cutting fluids copper alloys 1037
for different materials 1145 ferrous cast metals 1033–1034
for different operations 1145 light metals 1038
for steel 1145 stainless steels 1032
Cutting forces 1100 superalloys 1039
Cutting plane irons 783 titanium and titanium alloys 1038
Cutting speed tool steels 1031
economic 1110 unusual materials 1082
files and burs 966 twist drills 1071
lives 1122 work materials 1009
optimum 1112 Cutting tool grade 1059
Cutting tools 749–764, 833–834
angles 749–764, 1310–1312

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2610 INDEX

Cutting tools (continued) Cutting tools (continued)

angular tungsten carbide 771, 773, 1011
milling 802, 808, 821, 824, 834 combined with other elements 776
application codes, ISO 779 wheels for sharpening milling
boring-bar 887–888 cutters 823–825
carbide grade selection 773–783, 1011– Woodruff keyseat cutters 820
1012 Cyanide hardening (cyaniding) 504, 510,
carbon tool steels 1010 527
carbonitrides (cermets) 773–778, 1012 Cycloid 2030
cast nonferrous alloy 1012 area 66
cemented carbides 773–778, 1010–1012 curves, area enclosed by 61
ceramics 778–780, 1012 Cylinder
checking relief and rake angles 826, 830 center of gravity 228
chipbreaker 752 collapsing pressure 297–298
chucking reamers 834 hollow
clearance angles 826, 831 polar moment of inertia 250
coated carbides 1011 radius of gyration 234
coatings 776, 1011 volume 77
crater-resistant carbides 1011 plates and shells 292–298
cubic boron nitride (CBN) 1013, 1178, polar moment of inertia 250
1195, 1204 portion of volume 76–77
CVD diamond 1013 portion of, center of gravity 228
diamond 781, 1012 radius of gyration 233
polycrystalline 781, 1012 strength to resist internal pressure 294–
grades 1011–1012 298
grinding 823–831 volume 76
checking rake angle 829 working pressure vs. radius ratio 295–
checking relief angle 829 296
high-speed steel 1010 Cylindrical
indexable insert holder 751 coordinates 44
indexable inserts 751, 1310–1312 tank, contents 61–62
machining data 782 to rectangular coordinates 44
materials 771, 773, 1009–1013 Cylindrical grinding 1212–1220
carbide ceramics 781 automation in 1215–1216
metals basic process data 1215
compositions and properties 774 high speed 1215–1216
hardness 774 machines 1212
rupture strength 774 operating data 1214
structures 774 selection of grinding wheels 1180, 1194–
tungsten carbide 774 1195, 1204, 1213–1214
oxide ceramics 780 traverse and plunge grinding 1212
silicon nitride base 781 troubles 1216–1219
superhard 781 workholding 1213
milling 796–831 Cylindrical roller bearings, symbols 2272
hand of flute helix 799
side 799
staggered tooth 799
point configuration 758
D
radial relief, eccentric type 826 Damascus steel 441
rake angles 826 Dardelet thread 1891
rose chucking reamers 834 Data input, manual, NC 1269
sharpening 968–969 Datum
single-point 749–764 feature 634
specifications, ISO 778 identifier 634
spline 824 plan 635
titanium carbides 778, 1011 reference frame 635
tool bit 751 referencing 634, 638
tooth rest positions 831 simulator 635
trouble-shooting checklist 1014 target 635, 639
T-slot cutters 800 target lines 640
target points 640

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2611
Decalescence point in steel hardening 514– Diameters for finished shafting 303
516 Diametra pitch
Decimal knurls, (ANSI) Standard 1241
fractions 10 Diametral pitch
inch into fraction inch 3, 2552 definition 2030
multiples and submultiples of SI equivalent
units 2546 circular pitch and tooth
point programming, NC 1274 proportions 2038–2039
Dedendum 2030 metric modules and circular pitch 2124
Definitions knurls, (ANSI) Standard 1240–1244
gear terms 2029–2032, 2077–2079 system 2034
geometric dimensioning and Diamond
tolerancing 634 built up edge 783
spline terms 2157–2159, 2172 concentration 971–972
surface texture 726 cratering 783
surfaces of solid materials 724 dust for lapping 1237
Deflection grinding wheels 1190–1207
beams 260–271, 277–281 laps and lapping 1237
calculation 214 tool materials 781, 1012–1013
flat plates 292–294 truing 1196–1200
shaft, linear 302 wheels 971–973, 1201–1207
shaft, torsional 301–302 composition 1204
springs designation symbols 1201–1204
compression and extension 325–328 diamond concentration 971–973
torsion 343–346 feeds and speeds 1207
Degrees, expressed in radians 96, 98 grades, grit sizes 971–972
Density modifications 1204
air 429 operating guidelines for 1207
aluminum 403 operations and handling 1207
cast iron 404 selection of 1206
ceramics 415 shapes of standard 1201–1204
copper alloys 403 speeds and feeds 1207
copper-base powdered alloys 419 terminology 1201
ideal 2548 thread grinding 1957
iron-base powdered alloys 419 work speeds 1207
nickel alloys 404 Die casting
of air at different temperature 428 alloys 1371–1374
plastics 416 bearing metals 1373
plastics materials 416 design 1370–1371
powdered metals 419 dies machines 1373
stainless steels 404 files 965
titanium alloys 404 injection molding 1374
tungsten-base powdered alloys 419 machining zinc alloy 1155
units conversion 2572 porosity 1370–1371
water 423 skin effect 1371
wood 413 Dielectric strength
Department of Commerce 297 ceramics 415
Deposition rates (welding) 1395 plastics 416
Depreciation 130–131 Diemaker's reamers 822
double declining balance method 130 Dies and taps
property class and factors 131 combination drill and tap 1943
statutory depreciation system 130 maximum pitches 1964
straight line method 130 square thread 903, 907–910
sum of the years digit method 130 tap drill size 919, 1933
Depth of cut 1013–1014 Acme threads 919
Depth of engagement 2157 formula 1934
Derivatives of functions 34 metric 1937
Detachable chains 2441 pipe 1942
Diameter factor 1163 Unified 1925–1932
Diameter of circle enclosing smaller Dies, sheet metal
circles 81–84 bending allowances 1332–1335

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2612 INDEX

Dies, sheet metal (continued) Drawing

blank diameters for drawing 1331 ANSI Standard
clearance between punch and die 1329 line conventions 630–631
diameter reductions in drawing 1333 surface texture symbols 732–733
lubricants 1330 welding 1442
rectangular drawing 1330–1331 applying surface texture symbols 733
Dies, steel rule 1346–1348 bisect angle 55
Dies, threading, maximum pitches 1964 checking 642
Differential inspecting a new design 642
indexing 2008 materials specified 642
pulley 163 method of making drawing 643
Dimension circle around square 57
basic 636, 645 circle around triangle 56
origin 636 circular arc 56
reference 636 data for gear blanks 2064
Dimensioning and tolerancing, data for gears 2067
geometric 630 data for involute splines 2167
Dip brazing 1387 data for spur and helical gear 2067
Direct (or distributed) NC 1324 data, splines 2169
Disc spring 354–368 divide line into equal parts 54
contact surfaces 355, 358 drafting practices 630
forces and stresses 358 ellipse 47, 57
group classes 354 equilateral triangle 55
materials 355 helix 58
nomenclature 354 hexagon around circle 57
stacking 356 hyperbola 58
Disk involute 58
circular, radius of gyration 233 metric dimensions on 735
clutches 2350 parabola 58
method of measuring tapers 713 parallel lines 55
springs 348 perpendicular lines 54
Displacement in ball and roller bearings, scales of metric drawings 736
allowance for axial 2286 sheet sizes 630
Distance across bolt circle 717 specifying spur and helical gear data
Distance between two points 39 on 2065
Distributed numerical control (DNC) 1324 square around circle 57
Distribution curve, normal 1245 symbols
Dividing ANSI Standard 630
circles 993–1004 section lining 632
fractions and mixed numbers 9 geometric 633
head, angular position 821–824 ISO 633
numbers written in powers-of-ten lines 630–631
notation 16 materials 632
Dolly bars for riveting 1483 tangent to circle 56
Double angle milling cutters 802 tempering, steel 521
Double V-belts triangle around circle 56
(see Belts and pulleys: double V-belts) 45-degree angle 55
Double-cone clamping couplings 2347 60-degree angle 55
Dovetail slides, measuring 713 Drawing dies
Dowel pins 1667–1673 annealing drawn shells 1330
designation 1671–1672 blank diameters 1331
ductility 1671 brass 1330
hardened ground machine 1670–1671 depth drawn in one operation 1334
hardened ground production 1671–1672 diameter reduction in one operation 1334
lengths and sizes 1671 rectangular 1330–1331
metric 1667–1669 Dressing grinding wheels 1196–1200
shear strength 1671–1672 Drilling
unhardened ground 1672–1673 accuracy of drilled holes 884
Drafting practices, ANSI Standard 630 automatic screw machine feeds and
Draw-in bolt ends 943 speeds 1132
cutting speeds for 1131

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2613
Drilling (continued) Drills (continued)
cutting speeds for straight-shank, taper-length, drill sizes
ferrous cast metals 1068–1069 metric 857–866
light metals 1070 number 857–860
superalloys 1039 screw machine length 867
titanium and titanium alloys 1038 tangs for 866
tool steels 1066 tap and clearance hole sizes 1934
difficulties 1065 taper shank 854
estimating thrust, torque, and taper-shank core drills 873–876
power 1090–1092 taper-shank drill sizes
feed factors 1091 fractional inch 868–873
holes in glass 1065 metric 868–873
holes, accuracy of 884 terms 854–855
horsepower and thrust for 1090–1092 twist 854–877
machine, shaftless motor type 2474 twisted
spade 1075–1079 jobber series 882
Drills parallel series 883
accuracy of drilled holes 884 types 854–855
and countersink plain types 873 Drives
and countersinks, bell types 873 nose key 931–932
angle of cutting point 968–970 screws 1639, 1654
ANSI Standards 854 square, for portable tools 949
chucks, tapers 939 studs 1681
cobalt high-speed steel 885 taper 930–931
combined drills and countersinks 872– Drums, chain and wire rope 378–379, 391
874 Drunken thread 1891
core, taper shank 874 Dry measure 2567
counterbores 854 Dryseal pipe threads 1866–1869
cutting speeds and equivalent rpm 1017 assembly limitations 1869
definitions of terms 854 designations 1868–1869
diameter factors, thurst 1091 diameter pitch combinations 1869
diameter factors, torque 1091 fine taper 1869
diameters of tap 1925–1932 limitation of assembly 1866
driver, collet type 878 limits on crest and root 1866
driver, split sleeve 878 pressure tight joints 1866
drivers 878 taps for 901
for taper pin reamers 1674, 1677 types 1866
grinding 968–971 Ductile
jobbers length 856–862 cast iron 1361
length of point 877 iron 474, 1361
letter sizes and gauge 879 Duranickel, machining 1155
metric, British Standard 874–884 Durometer tests 551
nomenclature 854 Dynamic
screw machine drills 856–867 balance 197
sharpening 969–971 stresses 283
sizes for tapping 1933 viscosity coefficient 2345
for Acme threads 919 Dynamic factor 2078
sizes for tapping Acme threads 919 Dynamometers 2359
spade 1075–1079 Dyne 2544
specifications 1675
steels for 884–885
straight shank 854
straight-shank drill sizes
E
core drills 876 Eccentricity 2165
letter 860–861 Echols thread 1891
metric 856–866 Economic tool-life 1110
number 856–860 ECT (equivalent chip thickness) 1023–1025
straight-shank, taper-length, drill sizes EDG (electrical discharge grinding) 1350
fractional 857–866 EDM 1349
letter 860–861 capacitor 1350
craters 1350

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2614 INDEX

EDM (continued) Efficiency 2031

dielectric influence of friction on 157
filter 1350 machine tool 1086–1090
fluid 1350 riveted joints 1479–1483
strength 1350 Elastic
discharge channel 1350 limit 204
dither 1350 limit, plastics 598
duty cycle 1350, 1353 modulus 204
electrical controls 1354 in shear (torsion) 204
electrode spring materials 348–350
growth 1350 various materials 204
wear 1350 properties of material 420
electrode materials 1355 region 204, 1503–1504
electrode uses 1356 tightening fasteners in 1497–1502
electro-forming 1350 Elastohydrodynamic lubrication 2342
electronic controls 1352 Electric
Farad 1350 arc, cutting metals 1418–1419
flushing 1352 fixture threads 1885
gap current 1350 motor keys and keyseats 2368
gap voltage 1350 socket and lamp base threads 1884
heat-affected zone 1353 Electrical fixture threads 1884
ion 1350 lamp base 1884
ionization 1350 socket shell threads 1884
low-wear 1350 Electrical network 124
machine settings 1353 Electrical relationships 2587
materials 1355 Electrode
characteristics 1355 diameter, sheet metal 1407
elctrode 1355 making 1357
metal removal rates 1354 machining graphite 1357
negative electrode 1350 material 1355
no-wear 1350 brass 1356
overcut 1351 copper 1356
plasma 1351 copper-tungsten 1356
plunge (sinker) method graphite 1356
electrode materials 1354 steel 1356
machine settings 1352 zinc 1356
making electrodes 1357 material selection 1357
metal removal rates 1354 uses on various materials 1356
positive electrode 1351 wear 1357
power parameters 1351 Electrodes (welding)
process 1351 characteristics of standard types 1409
quench 1351 AWS E60XX 1406
recast layer 1351, 1354 current to use with 1394, 1413
secondary discharge 1351 deposition rates 1391, 1395–1397
spark frequency 1353 diameter to use 1390, 1399, 1408
spark in and out 1351 selecting GTAW tungsten type 1411–
square wave 1351 1414
stroke 1351 wire, feed rates 1394
UV axis 1351 Electropolishing 1468
white layer 1351 Elements, table of chemical 398
wire 1359 Elevation reading displacements 1248
drilling holes 1359 Ellipse 46–47
EDM 1351 area 68
guide 1351 drawing 47, 57
speed 1351 eccentricity 46
wire electrode 1359 foci 46
wire method 1349 general equation 46
workpiece materials 1354 major axis 46
Effective methods of drawing 57
dimensions, splines 2157, 2165 minor axis 46
length of bolt 1499 moment of inertia 242

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2615
Ellipse (continued) Enlarged pinions
radius of gyration 242 center-distance system for 2058
section modulus 242 in helical gearing 2108–2111
segment, center of gravity 227 in spur gearing 2050, 2058
Ellipsoid Epicyclic gearing 2115–2118
polar moment of inertia 251 bevel gear type 2116–2118
radius of gyration 235 ratios 2116–2118
volume 78 Epicycloidal curves, areas 61
Elliptic gears Equations
Gears and gearing cubic 33
elliptic 2114 line 40
Elongation quadratic 31
alloy steel 1364 simultaneous 122
aluminum 417 solution of
aluminum alloys 575–583 first degree with one unknown 31
carbon and alloy steels 466–471 first degree with two unknowns 31
carbon steel 1364 numerical with one unknown 33
carbon steel rounds, squares, and quadratic with one unknown 31
hexagons 464–465 using Newton-Raphson method 33
cobalt alloys 418 Equilateral triangle 88
copper alloys 417, 556–568 Equivalent chip thickness (ECT) 1023–1025
copper-base powdered alloys 419 Equivalent pitch ratio 2031
copper-beryllium alloys 570 Equivalent uniform annual cost 133–134
copper-silicon alloys 569 Erg 2544
high-strength, low-alloy steels 463 Etching and etching fluids 1461–1462
iron-base powdered alloys 419 Euler’s formulas for columns 286–287
magnesium alloys 588 Evaluating alternatives 131–134
measurement of bolts 1500 benefit cost ratio 134
nickel alloys 418, 589–590 capitalized cost 132
plastics 416 equivalent uniform annual cost 133
powdered metals 419 net present value 131
stainless steel 418, 472–473 payback period 134
steels 417, 1363 rate of return 134
titanium alloys 591 Evaluation length 727
tungsten-base powdered alloys 419 Evaporation, latent heat of 399
Emery Everdur copper-silicon alloy 569
grades 1461 Exbi 2546
grain numbers for polishing 1461 Expansion
End mills air 430
angles for milling teeth in 821 chucking reamers 842
ANSI Standard 804–814 fits 648
combination shanks for 806 hand reamers 844
high speed steel 807 pipe 427
plain and ball end 810 Exponent 14
terminology of 803 External spline 2158, 2167
with combination shank 807 External spur gear 2029
with straight shanks 808–809 Extrusion
with taper shanks 809 applications 1378
with weldon shanks 804, 806–807, 810 for tubes 1378
Endurance limit 205, 2077–2078 of metals 1377
for spring materials 318 process 1377
Energy 173–174, 1350 cold 1377
and momentum 171 hot 1377
kinetic 173–175 Eye bolts and nuts 394–395
of flywheels 184–185 Eye splice 393
potential 174
units conversion 2581
Engagement, length of thread 1510
Engine lathe, change gears 1946
F
Engineering economics 125–137 Fabric, bonding 2482
Facing cutting time for 1082

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2616 INDEX

Facing insert holder 762–764 Files 1456

Factorial 18, 103 chain saw 965
Factors characteristics 963
of numbers 19–28 classes 963
prime number 19–28 American pattern 963
Factors of safety 208 curved tooth 963
machine columns 288 machinist’s 963
shafts 300, 305 mill or saw 963
tubes subject to external pressure 298 rasp 963
wire rope 375–376 Swiss pattern 963
Failure coarseness of cut
fatigue, modes of 207 bastard 963
fatigue, springs 318 coarse 963
of riveted joints 1479 second 963
of springs 352 smooth 963
Fasteners detecting counterfeit 1509 cross section 963
Fatigue curved tooth class 964–965
combined with creep 208 cut
contact 208 double cut 963
corrosion 208 double cut finishing 963
cumulative damage 207 rasp 963
failure, modes of 207 single cut 963
influence of stress on 206–208 cutting speeds 966
life factor involute splines 2172 definitions of terms 962
low/high cycle 207 flat 964
properties 205 machinist’s class 964
S-N diagrams 205, 207 flat 964
springs 318 general purpose 964
surface 208 half round 964
tests on plastics 603 hand 964
thermal 207 knife 964
FCAW (flux-cored arc welding) 1398 pillar 964
Federal specification round 964
gage blocks, inch and metric sizes 743 square 964
Feed three square 964
function, NC 1278–1279 warding 964
rate override, NC 1280 wood 964
rates mill or saw class 963
centering tools 1132 blunt hand saw 964
for drilling 1132 blunt mill 964
for milling 1040 blunt triangular 964
for turning 1027–1040 cantsaw 963
hollow mills 1132 crosscut 963
number of teeth 1128 double ender 963
Feeds and speeds 1009–1074, 1079, 1131– mill 963
1132, 1140–1143 taper saw 964
grinding 1158 triangular saw 964
total costs 1118 web saw 964
Feet pillar 964
and inches into inches 2550 rasps 965
into meters 2562 rifflers 965
Feet per minute into rpm 1016–1021, 1943 rotary 965
Fellows stub tooth gears 2041 round 964
Ferrite 507 shear tooth 965
Ferrous special purpose 965
cast metals, speeds aluminum rasp 965
for drilling, reaming, and brass file 965
threading 1068–1069 chain saw 965
for milling 1052–1053 die casting 965
for turning 1033–1034 foundry 965
Fiber, vulcanized, strength of 420 lead float 965

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Files
special purpose
long angle lathe 965
shear tooth 965
square 964
Swiss pattern class 965
blunt machine 965
die sinker 965
die sinker rifflers 965
needle 965
silversmiths rifflers 965
teeth, cut of 963
warding 964
wood 964
Filler metals for brazing 1382
Fillet
area 67
center of gravity 227
radius 2031
Fillister head machine screws 1593
Fine blanking 1344
tool dimensions 1345
Finishing, power brush 1456–1459
Fire hose connection
screw threads 1874–1876
Fire hose connection screw threads
ANSI Standard 1874
thread designation 1874
thread form 1874
Fits 652
actual 652
and limits
graphical representation 655–657
tolerances designation 666
basic shaft fits 656
bilateral hole fits 656
British Standard
limits and fits 684
minimum and maxmum clearances 683
tolerance limits
holes 682
shafts 682
clearance fits 670–671, 674–675
cylindrical
allowances and tolerances for 645
ANSI Standard 651–677
British Standard 679
definitions 645
expansion 648
forced 646, 663
metric ISO, British 679–688
metric radial, ball and roller bearing
shaft and housing 2286
preferred series 652
shrinkage 648, 663
transition 657, 662
drive 656
expansion 648
force 655–656, 663
allowance 647
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX 2617
(continued) Fits (continued)
force
pressure in assembling 647
hole basis
British Standard 680
figure 668
hole system 652
interference 652, 669
locational 655
clearance 655, 660
interferance 665
interference 655
transition 655, 662
metric clearance fits 670–671, 674–675
metric interference fits 672–673
metric transition fits 672–673
running 655, 658
shaft basis
British Standard 680
figure 668
shaft system 652
shrinkage 648, 655–656, 663
allowance 648–650
sliding 655, 658
transition 652, 669
Fittings
pipe 2526–2538
pipe,friction loss in 427
Fixed (canned) cycles, NC 1287–1291
Fixtures and jigs 975–985
Flame
cutting of metals 1418–1420
cutting torch 1419
hardening 529
spraying process 1472
Flanged housing bearings 2277
Flank of tooth 2031
Flat
belts rivets 1485
head cap screws 1618, 1622
head machine screws 1588–1590, 1614
metal products, preferred
thicknesses 2523
plate
circular 294
square and rectangular 292–293
strengths 292–294
thin radius of gyration 232
stayed surfaces in boiler work,
strength 292
Flexible
belts 2388
couplings 2348
manufacturing
cell 1264
module 1264
systems, (FMS) 1263
Flexural modulus, plastics 416
Floor and bench stand grinding 1229
Flow of air in pipes 436
 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2618 INDEX

Flow of water through nozzles 425 Force (continued)

in pipes 423, 2531 noncoplanar 148
Flow, units conversion 2570 normal component 171
Fluid maintenance 1151 of blow 175
biocide treatment 1151 of gravity 171
personal protective clothing 1151 on inclined plane 160
system service 1151 parallel 146
Fluidized bed furnace 503, 512 parallelogram of 145
Fluting cutters, reamers 833–834 polygon of 146
fluting, for reamers 833–834 pound 142–143
Fluxes relationship to time 203
brazing 1386 resolution of 145, 148
soldering 1380 into rectangular components 153
Flywheels 183–194 resultant 145, 148
bursting speed tests 192–193 any number of concurrent forces 153
calculations 184–194 locating when components are
centrifugal stresses in 188 known 156
classification 183 non-intersecting forces 151–152
design, general procedure 184 non-parallel, non-intersecting
energy of 184–185 forces 155
for presses, punches, shears 185–188 parallel forces 150
dimensions of 186 parallel forces not in same plane 154
rim velocity 186 single force and couple 150
simplified calculations 187–188 three or more concurrent forces 149
weight of rim 187 two concurrent forces 149
pulley 183 screw 163
spokes or arms of 194 systems 145
stream engine 193–194 toggle joint 164
stresses 193 units conversion 2576
centrifugal in rim 188 work performed by 174
combined bending and centrifugal 189 Format
in rotating disks 193 classification 1272–1274
types of 183 detail, NC 1272–1274
Foot-pound word address, NC 1272–1274
equivalents 2578 Formed cutters for internal gears 2074
into British thermal units 2579 Formica, machining 1156
Force 141, 203 Forming tools 784–795
acceleration resulting from 171–172 arrangement of 789
addition and subtraction of 145 circular 787
algebraic composition and resolution constant for determining 789
of 148–156 corrected diameter 789
algebraic solution diameters of 789–795
forces in same plane 149–151 with top rake 789
forces not in same plane 153–156 diameter 788
and couples, work performed by 174 dimensions 785
centrifugal 179–182 feeds per revolution 789, 795, 1131
calculating 180 formula 787
colinear 148 Acme machine 787
components of 145, 148 Brown and Sharpe machine 787
composition 145, 148 Cleveland machine 787
concurrent 148 screw machine dimensions 794
components of single force 149 speeds for 789, 795
coplanar 148 straight 784
couples of 147–148 with rake 784
differential pulley 163 Formulas
disc springs 358 algebraic 30
for moving body on horizontal plane 161 area 63–68
friction 171 column
graphical representation 145–149 American Railway Engineering
moment of 141, 147 Association 285
Euler 286–289

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2619
Formulas (continued) Friction (continued)
column coefficients
Johnson 286 rolling resistance 159
Rankine or Gordon 285 static steel on various materials 158
straight-line 285 torque 1504–1505
contour milling 2025 effect on efficiency 157
critical speeds 195–196 in brakes 2360
cutting speed 1016 laws of 157
derivative 34 rolling 159
dimensions of milled bevel gears 2085, wheels horsepower 2362
2087 wheels, power transmission 2360–2361
dimensions of SAE standard splines 2185 Friction loss
dimensions of standard spur gears 2035 elbow
distance across bolt circle 717 45 degree 427
for helical gears 2099, 2101–2105, 2107, 90 degree 427
2110 in bearings 2302
for module system gears 2121, 2123 standard tee
integral 34 flow thru branch 427
internal gears 2075 flow thru run 427
linear motion, constant acceleration 167 Fuels, equivalent 2582
pendulum 165 Functions
proportions of ANSI fine-pitch worms derivatives 34
and wormgears 2096 integration 34
rearrangement of 29 involute 103–107
rotary motion, constant acceleration 169 of angles graphic illustration 98
tooth parts, coarse pitch spur gear 2035 sevolute 103
torque capacity of involute splines 2170 trigonometric 88–90, 99
transposition 29 tables of 99–102
triangle versed cosine 103
oblique 64, 94–95 versed sine 103
right 64, 91, 93 Fundamental constants 2548
trigonometric 89–90 Furnace brazing 1387
volume 75–80 Furnaces, steel heat-treating 503, 511–512,
work and power 178 543
Fractional inch to millimeter conversion 3, Fusion, latent heat of 399
2552
Fractional threads 1946
Fractions 10
conjugate 12
G
continued 11–12 Gage block sets
use of 13–14 inch sizes 744
mixed numbers 9 metric sizes 745
Free Gage blocks, precision 743–745
body diagram 171 federal specifications for 743
cutting steels 454 inch sizes 744
wheeling clutches 2353 metric sizes 745
Freezing mixtures 403 Gage tolerances 1916–1917
French Gagemakers tolerances 678
metric screw threads 1824 Gages
thermal unit 2583 ANSI Unified thread
thread 1891 classification 1911
Fretting damage 2174 constants for computing
Friction 157–159, 171 dimensions 1916
brakes 2358–2361 form 1913, 1916
clutches 2349, 2351 formulas for limits 1918
coefficient in gears 2078 tolerances for plain gages 1916
coefficients 158, 1505, 2351, 2359–2362 rods 2519
bolts 1498 sheet metal 2522–2523
hexagon head bolt and nut 1504–1505 sheet zinc 2522–2523
nuts 1498 thickness and diameter sizes, galvanized
sheet 2522–2523

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2620 INDEX

Gages (continued) Gearing materials (continued)

thread form 1914 non metallic
tolerances 1914 tooth form 2150
tubing 2519 sintered materials 2147
usage, ANSI Standard recommended 678 steel castings 2146
wire 351, 2519 Gears and gearing 2099–2143
zinc 2522–2523 active face width 2029
Gaging methods and measuring active spline length 2157
instruments 692 actual safety factor 2078
Gallons actual space width 2157
cylindrical tanks 61–62 actual tooth thickness 2157
in tank at given level 61–62 AGMA Standards 2068, 2072
into cubic inches 2566 angular backlash 2067–2073
U.S. into liters 2566, 2569 arc
Galvanized, (welding) 1390 of action 2029
Gas of approach 2029
carburizing 528 of recession 2029
illuminating, specific gravity 407 thickness of internal gear tooth 2074
metal arc welding (GMAW) 1390 thickness of pinion tooth 2074
specific gravity 407 axial
specific heat 400 pitch 2029
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) 1409– plane 2029
1414 thickness 2030
G-code programming, NC 1272–1292 backlash 2067–2073, 2139
Gear cutters, formed angular 2073
involute 2048, 2074, 2109 recommended 2069
milling cutters for bearing spacing and shaft stiffness 2084
chain sprockets 817–818 bevel gears 2081–2095
14.5 deg pressure angles 816–817 blanks
number for bevel gears 2089–2090 design of 2065
Gear cutting for fine pitch gears 2064
block or multiple indexing 2021–2022 bottom land 2030
excess depth to obtain backlash 2070 bronze and brass castings for 2147
formed cutter selection 2052, 2089– bulk temperature thermal flash
2090, 2108 factor 2079
internal gears 2074 bushings for gears 2149
Gearing materials calculated safety factors 2078
effect of alloying meatals 2146 calculating
chrome-molybdenum 2147 dimensions of milled bevel gears 2087
chrome-nickel 2147 replacement gear dimensions 2153
chrome-vanadium 2147 spur gear proportions 2035
chromium 2146 case hardening steels for 2144
manganese 2147 change gears, for lathe 1946
molybdenum 2147 checking
nickel 2146 gear sizes 2125–2143
nickel-modybdenum 2147 pressures 2073
vanadium 2147 spur gear sizes 2135–2138
forged and rolled chordal measurement of teeth 2140–2142
alloy steels 2145 circular pitch system 2034
carbon steels 2145 coefficient of
non metallic 2149 friction 2078
applications 2150 contact ratio factor 2060, 2077–2078
bore sizes 2151 crossed helical 2029
diametral pitch for given power 2151 deburring tooth profile 1456
diametral pitch for given torque 2152 design of bevel gear blanks 2083
keyway stresses 2151 diametral pitch
mating gear 2150 definition 2030
power transmitting capacity 2150 preferred 2040
preferred pitch 2151 system 2034
safe working stress 2150 differential indexing ratio 2008

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2621
Gears and gearing (continued) Gears and gearing (continued)
drawing length of action 2031
data for spur and helical gears 2067 life factor 2077–2078
information to be given on 2076 line of action 2031
efficiency 2031 load distribution 2078
elasticity factor 2077–2078 lowest point of single tooth contact
endurance limit 2078 (LPSTC) 2031, 2060
enlarged pinion lubricant influence 2078
fine-pitch 2054 roughness, and speed 2077
meshing without backlash 2058 lubrication film factor 2078
reduced dimensions to avoid material quality 2077
interference 2050 materials for 2144–2150
epicyclic 2115–2118 bevel gears 2094
equivalent pitch radius 2031 maximum hob tip radius 2061
external spur gears 2029 measuring
dimensions for checking over gear size over wires 2125–2143
wires 2126–2129 teeth 2051
face advance 2031 methods of cutting internal gears 2074
Fellows stub tooth 2041 metric module gear cutters 2052
fillet radius 2031 module system 2121–2124
fillet stress 2031 module, definition 2031
finishing gear milling cutters 2054 motion control 2493
flank of tooth 2031 mountings for bevel gears 2084
forged and rolled nomenclature of gear teeth 2033
alloy steels for gears 2145 non-metallic 625, 2149
carbon steels for gears 2145 normal plane 2031
formed cutters for bevel gears 2091 number of teeth 2031
formulas to avoid undercutting 2058
for helical gears 2099, 2101–2105, outside diameter 2031
2107, 2110 pin method of checking size 2125–2143
for module system gears 2121, 2123 pinions flanges composition 2149
for spur gears 2035–2036, 2039, 2041– pitch diameter 2034
2042 obtained with diametral pitch
given center distance and ratio 2041, system 2034
2043 pitch point 2031
to mesh with enlarged pinion 2058 plane of rotation 2031
gear ratio, definition 2031 planetary 2115
geometrical factor 2078–2079 plastics gearing 625
given center distance and ratio 2043 pressure angle 2032, 2039
harder pinion 2145 profile checker settings 2062
heat treatment to permit machining 2144 rack 2032
helical 2029, 2099–2114 ratchet gearing 2119–2120
herringbone 2114 ratio, defined 2031
highest point of single tooth contact relative sizes of internal gear and
(HPSTC) 2061 pinion 2074
hypoid bevel gears 2029, 2082 replacement gear dimensions 2153
increasing pinion diameter to avoid roll angle 2032
undercut or interference 2052 root diameter 2032
inspection of gears 2073 selection of involute gear milling
integral temperature criterion 2079 cutter 2052
interference 2031 shapers, root diameters of gears cut
internal diameter 2031 on 2042
internal gears 2031, 2074 size factor 2077
spur 2029, 2074–2075 size, checking 2125–2143
dimensions between wires 2130– specifications 2067
2133 spur gear 2033–2067
invention 2152 external 2029
involute curve 2033 internal 2029, 2074–2075
land 2031 standard normal diametral pitches 2076
lead 2031 steels for 2144, 2146
straight bevel 2029

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2622 INDEX

Gears and gearing (continued) Geometric dimensioning and

surface condition factor 2078 tolerancing (continued)
tangent plane 2032 datum
tangential force 2077 simulator 635
teeth invention 2152 target 635
terms used in gear specifications 2065 target areas 640
through hardening steels for 2144 target lines 640
tip relief 2032 definitions 634
tooth caliper, vernier 2051 degrees of freedom 635
tooth face 2032 dimension
tooth profile basic 636
deburring 1456 origin 636
producing a radius 1456 reference 636
tooth proportions feature 636
comparative sizes and shape of 2033 feature control frame 636
fine-pitch involute spur and helical free state 642
gears 2039 least material condition (LMC) 636
for enlarging fine-pitch pinions 2056– material removal required or
2057 prohibited 732
tooth stiffness constants 2078 maximum material condition
tooth surface 2032 (MMC) 637
tooth thickness allowance for mean line 726
shaving 2045 modifiers 640
tooth-to-tooth composite error 2073 position 637
total composite error 2073 positional tolerance 640
total face width 2032 projected tolerance zone 640
transverse load distribution factor 2078 regardless of feature size (RFS) 637
transverse plane 2032 relation of surface roughness to
trochoid curve 2032 tolerances 729
true involute form diameter 2032, 2061 size, actual 637
undercut 2032 size, feature of 637
limit for hobbed involute gears 2061 tangent plane 642
Van Keuren wire diameter 2133 Geometrical
wear equalizing 2145 constructions 54–58
welding factor 2079 dimensioning and tolerancing 630
whole depth 2032 progression 36–38
wire diameter 2133 propositions 49–53
work hardening factor 2077–2078 symbols for drawings 633
working depth 2032 symbols, comparison of ANSI and
worm gears 2029, 2095–2098 ISO 633
zerol bevel 2029 German standard
zone factor 2077–2078 gear tooth 2121
Gears, metric thread on inch lead screw 1948 screw threads, metric 1824
General purpose Acme threads 1825–1832 Gib-head keys 2366
data 1827 Gibi 2546
designation 1826–1827 Gleason system, Zerol bevel gears 2082
form 1825, 1827, 1834 Glue, pattern 1368
formulas for diameters 1827 GMAW
limiting dimensions 1826–1830, 1834 (gas metal arc welding) 1390
pitch diameter allowances 1827 welding carbon steels 1393
thread form 1827, 1834 welding stainless steel 1393
Generator shaft keys and keyseats 2368 GO and NOT GO gages 2175
Geneva wheel 163 Gold, plating 1468
Geometric dimensioning and Goodman diagram 206–207
tolerancing 630, 634 Gordon formula for columns 285, 287
datum Grade markings on bolts and nuts
feature 634 ASTM and SAE 1508
identifier 634 inch 1508
plane 635 metric 1578
reference frame 635 Grams
into ounces, avoirdupois 2571–2572

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2623
Grams (continued) Grinding (continued)
per cubic centimeter into pounds per cubic minimum cost conditions 1161
inch 2573 mounted wheels and points 952
Granite, strength 420 offhand grinding 1229
Graphical solution of force systems 145–149 optimization planning 1176
Graphitic materials for bearings 2266 optimum grinding data for roughing 1161
Gravitational system of measurement 142 planing tools 756
Gravity 142 plunge 1212
acceleration due to 142 portable grinding 1229
center of, in various geometrical power 1164
figures 225–231 procedure to determine data 1168
die casting process 1367 ratio 1158
force of 171 relative grindability 1167
lubrication systems 2335 rene 1172
specific 407 rpm, various speeds and diameters 1211
gases 407 screw threads 1957–1960
liquids 407–408 side feed, roughing and finishing 1166
various substances 408 silicon carbide wheels 971–973
Gray cast iron 1360 spark-out time 1163
Grease lubricants 2337 specific metal removal rates 1163
Grease lubrication 2340 speeds 1163
Greek symbols and alphabet 2540 spindles for portable tools 948
Green sand molding 1366 stainless steels 1169
Green wood, weight per cubic feet 413 surface 1222–1228
Grindability data 1166–1168, 1189–1190 surface finish, Ra 1162
Grindability of tool steels 1189–1193 surface grinding troubles 1227
Grinders spindles for portable 950 swing-frame 1229
Grinding 1177 terms and definitions 1167
abrasive belt grinding 1230 tool steels 1170–1172
abrasives 1177–1179 tools
basic rules 1158 carbide 971–973
carbide materials, diamond wheel 1173 twist drills 968–971
carbide tools 971–974 traverse 1212
cast iron 1170 unhardened steels 1169
centerless 1220–1222 user calibration of
centerless grinding troubles 1221–1222 recommendations 1174
ceramic materials, diamond wheel 1173 vertical and angle spindles 948
chip breakers 973–974 wheel life
cost 1176 cost 1176
cutting forces 1164 grinding data relationship 1160
cutting time formula 1114 grinding ratio 1158
cutting torque 1164 life vs. cost 1176
cylindrical 1212–1220 relationships and optimum grinding
cylindrical grinding troubles 1216–1219 data 1160
data selection including wheel life 1165 wheel safety 1207–1211
data, wheel life selection 1165 handling 1207
diamond wheel 971–973, 1173–1174, inspection 1207
1201–1207 machine conditions 1207
ECT,grinding 1159 mounting 1207
equivalent diameter factor 1163 portable grinders 1210
feeds 1158 safe operating speeds 1209–1211
finishing 1166 speed conversion table 1211
floor and bench stand 1229 speeds, maximum 1210
fluids 1144 storage 1207
grindability groups 1166 wheel safety grades 1178
grinding rules and data selection 1158 wheels 1177–1200, 1207–1211
heat resistant alloys 1172 abrasive materials for 1177–1178
inconel 1172 angles for eccentric type radial relief
internal centerless 1220 angles on milling cutters 828-829
milling cutters 823 bond properties 1178, 1227
CBN 1178, 1195, 1204

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2624 INDEX

Grinding (continued) Gyration, radius of 232

wheels bar, small diameter 232
cubic boron nitride 1177, 1195 circular disk, thin 233
cutting fluids 1165 circular ring, thin flat 233
diamond 781 cone, frustum 234
truing of 1196–1200 cylinder, hollow 234
dressing and truing of 1196–1200 ellipsoid 235
eccentric type 828 flat plate, thin 232
faces, shapes of 1188 hollow cylinder, thin 234
finishing 1166 hollow sphere 235
grades 1178 paraboloid 235
handling 1208 parallelepiped 233
inspection 1208 parallelogram 232
markings, standard 1179–1180 prism, rectangular 234
mounted wheels and points ring 232
metric 954 sphere, hollow 235
mounting and safety 1207–1208 spherical shell, thin 235
radial relief angle 828 thin flat plate 232
roughing 1166
safe operating speeds 1165
selection of 1165, 1180–1200
sequence of markings 1179
H
shapes and sizes, standard 1180–1188 H- and L-limits 916–917
metric 1186–1187 Half circle
side feed 1166 moment of inertia 241
silicate bonding process 1227 radius of gyration 241
single point truing diamonds 1200 section modulus 241
storage 1208 Hand
structure 1178–1179 expansion reamers 844
truing of flute helix 799
diamond feeds 1199 of milling cutter 797
diamond sizes 1199 reamers 832
dressing of 1196–1200 taps 892
vitrified 1227 Hard facing 1420
wheel markings 1179 austenitic high chromium irons 1421
work speed austenitic manganese steels 1421
and depth of cut selection 1159 cobalt base alloys 1421
in rough and finish grinding 1163 copper base alloys 1422
Grooved drive studs high speed steels 1420
dimensions 1681 materials 1420
hole sizes 1681 nickel-chromium-boron alloys 1423
Grooved pins 1677 Hard rubber, machining 1156
designation 1678 Hardening 513–515
hole sizes 1678 alloy steels 456
lengths and sizes 1677 steel 503, 512, 515
materials 1678, 1680 flame 529
properties 1680 induction 529
requirements 1678 temperatures
standard sizes 1680 stainless steel 536–537
type 1679 tool steels 515
Grooving and oil feeding of bearings 2229 test methods 508
Grooving insert holder 762–764 tool steels 477
Ground thread tap, designations 918 Hardmetals 773–783
GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) 1409– carbonitride based 776
1414 coated 778
Guide bearings 2221, 2260 ISO classifications 779
Guldinus or Pappus rules 59 titanium carbide 776
Gutta percha, turning 1083 tooling for wood and nonmetals 783
G-word, NC 1274–1278 tungsten carbide 774–776
Hardness 507
aluminum alloys 575–583

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2625
Hardness (continued) Heat treating furnace
bearings 2225 fluidized bed furnace 513
ceramics 415 oven or box 512
cobalt alloys 418 pit type 512
copper alloys 417 pot type 512
copper-base powdered alloys 419 retort 512
heat-treated steels 464–465 vacuum furnace 512
iron-base powdered alloys 419 Heat treatment 503–547
magnesium alloys 588 alloy steel 533
nickel alloys 418 carburizing temperatures 533
number normalizing temperatures 533
Brinell 552 tempering temperatures 533
Rockwell 552 carbon steels 532
steel 1363 molybdenum high speed steels 542
O-ring 2502, 2504 stainless steel 536–537
plastics 416 quenching medium 536–537
powdered metal alloys 419 tempering temperatures 536–537
relation to tensile strength 551 stainless steel temperatures 536–537
scales steel 449, 503–512, 515, 1363
comparison 549–551 annealing 450, 503, 507, 524
Rockwell 548 annealing temperatures 525
unhardness scales 552 baths quenching 519
stainless steel 418 carburizing temperatures 526, 532
steel 417 case hardening 526
carbon and alloy 466–471 cleaning work after case hardening 528
tool steels 488, 490–491, 497, 500 colors for tempering 522
testing 547 cooling period 546
Brinell 547 cooling subzero, to improve
conversion errors, causes 551 properties 546
conversion tables 550 cyanide hardening 527
correction for curvature 2325 decalescence point 503, 512
durometer 551, 2505 defects in hardening 517
Hultgren ball 547, 551 flame hardening 529
Keep’s test 549 furnaces 503, 511–512
Mohs hardness scale 551 hardening baths 517
monotron 549 hardening temperatures 503, 512, 515,
Rockwell 548, 550 533
scleroscope 548, 551 hardening, defects in 517
Turner's sclerometer 551 induction hardening 529–531
Vickers 548, 551 interrupted quenching 519
tungsten-base powdered alloys 419 lead bath temperatures 516
Harmonic 166 liquid baths 516
Harvey grip thread 1891 nitriding 543
Heat normalizing 450, 524, 526
absolute temperature and zero 2583 temperatures 532
coefficients of radiation 402 oil quenching 517
coefficients of transmission 402 pack-hardening 527
fahrenheit-celsius conversion 2583 pressure-spraying quenching 518
freezing mixtures 403 protective coatings for molybdenum
ignition temperatures 403 steels 542
latent 399 quenching 540
loss from uncovered steam pipes 400 temperatures 533
mechanical equivalent 2583 quenching baths 517
power equivalents 2578 recalescence point 503, 512
quantity measurement 2583 scale formation 517
radiating capacity of bearings 2229, 2231 spheroidizing 524, 526
radiation coefficient 402 stabilizing dimensions 545–546
scales 2583 strength and hardness of AISI
specific 399–400 steels 466–471
temperature scales 2583 stress relieving 450
thermal energy 2583 subzero treatments 546

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2626 INDEX

Heat treatment (continued) Helical gearing (continued)

steel tooth proportions 2039
surface hardening 531 tooth thickness measurement 2139
tanks for quenching baths 519 troubleshooting 2114
tempering 506, 521 wire diameter 2134
temperatures 532 Helical milling
tempering period 546 development of helix 1965
time aging 545 helix angle 1966
water quenching 518 lead of ahelix 1965
Hectares into acres 2563 Helical overlap 2031
Helical Helix 1965
end mills 809 angle 1966, 2031
gear, helix angle 1966 angle factor 2078
interpolation, NC 1284 angles, screw threads 1763–1772
milling, change gears 1965 constructing 58
wire screw thread inserts 1654 end mills with welden shanks 805
Helical gearing 2029, 2099–2114 lead and diameter 1981–1982
addendum 2099 lead and pitch radius 1982
modifications 2077 lead angle 1966
backlash 2068 lead for given angle 1977–1979
British Standard 2076 measurement of angle 1965
calculations 2099 number of tooth 1982
center distance 2099 Herringbone gearing 2114
exact 2102 failures 2114
for enlarged 2111 Hertz stress 2031
change gears 2112 Hexagon
checking gear size 2134, 2139 area 65
cutter for milling 2108 distance across corners 74
data on drawings 2067 moment of inertia 240
direction of thrust 2099 radius of gyration 240
enlarged fine-pitch pinions 2108, 2110– section modulus 240
2111 Highest point of single tooth contact
feed rate change 2113 (HPSTC) 2031, 2061
fine pitch teeth 2110 High-speed steels 488–490, 1010
formulas 2099, 2101–2105, 2107, 2110 annealing rehardening 540
helical overlap 2031 as cutting tool materials 1010
helix angles 2100, 2105 cobalt 884–885
herringbone type 2114 cobaltcrom 538
hobbing 2112, 2114 cooling period 546
involute form milling cutter 2109 cutters 826
lead accuracy 2113 drawing 540
lead of tooth 2099 hardening molybdenum 541
machine heat treatment 538
with differential 2113 annealing 541
without differential 2112 cutting efficiency 539
measurements using wires or balls 2139 equipment 543
milling the helical teeth 2109 hardening temperatures 539
minimum center distance 2105, 2107 preheating tungsten 538
normal tooth thickness 2039 quenching
pitch diameter 2099 molybdenum 542
pitch of cutter 2100 tungsten 539–540
replacement gear dimensions 2155 subzero treatment 547
shafts tempering molybdenum 542
at right angles 2103–2104 time for through hardening 539
parallel 2101–2102 molybdenum 488, 493, 541–543
shafts at right angle 2106 hardening 541
specifications 2065 quenching straightening 540
spur gear replacement by helical tempering 540
gears 2153, 2155 tool 490
thrust 2099 tungsten 490, 493, 538, 541
tungsten annealing 541

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2627
High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels Horsepower (continued)
(see HSLA steels) V-belt drives 2391
Hob tip radius, maximum 2061 water at a given head 423
Hobs Hose connection screw threads 1872–1876
change gears for relieving 1950 ANSI Standards 1872
roller chain sprocket 2459–2460 basic dimension 1875
tip radius, maximum 2061 tolerances 1875
worm gear 2095 Hot-working, tool steels for 491
Hoisting chain and wire rope 369, 386–391 HSLA steels 442–443
Holders for NC, insert 758–764, 1310–1312 application 462
Hold-on or dolly bars for riveting 1483 chemical compositions 463
Hole sizes, tapping 1935–1936 composition 462
Holes elongation 463
accuracy of drilled 884 formability 463
coordinate dimension factors for jig properties 462
boring 993–1004 tensile strength 463
difficulties in reaming 840 toughness 463
for riveted joints 1478 weldability 463
for tapping 1925–1932 yield strength 463
in glass, drilling 1065 Hunting tooth ratio 2098
sizes for self-tapping screws 1647 Hydrant screw thread 1874–1876
spacing of, on a jig borer 993–1004 Hydrometer, Baumé’s, and specific
Hollow gravity 408
circle, moment of inertia 241 Hyperbola
circle, radius of gyration 241 area 68
circle, section modulus 241 area construction 58
cylinder, radius of gyration 234 eccentricity 47
mills, feeds and speeds 1132 foci 47
sphere, radius of gyration 235 general equation 47
Honing process 1233–1235 major and minor axis 47
adjustments 1234–1235 Hypocycloidal curves, areas 61
carbide tools 973–974 Hypoid gears 2029, 2080, 2082–2083
rotative speeds in 1233–1235 applications of 2083
stock removal, rate of 1233 Hypotenuse 88
tolerances 1235 Hysteresis 313
Hooks, dimensions of crane 393
Horsepower 141
air compression 435
calculating by dynamometer 2360
I
chain transmission 2451–2455 I-beam
converted into kilowatts 2578–2579 aluminum 2518
disk clutches 2350 standard structural steel 2513
drilling different materials 1090 structural
dynamometer test 2359–2361 moment of inertia 2509–2513
electric motor 2473 section modulus 2509–2513
ratings 2466 steel 2509
equivalents 2578–2579 weight per foot 2509–2513
formulas 178 Idler gears 2009
friction wheels 2360–2362 IGES (initial graphics exchange
gearing 2149–2150 specification) 1322–1324
hour equivalents 2578 Ignition temperature 403
machining 1084–1090 Impact force of 175
nonmetallic gears 2149–2150 Impact strength, Izod
planing and shaping 1084–1088 carbon and alloy steels 466–467
roller chains 2451–2455 plastics 416
set-screw transmitting capacity 1637 Impulse 176–178
shafting 299–301 angular momentum 177
spade drilling 1080, 1090–1091 Inch
to compress air 432–435 decimals of, into millimeters 2556–2557
torque equivalent 299–301 into centimeter and millimeter 2553

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2628 INDEX

Inch (continued) Induction

millimeters into decimals of 3, 2552, annealing 530
2558–2559 brazing 1387
Inclined plane 161, 171 hardening 510, 529–531
force for moving body on 161 equipment 529
forces on 160 gear teeth 531
motion on 171 normalizing 530
Inconel metals 589–590 Inertia 141
Incremental programming, NC 1277 electric motor 2474
Index plates, one hole moves of angular moment of 237–259
values 1991 polar 248–249
Indexable Initial graphics exchange specification
carbide inserts 756 (IGES), NC 1322–1324
insert holder Injection molding, metal 1374
boring 762–764 Insert radius compensation 1310
chamfering 762–764 Inserts
end cutting edge angle 761 hardmetal materials 773–783
facing 762–764 holders for NC 758–764, 1310–1312
grooving 762–764 indexable 756–764, 1310–1312
identification system 757, 759 radius compensation, NC 1310–1312
insert shape 761 screw thread 1654
lead angle 761 self-tapping screw 1654
NC 758–764, 1310–1312 throw away carbide 773
planing 762–764 Inspection methods 692
plunge angle 762 Instrument maker's thread system 1884
rake angle 761 Integration of functions 34
selection 761 Interest 125–128
shank sizes 759 compound 125
shape 762 finding unknown rate 127
tracing 762–764 nominal vs. effective 126
turning and backfacing 762–764 simple 125
turning and facing 762–764 Interference 2031
Indexing Interference fit threads 1877–1882
angular 1990–2007 allowances 1881
block or multiple 2021–2022 British Standard 1581
Brown and Sharpe milling change in diameter 1882
machine 2011–2016 coarse threads 1881
compound 1984–1989 design and application data 1878
compound gearing ratio 2009 designation symbols 1878
differential 2008 dimensions 1879
ratio of gearing 2008 driving speed 1880
gear ratio driving torque and length of engagement
finding 2009 relation 1881
head angular position for engagement lengths 1880
milling end mills and angular interferences 1878, 1880
cutters 821–824 lead and angle variations 1882
head worm wheel with 64 teeth 2023 lubrication 1880
hole circles 1983 materials for 1880
milling machine 1983–1989 profile 1877
movements 1985–2007, 2009–2020, spur gearing 2050, 2052
2023–2024 surface roughness 1881
number of holes 1983 thread dimensions 1879
ratio of gearing 2009 tolerances for pitch diameter 1881
reamer teeth for irregular spacing 833 torques 1880
simple 1983–1989, 2011–2016 variation in axial lead 1882
simple and differential 2011–2016 Interferometer 1248
smaller angles 2007 Internal diameter 2031
tables 2021 Internal gears 2031
Indicator drop method 829 spur 2029, 2074
International System (SI) units 2544

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX
Interpolation 110, 112
circular, NC 1283–1284
helical and parabolic, NC 1284
linear, NC 1282
Interrupted quenching 518–519
Inverse
and direct proportions combined 7
of a matrix 122
ratio or reciprocal 5
Investment
casting 1374
design 1376
making procedure 1375
milling cutters 1377
materials 1375
Investment casting alloy
elongation 417–418
hardness 417–418
tensile strength 417–418
yield strength 417–418
Involute 2031
constructing 58
curve properties 2035
curve, properties 2033
functions 103–107
gear cutters, formed type 2052, 2074
serrations 2156
true form diameter in gears 2032
Involute splines 2031, 2156, 2159–2177
American National Standard 2156
application factor 2171
basic dimension 2162
basic rack profile 2181
bursting stress 2173
chamfers and fillets 2164, 2181
circular pitch 2157, 2162
classes of tolerances 2162
combinations 2167
combinations of types 2167
compressive stress at side teeth 2173
compressive stresses allowable 2172
crowning for misalignment 2173
diametral pitch 2158
dimensions, effective and actual 2177,
2179
drawing data 2167, 2169
effect of spline variations 2165
effective
and actual dimensions 2165–2166,
2175
clearance 2158
space width 2158
tooth thickness 2158
variation 2158, 2180
fatigue life factor 2172
fillet 2158
chamfers 2164, 2181
root splines 2158, 2164
fit classes 2162, 2177, 2181
flat root splines 2158, 2164
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
2629
Involute splines (continued)
form circle 2159
form clearance 2159
form diameter 2159
formulas 2181
basic dimension 2161, 2177, 2179
2-pin measurement 2175
fretting damage 2174
inspection
methods 2174
types of gages 2175
with gages 2175
interchangeability 2167
internal splines 2159, 2167
lead variations 2159, 2165
length of engagement 2159
length of splines 2170
load distribution factors 2171
machining tolerance 2159, 2181
major circle 2159
major diameter fit 2159, 2162
manufacturing 2187
maximum
actual space width 2167
actual tooth thickness 2166
effective space width 2167
effective tooth thickness 2166
metric module 2176–2181
milling cutter 824
minimum
actual space width 2166
actual tooth thickness 2167
effective space width 2166
effective tooth thickness 2167
minor circle 2159
minor diameter 2159
misalignment 2171
parallelism variation 2159
pin measurement of 2175
pitch 2159
circle 2159
diameter 2159
point 2159
pressure angle 2159
rack profiles 2180
reference dimensions 2167, 2169, 2181
shear stress
allowable 2172
at pitch diameter 2173
at the pitch diameter of teeth 2173
under roots of external teeth 2172
side fit 2162
sizes and lengths, estimating 2169–2170
space width and tooth thickness
limits 2166, 2177
stub pitch 2159
symbols 2159–2160, 2167, 2177
tensile stresses allowable 2172
terms and definition 2157, 2177
tolerances 2162, 2177, 2180
tolerances and variations 2180
 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2630 INDEX

Involute splines (continued)

tooth
numbers 2159, 2162
proportions 2159–2181
J
thickness limits 2166, 2180 Jacobs tapers 939
thickness modification 2180 Jam nuts, standard 1513, 1519–1520
torque capacity formulas 2170 metric 1567
total index variation 2159 Jarno taper 926, 937
total tolerance 2159 Jig
types and classes of fits 2162 boring 986–988
variations 2165, 2180 hole coordinate dimension factors
allowance 2159, 2165 for 993–1004
eccentricity 2165 lengths of chords 990
effect of 2180 transfer of tolerances 987
effect of profile 2165 bushings 975–985
lead 2165 definitions 975
types of 2157, 2180 designation system for 985
wear life factors, flexible splines 2172 fixed type wearing bushings 981
width and tooth thickness 2180 head type liner bushings 979, 983
Iron headless type liner bushings 979, 982
and copper-base sintered bearings 2268 headless type press fit 977
castings 1360 locking mechanisms for 984
coloring 1463 materials 975
copper-base sintered bearings 2267 plate thickness 985
Iron-base powdered alloys 419 press fit wearing bushings 976, 979
density 419 slip type 980
elongation 419 fixture 975–985
hardness 419 fixture definition 985
rupture strength 419 Jobbers reamers 845
ultimate strength 419 drills 856–862
yield strength 419 Johnson, J. B., column formula 288–289
I-section Joints
moment of inertia 242 plastics pipe 2532–2534
radius of gyration 242 riveted 1478
section modulus 242 toggle 164
ISO Standard universal 2348
drawing symbols, compared with Journal bearing (see Bearings: journal)
ANSI 633
geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing 630
metric
K
British Standard taps 922–925 Karat 2571
grade markings on bolts 1578 Keep’s hardness test 549
hexagon bolts, screws and nuts 1574 Kelvin, degrees 2583
limits and fits, British Standard 679 Key and spline sizes and lengths 2169
thread 1805, 1823 Keying bearings 2223
thread system, miniature screw Keys and bits, hexagon and spline 1630
threads 1814 Keys and keyseats 2363
surface finish 738 alignment tolerances 2364
surface parameter symbols 739 ANSI Standard 2363
surface texture symbology 741 British Standards 2374, 2387
washers, compared with ANSI 1568 keyways and keybars 2381–2384
ISO surface finish 738 rectangular parallel keys 2381–2384
Isosceles triangle 88 woodruff keys and keyways 2385–
Isothermal 2386
expansion, compression of air 431 chamfered keys 2368, 2374
quenching 521 cotters 2372, 2374
Izod impact strength depth control values 2364
carbon and alloy steels 466–467 depth of keyseat 2374
plastics 416 depths for milling keyseats 2374
dimensions and tolerances 2380

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2631
Keys and keyseats (continued) Knurls and knurling 1240–1244
effect on shaft strength 305 automatic screw machines 1131–1136
estimating key sizes 2169 concave 1244
filleted keyseats 2368, 2374 diagonal teeth 1240
fitting 2367 diametral pitch knurls 1240–1244
gib-head keys 2366, 2379, 2383–2384, dies marking 1244
2387 flat tools 1242
keyseat milling cutters, Woodruff 820 formulas 1242
keyseats, depth of 2364, 2374 lathe knurls 1240
metric 2374 revolutions required for top
metric keys length 2376, 2380 knurling 1131
milling cutters and arbors 819 sizes, preferred 1240
parallel and taper 2364, 2367, 2380 speeds and feeds 1132
parallel keys 2376 straight teeth 1240
plain 2366, 2383–2384, 2387 tools 1241
preferred length 2380 tracking correction 1240
rectangular parallel keys 2376, 2378 work diameter tolerances 1243–1244
rectangular taper keys 2377, 2379–2380
set screws for keys 2368
shaft diameter 2363
size vs. shaft diameter 2363, 2374
L
square parallel keys 2376, 2378 Lag screws and threads 1517–1518
square taper keys 2377, 2379 metric 1545
strength considerations for shafts 305 Lame’s formula for internal pressure 295
taper key tolerances 2380 Land gear tooth drill 854
taper keys 2379–2380 Laps and lapping 1235–1239
tolerances 2366, 2368–2370 abrasives 1238
transmission chain 2446 carbide tools 973–974
woodruff keys and keyseats 2368, 2380, charging laps 1237
2385 cutting properties 1238
Kibi 2546 cutting qualities 1238
Kilogram calorie 2583 flat surfaces 1236
Kilograms grading abrasives for 1236
into pounds 2571–2572 grading diamond dust for 1237
per cubic meter into pounds per cubic lubricants 1238
foot 2573 materials for 1235–1236
per square centimeter into pounds per pressures 1239
square inch 2575 rotary diamond 1237
per square meter into pounds per square tests 1239
foot 2575 wear 1238
per square meter into pounds per square wet and dry 1239
inch 2575 Lasers 1443–1455
Kilometers into miles 2562 beam focusing 1443–1444
Kilopascals into pounds per square beams 1443
inch 2575 cladding 1454
Kilowatt cutting metal with 1447
hour equivalents 2578 cut edge roughness 1448
into horsepower 2579 cutting speeds 1451
power required for machining 1084 heat-affected zone 1449–1450
Kinematics and kinetics 141 kerf widths 1448
Kinetic energy 173–175 narrow kerf 1448
Kingsbury thrust bearing 2242 cutting nonmetals 1449–1450
Kirchoff direct drilling 1453
current law 124 drilling 1453
voltage law 124 drilling rates 1454
K-Monel, machining 1155 drilling theory 1453
Knee tools, speeds and feeds 1132 hardening rates 1454
Knoop hardness numbers 549 heat affected zones 1449
Knuckle joints 2349
proportions 2350

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2632 INDEX

Lasers (continued) Length (continued)

heat treatment 1454 of rivets for forming heads 1483
industrial applications 1445 units and conversion of 2549–2562
industrial systems 1445 Letter
light 1443 addresses, NC 1272
marking 1455 symbols for mechanics 2543
mask marking 1455 Levers 159
materials 1446, 1454 Light
nonmetals cutting rates 1451 duty Belts and pulleys
safety 1446 V-belts 2410–2417
scanned beam marking 1455 laser 1443
thermal properties 1447 metals
trepanning 1454 drilling, reaming, and threading 1070
types of industrial 1445 milling 1044
welding turning 1038
conduction 1451 wave interference bands, measuring
deep penetration keyhole 1451 surface variations with 723
joint design 1451–1452 Limestone
processing gas 1452 cutting speed for 1083
helium 1453 strength 420
rates 1451–1452 Limit
theory 1451 elastic 204
Latent heat 399 endurance 205
Lathe proportional 203–204
change gears 1946 Limits and fits
fixtures, balancing 201–202 actual size 651
screw constant 1946 allowance 651
Law of ANSI Standard preferred metric 656
cosines 89 basic size 651–652, 665, 680
sines 89 British Standard for holes and
Lay symbols 735 shafts 680–688
Lead cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard 651–677
angle of cutting tools 749 definitions 656
inserts 1310 design size 651
angle of screw thread 1965 deviations for holes 687
tables for 1763–1772, 1827, 1836, deviations for shafts 685
1846, 1908 dimension 651
of helix gagemakers tolerance 678
change gears and angles for gages, plain 646, 678
milling 1980–1981 gages, thread 1914
find change gears for milling 1967– graphical representation 656–657
1976 indicating on drawings 645
for given angles 1977–1979, 1982 maximum material condition 652
of milling machine 1964 metric screw threads 1787
of screw thread 1893, 1965 minimum material condition 652
side cutting edge 754 screw thread gages 1914
Lead and lead alloys size, nominal 651
element 398 symbols 667
lead bath 516 tolerance 651, 666
tempering in 523 bilateral 652
melting temperatures 398, 523 unilateral 652
solder 1380 tolerance limit 652
Lead-base alloys, die casting 1373 tolerances 652, 680
Leaded-bronze bearings 2261–2264 woodruff keys 2369–2370
Least material condition (LMC) 636 Limits, upper and lower (UL and LL) 637
Length Line
differences due to temperature 405 angle between two 42
engagement of screw thread 1510 conventions for drawings 630
of action 2031 distance between point 39, 42
of engagement 1935 distance to external point 40
equation of 40

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2633
Line (continued) L-section
geometry of 51 moment of inertia 246
intermediate points on 39 radius of gyration 246
of action 2031 section modulus 246
parallel 41 Lubricants 2332
perpendicular 41 application of oils 2333
slope of 40 bearings 2227–2229, 2339
Linear cutting 1143–1148
coefficient of expansion 402, 405–406 density 2332
metals 402–404 dynamic viscosity coefficient 2345
pipe material electric motors 2478
copper 427 grease 2227, 2337
FRP 427 oil mist 2336
PP & PVDF 427 oil types 2333
PVC 427 operating temperature 2229
steel 427 pressure-viscosity coefficient 2345
plastics 402 presswork 1330
deflection of shafting 302 solid films 2339
interpolation, NC 1282 specific gravity 2334
Lines, points, circles (APT) NC 1294–1299 temperature vs. viscosity 2228, 2334
Liquid viscosity 2332, 2340
baths, heating steel in 516 Lubrication 2226–2229
depth to volume conversion 61–62 aerodynamic 2342
specific gravity 407 analysis 2239
Liters analysis, journal bearings 2233
into cubic feet 2568 anti-friction bearing 2339
into U.S. gallons 2566 centralized systems 2335
Lloyd and lloyd thread 1892 chain 2463
Load density 2332
rating, static, bearings 2319 drip -feed 2335
ratings and fatigue life, bearings 2307– elastohydrodynamic 2342
2323 film thickness 2239
Lobing 721 films 2339
Lock nut pipe thread 1892 gravity systems 2335
Lock nuts, ball and roller bearing 2299 grease consistancy classifications 2337
Lock wire proceedure 1511 greases 2228, 2337, 2340
Locknuts, ball and roller bearing 2299 hydrodynamic flow 2238
shafts for 2300–2301 method 2304
Lockwashers motors 2478
ANSI Standard 1536–1539 oil bath 2227
ball and roller bearing 2298 oil, application 2334
British Standard, metric oils 2336, 2340
plain 1584–1586 plain bearings 2226
spring 1582–1584 pressure flow 2238
spring type 1536–1537 relubricating with grease 2338
tooth lock 1538 roller chain 2463
tooth type 1536, 1538–1539 selection for bearings 2227
Logarithms 111–118 solid films 2339
common 111, 115–116 specific gravity 2334
extracting roots by 114 system, wiper type 2336
mantissa 111 temperature effects on grease 2338
natural 111, 113, 117–118 total flow 2238
obtaining powers by 113 viscosity 2228, 2332, 2341
tables 115–118 pressure relationship 2345
common 115–116 waste pack 2227
natural 117–118 wick-feed operation 2335
using calculator to find 113 wicks and wick feeds 2335
Long angle lathe file 965 Lumber, sizes of sawn 414
Low pressure casting 1367
Löwenherz thread 1849

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
2634 INDEX
M nuts for 1587
Machinability
copper alloys 556–568
of wood 413
Machine
accuracy, effect of on part
tolerances 1249
countersinks 839
cutting time formula 1114
elements, subjected to compressive
loads 286
nuts coating 1605
screw coating 1605
screw nuts 1614
screw taps 892, 903–913
settings costs 1113
settings economy 1113
tool
accuracy 1245
efficiency 1088
repeatability 1245
resolution 1245
Machine screws
ANSI Standard 1587–1604
binding head 1595
body diameter 1588
British Metric 1605, 1617
British Standard 1613–1614
British Unified 1614–1616
BSW and BSF 1605, 1610, 1617
cheese head 1612
chesse head screw 1612, 1615
clearance holes, metric 1604
countersunk head 1589, 1598–1599,
1609
countersunk head screw 1614
cross recesses 1596
designation 1588, 1601
diameter of body 1601
diameter of unthreaded shank 1606
end of screws 1609
fillister head 1593
flange head metric 1602
flat head 1588–1590, 1598
header points for metric 1593–1594,
1601
header points for threading 1594–1595
hex and hex flange 1602
hexagon head screw 1591, 1615
hexagon nuts 1587
hexagon washer head 1590
length of thread 1606
lengths of thread 1601, 1606
metric countersunk 1597, 1599
metric recessed countersunk head 1597
metric thread lengths 1597
metric, ANSI standard 1596–1604
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
Machine screws (continued)
mushroom head screw 1615
oval head 1593–1595, 1599
pan head screw 1592, 1600, 1611, 1615
radius under the head 1606
recessed flat head 1598
recessed pan head 1600
round head screw 1596, 1614
slotted and crosses 1598, 1600
slotted countersunk head 1589, 1608
slotted pan head 1611
slotted, recessed 1599
square nuts 1587
tap and clearance drills 1925–1932,
1934, 1938
taps for 892, 903–913
thread 1597, 1606
truss head 1591
washerhead 1590
washers for 1532–1537, 1584–1586
Machine tool
lathe, change gears for fractional
ratios 1947
motor types 2476–2477
Machining
aluminum 1153
bearings 2225
copper alloys 1156
economy
chip thickness 1123, 1125
depth of cut 1123, 1125
high speed 1122
high speed milling 1129
formica 1156
hard rubber 1156
magnesium 1154–1155
micarta 1157
monel and nickel alloys 1155–1156
noise 1325
nonferrous metals 1153–1156
power constants 1084–1085
power factors
chisel-edge 1091
drill diameters 1091
feeds 1085, 1092
machine tool efficiency 1088
metal removal rates 1088
tool wear 1085
work materials 1090
power, estimating 1084–1091
unit horsepower for 1080, 1084–1085,
1089
processes, ANSI Standard tolerance grade
relationships 652, 654, 679
speeds and feeds (see Speeds and feeds)
tolerances and variations 2180
ultrasonic 1157
zinc alloy die castings 1155
Macro, NC 1286–1287
 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2635
Magnesium alloys 586–588, 1372 Matrix (continued)
applications 586 diagonal 119
bearing strength 588 identity 119
coloring 1464 inverse 122
compositions 587 minors 121
compressive strength 588 multiplication 119
cutting fluids for 1148, 1154–1155 rank 122
designations 586 row 119
die casting 1372 simultaneous equations 122
elongation 588 singular 122
extruded bars 587 square 119–120
machining 1154–1155 subtraction 119
mechanical properties 588 zero 119
plate 587 Maximum
pressure die casting 587 bending load, wood 412
properties 588 material condition (MMC) 637
sand and permanent mold 587 temperature, plastics 416
shear strength 588 MBEC bearing tolerances 2263
sheet 587 M-codes (M-words), NC 1278
soldering of 1382 Mean positional deviation 1245–1248
tensile strength 588 Measurement of backlash 2071
yield strength 588 Measuring
Magnesium, coating 1466 angles with sine-bar 695–705
Magnetic clutches 2352–2353 buttress thread 1910
Malleable compound angles 108–110
cast iron 1361 dovetail slides 713
iron castings 1361 gear size 2125–2143
Iron Research Institute 1369 instruments and gaging methods 692
strength 1361 over pins
Manganese bolt circle 717
bronze castings 558 gear size 2125–2143
gearing material 2147 splines 2175
steel 446–447 over pins, bolt circle 717
Manganese-bronze castings 558 pitch diameter
Manila rope, strength 387, 391 thread ring gages 1911
Mantissa, logarithm 111 three wire method 1900
Manual data input, NC 1269 radius or arc, over rolls 717–718
Manufacturers' standard gage for sheet tapers 698
steel 2522 center distance 716
Manufacturing cell, flexible, NC 1264 diameter 716
module 1264 threads
system 1264 American standard 1899–1901
Marble turning 1083 buttress 1910–1911
Martempering 521 taper screw 1909
Martensite 511 tapered 1909
Mass 141–143 using micrometer 1893
units and conversion of 2571–2573 using screw thread gage 1910
Materials using three-wire method 1893, 1910
disc spring 355 Whitworth 1901
mechanical properties of 203–204 V-shaped groove, over pins 717
spring, disc 355 with light-wave interference bands 723
Mathematical with micrometer 694–695, 1893
constants, frequently used 16 with vernier 692–693
signs and abbreviations 2542 Measuring screw threads
Matrix 119–122 Acme thread 1899
addition 119 Acme thread thickness 1905
adjoint 121 ball point micrometer 1894
cofactors 121 buckingham involute helicoid
column 119 formula 1903
determination 120 buttress thread 1899, 1910
contact pressure, measurement 1897

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2636 INDEX

Measuring screw threads (continued) Mechanics of materials (continued)

formula for checking pitch diameter 1899 differential pulley 163
formula to taper pipe threads 1909 dynamics 141
formula, three wire method 1898 energy 173–174
helical gear formula 1903 flywheels 183, 194
lowenherz 1899 force 145, 148–149
pipe thread 1899 force of a blow 175
pitch diameter equivalent 1909 graphical solution of force systems 145–
profiles 1895 149
three wire method 1897 impulse and momentum 176–178
Acme threads 1905, 1907 angular 177
buttress thread 1910 inclined plane 161, 171
checking thickness of Acme kinetic energy 173–175
thread 1905 levers 159
stub Acme threads 1905, 1907 linear velocity 167
testing angle of thread 1906 metric SI units 141–145
wire diameters and constants 1907 moment of inertia 236–252
wire sizes 1906 momentum 176–178
V thread 1899 Newton's laws 171
Whitworth 1899, 1901 pendulums 165–166
wire accuracy 1897 potential energy 173–174
wire diameter 1910 pound force 142
wire sizes for checking pitch power 178–179
diameters 1896 pulleys 162
worm thread 1899 radius of gyration 232–235
Mebi 2546 radius of oscillation 235
Mechanical equivalent of heat 2583 scalar and vector quantities 145
Mechanical properties screw 163
aluminum alloys 583 SI metric units 141–145
bolts, inch sizes 1508–1509 statics 141
bolts, metric sizes 1540 toggle joints 164
ceramics 415 torque 172
copper 569 units 142
magnesium 586–588 vectors 145
nickel 589–590 velocity, angular 167–170
plastics 416, 596 velocity, linear 167–168
powdered metal alloys 419 wedge 161
spring wire 421 wheels 162
stainless steels 472–473 work 174, 178–179
steel 474 and energy relation 174
titanium 589, 591 and power formulas 178–179
tool steels 475 performed by forces and couples 174
various materials 203–204 Melting points
wood 411–412 alloys of copper and zinc 1382–1383
Mechanics of materials 141 alloys of lead and tin 1380
acceleration 169, 171 aluminum 403
due to gravity, g 142 brazing alloys 1382–1385
algebraic solution of force systems 145, cast iron 404
148–156 chemical elements 398
angular copper alloys 403–404
impulse 177 solder 1380
momentum 177 stainless steels 404
velocity 167, 169 titanium alloys 404
center Metal
and radius of oscillation 235 alumimium alloys 403
of gravity 225–231, 235 balls, standard 2323–2331
of percussion 235 bonded grinding wheels 971–972, 1178
centrifugal force 179–182 casting 1365
calculating 180 coatings
couples 147–148 conversion coatings 1462–1464
surface coatings 1464–1471

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2637
Metal (continued) Metric (continued)
coloring 1462–1464 fasteners
etching 1461–1464 hex structural bolts 1549
foundry patterns 1369 nuts 1564
identification 441, 551 ANSI Standard 1562
injection molding 1374 bearing surfaces 1561
numbering systems for 440–449 materials 1561
patterns 1369 mechanical properties 1561
plasma welding 1414–1416 heavy hex structural bolts 1549
removal rate 1088, 1163 hex bolts 1550
slitting saws 801 inch vernier, dual 693–694
spraying process 1472 International System of Units (SI) 2544–
temperature effect on strength 421 2546
working ISO limits and fits, British Standard 679
fluids occupational exposure 1149– keys and keyways, British
1152 Standard 2374–2380
working application 1150 micrometer, reading 694–695
working fluids 1149–1150 module, gear cutter 2052
Metal balls gear teeth 2121–2124
ordering specification 2324 round head square neck bolts 1547–1548
preferred gages 2325 screw threads
tolerances 2325 aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1805
Metal washers basic profile 1727, 1788
bright 1584 crest diameter tolerance 1819
metric series 1584–1585 design profiles 1817
Metallography 534 designation 1817–1818
Metallurgy, powder 1379 diameter pitch combinations 1804–
Meters into feet 2562 1805, 1823
Metric dimensional effect of coating 1793
basic sizes, British Standard fits 1788
preferred 690 fundamental deviation 1790, 1818
bolts and screws, British Standard length of thread engagement 1791,
clearance holes for 1938 1817
conversion factors 2553 lengths of engagement 1819–1822
dimensions on drawings 735 limiting dimensions formula 1793
dowel pins, British Standard 1668–1669 limits and fits 1787
drawings, scales 736 limits and tolerance 1819–1822
fasteners M crest 1784
ANSI hex nuts 1563 M profile 1784
ANSI nut thread series 1563 external thread 1784
bolts and screws internal thread 1784
bolt clearance holes 1556 M profile designations 1790
bolt designation 1551 minor diameter tolerances 1790
bolt thread lengths 1551 MJ profile
bolt thread series 1556 designations 1807
cap screws 1553, 1557–1559 symbols 1807
clearance holes 1558 root form 1784
countersink 1557 tolerance system 1790
diameter-length combinations 1552, tolerances of external threads 1795,
1554 1797–1798
drill and counterbore sizes 1557 tolerances of pitch -diameter 1795
drilled head dimensions 1558 series British ISO
hex flange screws 1553 hexagon bolts, nuts, and screws 1574
hex screws 1553 machine screws and nuts 1605–1613
hex structural bolts 1554 metal washers 1584–1586
identification symbols 1551 spring washers 1582–1584
neck bolts 1554, 1558 taps 922–925
socket head cap screws 1555 SI units, factors and prefixes 2546
socket head neck screws 1558 sizes, preferred for flat metal
thread length 1551–1552 products 2523
systems of measurement 2544

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2638 INDEX

Metric (continued) Milling (continued)

threads, British (ISO) 1805, 1814, 1823 speeds and feeds
threads, SI 1857 plain carbon and alloy steels 1045–
twist drills, ANSI 854–873 1048
vernier, reading 693 stainless steels 1050–1051
washers, plain, ANSI 1566, 1568 titanium and titanium alloys 1038
Metric system (SI) 141–142 tool steels 1049–1050
base units 143 thread 1962–1963
in mechanics calculations 141–145 Milling cutters 796–831
in strength of materials calculations 203, ANSI Standard 797–820
213–215, 218, 221–224, 232, 236–237, arbor keys and keyways 819
260, 273, 277–278, 280–281, 283–284, arbor type 815
286, 293–297, 300–302, 304–306 bevel gear 817, 2089–2090
Micarta, machining 1157 casting 1377
Microinch 2549 clearance angles 796, 825
into micrometers (microns) 2560–2561 concave and convex 815
Micrometer corner rounding 800, 815
into microinches 2560–2561 double angle 802
reading 694–695 eccentric type radial relief 826
screw thread 1893 end mills 804–814
Microprocessor 1258–1259 medium helix 813
Microscope screw thread 1885–1889 stub length 813
Mil 2549 terminology 803
Miles into kilometers 2562 with weldon shanks 813
Military plating specifications 1464–1471 gear 816–817
Mill or saw files 963 grinding or sharpening 823–831
Millimeters hand of
hundreds of, into inches 2553 cut 797–798
into inches 3, 2552–2553, 2558–2559 cutter 797
thousandths of an inch, into 2556–2557 flute helix 799
Milling rotation 798
angular 802, 808 helical gear 2109
cam 2212 high speed steel 807
change gears for helical or spiral 1964– indicator drop methods of checking relief
1982 and rake angles 826
chip geometry 1123 keys and keyways 819
cost 1122 keyseat 820
cutters, hollow 1132 metal slitting (saws) 801
depth of cut 1056–1058 mounting method 797
economy 1129 multiple flute 809
feeds for number of teeth 796
cemented carbide cutters 1044–1053 peripheral teeth 827
high-speed steel cutters 1054 pitch diameter 2109
in inches per tooth for cemented carbide plain and ball end 810
cutters 1044–1053 radial relief angle 827
helical, change gears for different rake angles 796, 826
leads 1964–1982 relief on cutting edges 797
horsepower for 1082–1090 relieved corner rounding cutters 800
lead angle 1056, 1058 roller chain sprocket 817–818
machine tool shanks 1313 selection of 796
short lead 1965 setting angles for milling teeth in 821–
speed adjustment factors 1056–1058 824
speeds and feeds sharpening wheels 824
aluminum alloys 1044 shell mills 803
automatic screw machine 1132 single angle 802, 808–809
copper alloys 1037, 1055 sintered carbide 826
ferrous cast metals 1052–1053 speeds and feeds for sharpening 825
light metals 1044 spline shaft 824
metal slitting (saws) 801, 1043 spur gear 816, 2052
taper and weldon shanks 800
teeth, clearance angles 825

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2639
Milling cutters (continued) Modulus of (continued)
terminology 801 shear, G (rigidity)
tool material 826 in angular deflection formula 214
T-slot 800 nonferrous metals 554
weldon shanks 800, 812, 814 spring materials 350
with taper shanks 809 Mol 410
Woodruff keyseats 820 Mold dispensable patterns 1375
Milling machine Molding
Brown & Sharpe 2011 green sand 1366
centering plugs 943 shell 1366
Cincinnati 2017–2020 Molds, steels for permanent 497
cutters for 14.5-deg. pressure angle Molecular weight 410
gears 816–817 Molybdenum
draw-in bolt ends 943 gearing material 2147
indexing 1983–2024 high-speed steels
lead of 1964 chemical composition 541
spindle noses 940–941, 944 tool steels 488, 490–491, 493
tapers for 940 steels, SAE 442
tool shanks 942 Moment and torque
V-flange, NC 1313 in combined stresses 215
Miner's law of linear damage 207 in simple stresses 213
Miniature end mills 808–809 unit conversion 2577–2578
Miniature screw threads 1777–1781 Moment of a force 141, 147
basic thread form 1777 Moments of inertia 236–252
design thread form 1777–1778 angles, steel 2515–2517
formulas 1777 built-up sections 237
hole sizes 1936 channels, aluminum 2518
root flats 1781 channels, steel 2514
tapping 1936 circle 241
tolerances and size 1780 circular ring 242
Minors of a matrix 121 cross-sections 238–247
Minutes into decimals of a degree 96, 98 ellipse 242
Miscelaneous threads aero-thread 1890 formulas for various sections 238–247
Miscellaneous functions, NC 1278 half circle 241
Mixed numbers 9 hollow circle 241
Module 2031 I or S shapes, steel 2513
flexible manufacturing, NC 1264 I-beams, aluminum 2518
splines, metric 2176–2181 I-beams, steel 2509–2513
system gearing 2121–2124 I-section 242
diametral pitch 2123 L-section 246
formulas 2121, 2123 octagon 241
rules 2123 of complex areas 252
Modulus of pipe 2360–2361
creep or apparent 602 plane areas 236
elasticity, E (Young’s modulus) 204 polar 236, 248–252
for various materials 204 cone, frustum 252
iron and steel 474 cylinder, hollow 250
nickel-based alloy 312–313 ellipsoid 251
nonferrous metals 554 paraboloid 251
of various materials 420 prism 250
perforated metal 2521 pyramid 250
plastics 416, 596–598, 601 solid ring 251
spring materials 349–350 sphere 250
polar section 213, 248–249 spherical sector and segment 251
rupture torus 251
powdered metal alloys 419 rectangles 239, 253
wood 411–412 round shafts, table for 254–259
secant 598 structural channels 2514, 2518
shear, G (rigidity) 204, 600 trapezoid 240
for various materials 204, 609 triangle 240
T-section 245

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
2640 INDEX
Moments of inertia (continued)
units conversion 2587
wide flange, steel 2509–2512
Z-section 247
Momentum 176–178
Monel metals, machining 1155
properties 589–590
Monotron for hardness testing 549
Morse
reamers for sockets 851
stub taper shanks 927–928
taper shank twist drill 881
tapers 926–937
Mortising wood 414
Motion
accelerated 169, 171–172
constant acceleration 167
constant velocity 167
force and work 171, 174
general formulas 167, 169
constant acceleration 167, 169
Newton
first law 171
second law 171
third law 171
on inclined plane 161, 171
rotary, formulas 169
uniformly accelerated 167
Motion control 2487
analog transducers 2495
closed loop system 2488–2489
control function 2490
features of controllers 2490
damping system response 2490
driving power 2490
electric motors 2492
electromechanical system 2491
electronic control 2500
feedback transducers 2494
gearing 2493
hydraulic fluids 2496
hydraulic pumps 2496
hydraulic systems 2497–2498
control systems 2496
electronic controls 2500
proportional control 2499
pumps and fluids 2495–2496
mechanical stiffness and vibration 2491
motor types 2488
open loop systems 2487
pneumatic systems 2496–2497, 2500
proportional system 2499
synchros and resolvers 2495
system application factors 2487
torsional vibration 2492
Motors, electric 2465, 2492
adjustable speed motors 2468
adjustable-voltage, shunt-wound 2469
alternating current 2469–2472
armature rotors 2479
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
Motors, electric (continued)
ball or roller bearings 2478
brushes 2478
characteristics 2468–2477
classes of standards 2465
commutators 2478
compound-wound 2469–2470
constant speed motors 2468
control 2488, 2492
current definitions 2465
DC motors 2476–2477
design letters 2465
direction of rotation 2467
frame sizes, standard 2465
high frequency induction 2471
horsepower requirements 2473
hydraulic, NC 2495–2496
induction motor 2470
injurious operating conditions 2475
inspection schedule 2478–2479
insulating materials 2475
locked rotor current and torque
ratings 2466–2467
lubrication, proper 2478
maintaining and repairing 2478–2479
maintenance 2478
mechanical condition 2478
monthly inspection 2478
mounting dimensions, standard 2465
multiple speed induction 2471
multispeed motor 2468
NEMA 2465–2467
standards for 2465–2466
polyphase AC motor 2470
polyphase wound-rotor 2466
pull up torque 2466, 2468
rotation, standard direction 2467
rotors and armatures 2478
selection 2473–2474
shunt-wound 2469
single-phase motors characteristics 2472
space limitations 2474
speed reducer type 2473
speed requirements 2473
squirrel cage induction 2469–2470
squirrel cage rotors 2479
stepper, NC 2493
synchronous motor 2470
temperature effects 2475
torque and inertia requirements 2473
torque definitions 2467
type, dc and ac 2468, 2492
types and characteristics for different
applications 2476–2477, 2492
variable speed 2467–2468
weekly inspection 2478
windings 2478
wound rotor induction 2471
wound rotor type 2470
Mounted wheels and points 952–954
Mounting bearings 2294
 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2641
Multiple or block indexing 2021–2022 Nonferrous metals (continued)
Multiplication of matrix 119 modulus of elasticity 554
Multiplying 15 modulus of shear 554
decimal fractions 10 shear strength 554
fraction and mixed numbers 9 strength 420, 554
numbers written in powers-of-ten tensile strength 554
notation 15 yield strength 554
Music wire 309 Normal
Music wire, gages 2519 distribution curve 1245–1248
M-words, NC 1278 positional deviation 1245–1248
Normalizing 450
temperatures, alloy steel 532–533
N Norton Company 1180, 1188–1194
Nose radius 754
Nails and spikes, standard 1476 carbide tools 767
National Tube Co. 298 single point tool 767
Nautical measure 2549 Nozzles, flow of water through 425
NC programming 1269–1312 Number of nails and spikes in a pound 1476
Negative and positive numbers 4 Number of teeth 2031
Negative functions of angles 99 Numbering systems
NEMA standards for electric motors 2465– for aluminum alloys 575
2467 for aluminum alloys, wrought 578
Net present value 131 for metals and alloys 440, 442
Newton's laws of motion 171 for steel 440–443
Newton’s laws of motion 143 Numbers
Newton-Raphson method 33 associative law 4
Newtons into pounds force 2577 commutative law 4
Nickel alloys 589–590 distributive law 4
applications 589–590 identity law 4
chemical composition 589–590 inverse law 4
chromium steels, SAE strength 474 positive and negative 4
coefficient of expansion 404 powers-of-ten notation 14, 16
density 404 preferred series 656, 690
elongation 418, 589–590 prime 19–28
gearing material 2146–2147 progressions 36–37
hardness 418 Numerical control 1254–1325
machining 1155–1156 absolute programming 1277
melting points 404 accuracy, repeatability, and
plating 1467, 1469 resolution 1245–1248
specific heat 404 adaptive control 1262
tensile strength 418, 589–590 addresses, letter 1272
thermal conductivity 404 APT programming 1292–1309
yield strength 418 circles 1298–1299, 1301
Nitinol, machining 1155 computational statements 1294
Nitralloy steels 527 example program 1306
Nitriding 509, 527 for turning 1307–1309
high-speed steel tools 543 geometry statements 1294
ion nitriding 527 lines 1296
Nitrogen, liquid temperature 648 motion statements 1299–1304
Nodular cast iron 1361 planes 1302
Noise, machinery 1325 points 1295
Nomenclature postprocessor statements 1304–1309
bevel gears 2085 tabulated cylinder 1303
gear teeth 2033 automatically programmed tool
spur gears 2034 (APT) 1292–1309
Nominal clearance 2159 axis nomenclature 1264–1268
Nominal vs effective interest rates 126 bit 1258
Nondestructive testing symbols 1441–1442 block 1272–1274
Nonferrous metals 554 byte 1258
machining 1153–1156 CAD/CAM 1324–1325
central processing unit 1258

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2642 INDEX

Numerical control (continued) Numerical control (continued)

circular interpolation 1283–1284 thread cutting 1291
closed-loop system 1262 tool
computer-aided part programming 1270 compensation 1310–1312
control, adaptive 1262 data table 1280
cutter compensation 1280–1282, 1310– length offset 1282
1312 nose radius compensation 1282, 1310–
cutter location data 1271 1312
decimal point programming 1272 offset 1281
direct (or distributed) NC 1324 total indicator reading 1267
feed rate override 1280 turning cycles 1291
fixed (canned) cycles 1287–1291 T-word 1280–1282
flexible manufacturing V-flange tool shanks 1313
cell 1264 word address format 1272–1274
module 1264 zero suppression 1274
system 1263 Nuts
format detail 1272 acorn 1523
F-word 1279 ANSI, inch dimensions
G-code addresses 1274–1278 flat jam 1520
helical interpolation 1284 hex 1513
incremental programming 1277 hex flat 1520
initial graphics exchange specification hex slotted 1520, 1522
(IGES) 1322–1324 hex thick slotted 1521–1522
insert holders for NC 1310–1312 jam 1519
insert radius compensation 1310–1312 machine screw 1587
interpolation square 1513, 1522
circular 1283–1284 T-type 1666
helical and parabolic 1284 Unified 1519, 1522
linear 1282 ANSI, metric dimensions
letter addresses 1272–1274 heavy hex 1567
macro 1286–1287 hex jam 1567
manual data input 1269 hex, styles 2 and 3 1562
microprocessor 1258–1259 metric hex flange nuts 1564
miscellaneous functions 1278 prevailing torque, hex 1565–1566
parabolic interpolation 1284 slotted hex 1563
parametric British Standard 1614
expressions and macros 1286–1287 ISO metric 1574–1577
programming, NC 1286–1287 metric 1605, 1608, 1610, 1615
subroutine 1286–1287 Unified 1616
part programming 1269–1272 Whitworth 1571, 1573, 1617, 1638
part tolerance symbols crown, low and high (SAE) 1523
ANSI 1250–1253 eye nuts 395
compared to ISO 633 friction coefficients 1498
points, lines, circles (APT) 1295–1299 high, SAE 1524
postprocessor 1272, 1294 slotted, high hex (SAE) 1524
preload registers (G92) 1278 tap 892, 904, 910–911
preparatory word 1274–1278 wing nuts 1712–1715
programmable controllers 1258–1262 wrench clearances 1530–1531
programming wrench openings 1530
absolute 1277 Nylon
incremental 1277 bearings 2265
NC 1269–1312 properties 416
repeatability, accuracy, and rope, strength of 389
resolution 1245–1248
sequence number 1274
standards 1255–1256
steeper motors 2493
O
subroutine 1285–1287 Obtuse-angle triangles solution 64, 94–95
S-word 1280 Octagon
tapping 1942 area 65
moment of inertia 241

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2643
Octagon (continued) Pan head machine screws 1592
radius of gyration 241 Paper, bonding 2482
section modulus 241 Pappus or Guldinus rules 59
Offhand grinding 1229 Parabola 45
Offset method of determining yield area 67–68
strength 204 center of gravity 228
Ohm’s law 2587 constructing 58
Oil feeding and grooving of bearings 2229 directrix 45
Oil lubrication 2340 focus 45
Oilless bearings 2267–2268 general equation 45
Oils latus rectum 45
and compounds, machining 1143–1156 segment of area 68
emulsifying or soluble 1144 vertex 45
mineral 1146–1147 Parabolic interpolation, NC 1284
sulfurized and chlorinated 1146–1147 Paraboloid
coating 1468 center of gravity 230
lubricating 2332, 2340 polar moment of inertia 251
viscosity unit conversion 2334 radius of gyration 235
tempering 521 segment volume 80
Open-end wrench clearances 1531 volume 79
Open-loop system 1262, 2487 Parallel lines 41
Operations on complex numbers 17 Parallelogram
Orbit 1351 area 63
Order of performing arithmetic 5 center of gravity 225
O-ring 2502–2507 geometry of 51
applications 2503, 2505 of forces 145
compounds 2506 radius of gyration 232
diametral clearance 2505 Parametric subroutine, NC 1286–1287
flurocarbon 2506 Passivation of copper 1462
gland depth 2503 Patterns for castings 1368
groove dimensions and clearances 2502, dispansable 1375
2505 master mold 1375
hardness 2504 materials 1368
nitrile 2506 metal 1369
reciprocating seals 2503 shrinkage allowances 1369, 1375
ring materials 2507 varnish 1369
silicon 2506 weight of casting from 1370
squeeze 2502 wood selection 1368–1369
static seals 2503 Payback period 134
surface finish in contact with 2504 Pearlite 507, 511
tolerances 2505 Pearlitic malleable iron 1361
washers, backup 2503 Pebi 2546
Oscillation, center and radius of 235 Pendulum 165–166
Ounces, avoirdupois, into grams 2571–2572 calculations 165
Out of roundness 721 conical 165
Oval head machine screws 1593–1595 formulas for 165
Overhead physical 165
machine-hour distribution 137 simple and compound 165
man-hour distribution 137 torsional 165
man-rate distribution 137 types of 165
Oxygen gas in welding 1394, 1419 Percentage 7
Percussion, center of 235
Perforated metals, strength and stiffness
P of 2521
Permanent mold, casting process 1367
Pack hardening 527 Permanickel, machining 1155
Packing Permutation 18
in circles 81–84 Perpendicular lines 41
in circles and rectangles 81–86 Petroleum oils, application 2333, 2582
in rectangles 86 Phenolic plastics 2265
Palladium, plating 1469 Philadelphia carriage bolt thread 1892

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2644 INDEX

Phosphor-bronze, worm gearing 2149 Pipe and pipe fittings (continued)

Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 776 section modulus 2529–2530
Piano wire, working stresses 318 steel, welded and seamless 2527
at elevated temperatures 319–320 taps, dimensions 899–902, 914
Piles, weight of 409 Briggs and Whitworth 1941
Pillow block bearings 2277 internal dryseal 1868
Pin method for checking power for driving 1941
gear sizes 2125 straight 892, 899–916
allowance for backlash 2139 taper 892, 900–901
for involute splines 2175 threads
wire diameters 2125, 2134 American National Standard 1860–
spur gear sizes 2135–2138 1868
V-shaped grooves 717 British Standard 1869–1871
Pinion, spur gear designation and notation 1860
enlarged to avoid undercut 2050 wall thickness 2526
Pins weight per foot 2527–2530
clevis 1668 welding 1425
cotter 1667, 1678, 1681 fill passes 1427
dowel 1667–1673 flux cored electrode 1428
grooved 1677, 1681 fusion 1428
metric dowel 1667, 1669 position 1426
spring 1682–1683 flat 1426
straight 1672–1674 horizontal 1426–1427
strength of taper 224 overhead 1426
taper 1674–1677 vertical up and down 1427
Pintle chains 2441 procedure 1429
Pipe and pipe fittings 2526–2538 carbon steel 1429–1431
ANSI Standard wrought steel 2529–2530 MIG 1429–1431
bending pipe and tubes 2535 root 1429–1431
British threads 1870–1871 thick walled 1429–1431
columns 290–291 root passes 1426
cross-sectional area of metal 2529–2530 thin wall 1428
cubic contents for given length 427, wrought steel 2526–2527
2529–2530 Pitch 2031
definitions 2526, 2532–2533 broach teeth 955–958
definitions of pipe fittings 2535–2538 circle 2031
dryseal 1866–1869 circular, of gears 2033
measuring by wire method 1909 diameters, gears
taper 1860 circular pitch 2052
threads 1866–1869 helical 2099
flow in 2531 pin method of checking 2125
gallons per foot 427, 2529–2530 spur 2035, 2052
grades of 2527–2530 worms 2096
heat loss from uncovered steam 400 diameters, roller chain sprockets 2447–
internal thread in pipe couplings 1864 2448
length per cubic foot 2529–2530 diameters, thread
loads, table of 290–291 checking 1893
metric weights and mass 2526 for tensile stress area 1502
moment of inertia 2529–2530 metric, M profile 1795–1797
plastics 2532–2538 unified 1732–1772
joining 2532–2533 wire sizes for measuring 1895
pressure ratings 2534 diameters, thread unified 1736
properties and use of 2533 gear 2035
temperature correction factors 2534 plane 2031
threads 610 rivets 1478, 1482–1483
weights and dimensions 2532 screw threads, measuring 1893
radius of gyration 2529–2530 worm gearing 2095
reamers, taper 852 worms 2095
schedule numbers 2527 Pitot tube 2570
sealing joints 1479 Plain bearing (see Bearings: plain)
Plain milling cutters 798

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2645
Plain washers Plastics (continued)
inch 1532–1535 flammability ratings 604
metric 1568 flexural modulus 416, 601
types 1568 gearing 625
Plane figures, areas and dimensions 63–74 accuracy 628
Plane of rotation 2031 backlash 628
Planetary gearing 2115–2118 service factors 627
bevel gears 2115 tooth form factors 626
compound drive 2115 glass transition point 604
direction of rotations 2115 hardness 416
Planetary thread milling 1963 heat dissipation factor 606
Planing hoop stress 609
estimating cutting speeds 1082 impact loading and testing 603
power required 1084–1088 impact resistance 612
speeds and feeds 1082 injection moldings 611
time 1082 izod impact 416
tool grinding 756 linear thermal expansion 604
wood 414 lubricity 595
Planing insert holder 762–764 machining 621
Plastics 592–628 cutting off 622
aging at elevated temperature 604 drilling 622
assembly with fasteners 620 molded 623
bearings 2276 sawing thermoset cast 623
anti-friction 2276 tapping 623
laminated, plain bearings 2265 threading 623
sleeve 2265 turning 622
bending strength 601 material 592–593
bending stress 627 elastomers 593
bonding 616 thermoplastic 593
brittleness 595 thermoset 593
characteristics 592 maximum temperature 416
chemical resistance of 607 mechanical fasteners 616
coefficient of expansion 416 mechanical properties 596
compressive strength 601 effect of temperature on 603–604
creep 603 related to time 602
deflection 601, 604 milling 624
density 416 mixtures 593
design coploymers 594
analysis 607 reinforcing fibers 593
for assembly 615 molulus of elasticity 597
for injection molding 611 normal strain 597
stress 609 notch sensitivity 595
developing prototypes 623–624 opacity 594
draft angles and depth of draw 614 physical properties 596
drilling speeds and feeds 623 density 594
ductility 595 shrinkage 594
effects of temperature 603, 605 specific gravity 594
elasticity 595, 598 water absorption 594
electrical properties 605 pipe and fittings 2532–2533
comparative tracking index 606 pipe threads 610
conductivity 605 plasticity 595
dielectric constant 606 press fits 609
dielectric strength 606 pressure vessels 609
permittivity 606 propotional limit 598
surface resistivity 605 region 204
volume resistivity 605 relaxation 603
elongation 416 sawing, speeds and numbers of
environmental effects 606 teeth 623–624
fatigue 603 secant modulus 598
fillets 615 shear modulus, G 600
shear stress 599

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2646 INDEX

Plastics (continued) Polar moment of inertia (continued)

snap-fit 616 solid ring 251
specific gravity 416 spherical sector 251
stress 596 spherical segment 251
normal 597 torus 251
stress relaxation 602 Polar section modulus 248–249, 254–259
structural analysis 607 Polishers, spindles for portable 950
safety factors 607 Polishing and buffing 1457
structures 593 abrasives 1457, 1460
temperature effect 604 operations 1460
temperature index 604 speeds 1460
tensile impact 603 wheels, material 1457
tensile modulus 416 Polygon
thermal conductivity 604 area 65, 69
thermal properties 603 forces 146
thermal stresses 610 formulas and table 69
thermal welding 616 length of side 69
thermoplastic 592 radius of circumscribed circle 69
thermosetting 592 radius of inscribed circle 65, 69
toughness 595 Polygon shafts 2186
ultimate strength 598 connections 2186
undercuts 615 dimensions of 2186
vicat softening point 604 manufacturing 2187
wall thickness 612–613 strength of connections 2187
yield point 598 three- and four-sided designs 2186
Plates Polyphase motors 2467, 2470
flat, strength and deflection of 292–294 Polypropylene plastics 2533
shells and cylinders, strength of 292–298 Polyurethane plastics 2506
Plating 1464–1471 Porosity, pressure die castings 1370
chromium 1423 Porous bearings 2265
magnesium anodic treatment 1466 Portable grinding 1229
magnesium, coating 1466 safety 1210
phosphate coating 1469–1470 Portable tools
surface coatings 1464 hexagonal chucks for 951
zinc 1471 spindles and drives for 948–951
PLC (programmable logic control) 1258– Positional deviation, mean 1245–1248
1262 Positioning accuracy 1245–1248
Plow steel haulage rope, strength of 372– Positive and negative numbers 4
377, 387 Positive clutches 2354
Plunge angle 762 Positive functions of angles 99
Points, lines, circles, (APT) NC 1294–1299 Postprocessor, NC 1272, 1294
Poise 2334, 2586 Potential energy 173–174
Poisson’s ratio 204 Poundal 2578
flat plates 292 Pounds
for various materials 204, 294, 420 force 142–143
perforated metal 2521 force into newtons 2577
plastics 599 mass 143
Polar coordinates 42 per cubic foot into kilograms per cubic
Polar moment of inertia 236, 248–252, 254– meter 2573
259 per cubic inch into grams per cubic
cone 252 centimeter 2573
frustum 252 per square foot into kilograms per square
cylinder, hollow 250 meter 2575
ellipsoid 251 per square inch into kilograms per square
formulas 250–252 centimeter 2575
masses 236 per square inch into kilopascals 2575
paraboloid 251 Powder metallurgy 1379
plane areas 236 briquetting tools 1379
prism 250 design 1379
pyramid 250 limiting factors 1379
metal process 1379

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2647
Powdered metal alloys Preferred (continued)
copper base 419 numbers, ANSI Standard 689
density 419 numbers, British Standard 690
elongation 419 roughness average values (Ra) 734
hardness 419 roughness values and roughness
iron base 419 grades 740
tungsten base 419 series for tolerances and allowances 652
Powdered metal bearings 2265 series maximum waviness height
Power values 735
calculating by dynamometer 2360 shaft basis metric fits, ANSI
consumption spade drilling 1080 Standard 668, 674–677
cutting tool 1086 thicknesses for
feed factors 1085 flat metal products, metric 2523
for driving pipe taps 1942 uncoated metals and alloys 2522
general formulas 178 Preload measurements 1499
heat equivalents 2578 Preload registers, (G-114 word) NC 1278
in mechanics 141 Preload relaxation 1499
motor 1086 Preparatory word, (G-word) NC 1274–1278
required for machining 1084–1092 Present value and discount 127
roots of numbers 14 Pressure
transmission and flow of water 422
belting 2391–2440 angle 2032
by friction wheels 2361 angle, cams 2197
capacity 2150, 2350 composite checking of fine-pitch
chain 2451–2455 gears 2073
disc clutch 2350 cylinders and tubes, collapsing
friction wheels 2360–2362 pressure 297–298
units conversion 2581 definition and units for 144–145
Power brush effect on wood property 412
brush finishing 1456–1459 head in foot to psia relation 422
brush uses 1456 Lame’s formula for internal 295
deburring 1456 psia to head in feet relation 422
tooth profile of gears 1456 radial on sheave or drum 379
Power constant spherical shells, strength to resist
alloy steels 1086 internal 295
high temperature alloys 1085 tight joints 1864
nonferrous metals 1085 tube, collapsing pressure 298
plain carbon steels 1086 unit conversion 430, 2574–2575
stainless steel 1085 viscosity coefficient for lubricants 2345
tool steels 1085 Prime numbers and factors 19–28
wrought steels 1086 Principle reference planes 2032
Power of ten notation 14, 16 Prism
expressing numbers in 15 polar moment of inertia 250
Power transmission volume 75
roller chain 2441–2464 volume formula 59
Precipitation Prismoidal formula for volume 59
hardening 504 Production rate 1108
heat-treatment 583 Profile checking, gearing 2062
Precision Programmable logic controller, NC 1258–
bolts and screws, British 1571–1572, 1262
1578 Programming
gage blocks 743–745 absolute, NC 1277
investment casting 1374 APT 1292–1309
Preferred G-code 1272–1292
basic sizes, ANSI Standard 690 incremental, NC 1277
hole basis metric fits, ANSI numerical control 1269–1309
Standard 669, 673 Progression
metric sizes arithmetical 36–37
ANSI Standard 665, 690 geometrical 36–38
British Standard 690 Prony brake dynamometer 2360–2361

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2648 INDEX

Properties Pulleys and belts (continued)

commercial petroleum oils 2333 lengths of open and crossed belts 2388
mechanical 203–204, 420 lengths of V-belt 2394
compressive 205 rules for calculating diameters and
definitions 203 speeds 2388
fatigue 205 sheave size 2397
modulus of elasticity values 204 speed in compound drive 2390
perforated metal 2521 speed ratio correction factors 2398
Poisson’s ratio values 204 speeds, rpm into feet per minute 1943
shear 205 V-belt 2388
strength 420–421, 464–465 wrap angles 2388
thermal 399–400, 421 Pull-up torque 2466
yield point values 204 Pump
of materials head and horsepower relation 423
air 428 horsepower at different head 423
aluminum alloys 571 Punch presses speeds and pressures 1330–
copper alloys 554 1331
copper-zinc-tin alloys 420 Punches and dies
magnesium alloys 586–588 pressures required 1331
metals 420 PVC plastics 2533
nickel alloys 589–590 Pyramid
nonferrous alloys 554 center of gravity 229
plastics 416 frustum center of gravity 229
powdered metal alloys 419 polar moment of inertia 250
specific gravity 408 volume 75
spring wire 421 volume of frustum 76
standard steels 438, 460, 464–465
titanium alloys 589, 591
tool steels 490, 501
water 422
Q
wood 413 Quadrant 99
strength effect of heat or temperature 603 Quadratic equations 31
Proportion 5–7 Quenching 449
compound 5 baths 519
inverse 6–7 tanks for 518
simple 6 high speed steel 540
Proportional limit 203 interrupted 518–519
plastics 598 media 508
Protractor, reading vernier scale on 692 tungsten 540
Providing backlash 2070 air cooling 540
PTFE plastics 2265, 2485 salt bath 540
Pulley
speeds, rpm into feet per minute 1016–
1021
taps 904, 910–911
R
Pulleys and belts Rack 2032
and belt drives 162–163 gear 2036
and wheels in mechanics 162–163 milling, indexing 2024
arc of contact correction factors 2399 spline, metric 2181
center distances, V-belt 2391 Radian per second conversion from rpm 169
center to center distance 2388 Radians equivalent to degrees 96, 98
cross section correction factors 2398 Radius
diameter and speeds 2389 of arc, checking 717–718
diameter in compound drives 2389 of curvature 2203
differential 163 of gyration 232, 235
flat belt 2388, 2391 angles, steel 2515–2517
flywheel pulley 183 bar of small diameter 232
length correction factors 2399 bar, small diameter 232
length of belt traversing three channels, aluminum 2518
pulleys 2390 channels, steel 2514
circle 241

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2649
Radius (continued) Ratchet gearing (continued)
of gyration reversing 2120
circular disk, thin 233 shape of wheel teeth 2120
circular ring 242 types 2119
circular ring, thin flat 233 Rate of return (interest) 126–127, 134
cone 234 Ratio 5–7
cone, frustum 234 and proportion 5–7
cylinder 233 compound 5
cylinder, hollow 234 contact, in gearing 2055–2060
ellipse 242 epicyclic gearing 2115–2118
ellipsoid 235 fractional, change gears for 1947
flat plate, thin 232 gear for differential indexing 2008
half circle 241 geometrical 36–38
hexagon 240 inverse or reciprocal 5
hollow circle 241 mean proportional 6
hollow cylinder, thin 234 of volumes 80
hollow sphere 235 Poisson’s 204
I-beams 2509–2512 slenderness, columns 285
I-beams, aluminum 2518 Ream, paper 2587
I-section 242 Reamer
L-section 246 bull center 851
octagon 241 center 851
paraboloid 235 Reamers 832–853
parallelepiped 233 ANSI Standard 832–853
parallelogram 232 arbors for shell 850
pipe 2529–2530 Brown & Sharpe taper socket 852
prism, rectangular 234 center and countersink 839
rectangle 239 centers for 839
ring 232 chucking 834, 837, 841, 846–847
S- or W-shape, steel 2513 straight flutes 846–847
sphere 235 definition 835
sphere, hollow 235 die-maker's 853
spherical shell, thin 235 drills for taper pin 1675–1677
structural angles 2515–2517 driving slots and lugs 845
thin flat plate 232 expansion chucking 842
thin spherical shell 235 expansion hand 844
trapezoid 240 finishing 851
triangle 240 fluting cutters 833–834
T-section 245 dimension 834
various cross-sections 238–247 fluting to obtain negative rake 832
wide flange, steel 2509–2512 formed 834
Z-section 247 hand 833, 843–844
of oscillation 235 squared shank 844
Rails straight and helical flutes 843–844
size to carry given load 281 helical flutes 850
strength of 281 jobbers 845
Rake angles 753 letter sizes 847
checking milling cutter 826 machine countersinks 840
single-point cutting tools morse taper socket 851
lead angles 753 negative front rake 832
turning tool 750 pipe 852
Rank of a matrix 122 rose chucking 834, 848
Rankine's formulas for columns 285, 287 straight and helical flutes 848
Rankine, temperature 2583 shell 845, 849
Rasps 965 straight and helical flutes 841, 849
aluminum 965 straight flutes 845–846
Ratchet gearing 2119–2120 straight shank 840
frictional 2120 stub screw machine 847, 850
multiple pawl 2120 taper pin 853
pitch of wheel teeth 2120 taper pin reamers, drills for 1674, 1677
taper pipe 852

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2650 INDEX

Reamers (continued) Retaining rings (continued)

taper shank 841 failure of 1702, 1709
taper, milling teeth 821 groove bottom radii 1685
terms applying to 835 groove design and machining 1706–
threaded end 833 1707, 1710
dimension 833 groove diameter 1685
tooth-rest position for grinding groove diameter tolerances 1703
clearance 835 groove failure 1709
wire gage sizes 846 groove width 1685
Reaming groove width tolerances 1703
automatic screw machines 1132 industrial 1707
cutting speeds for internal 1708
copper alloys 1072 internal spiral 1693, 1697
ferrous cast metals 1068–1069 load capacity 1700
light metals 1070 material 1700
stainless steels 1067 metric performance data 1688
tool steels 1066 ring free diameter 1685
difficulties 840 rotation between parts 1709
bellmouth holes 840 seated in groove 1688, 1690, 1692–1693
oversize holes 840 selection 1684
poor finish 841 self locking dimensions 1707
taper pin 1676 self locking external and internal 1708
Rearrangement of terms in formulas 29 self locking inch series 1708
Recalescence point in steel hardening 503, self locking types 1707
512 spiral 1695
Recessing tools, speeds 1132 standards 1708–1711
Reciprocals of numbers 5, 8 tapered 1684–1685
Rectangle thickness 1696, 1700
area 63 thickness tolerances 1696, 1700, 1702–
moment of inertia 239 1703
radius of gyration 239 thrust load capacities 1706
section modulus 239 thrust load safety factors 1705
table of section moduli 254 width capacity 1702
Rectangular Retarded motion 167
coordinates 42 Retention knobs, V-flange tool shanks 1313
cylindrical coordinates 44 Reyn 2334, 2586
spherical coordinates, relationship 43 Rhodium plating 1470
Refrigeration of steel 546 Right-angle triangles solution 64, 91–93
Relative density 407 Rigidity
Relief and rake angles modulus of (shear) 204
for single-point cutting tools 752, 1944 spring materials 348–350
indicator drop method of checking 826 Ring
Relief angles area and volume 59
for single-point cutting tools 752 radius of gyration 232
turning tool 750 solid
Repeatability, accuracy, and resolution 1245 polar moment of inertia 251
Replacement-gear dimensions 2153 stresses in loaded 223–224
Resinoid bonded wheels 971–972, 1178 Rivet
thread grinding 1957 allowable stresses 1480
Resistance brazing 1387 ANSI Standard 1483–1485
Retaining rings 1684 belt 1485
ANSI Standard 1684–1692 British Standard 1491, 1494
centrifugal capacity 1708 cold forged 1491
compressed in bore 1690 hot forged 1491
diameter tolerances 1702–1703 lengths 1491
dimensions in inches 1701, 1704 snap head 1491
expanded over shaft 1688 universal head 1491
external dimensions 1705, 1708 button head 1483, 1485
external series 1684–1685 cone head 1483
external spiral 1695, 1699 cooper's 1485
countersunk 1483, 1491

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2651
Rivet (continued) Roots
diameters for given plate and powers of numbers 14
thicknesses 1478 finding square and cube 14
dimension countersunk head 1494 Rope
dimension snap head 1494 manila, safe loads and strength 387, 391
excess length to form head 1483 nylon, safe loads and strength 389
flat head 1485, 1491 safe loads for 387
hold-on or dolly bar sets 1483 slings, strength 387, 389
large rivets, standard 1483 weight per 100 feet 391
material 1479 wire 369
mushroom head 1491 definitions of terms 369–370
pan head 1483, 1485 strength and properties 372–377
pitch 1478, 1482–1483 winding drum, grooves for 378–379
sets, dimensions of impressions in 1483 Rose chucking reamers 834
shearing strength 1482–1483 fractional sizes 848
small rivets, standard 1483–1485 Rotary file or burs 965
spacing 1478 Rotary motion formulas 169
steel 1479 Rotating parts, balancing 197–202
strength 1479 Roughness
tinner's 1485 control of 724
truss 1485 cutoff 734
types 1478 height values 726–727
Riveted joints 1478–1483 parameters
allowable stresses 1479 rules for determining 739
double and triple 1482 rules for measurement of 740
efficiency 1479–1480 symbols indicating degree of 724–727
failure 1479 Round head machine screws 1596
holes for 1478 Royal Microscopical Society thread 1886–
joint failure 1479 1887, 1889
joint strength 1479–1480 Rpm
rivet length for forming heads 1483 conversion to radian per second 169
rivet materials 1479 for various cutting speeds and diameters,
strength 1480 inch units 1018–1021
types of riveted joints 1478 metric units 1020–1021
working strength 1479 for various grinding speeds and
Rockwell hardness diameters 1211
conversion to Brinell hardness 550–551 Rubber
number 552 bearings 2266
scales 548 bonded grinding wheels 1178
test 547–548 bonding 2481
Rod gages 2519 turning 1082
Roebling wire gage 2519 Running balance 197
Rolled threads, electric socket and lamp Rupture strength
base 1884 copper-base powdered alloys 419
Roller bearing (see Bearings: roller) iron-base powdered alloys 419
Roller chain, double pitch 2442 tungsten-base powdered alloys 419
Rolling
contact bearings 2269–2323
friction resistance 159
Rolling screw threads 1952–1956
S
cylindrical die machines 1952 SAE Standards
diameter of blank 1953 babbitt metals 2263
diameter of threading roll 1954 bearing metals 2263
flat die machines 1952 crown or acorn nuts 1523
in automatic screw machines 1953 die casting alloys 1371
shapes and kind of thread 1954 high nuts 1524
speeds, and feeds 1955 taper shaft ends 2373
steels for 1953 V-belts 2429
Root diameter gearing 2032 Woodruff keyseat cutters 820
SAE steels
basic numbering system 440

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2652 INDEX

SAE steels (continued) Screws (continued)

compositions 440, 442, 446–447 jig and fixture
heat treatments for 532 hex 1513
Safe loads for wire rope 372–377 lag screw 1517–1518
Safe speeds grinding wheels 1209–1211 metric 1545
Safety length of engagement 1510
factors of 208, 2078 length of thread 1579
flange couplings 2346 mechanical principle of 163
for wire rope 375–376 metric
Salt baths for heat treating 516 British Standard 1613
Sand blast cleaning 1368 cap 1541
Sanders, spindles for portable 950 diameters 1543
Sanding wood 414 flange 1546–1547
Sandstone and limestone, strength 420 formed 1542
Saw tooth clutches 2356 heavy hex 1543
Sawn lumber size 414 ISO 1575
Saws reduced body diameter 1544
band 1138–1143 socket 1632
circular, arbors for 948 self-threading 1639–1663
metal-cutting, speeds 1082 set 1625–1638
metal-slitting 801 shoulder 1624
sharpening files 963 sockets for 1627
slitting 801 sockets metric series 1634
Scalar and vector quantities 145 strength of 1509
Scleroscope 548 stress areas 1502, 1510
Screw machines tap drills 1933–1941
automatic 1131–1136 tap marking symbols 916–917
automatic box-tools 1132 thumb 1716, 1719–1720
drilling speeds and feeds 1132 Unified Standard 1512, 1616
drills 860, 867 wing 1716
forming tools with rake 784–789 wood 1477
knurling 1131–1132 worm threads 2095–2098
reaming speeds and feeds 1132 Sealants 2484
speeds and feeds 1132–1133 anaerobic pipe 2486
stock required for given production 1136 gasket materials 2485
threading cams 1131 pipe joining 2484
Screws silicone rubber gasketing 2485
and bolts 1512 tapered pipe threading 2485
angularity and eccentricity 1579 types 2484
ANSI head recesses 1642 Sealing bearings 2223–2225
breaking load 1511 Seasoning steel, sub zero 547
British Standard Secant 88
BSF 1617 Secant modulus (plastics) 598
inch 1570–1573, 1605, 1632–1638 Section lining, standard for drawings 630,
metric 1578, 1605–1613, 1632–1637 632
Unified 1614, 1616 Section modulus
Whitworth 1570, 1573, 1617, 1638 angles 2515–2517
cap 1516, 1618–1623 circle 241
cap, metric 1541 circular ring 242
drive 1639, 1654 ellipse 242
force for turning 163 for torsion 283
form 1579 formulas for various sections 238–247
grade markings for steel 1508–1509 half circle 241
head recesses 1642 hexagon 240
heavy hex 1516 hollow circle 241
hex cap 1513 I-beams 2509–2513
inserts 1654 I-section 242
jig and fixture L-section 246
button head 1636 octagon 241
heavy hex 1516 pipe 2529–2530
polar 248–249, 254–259

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2653
Section modulus (continued) Self-threading screws (continued)
rectangle 239 metric
rectangles, table for 253–254 tapping 1656
round shafts, table for 254–259 thread forming 1656
structural shapes tapping 1660–1661
angles, steel 2517 types 1654–1657
channels, aluminum 2518 thread tapping
I-beams or S-shapes in asbestos 1661
aluminum 2518 in cast metals 1662–1663
steel 2513 in plastics 1661, 1663
wide flange, steel 2509–2512 in plywoods 1661
steel 2514 in sheet metal 1662
trapezoid 240 pan head 1640
triangle 240 round head 1639
T-section 245 self-tapping inserts 1654
units conversion 2587 sheet metal hole sizes 1650
Z-section 247 slotted pan head 1640
Segment, circular 66, 70–72 steel thread cutting 1651
area 66, 71–72 thread and point
height for given angle and radius 66, 70– dimensions 1643–1646
72 types 1641–1642
Seizing and cutting wire rope 380–381 thread cutting 1646
Self alignment roller bearings sheet metals 1650
symbols 2272 tapping 1642
Self-threading screws 1639–1663 types 1639, 1642, 1644
countersink heads 1639 thread forming 1643–1644, 1647–1648
cross recesses 1642 types 1641–1642
designations 1640 torsional strength requirements 1654
drill size 1650 truss head 1640
drilled hole sizes 1648 types of 1639
drive type 1639–1640 Sellers screw thread 1892
extruded hole sizes 1648 Sensivity factor 2078
fillister head 1640 Sequence number, NC 1274
head cross recesses 1642 Series, infinite 34, 103
hex head 1640 Set-screws
hex washer head 1640 British Standard
hole sizes 1647, 1650 metric 1632–1638
inch, metric 1654 Whitworth 1638
metallic drive 1640 cone point 1625–1637
metals cup point 1625–1637
brass sheet metal 1650 dog point 1625–1637
monel steel 1650 flat point 1625–1637
stainless steel 1650 headless 1625
steel 1650 hexagon and spline 1626
metric 1654–1663 hexagon socket 1632, 1635, 1637
clearance holes 1659 hexagon socket type 1637
cutting tapping 1656 holding power 1637
designations 1655–1656 oval point 1625
drilled hole sizes 1660, 1662 spline socket type 1631
extruded hole sizes 1659 square head type 1628–1629, 1638
head types 1654–1655 Sevolute functions 103
heat treatment 1658 Shackle and end-link chain 392
hole sizes for steel 1659–1663 Shaft conditions
hole sizes for tapping 1659 checking 719
material 1658 out of roundness 723
punched hole size for steel 1660, 1662 no. of lobes 723
recommended lengths 1657 V-block angles 723
tapping 1659 out-of-roundness, lobing 721
thread and point types 1655 Shafts 299–307
thread cutting types 1654–1658 allowances and tolerances for fits 645
British Standard for fits 679–688

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2654 INDEX

Shafts (continued) Sheet metal

brittle materials, formulas for 305 allowances 1335
checking for various conditions of 719– and wire gages 2522–2523
723 bending allowances 1332–1335
critical speeds of 306 formula 1339
deflection, linear 302 edging process 1339
deflection, torsional 301–302 joining process 1339
effect of keyways on strength 305 angle frame 1343
factor of safety 300, 305 button punch snap lock 1341
hollow 307 clinch bar slip and angle 1343
horsepower transmitted by 299–302 clinch type flanged connections 1344
linear deflection 302 corner standing seam 1341
maximum allowable working stress 305 double flanges and cleats 1344
moment of inertia, polar 248–249, 254– double seam 1341
259 flange 1342
polygon type connections 2186 flange and flange corner 1341
round, section moduli 254–259 flanged duct connections 1343
steel, diameters of 303 flanged end and angle 1343
strength 299–301 flat drive slip 1342
taper ends, SAE Standard 2373 flat S slip 1342
torsional flush lap 1340
deflection 301–302 formed flanges 1343
strength 299–301 groove seam 1341
hollow vs. solid 307 hem 1342
transmission, design of 303–305 hemmed S slip 1343
Shanks taper 926–937 pittsburg 1342
Shapes plain lap 1340
of grinding wheels 1180–1188 raw and flange corner 1340
of mounted wheels and points 952–954 slide corner 1341
Shaping wood 414 standing drive slip 1342
Shaping, speeds and feeds 1082 standing seam 1341
Sharp V-thread 1725 joints 1340
Sharpening screws 1639
carbide tools 971–973 stock allowances 1335–1338
circular saws 963 Sheet sizes for drawings 630
diamond wheels for 972 Shell
drills 969–971 blanks, diameters 1331
milling cutters 821, 824–825 mills 803
Shear molding 1366
formulas for 213 plates and cylinders, strength 292–298
modulus 204 reamers 849
of G spring materials 348–350 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) 1405–
of various materials 204, 420 1409
properties 205 Shielding gases 1393
spring design 350 Shipping measure 2566
stress 203, 214 Shock-resisting
combined with tension or tool steels 495
compression 215 chemical composition 497
in beams 215–218 heat treatment 497
Shear strength Shocks, stresses in springs 283
cast iron 474 stresses produced by 283
magnesium alloys 588 Shore’s scleroscope 548, 550–551
nonferrous metals 554 Shoulder screws 1624
rivets 1482–1483 Shrinkage allowance, patterns 1369
steels 474 Shrinkage fits 648, 655–656, 663
wood 412 allowances 648–650
wrought iron 474 Shut height, power press 1331
Shear tooth files 965
Sheaves
for V-belt drives 2393
for wire rope 353, 370

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2655
SI system units Sinking funds 128
in strength of materials calculations 203, Sintered
213–215, 218, 221–224, 232, 236–237, carbide tools
260, 273, 277–278, 280–281, 283–284, ANSI Standard 764–772
286, 293–297, 300–302, 304–306 tool materials 1010–1012
metric 143 gear materials 2147
use of in mechanics 141–145 metal bearings 2265
SI, binary prefixes 2546 Sixty (60)-degree stub threads 1846
Side cutting edge 754 Size factor cover 2078
Side milling cutters 799 Sizes of sawn lumber 414
Sigma (standard deviation) 1246–1247 Slate cutting speed for 1082
Significance of accuracy 1245–1248 Sleeve bearings 2229
Signs and abbreviations Sleeves, Morse taper 935
mathematical 2542 Slenderness ratio, columns 285–286
scientific and engineering 2540–2543 Slides, measuring 713, 717
Signs of trigonometric functions 89 Slings
Silicon carbide grinding wheels 971–972 and fittings for wire rope 381–386
Silver strength of rope and chain 387–390
bearing material 2264 Slipping clutches, couplings 2353
brazing filler alloys 1382 Slitting saws, metal 801
plating 1470 Slope of a line 40
Simple Slots for T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1664
indexing 2011–2016 Slug 142
proportion 6 S-N diagrams 205, 207
stresses 213–214 Socket
Simpson's rule 60 ANSI hexagon and spline 1627
Simultaneous equations 122 head, screw type
Sine bar British Standard metric 1632
checking angle 696 cap 1620–1623, 1633
checking taper per foot 697 drill and counterbore sizes for 1621
checking templets 697 keys and bits for 1630
constants 699–705 set 1637
measuring angle of templet 696 shoulder 1624
settling to a given angle 696 reamers, Morse taper 851
settling10- inch to an angle 697 taper shank 926–937
types of 695 threads for electric 1884
use of 695–705 wrench clearances 1531
Sine, law of 89 Solders and soldering 1380, 1382
Single tooth contact 2031 alloys for 1380
Single-angle milling cutters 802, 808–809 aluminum 1380
Single-point cutting tools 749–772, 887–888 fluxes 1380
angle tolerances 772 forms 1380
carbide tips and inserts for 764–772 magnesium 1382
chipbreakers 755–756 methods 1380–1382
definitions and terms 749–752 stainless steel 1382
end cutting edge angles 754 ultrasonic fluxless 1382
indexable inserts 756–758 Solid film lubricants 2339
insert toolholders 756–764, 1310–1312 Solidification temperature 648
lead angles 754 Solids, volumes and dimensions 75–80
nose radius 754, 771 Soluble oils for machining operations 1144
numerical control tool Solution heat treatment 504
compensation 1310–1312 Sorbite 521
planing tools 756 Sound level specifications 1325
rake angles 753 Space cutters, roller chain sprockets 2460–
relief angles 752 2461
relief angles for thread cutting 1944 Spacing holes on jig borer 989–1004
side cutting edge angle 754 Spade drills and drilling
tip overhang 765–766 blades 1076–1077
tool contour 749 drilling 1077, 1079
tool holders, indexable inserts 756–764 feed rates for 1078–1079
Singularity of a matrix 122 geometry of 1075–1079

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2656 INDEX

Spade drills and drilling (continued) Speeds and feeds, machining (continued)
power consumption and thrust 1080– superalloys 1039
1081 surface grinding 1226–1228
Spandrel tables, how to use 1022–1025
area 67 tapping and thread cutting 1061–1070,
center of gravity 227 1072–1074, 1132, 1920–1921
Spark out time 1163 thread rolling 1955–1956
Spark plug titanium and alloys 1038
threads 1883 tool life 1013–1025
dimensions 1883 adjusting 1035–1036, 1040, 1043, 1059
hole in cylinder head 1883 tool steels
taps 911 drilling reaming, and threading 1066
Spatter, (welding) 1414 milling 1049–1050
Specific gravity 407 turning 1031
conversion 408 turning 1022, 1026–1040
gases 407 carbon and alloy steels 1027–1030
liquids 407–408 copper alloys 1037
of various metals 407 ferrous cast metals 1033–1034
oils 2334 hard-to-machine materials 1039
plastics 416 light metals 1038
Specific heat 399–400 speeds and feeds 1026–1040, 1132
aluminum 403 stainless steels 1032
copper alloys 403 superalloys 1039
gasses 400 titanium 1038
Speed reducers, motors, built-in 2473 tool steels 1031
Speeds Sphere
calculating cutting speeds 1016–1021 hollow
critical, of rotating shafts 306 center of gravity 230
pulleys, rules for calculating 2388 radius of gyration 235
rpm for different diameters and cutting polar moment of inertia 250
speeds 1016–1021 radius of gyration 235
Speeds and feeds, machining 1009–1074 surface area 78
abrasive belt grinding 1230 volume 78
bandsawing 1140–1143 Spherical
CBN grinding wheels 1195 and rectangular coordinates,
cutting 624, 1014, 1016, 1071, 1078, relationship 43
1131–1143 coordinates 43
drilling 1132 sector
diameters and rpm 1017 center of gravity 230
feeds for spade drills 1078–1079 polar moment of inertia 251
end milling 1040 volume 78
face milling 1040 segment
form-turning 1132, 1148 center of gravity 230
general 1071, 1131–1132 polar moment of inertia 251
grinding wheels volume 78
maximum peripheral speeds 1210 shell, thin 235
truing and dressing 1198–1199 shells, strength to resist internal
wheel and work speeds 1959 pressure 295–297
grinding with diamond wheels 1207 surface center of gravity 227
honing 1230–1235 wedge volume 79
milling 1022 zone volume 79
nonferrous metals 1153–1156 Spheroidal graphite iron 474, 1361
reaming 1071, 1132 Spheroidize, annealizing 450
reaming and threading 1022 Spheroidizing 450, 526
rotary files and burs 966 Spikes and nails, standard 1476
sawing Spindle
band 1140–1143 for portable tools 948–951
circular 1082 function, NC 1280
shaping 1082 noses 940–944, 1280, 1313
slit and slot milling 1040, 1043–1058 Spiral bevel gears 2029, 2082–2083
tooth contact 2082

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2657
Spline keys and bits 1630 Spring (continued)
Splines 2159 music wire arbor diameters 353
application factors 2171 nickel-base spring alloys 311–313
comparison of symbols 2177 pins 1682–1683
data and reference dimensions 2169 shock stresses produced in helical 283
dimensions, formula 2185 spiral 348
fatigue-life factors for 2172 stainless spring steels 310–311
fittings 2183–2185 steels for 309–311
fittings, torque capacity 2185 stresses 319–320
for large misalignments 2173 produced by shocks 283
formulas for SAE standard 2185 tolerances
involute 2156–2181 compression and extension 332–335
(see also Involute splines) for torsion 341–348
involute, socket keys and bits 1630 torsion
machining tolerances and variations 2180 bars 347
milling cutter 824 design 335–341
SAE standard splined fittings 2184–2185 modulus 348–350
terms, symbols, and drawing data 2167 volute 347–348
variations 2165 wire
Spray transfer (welding) 1392 diameters for 309
Spraying process, flame (metal) 1472 maximum working temperature 312
Spring 308–353 tensile strength 421
arbor diameters for 353 Spring pins
Belleville 348, 354–368 coiled type 1683
clock 348 designation 1682
compression, formulas for 321–322 lengths and sizes 1682
coned 354–368 materials 1682
conical compression 348 slotted type 1682
constant force 348 Spring washers
copper-base spring alloys 311–312 double coil rectangular section 1583
deflections for single coil square section 1584
compression 325–328 Sprockets
extension 325–328 chain transmission 2441
torsion 343–346 idler 2457
design data 319–353 Spur gearing 2033
disc 354–368 addendum modifications 2077
contact surfaces 355, 358 AGMA tolerances for fine pitch
forces and stresses 358 gears 2072
group classes 354 American National Standard tooth
materials 355 forms 2035, 2039
nomenclature 354 angular backlash 2073
stacking 356 backash range 2068
stress 358 backlash 2067–2073, 2139
elevated temperature stresses 318–319 basic dimensions 2041
endurance limit for spring materials 318– blanks for fine pitch gears 2064
319 British Standard 2076
extension 324–333 bronze and brass gears 2147
extension spring design 331–333 caliper measurement of tooth 2051
failure in 352 center distance 2059
force, disc 358 variable 2041, 2043, 2045
heat treatment of 348–350 center distance for enlarged pinion 2058
helical compression spring design 320– checking gear size 2125
324 chordal
helical, shock stresses produced in 283 addendum 2048–2049, 2051
high-carbon spring steels 309 measurement 2142
index 319 thickness 2046, 2048–2049, 2051
materials 309–313 circular
miscellaneous 348 pitch system 2034, 2052
moduli of elasticity 348 thickness 2046
motor 348 given outside diameter 2045
composite error inspection 2073

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2658 INDEX

Spur gearing (continued) Square

contact area 63
diameter 2059 circles of area equal to 73
lowest point of single tooth 2060–2063 distances across corners 74
ratio 2060 of wire diameters 351
data on drawings 2067 prism volume 75
diameters for hobbing, preshaving, and recesses, for machine screws
shaping 2042 for self-tapping screws 1642
diametral pitch shown full size 2033 roots of numbers 14
diametral pitch system 2033–2034 Square thread 1848
dimensions and formulas 2035 Squeeze casting 1366
drawing data 2067 Squirrel cage induction motors 2466
enlarged pinions 2050, 2108–2111 S-shapes, structural steel 2513
external 2029 moment of inertia 2513
Fellows stub tooth systems 2041 radius of gyration 2513
fine-pitch 2039, 2064 section modulus 2513
finishing gear milling cutters 2054 weight per foot 2513
formulas for basic dimensions 2161 Stabilizing gages 545
full-depth, teeth 2035, 2046 Stacking disc springs 356
gear milling cutters, series of Stainless steels 439, 457, 460
metric module 2052 application 460–461
gear tooth parts 2036–2041 characteristics and applications 457
checking 2125 chemical compositions 448–449
German standard tooth form 2121 coefficient of expansion 404
hob tip radius, maximum 2061 compositions 448–449, 460–461
interference, avoiding 2050, 2052 cutting, flame 1418–1419
internal 2029, 2074 density 404
internal arc thickness 2074 electrodes (welding) current to use
internal gear and pinion sizes 2074 with 1413
internal gears rule 2075 elongation 418, 472–473
involute curve properties 2034 hardness 418
lowest point of single tooth contact 2060 heat treatments 536–537
measurement of tooth with caliper 2051 mechanical properties 472–473
measurement over pins 2125 melting points 404
measurement over wires 2135–2138 properties 460–461
mesh with enlarged pinion 2058 soldering 1382
milling cutters 2052 ultrasonic 1382
metric module 2052 specific heat 404
minimum number of teeth 2058 speeds
module system 2121–2124 for drilling, reaming, and
nonmetallic 625, 2149 threading 1067
outside and root diameters 2042, 2052 for milling 1050–1051
pinion arc thickness 2074 for turning 1032
pitch diameters, tabulated 2052 strength 474
profile checker settings 2062 tensile strength 418, 472–473
reduced gear 2050 thermal conductivity 404
replacement gear dimensions 2153 yield strength 418, 472–473
root and outside diameters 2042, 2052 Stamping
specifications 2065 blank diameters 1331
to avoid undercutting by hob 2058 die clearances 1329
tooth fine blanking 1344
contact of highest point 2061 lubricants for 1330
dimensions 2036–2041 pressures required 1331
forms 2035 steel rule dies 1346–1348
measurements over wires 2135–2138 Standard
proportions 2039 deviation 1245–1247
thickness measurement 2045 NC 1255
true involute form (TIF) diameter 2061 nomenclature 2079
undercut, limit for hobbed gears 2061 organizations 2079
wire gage (SWG) 2520

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2659
Static 141 Steel (continued)
balancing 197 nitriding 527
equivalent load, bearings 2319 numbering systems for 440–442
load rating, bearings 2319 pipe
Statistical tolerance 641 ANSI standard 2527
Statistics columns, allowable concentric
normal distributions 1245 loads 290–291
standard deviation 1246 rimmed 452
Stayed surfaces, flat 292 rivets 1479
Steel rolled sections, shape designations 2508
alloy rule dies 1346–1348
compositions of SAE 446–447 cutting edges 1347
general properties 466–471 dimensions 1347
Bessemer 452, 454 heat treatment 1348
carbon steel structure 507 makes 1347
carburizing 453, 455, 526 SAE specification numbers 440, 442–
case hardening 526 443
cast for gears 2146 sheet, standard gage 2522–2523
castings 1362 silicon-manganese, SAE
brinell hardness number 1363 compositions 446–447
elongation 1363 stainless 448–449, 457, 460
mechanical properties 1363 strength 474
tensile strength 1363 and hardness data 466–471, 474
yield point 1363 of heat-treated 474
chromium structural shapes 2508–2517
compositions 460 subzero treatment 544–547
nickel austenitic 457, 460 taps 1920
classification 438, 443 tensile strength 417
cobalt high-speed 884–885 tool 475–501
cobaltcrom 538 tungsten
color of heated 522 compositions 490
coloring 1463 high-speed 490
columns, pipe 290–291 twist drill 884–885
corrosion-resisting 457–460 wrought 2526
Damascus 441 yield strength 417
deep-drawing 452 Steel wool 966
elongation 417 Steel-threading screws
free-cutting 454, 456 cast metals 1651, 1653
stainless 457 depth of panetration 1653
gearing, hardness 2147 drill sizes 1653
gearing, industrial 2147 hole sizes 1653
hardening 503, 512 plastics 1651, 1653
hardness 417 Stellite alloy 1012
and tensile strength relationships 551 Step bearings 2242, 2248–2251
of heat-treated 466–471 Stepper motors 2493
heat treatment 449–450, 503–512, 538– Stock, amount required for screw machine
547 production 1136
of high speed steel 538 Stoke 2586
high-speed 480 Straight
hypereutectoid 510 bevel gears 2029
hypoeutectoid 510 line 39
induction hardening 529 line column formula 285
killed 452 pins 1672–1674
molybdenum designation 1674
compositions 457, 460 materails 1674
high-speed 488 Straight pipe threads
nickel chromium, SAE free fitting mechanical joints 1864
compositions 457, 460 hose couplings 1864
nickel, SAE compositions 457 locknuts 1864
SAE compositions 446–447 mechanical joints 1864–1865
Straight splines, British Standard 2182

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
2660
Strain
lateral 204
longitudinal 204
ratio of 204
Strength
hollow vs. solid shafts 307
of polygon connections 2187
of screws and bolts 1509
riveted joints 1479
struts or columns 285–291
tensile 204
ultimate 204
wire rope 370–377
yield perforated metal 2521
Strength of materials 203
angles, lengths of bent 2508
beams 272–276
shock stresses in 283
channels, elements of 2514, 2518
columns 285–291
AISC formula 289
AREA formula 285
Euler formula for 286–289
Gordon formula 285, 287
Johnson formula for 286
combined stresses 215–218
compression 205
critical speeds of shafts 306
curved beams 279
cylinders 294–298
definitions 203–204
deflection of beams 260–271, 277
Euler formula 286–289
factors of safety 208
ferrous metals 474
flat plates 292–294
heat-treated steels 466–471
hoop stress
thick-walled tube 609
thin-walled tube 609
influence of temperature 420
Izod impact 416, 466–471
J. B. Johnson column formula 286–289
keyways in shafts 305
linear deflection in shafts 302
mechanical properties 203–204
metals, properties of 420
modulus of elasticity 204
modulus of shear 204
moment of inertia 238–247
built-up sections 237
perforated metals 2521
pipe columns 290–291
plates, shells, and cylinders 292–298
polar
moment of inertia 248–249, 254–259
section modulus 248–249, 254–259
rails 281
Rankine, column formula 285, 287
rings, stresses and deflections 223–224
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
Strength of materials (continued)
section moduli tables 238–259
shafts 299–307
American Standard design code 305
brittle material formula for 305
critical speeds of 306
effect of keyways on strength of 305
horsepower transmitted by 299–302
torsional strength of 299–301
shear 203, 205
shells, spherical 295–297
shocks, stresses produced by 283
simple stresses 213–214
springs, shock stresses in 283
steels 474
straight-line column formula 285
stress 144, 203
areas of screw threads 1510
concentration factors
grooved shaft in torsion 212
shaft with transverse hole in
bending 212
relieving 450
working 208
struts or columns 285–291
taper pins, strength of 224
temperature effects 421
tensile stress 203
torsional strength of shafting 299–301
tubes 297–298
wood 412
working stresses 208
Young’s modulus 204
Stress 144
alternating 206–207
area of thread 1502, 1834
bending in flywheels 189
centrifugal in flywheels 188
combined 215–218
concentration factors 209–212
grooved shaft in torsion 212
shaft with transverse hole in
bending 212
contact, in cams 2209–2210
cyclic 205
disc springs 358
hoop in flywheels 188–189
in beams 213–218, 260–283
in bolts when tightening 1497, 1505–
1507
in flywheels 193
in involute splines 2172
in loaded ring 223–224
in rotating disks 193
in shafting 303–305
in splines
allowable contact stress 2078
allowable shear 2172
in springs 283, 319–320
produced by shocks 283
relieving 450
 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2661
Stress (continued) Surface (continued)
shear 214 grinding 1222–1228
in beams 215–218 advantages 1222
simple 213–214 common faults and possible
spline teeth compressive 2173 causes 1228
strain curves 203–204 common faults and possible causes
superposition of 215 in 1227–1228
three-dimensional, or triaxial 219–221 principal systems 1223–1225
units and conversion of 2574–2576 process data for 1226
working, of various materials 208 selection of grinding wheels for 1177–
Structural shapes 1188, 1222, 1225–1226
aluminum 2518 wheel recommendations 1225–1226
steel 2508–2517 of revolution, area 60
angles, properties of 2515–2517 roughness
channels, properties of 2514 measurements 731
I- or S-shapes, properties of 2513 produced by common production
standard designations 2508 methods 729–730
strength 474 produced by laser cutting 1449
wide flange, properties of 2509–2512 relationship to tolerances 729, 731
Structure of carbon steel 510 speeds, diameters and rpm
Stub Acme screw threads 1825, 1837–1843 grinding wheels 1209, 1211
alternative 1843, 1846 pulleys and sheaves 1016, 1018–1021,
ANSI Standard 1837–1846 1943
basic dimensions 1826 speeds, diameters and rpm cutting speeds
designations 1843 formula 1016–1021, 1943
formula for determining diameters 1843 Surface texture 725
limiting dimensions 1827 applying symbols 732
shear area 1827 castings 735
stress area 1827 comparing measured values to specified
thread data 1846 limits 738
thread form 1825, 1843 control and production 724
wire sizes for checking 1908 cutoff for roughness measurements 731
29- and 60-degree 1963, 1968 definition of terms 724, 726
Stub screw machine reamers 847 drawing practices for symbols 731–733
Stub tooth gearing 2036, 2041 error of form 724
Fellows 2041 finish 1162
former American Standard 2036, 2041 differences between ISO and ANSI
outside and root diameters 2035, 2042 symbology 738
Stub’s iron and steel wire gage 2520 flaws 724
Studs graphical centerline. 726
British 1570, 1581 instruments of measurements 730
drive 1678 lay 724, 735
Studs and pins symbols 735–736
designation 1678 measurement 729
hole sizes 1678 area avearaging methods 731
material 1678 instruments 730
standard sizes 1678 non-contact 730
Subprogram, NC 1285 probe microscope 730
Subroutine, NC 1285–1287 skidded instruments 731
Subtracting skidless instruments 730
decimal fractions 10 max rule 738
fractions 9 profile 726
matrices 119 measured 726
Subzero treatment of steel 544–547 modified 726
carburized parts 546 nominal 726
Superhard tool materials (CBN) 1013, 1039, real 726
1178, 1195, 1204 total 726
Surface variation 2159, 2165
coatings for metals 1464–1471 root mean square 729
finish and hardness of bearings 2225 roughness 724
average (Ra) 728, 734

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2662 INDEX

Surface texture (continued) Symbols (continued)

roughness cams and cam design 2189
evaluation length 728 chemical elements 398
parameters 728 concentricity, ANSI 633, 1252
production method 730 contour and finish 1433
profile 726 controlled radius, ANSI 633
sampling length 727 diameter, ANSI 633, 1251
spacing 726 diamond wheel marking 1201–1204
topography 727 dimensions 1433
roughness average (Ra) 728 drawing practices for surface
roughness sampling length 734 texture 731–733
sampling length 727 gagemakers tolerance 678
spatial resolution 727 geometric characteristic 633
standard roughness sampling lengths 734 geometric controls
symbols 630, 731–733, 735 forms 634
lay 735–736 locations 634
material removal 732 orientation 634
proportions of 732 profiles 634
system height resolution 727 runout 634
topography 727 straightness 634
measured 727 Greek 2540
modified 727 grinding wheel markings 1179–1180
traversing length 727 hole basis 669
use of symbols 732 involute splines 2159–2160, 2167
valley 727 lines for drawings 630–631
waviness 725, 727 mechanics 2543
evaluation length 727, 729 metric module involute splines 2177
height 729, 735 nondestructive testing 1441–1442
long-wavelength cutoff 727 parallelism, ANSI 633, 1252
parameters 729 perpendicularity, ANSI 633, 1253
profile 727 reference line 1432
sampling length 727 roundness, ANSI 633, 1251
short-wavelength cutoff 727 runout, ANSI 633, 1253
spacing 727 screw thread, for tap marking 916–917
topography 727 section lining
Surveyor's measure 2549 aluminum 632
Swing frame grinding 1229 bronze 632
Swiss pattern files 965 cast and malleable iron 632
S-word, NC 1280 earth 632
Sychronous belts insulation 632
(see Belts and pulleys: sychronous belts) magnesium 632
Symbols materials 632
abbreviations 2540, 2542–2543 rock 632
ANSI Y14.5M 630, 632–633 sand 632
applying surface texture 732 steel 632
arc and gas welding 1432–1440 white metal 632
arrow 1432 shaft basis 669
basic weld 1432 standard geometric characteristic
bearing engineering drawing
ball bearings 2269, 2271 section lining 630
cylindrical roller bearings 2272 statical tolerance, ANSI 633
needle bearings 2274 surface profile, ANSI 633, 1251
roller bearings 2269 surface texture 732–733, 735
self alignment roller bearings 2272 tolerances 667
tapered roller bearings 2273 total runout, ANSI 633, 1253
thrust ball bearings 2272 welding 1432, 1442
thrust tapered roller bearings 2273 System of measurement
between, ANSI 633 absolute 142
brazing 1387–1388 gravitational 142
buttress threads 1850 Système International d’Unites (SI)
in mechanics calculations 141–145

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2663
Taper pipe threads (continued)
pitch diameter formula 1860
T railing joint 1864
taper 1860
Tangent 88 thread length 1860
Tangential force 2078 tolerances on taper 1863
Tanks Taps and tapping 1919–1944
contents at given level 61–62 automatic screw machine 1132
cylindrical, capacity in gallons 61–62 clearance holes
quenching bath 518–519 ISO metric bolts and screws 1938
Tantung alloy 1012 CNC machine 1942
Tap drill diameters, Acme 919 cold form tapping 1939–1941
Tap drill selection coolant 1943
(see Taps and tapping: tap drills) cutting oils 1147
Taper cutting speeds 1061–1070, 1072–1074,
American (ANSI) Standard 926–938 1132, 1921
applications of standard 937 hole size before tapping 1935–1936
British Standard 927–928 Unified miniature thread 1925–1936
Brown & Sharpe 644, 926, 935–936 length of engagement and
collets 945–947 tolerances 1935
for given angle 715 lubrication 1147
gages for self-holding 934 methods of tapping 1919
Jacobs 939 nitriding of 1920
Jarno 926, 937 numerically controlled 1942
keys 2379 pipe
machine tool spindle 644, 937 power for driving 1942
measurement methods 698 tap drills for 1941
measuring with pipe threads
V-block and sine bar 698 drill sizes 1941
method of dimensioning 698 power required 1942
milling machine spindles, arbors and pitch increased to compensate for
spindle noses 940–944 shrinkage 1963
Morse 926–937 rake angles for various materials 1921
stub taper shanks 927–928 removing a broken tap 1941
per foot and corresponding angles 714 serial taps and close tolerances 1920
pin reamers 853, 1676 speeds 1920–1921
pins 1674, 1677 spiral
designation 1675 fluted 1920
diameter 1675 pointed 1919
drilling spefications 1675 square threads 919–921, 925
drills for 1674, 1677 steel 1920
hole sizes 1674 surface treatment of 1920
materials 1674 tap drills
small ends 1675 Acme threads 919
strength 224 American National threads 1933
pipe taps 900–901, 914 machine screws 1934
reamers diameter of tap drill 1924
Brown & Sharpe 852 ISO metric threads 1937
Morse 851 coarse pitch 1937
rules for figuring 715 cold form 1941
self-holding and self-releasing 926–934 pipe
shaft ends, SAE Standard 2373 Briggs (NPT) 1941
steep machine 933, 938 Whitworth 1941
Taper pipe threads 1860–1862 Unified thread system
angle of thread 1863 cold form 1940
basic dimensions 1861 miniature 1936
external 1863 tapping specific materials 1921
form 1860 alloy steel 1922
internal 1863 aluminium 1923
lead 1863 carbon steel 1921
copper alloys 1924

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2664 INDEX

Taps and tapping (continued) Taps and tapping (continued)

tapping specific materials tolerances on minor diameter 1934–1935
free cutting steel 1923 Unified thread form 1725
gray cast iron 1923 Taps and tapping tap drills
high temperature alloys 1923 Acme threads 919
high tensile strength steels 1922 Taylor tool life equation 1023
malleable cast iron 1923 T-bolts and T-slots, ANSI Standard 1664–
nodular cast iron 1923 1665
stainless steel 1922 Tebi 2546
titanium and titanium alloys 1923 Teflon (TFE) bearings 2265
taps 892–895 Temper designations, aluminum alloy 572–
Acme 919–921 583
drill hole size 921–922 Temperature
adjustable 920–921 absolute 2583
ANSI Standard 892–918 boiling points, various substances 399
British Standard changes in length due to 405
ISO metric series 922–925 critical, heat treating of steel 504, 507,
collapsing 919 511
definitions 892–895 effect on working stresses, of
fits, classes obtained 915 springs 318–319
for Class 2B and 2C threads 915 fahrenheit and celsius 2583
fractional inch sizes 896–897, 911 ignition 403
hand, dimensions of standard 895, 903, influence on strength of metals 421
908–912 judging by color, steel 522
hand, types of 892 of carbon dioxide, solid 649
limits of freezing mixtures 403
cut thread 896–902, 911 of ignition, various materials 403
machine screw 900 of lead bath alloys 523
pipe 902 of nitrogen, solid 649
ground thread 897–903, 912 required to develop tightening stress in
H- and L- numbers 916–918 bolt 1500, 1502
pipe 901–902 Temperature effects on grease 2338
Tempering 449–509, 521–523
H- and L- limits 897–898, 916–918 double 524
machine screw 903–913 in oil 522
markings in sand 524
multiple-start threads 918 insalt baths 522
over or under-size pitch diameter 918 lead bath temperatures 523
metric D or DU limit 918 steel 450, 523
standard 916 temperature 522
symbols for identifying 899, 916–918 carbon steel tools 522
metric sizes 896, 903–913 Tensile
multiple-thread taps, marking 918 modulus (see Modulus of: elasticity)
nut 892, 904, 910–911 strength 204, 206–207
pipe 892, 899–902, 914 aluminum alloys 417, 575–583
straight 899–902, 914 ceramics 415
limits 901–902 cobalt alloys 418
taper 899–902, 914 copper alloys 417, 556–568
tolerances 900 copper-beryllium alloys 570
pulley 892, 904, 910 copper-silicon alloys 569
spark plug 911 copper-zinc-tin alloys 569
spiral Everdur 569
fluted 903, 906, 912 magnesium alloys 588
pointed 905–913 nickel alloys 418, 589–590
square thread 918–919, 921 nonferrous metals 554
straight fluted 895, 903, 908–909, 912 spring wire 421
terms 892 stainless steel 418, 472–473
thread series designations 916–917 steel 417, 464–473
tolerances 896–917 heat-treated 466–471
types of 892 high-strength, low-alloy 463
relation to hardness 551

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2665
Tensile (continued) Threads and threading (continued)
strength ANSI Standard
titanium alloys 591 external thread design 1789
wood 412 external thread root 1789
strength, alloy steel 1364 fine pitch 1789
strength, carbon steel 1364 lengths of engagement 1791–1795
strength, steel 1363 limiting dimensions 1798–1802,
stress 203, 206 1824
test 207 limits and fits 1787
Thermal limits of size 1793
conductance 401 major diameter tolerances 1795
conductance units conversion 2582 minor diameter tolerances 1794, 1803
conductivity 401 pitch diameter tolerances 1795
aluminum 403 profile data 1786
cast iron 404 profile series 1787
ceramics 415 symbols 1785
copper alloys 403 thread series 1785, 1789
nickel alloys 404 tolerance grades 1790–1793
stainless steels 404 MJ profile thread 1803–1806
titanium alloys 404 Unified thread system 1732–1782
cracking of cutting tools 1148 allowances 1736–1762
energy 2583 basic dimensions 1763, 1772
expansion coefficients 402, 405 coarse thread series 1735–1763
stresses 405 coated 1776
plastics 610 definitions 1727–1731
Thermometer scales 2583 design profile 1733
Thicknesses, preferred designations 1775–1776
metal products 2523 dimensions 1736–1762
uncoated metals and alloys 2522 external and internal thread
Thin flat plate 232 forms 1725, 1779
Thin spherical shell fine and extra fine series 1735–1768
radius of gyration 235 hole sizes for tapping 1776
Thread locking 2484 internal and external profile 1733
Threading cam, screw machine 1131, 1135 limits 1736–1762, 1773
cutting speeds, threading dies 1131 miniature screw thread 1777–1781
Threads and threading 1725, 1776, 1783, miniature, design dimensions 1779
1787, 1794, 1797, 1803–1846 pitch diameter tolerances 1775
Acme thread 1825–1848 standard series, tables of 1736–1762
pitch diameter allowance 1827, 1832 thread classes 1764–1768
aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1805 thread form, data and formulas 1725,
Aero-thread 1890 1732–1735
allowance and tolerance 1855 thread series 1733
American microscope objective uniform 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 20-, 28-,
(AMO) 1886–1889 and 32-pitch series 1735–1772
American National form 1725 Briggs pipe thread 1890
angle, wire method of testing 1906 British Standard
ANSI Standard buttress threads 1849
Acme thread 1825–1843 ISO metric 1805, 1823
buttress thread 1850–1856 ISO profile 1814
form or profile 1725 pipe 1869–1871
M profile thread 1783–1803 RMS thread 1886
allowances 1790–1791 UNJ profile 1782
basic profile 1727, 1788 Whitworth 1857–1859
coarse pitch 1787–1788 casing thread 1890
coated threads 1791, 1793 change gears for lathe 1946
crest and root form 1784–1789 for fractional output 1947
data 1786 modifying the quick change gearbox
design profile, M series 1784, 1787– output 1947
1788 changing pitch slightly 1964
designations 1803 chasing, cutting speeds for 1061–1074

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2666 INDEX

Threads and threading (continued) Threads and threading (continued)

checking by three-wire method, limits
tables 1901, 1906 Class 1A and 1B 1737–1762
classes of tolerance 1764–1832, 1850 Class 2A and 2B 1736–1762
Cordeaux thread 1891 Class 3A and 3B 1736–1762
crest diameter tolerance 1819 limits and tolerance 1819–1822
cutting 1944 Lloyd and Lloyd thread 1892
numerically controlled 1291–1292 lock nut pipe thread 1892
square 918–921 Löwenherz 1849
cutting, change gears 1946 M profile limits of size 1797
fractional ratios 1947 maximum material condition 1729
Dardelet thread 1891 measuring screw threads 1893–1918
definitions 1727–1731 three wire method 1894–1911
design and application data 1878 contact pressure 1897
design dimensions and tolerances 1779 formulas 1898–1899, 1901, 1903,
designation of Unified threads 1736– 1909–1910
1776 accuracy 1904
designation symbols for 916–917 Whitworth
on taps, marks and symbols for best wire sizes 1896–1897
identifying 916–917 formulas 1899
deviation formulas 1818 metric screw threads
diameter pitch combinations 1735, 1805, ANSI Standard
1823 M profile 1783–1803
diameters of wires for measuring 1895 allowance 1783
dies, maximum pitches 1964
dimensional effect of coating 1793 comparison with inch threads 1783
drunken thread 1891 MJ profile 1803–1806
dryseal pipe 1866 designations 1807
Echols thread 1891 diameter-pitch combinations 1804
electric socket and lamp base 1884 symbols 1807
electrical fixture threads 1884 British Standard ISO metric 1814–1823
external thread tolerances 1798 ISO metric 1727
formulas for three-wire British Standard 1814–1823
measurement 1894–1895 miniature 1814
French thread 1891 trapezoidal 1807–1813
fundamental deviation 1790 micrometers for measuring pitch
gages for screw threads 1911 diameters 1893
classification 1911 microscope objective thread 1885
for unified screw threads 1911 milling 1962–1963
standard tolerances 1917 changing pitch of thread slightly 1963
grinding 1957–1960 classes of work 1963
centerless method 1961 multiple cutter method 1962
Harvey grip thread 1891 on numerically controlled
helix angle 1729, 1763–1772 machines 1291–1292
hole size for tapping 1776 planetary method 1963
hose coupling 1875–1876 single cutter method 1962–1963
instrument makers' 1884 miniature
interference fit 1729, 1877–1882 ISO metric 1814
internal threads in pipe couplings 1864 Unified 1777–1781
International Metric thread system 1726 minor diameter tolerances 1776
ISO metric 1727, 1805, 1823 modified square thread, 10-degree 1848
design profile 1817 multiple, designation 1776
designation 1817–1818 National standard form or profile 1725
fundamental deviation formulas 1818 Philadelphia carriage bolt thread 1892
lengths of thread engagements 1817 pipe
lead angle 1966 ANSI Standard 1860–1869
length of thread engagement 1729, 1817, dryseal 1866–1869
1819–1822 taper 1860–1862
limiting dimensions formula 1793 pitch 1730
pitch diameter 1730
pitch, changing slightly 1964

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2667
Threads and threading (continued) Threads and threading (continued)
pitch, maximum when die cut 1963 tools for square threads 918–921
pressure tight joints 1864 trapezoidal metric thread 1807, 1809,
rolled lamp base threads 1884 1813
SAE standard screw thread 1892 formulas 1808
saw-tooth 1849 US Standard 1725
screw thread, definition 1731 watch 1777–1781
self-forming screws 1639–1642, 1647 Whitworth 1887
self-tapping screws 1642 truncated 1887, 1889
Sellers screw thread 1892 wire sizes for checking pitch
sharp V-type thread 1725 diameters 1895–1896
spark plug threads 1883 Three-dimensional stress 219–221
square thread 1848 Three-wire measurement
ten-degree modified 1848 gears 2125–2143
stress area 1502, 1510, 1731, 1834 screw threads 1894–1911
Acme thread 1827, 1831 Thrust bearing (see Bearings: thrust)
Unified fine thread 1763 Thumb screws
stub Acme screw threads 1825, 1837– dimensions 1719
1843 flat-head type 1716, 1719–1720
stub thread, 60-degree 1846 lengths 1719
tap drill sizes 1925–1933 materials 1716
taper, measurement by wire method 1910 points 1720
thread forms 1725 cone point 1720
thread grinding cup point 1720
accuracy obtainable 1957 dog point 1720
from the solid 1959 flat point 1720
multi-ribbed wheels 1958 oval point 1720
number of wheel passes 1958–1959 threads 1720
ribbed wheel for fine pitches 1959 types 1716
roughing and finishing wheels 1958 Tin lead, plating 1466
single edge wheel 1957 Tin plating 1471
wheels 1957 Tin-base alloys, die casting 1373
and work rotation 1959 Tin-lead alloys for soldering 1380
grain size 1961 Titanium and titanium alloys
hardness of grade 1960 coefficient of expansion 404
speeds 1960 density 404
truing 1960 melting points 404
types for 1957 properties 589, 591
work speeds 1960 specific heat 404
thread rolling 1952–1956 speeds and feeds 1038, 1074, 1142
advantages of process 1955 thermal conductivity 404
automatic screw machines 1953 Titanium Metals Corp. 591
blank diameter 1953 Titanium carbides as cutting tool
dies, cylindrical 1952 materials 1011
dies, flat 1952 T-nuts, ANSI Standard 1666
in automatic screw machines 1953 Toggle joint 164
machines used 1953 Tolerances 1312, 1815
precision thread rolling 1953 ANSI Standard 652
production rates 1952 application of tolerances 646
speeds and feeds 1955 bilateral and unilateral 645
steels 1953 symbols 633, 667
thread selection 1775 ANSI symbols 1250–1253
tolerance system 1790, 1815 ball and roller bearing 2278–2288
tolerances bilateral 637
grade dimensions 1797 British Standard 680
of external threads 1795 British Standard ISO threads 1815
of pitch diameter 1795 buttress threads 1850–1851, 1854
tools clearence fit 666
relief angles, single-point 1944–1945 compression spring 332–335
core drill, metric 881
cylindrical fits 645

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2668 INDEX

Tolerances (continued) Ton

defined 645 long and short 2571
designation of limits and fits 666 metric 2571
dimensions on drawings 645 Tool
drilled holes 884 change schedule 1114–1115
extension spring 332–335 compensation, NC 1310–1312
fundamental deviations 680 contour, cutting tools 749
gagemakers 678 cost per batch 1115
gages, direction of tolerances on 646 cost per edge 1116
gear, composite tooth to tooth 2073 cost, cutting 1115
gear, composite total 2073 data table 1280
geometric 637 forming 784–795
grades function, NC 1280–1282
relative to machining processes 652, grade, cutting 1059
654, 679 grinding, angles 749–755
hole basis 666 holders 758–764
honing 1235 letter symbols 760
interference fit 666 indexable inserts 756–764, 779, 1310–
involute splines, inch 2156 1312
involute splines, metric 2177, 2180 knurling 1240–1244
ISO metric threads 1815 length offset, NC 1282
crest diameter tolerance 1819 life 1013–1014, 1094, 1102, 1114
finished uncoated threads 1819, 1822 adjusting 1035–1036, 1040, 1043, 1059
tolerance classes 1816 adjusting factors
tolerance grades 1816 drilling 1059
tolerance positions 1816–1817 end milling 1059
tolerances classes 1816 face milling 1059
keys and keyways 2366 reaming 1059
knurling 1244 colding relation 1097
limits and fits 680 cutting speed 1107
nut threads 1815 drilling 1106
obtainable by various operations 652, economic 1110
654, 679 economy 1110
positional 640 feed speed 1107
free state 642 global optimization 1111
modifiers 640 grinding 1106
projected zone 640 milling 1106
target plane 642 optimization models 1110
preferred series of 652 optimum 1112
relationship to surface roughness 729, surface finish 1104
731 taylor’s equation 1095–1097
shaft basis 666 turning 1106
statistical 641 life envelope 1099
symbols 633, 1250–1253 life factors for turning
tapped holes 1934 carbides 1035
taps 892–915 CBN 1035
hand taps 896–900, 911 ceramics 1035
machine screw taps 898–900, 915 cermets 1035
pipe taps 899–902, 914 polycrystalline diamond 1035
thread gage 1914 materials 773–783, 1009–1013
torsion springs 341–348 nose radius compensation, NC 1282,
transition fits 666 1310–1312
twist drill, metric 881 offset, NC 1281
Unified thread gages 1917 shanks, ANSI Standard for milling
unilateral 637 machines 942
unilateral and bilateral 645 sharpening
zone symmetry 637 carbide tools 971
Tolerancing and geometric grinding wheels for 971–974
dimensioning 630 twist drills 968–971
single-point 749, 887–888
steels 475–501

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2669
Tool (continued) Torque (continued)
steels tightening, for bolts 1495–1507
air hardening 495 torsion springs 335, 337
alloying elements effects 479–480 unit conversion 2577
applications 487 Torsion
chemical compositions 481 and bending of shafts, combined
chromium types 491 formulas 213, 219, 303–305
classification of 480 deflection of shafts, formula 301–302
cold work 494–495 formulas for shafts 299–301
cutting speed for 1031, 1049–1050, modulus 213, 348–350
1066 springs, design 341
decarburization limits 501 strength of shafts 299–301
dimensional tolerances 501 Torus
faults and failures, common 478–482 polar moment of inertia 251
grindability of 478, 1189–1193 volume 80
hardening 477 Total indicator reading, NC 1267
hardness 478 Toughness
high-carbon, high-chromium 494 HSLA steels 463
high-speed 488 tool steels 481
hot work 491, 493 Transmission chains 2441
machinability 477 cast roller chains 2441
machining allowances 501 detachable chains 2441
mechanical properties 475 nonstandard 2441
mill production forms 500–501 pintle chains 2441
mold 495, 497 roller chain sprockets 2444
molybdenum types 488, 493 caliper diameter 2448
numbering system 440, 442 classes 2446
oil hardening 495 diameters 2446–2447
properties of 475–478 flange thickness 2449
shock resisting 495, 497 manufacture 2461
special purpose 495–499 materials 2461
speeds drilling, reaming, and proportions 2450
threading 1066 roller chains 2441, 2443
speeds, milling 1049–1050 attachments 2445
speeds, turning 1031 bar steel sprockets 2450
tolerances on dimensions 501 bent link plate 2445
toughness 478, 481 bore and hub diameters 2456
tungsten types 490 bottom diameter 2448
water hardening 499–500 center distances and chain links 2456
wear resistance 478 cutters for sprockets 2461
trouble-shooting checklist 1014 cutting sprocket tooth forms 2460
wear 967–969, 1093 design procedure 2464
Tooling cost equivalent 1115 dimensions 2443
Tooling cost time 1115 drive ratings 2462
Tooth rest position hob design 2459
milling cutter grinding 831 horsepower ratings 2451–2464
reamer grinding 835 idler sprockets 2457
Torches, metal cutting 1419 installation and alignment 2463
Torque 141 keys, keyways and set-screws 2446
calculating, for tightening bolts 163 length of driving chain 2457
capacity lubrication 2463
formulas involute spline 2170 multiple strand cast sprockets 2450
spline fittings 2185 nomenclature 2442
clamping force 1503 nonstandard 2441
coefficient 1504–1505 numbering system 2444
electric motor 2467, 2474 parts 2442
pull-up 2466 pin dimensions 2445
relationship to angular acceleration 172 pitch 2444
starting, small bearings 2303 selection 2451
tension relation 1506 single strand cast sprockets 2450
straight link plate 2445

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2670 INDEX

Transmission chains (continued) T-section (continued)

roller chains radius of gyration 245
tolerances 2444, 2448 section modulus 245
tooth form 2458 T-slots and T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1664–
tooth section profile dimension 2449 1665
types 2441 T-slot cutters, standard 800
ultimate tensile strength 2444 Tube 2526
types 2441 collapsing pressure 297–298
Transmission shafting design 303–305 gages 2519
Transpose of a matrix 120 maximum allowable pressures 298
Trap rock, strength 420 strength of 297–298
Trapezium area 65 subjected to external pressure
Trapezoid factor of safety 298
area 64 thickness and working pressure 297–298
center of gravity 226 wall thickness gages 2508, 2519
moment of inertia 240 Tungsten
radius of gyration 240 carbide tools grinding 971–973
section modulus 240 carbide tools materials 1011
Trapezoidal screw threads 1807–1813 electrodes, welding 1409–1414
data 1809–1813 powdered alloys
formulas 1808 density 419
Trepanning 1081, 1454 elongation 419
Tresca shear theory (plastics) 609 hardness 419
Triangle rupture strength 419
acute 64, 88, 94–95 ultimate strength 419
area 64 yield strength 419
center of gravity 225 steels 490
equilateral 88 compositions 484, 490
geometry of 49 high-speed, heat-treatment of 538
isosceles 88 tool steels 490
moment of inertia 240 Turner's sclerometer 551
obtuse 64, 88, 94–95 Turning
radius of gyration 240 and facing, insert holder 762–764
right-angle 64, 88, 91–93 cutting speeds for
section modulus 240 copper alloys 1037
solution 88–95 ferrous cast metals 1033–1034
oblique angle 94–95 hard-to-machine materials 1039
right angle 91–93 light metals 1038
Triaxial stress 219–221 plain carbon and alloy steels 1027–
Trigonometric 1030
formulas 89–90 stainless steels 1032
functions superalloys 1039
of angles 88–107 titanium and titanium alloys 1038
signs of 89 tool steels 1031
using calculator to find 103 unusual materials 1082
identities 89–90 cutting time for 1082
tables 99–102 cycles, NC 1291
Trochoid curve 2032 insert holder 762–764
Troostite 521 speed adjustment factors
Trouble-shooting depth of cut 1035
broaching 961 feed 1035
drilling 1065 lead angle 1035
machining difficulties 1015–1016 speeds and feeds 1026–1040, 1132
reaming 840 wood 414
tools 479–482 Twist drill 854, 858–884
Troy weight for gold and silver 2571 equivalent of gage or letter size 856–860
Truing and dressing grinding wheels 1196– grinding (sharpening) 968–970
1200 length of point on 877
T-section parallel shank jobber 882
moment of inertia 245 parallel shank long series 883
tolerances, metric 881

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2671
Twist drill (continued) Unit systems (continued)
types 854 SI metric 2544, 2546–2547
T-word, NC 1280–1282 US customary 2548
Type metal 585 Units of measure and conversion factors
angular and circular 2550
Apothecaries’ fluid 2567
U area 2563
barrel 2567
U.S. dry 2567
Board of Supervising Inspectors 292 electric wires 2563
Dept. of Commerce, formula for pressure energy 2581
in tubes 297 flow 2570
gallons into liters 2569 fluid 2566–2567
standard screw threads 1725 force 2576
standard sheet metal gage 2522 heat 2578
UK gallons to liters 2566, 2569 inertia and momentum 2587
Ultimate strength length 2549
common materials 420 mass and weight 2571
compressive 205 Apothecaries’ weight 2571
copper-base powdered alloys 419 Avoirdupois or commercial 2571
iron and steel 474 Troy weight 2571
iron-base powdered alloys 419 miscellaneous 2587
nonferrous metals 554 nautical 2549
plastics 598 power 2578, 2581
shear 205 pressure and stress 2574
tungsten-base powdered alloys 419 shipping 2566
Ultrasonic fluxless soldering 1382 surveyors 2549
Uncoated metals and alloys, preferred temperature 2583
thicknesses, metric 2522 thermal conductance 2582
Undercut, in spur gearing 2050 velocity and acceleration 2586
Unified numbering system for metals viscosity 2586
(see UNS number) volume 2566–2567
Unified thread system work 2581
cold form tap drill sizes 1940 Universal joints 2348
screw thread form 1725–1727, 1731– angular velocity of driven shaft 2348
1782 indermediate shaft 2349
British UNJ 1782 maximum and minimum velocities 2348
diameter-pitch combinations 1735 UNS number 440
hole sizes for tapping 1776, 1925–1932 copper alloys 556–568
miniature screw thread 1777–1781 copper and copper alloys 555
standard series 1733, 1736–1762 number 444–445
coarse thread 1763 plain carbon, alloy and tool steel 440,
constant pitch 1765–1772 442, 446–447
extra-fine thread 1764–1765 series of different metal 440
fine thread 1763–1764 stainless steel 440, 448
thread classes 1773–1775 Upsetting, steel for cold 452
thread designation 1775–1776
thread formulas 1734
threaded fasteners
bolts, screws, and nuts 1512–1539,
V
1570, 1587, 1605, 1614–1616, 1618– Vacuum furnace brazing 1387
1620, 1622–1625, 1628, 1631, 1639, Van Keuren gear measuring tables 2125–
1654, 1715, 1720 2138
tensile stress area 1502–1503, 1510 Vanadium, gearing material 2147
tensile stress due to tightening 1498 Variable speed belts (see Belts and pulleys:
Uniform motion 167 variable speed belts)
Unit systems Varnish, pattern 1369
cgs 142, 2544 V-belts (see Belts and pulleys: V-belts)
MKS 142, 2544 Vector and scalar quantities 145
MKSA (m-kg-s-A) 2544 Velocity 141, 167–170
angular 167, 169

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2672 INDEX

Velocity (continued) Volume (continued)

angular units and conversion of 2566, 2570
rpm to radian per second water at different temperature 422
conversion 169 wedge 76
converting to rpm 1016–1021 V-process, casting 1366
linear 167 V-projections, fine-blanking tools 1345
of points on rotating bodies 169 V-shaped groove, checking by pins 717
unit conversion 2586 V-thread 1725
Vernier scale Vulcanized fiber, strength 420
dual metric-inch 693–694
reading 692
reading a metric 693
reading on a protractor 692
W
Versed sine and versed cosine 103 Wahl spring curvature correction factor 318
V-flange tool shanks and retention Washburn & Moen wire gage 2520
knobs 1313–1314 Washers
Vickers hardness 548 ANSI, lock 1535
Viscosity 2332–2333 ANSI, plain 1532–1537, 1566, 1568
conversion table for lubricating oils 2586 Belleville or disc spring 348, 354
dynamic 2345 British Standard metric 1584–1586
oil 2341 metric spring 1582–1584
pressure relationship 2345 designations 1585
temperature chart for SAE oils 2228 metric 1566, 1568
temperature effect 2341 designations 1568
unit conversion 2586 materials 1568
Vitrified bonded wheels 971–972, 1178 preferred sizes 1532–1535
coolants for 1146 spring lock type 1536–1539
thread grinding 1957 tooth lock type 1536–1539
Volume Watch screw threads 1777–1781
air at different temperatures 428 Water
barrel 80 boiling point 422
cone 77 density 423
cube 75 flow in pipes 423–426, 2531
cylinder 76 flow through nozzles 425
hollow 77 pressure 422
portion of 76–77 pressure, head or depth known 422
ellipsoid 78 velocity due to head 426
frustum of cone 77 volume of flow in pipes and tubes 427,
geometrical figures 75–80 2531
measures 2566 Watt equivalent 2578
nozzles 425 Waviness 724
of flow in pipes and tubes 423, 427, 2531 height values 729
of solids 75–80 Wear life factor involute spline 2172
paraboloid 79 Wear resistance cutting tool 967–968
paraboloidal segment 80 Wedge 161
prism 75 center of gravity 230
prismoidal formula 59 mechanical principle of 161
pyramid 75 spherical, volume 79
frustum of 76 volume 76
solid of revolution 59 Weight 143
specific gravity 407–408 air 428
sphere 78 angles, structural steel 2515–2517
hollow 79 avoirdupois or commercial 2571
spherical castings, from pattern weight 1370
sector 78 channels, structural 2514, 2518
segment 78 earth or soil 410
wedge 79 hollow shafts 307
zone 79 I-beams 2509–2513
square prism 75 metric measures 2571
torus 80 mol 410
molecular 410

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2673
Weight (continued) Welding (continued)
nails and spikes 1476 FCAW (flux-cored arc)
of natural piles 409 selection 1399
per feet of wood 412 settings 1399
pipe, per foot 2527–2530 shielding gases 1404–1405
solid fuels 409 stainless steeels 1398
specific gravity 407–408 weld requirements 1399
steel S-sections 2513 fill passes 1427, 1430–1431
troy, for gold and silver 2571 filler metals 1414
water 422 fluxes 1389
wide flange, steel 2509–2512 gas shielded, all position 1398
wood 412–413 GMAW (gas metal arc)
Weldability, HSLA steels 463 electrode diameters 1390
Welding 1389–1442, 1451 metal thickness 1395–1396
aluminum 1416 optimum settings 1397
ANSI welding symbols 1432–1442 shielding gases 1391, 1393
application of 1436–1440 alloy steels 1391
nondestructive testing 1441–1442 aluminum 1393
arc cutting of metals 1419 carbon steels 1391
basic symbols 1432–1433 stainless steels 1392
codes, rules, regulations, spray transfer 1395–1397
specifications 1434 welding sheet steel 1391
complete fusion 1428 GTAW (gas tungsten arc) 1409–1414
controls 1393 aluminum 1413
current ranges diameter, sheet metal 1408 current 1409
current selection 1412 EWP electrode 1413
cutting filler metals 1414
metals selecting tungsten electrode 1412–1414
with electric arc 1419 shielding gases 1414
with oxidizing flame 1418 hard-facing 1420
with lasers 1447 horizontal pipe welding 1427
definitions and symbols 1432–1440 laser
designations 1435 cutting 1447–1451
dies 1441 welding 1451
dimensions 1433 letter designations for processes 1435
electrode 1389–1390, 1394, 1412–1414 materials used in welding 1432
AWS E60XX 1406 nondestructive testing 1441–1442
AWS E70XX 1408 PAW (plasma arc) 1414
carbon steels 1390 applications 1416
characteristics 1407 cutting 1417–1418
composition 1412 equipment 1415
current ranges 1413 fusion 1416
diameters 1407 gases for 1414
sizes 1390 of aluminum 1416
stainless steels 1390 surface coating 1417–1418
thoriated 1413 surfacing 1417
zirconiated 1413 pipe welding 1425
electron beam welding 1424 fill and cover pass procedures 1430–
FCAW (flux-cored arc) 1398–1405 1431
all position electrodes 1401–1403 positioning of joint components 1426
alloy steeels 1398 root welding procedure 1430–1431
carbon steels 1398, 1400 tack welding procedures 1430
contact tip recess 1401 thick-wall 1429–1430
deposition rates 1403–1405 thin-wall 1428, 1431
electrodes 1398–1399, 1404 plasma arc welding
diameter 1403 gases 1414
gas shielded 1398, 1400 shielding gases 1415
material condition 1399 argon 1415
pipe welding 1430 helium 1415
porosity and worm tracks 1401 hydrogen 1415
process letter designation 1435

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2674 INDEX

Welding (continued) Wide-flange shapes, steel 2509–2512

process names 1389 moment of inertia 2509–2512
root passes 1426 radius of gyration 2509–2512
shielding gas 1414 section modulus 2509–2512
SMAW (shielded metal arc) 1405–1409 weight per foot 2509–2512
characteristic of electrodes 1406 Winding drums, wire rope and chain 378–
specifications 1434 379, 391
supplementary symbols 1433–1434 Windlass 162–163
symbol 1433 Wing nuts and screws
arrow side 1438 nuts
bead type back 1437 dimensions 1712–1715
bevel groove 1436 finish 1716
built up surface 1437 materials 1716
electron beam 1436, 1440 standard 1712–1715
fillet 1436–1437 types 1712
intermittent fillet 1438 screws 1712–1720
letter designations 1434 dimensions 1716
melt thru weld 1440 lengths 1719
plug groove 1436 materials 1716
process 1434 points 1720
resistance-seam 1436 cone point 1720
single pass back 1437 cup point 1720
square groove 1436 dog point 1720
U- groove 1439 flat point 1720
V-groove 1438 oval point 1720
tungsten electrode compositions 1412 threads 1720
use of flux-cored electrodes 1428 types 1716
vertical-up, vertical-down 1427 Wire
wire extension 1429–1430 checking screw threads 1894
Weldon shanks Acme threads 1899, 1908
dimensions of 804–814 buttress threads 1910
end mills 804–805, 807 contact pressure 1897
Wheel life in grinding formulas for large lead angles 1897–
(see Grinding: wheel life) 1908
Wheels taper screws 1909
abrasive cutting 952–954 circular mill measurement 2563
and pulleys in mechanics 162–163 diameters, raised to powers 351
buffing 1460 EDM 1349, 1358
diamond 971–973, 1201–1207 music 351, 2519
dressing 1196–1199 nails and spikes 1476
flywheel preferred thicknesses 2523
balance wheels 183 rod gages 2519
flywheel pulley 183 rope 369–386
Geneva 163 sheet metal gages 2522–2523
grinding 1177–1200 size for checking gears 2125
diamond 1201–1207 for external spur gears 2125
mechanical principles of 162 for helical gears 2139
polishing 1457, 1460 for internal gears 2134
silicon carbide 971–972 for spur and helical gears 2134
White cast iron 1360 spring, tensile strength 421
White metal bearing alloys 2261–2262 tubing, wall thickness gages 2519
Whitworth wire gages 2519
bolts, screws, nuts, washers, and Wire rope
studs 1570–1573, 1605, 1617, 1638 bending stresses 380–381
screw thread form 1725, 1857–1859, breaking strengths 370
1869–1870, 1885–1889, 1891–1892 classes 371–374
drills for pipe taps 1941 construction 369
measuring 1896–1897, 1899–1900, cutting and seizing 380–381
1902 definitions of terms 369–370
truncated thread 1887 drum or reel capacity 378–379
wire size for measuring threads 1896 drum score for winding 391

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
INDEX 2675
Wire rope (continued) Work 141, 174
factors of safety 375–376 formulas 174
installation 376–382 formulas for work and power 178
life 381 maximum load in bending
lubrication 381 wood 411
maintenance 381 relation to energy 174
plow steel, strength of 372–377 units conversion 2581
properties 370–371 Working stress 204, 208, 216
rated capacities of 382 at elevated temperature 319
replacement 381 factors of saftey 208
rope loads due to bending 380–381 flywheels 189
safe loads for 375–376 of bolts 1509
sheave and drum dimensions 378 shafts 305
simplified practice recommendations 374 springs 305, 319–320
sizes 372–377 Worm gearing 2095–2098
slings and fittings 381 addendum 2096
specification 370 ANSI Standard, fine-pitch 2095–2097
strength 372–377 effect on profile and pressure angle
weight 372–377 of cutting diameter 2097
Wood of production method 2097
bearings 2266 fine-pitch 2095–2098
bonding 2480 formulas for dimensions 2096
boring 414 hobs for 2095
compression strength 412 lead angles 2095–2096
crushing strength 411–412 material 2098, 2149
density 413 number of threads or “starts” 2098
dimensions of sawn lumber 413 multi-thread worms 2098
hardmetal tooling for 783 single-thread worms 2098
ignition temperatures 403 outside diameter 2096
machinability 413 pitch diameters, range 2097
maximum bending load 412 pitches, standard 2095
maximum crushing strength 411 pressure angles 2095, 2097
mechanical properties of 412 proportions 2096
effect of pressure treatment 412 ratio of teeth to thread starts 2098
mechanical property 411 tooth form of worm and wormgear 2097
modulus of rupture 411–412 Worm wheel, indexing movements 2023
mortising 414 Wrapped spring clutches 2353
patterns 1368 Wrench
planing 414 clearances
sanding 414 for box wrenches 1530
screws 1477 for open end wrenches 1531
shaping 414 for socket wrenches 1531
shear strength 412 for spacing of bolts 1530–1531
tensile strength 412 openings, ANSI Standard 1530
tooling for wood and nonmetals 783 torque
Woodruff keys and keyseats cap screws 1496
ANSI 2368 steel bolts 1496
cutters 820 studs 1496
key 2372 Wrought
dimensions 2369–2370 copper alloys 560–568
number 2372 copper-beryllium 570
keyseat iron
dimensions 2371–2372 strength 474
hub 2372 temperature effect on 420
milling cutter 2372 thickness gage for sheet 2522–2523
shaft 2372 steel pipe 2526–2527
British Standard 2385–2386
Woodworking cutters 783
Word address format, NC 1272–1274
Word, NC 1272–1274

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2676 INDEX

Y Z
Yield point 204 Zero suppression, NC 1274
for various materials 204 Zero, absolute 2583
heat-treated steels 466–471 Zerol bevel gears 2029, 2082
iron and steel 474 Zinc plating 1471
plastics 598 Zinc-base alloys, die casting 1372
steel 1363 Z-section
Yield strength 204 moment of inertia 247
aluminum alloys 417, 575–583 radius of gyration 247
carbon steel 1364 section modulus 247
cobalt alloys 418
compressive 205
copper alloys 417, 556–568
Cu-base powdered alloys 419
Cu-beryllium alloys 570
Cu-silicon alloys 569
Everdur 569
iron-base powdered alloys 419
magnesium alloys 588
nickel alloys 418, 589–590
nonferrous metals 554
perforated metal 2521
plastics 598
shear 205
spring wire 421
stainless steel 418, 472–473
steel 417, 464–473
high-strength, low-alloy 463
titanium alloys 591
tungsten-base powdered alloys 419
Young’s modulus (see Modulus of: elasticity)

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY