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Production facilities usually operate according to design. Oil and gas travel from the
reservoir to the surface facilities where they are separated, cleaned, measured, and
sent through a pipeline to the end user. During most of this process, everything
operates according to plan. Occasionally, problems occur:
Things break
Malfunctions happen
Settings change
Horns go off
Such problems usually can be solved quickly and easily without negative
consequences. Unfortunately, some problems have the potential for serious
consequences such as injury to personnel, pollution of the environment, and loss of
company assets. Understanding, preventing, or minimizing potential negative
consequences requires a fundamental understanding of basic protection concepts
and safety analysis.
Translation
Cambio de configuración
Se producen cierres
Tales problemas generalmente pueden resolverse rápida y fácilmente sin
consecuencias negativas. Lamentablemente, algunos problemas pueden tener
consecuencias graves, como lesiones al personal, contaminación del medio
ambiente y pérdida de los activos de la empresa. Comprender, prevenir o minimizar
posibles consecuencias negativas requiere una comprensión fundamental de los
conceptos básicos de protección y análisis de seguridad.
Prevention
Shut in
If hydrocarbon releases occur (and, in spite of our best efforts, they sometimes do),
inflow to the release site must be shut off as soon as possible. The problem should
not be exacerbated with the continued release of additional hydrocarbons. Protective
shut-in action is achieved by both the surface safety system (SSS) and the
emergency support system (ESS).
Minimizing
TRANSLATION
Prevención
Encerrar
Cuando se liberan hidrocarburos, sus efectos deben minimizarse tanto como sea
posible. Esto se puede lograr a través del uso de medidas de prevención de
encendido y sistemas de soporte de emergencia (ESS, es decir, el sistema de
contención de líquidos). Si el petróleo se derrama de un componente del proceso,
se ha producido una liberación de hidrocarburos. Un derrame nunca es bueno, pero
los derrapes de los componentes y los desagües de la cubierta (si están en alta mar)
minimizan el efecto de una mala situación cuando el derrame entra en una corriente
de agua dulce o en aguas costeras.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
When risk is not based on geographical factors other standards must be put into
place. These standards should still contain fundamental controls, which would apply
regardless of geographic location or operation, however, the risk-based controls
should be focused primarily on operational activities, with specific additional
requirements based on the characteristics of the location, rather than geographic
location. Personal protective equipment (PPE) guidelines ensures its correct use, in
accordance with the following fundamental controls.
Protective equipment (PPE) should not conflict with social and cultural values,
so long as this does not compromise the protection provided.
Include training in the selection, fit, use, inspection, storage, and maintenance.
Include clearly marked personal protective equipment (PPE) and safe zones
and/or signage on company controlled sites.
-El equipo de protección (PPE) no debe entrar en conflicto con los valores sociales
y culturales, siempre que esto no comprometa la protección provista.
Los estándares del equipo de protección personal (PPE) deben contener una matriz
de riesgos del equipo de protección personal general (PPE), que describe las
expectativas mínimas para la selección de equipos de protección personal (PPE) en
una variedad de entornos de trabajo típicos de la empresa; esta matriz puede
especificar los niveles de protección requeridos, como:
Hazard tree
A hazard tree:
Breaks the chain leading to the hazard by eliminating the conditions and sources
Because complete elimination is normally not possible, the goal is to reduce the
likelihood of occurrence. With statistical analysis, the probability of occurrence can
be determined. The effect of a safety procedure or device that reduces the probability
of a condition or source occurring also can be quantified with this tool.
The hazard tree helps identify the severity of a source that can lead to a hazardous
condition. Some of these sources are discussed here.
Overpressure
Overpressure can lead directly to all three hazards. It can lead directly and
immediately to injury; it can lead to fire/explosion if there is an ignition source; and
it can lead to pollution if there is insufficient containment. Because of the hazard
potential, a very good level of assurance is needed that the probability of
overpressure occurring is very small.
Fire tubes
Fire tubes can lead to fire/explosion if there is a leak of crude oil or glycol into the
tubes or if there is a failure of the burner controls. An explosion could be sudden
and lead directly to injury; therefore, a high degree of safety is required.
Excess temperature
Excess temperature can cause premature equipment failure at a pressure below its
maximum design working pressure. Excess temperature can create a leak,
potentially leading to fire/explosion if gas leaks or oil pollution if oil leaks. This type
of failure should be gradual, giving off a warning as it develops, and thus does not
require as high a degree of protection as those mentioned previously.
Leaks
Leaks rarely lead directly to personnel injury, but they can lead to fire/explosion if
there is an ignition source and to oil pollution if there is inadequate containment.
The immediacy and magnitude of the developing hazard will be less than with
overpressure; thus, although it is necessary to protect against leaks, this protection
will not require the same level of safety required for overpressure.
Inflow exceeding outflow can lead to oil pollution if there is inadequate containment
and can lead to fire/explosion and, thus, to injury if an oil spill occurs. This
condition is more time dependent and lower in magnitude of damage; therefore, an
even lower level of safety will be acceptable.
Hazards analysis
For each procedure performed in the oil industry, a hazard analysis must be carried
out
A hazards analysis:
A hazard tree identifies potential hazards and determines the conditions necessary
for these hazards to exist. A hazards analysis starts at the hazard tree’s lowest level
and attempts to break the path leading back to the hazard by eliminating one of the
conditions.
Many of the sources and conditions identified on the hazard tree require
considerations that have nothing to do with the way the process is designed, such
as escape paths, electrical systems, fire-fighting systems, and insulation on piping.
A facility designed with a safety shutdown system is not necessarily “safe”; it has an
appropriate level of devices and redundancies to reduce the risk of occurrence of
those sources and conditions that can be anticipated by sensing change in process
conditions. A hazard tree helps identify protection devices for inclusion in equipment
design (e.g., flame/stack arrestors on fire tubes). Much more is required if the overall
probability of any one chain leading to a hazard is to be acceptable, such as:
Maintenance
Operating procedures
Testing
Drills
TRANSLATION
ARBOL DE RIESGO
Un árbol de riesgo:
El árbol de riesgos ayuda a identificar la gravedad de una fuente que puede conducir
a una condición peligrosa. Algunas de estas fuentes se discuten aquí.
Sobrepresion
Tubos de fuego
Los tubos de fuego pueden provocar fuego / explosión si hay una fuga de petróleo
crudo o glicol en los tubos o si hay una falla en los controles del quemador. Una
explosión puede ser repentina y conducir directamente a una lesión; por lo tanto, se
requiere un alto grado de seguridad.
Exceso de temperatura
El exceso de temperatura puede causar una falla prematura del equipo a una
presión por debajo de su presión máxima de trabajo de diseño. El exceso de
temperatura puede crear una fuga, lo que puede conducir a incendios / explosiones
si hay fugas de gas o contaminación del aceite si hay fugas de aceite. Este tipo de
falla debe ser gradual, generando una advertencia a medida que se desarrolla, y
por lo tanto no requiere un grado de protección tan alto como los mencionados
anteriormente.
Fugas
ANALISIS DE RIESGO
Un análisis de riesgo:
Mantenimiento
Procedimientos operativos
Prueba
Simulacros
VOCABULARY
Pollution=Contaminación
Assets=Bienes
Threats=Amenaza
Released=Liberado
Exacerbated=Exacerbado
Spill=Derramar
Skids=Patinar
Rather=Mas bien
Guidelines=Lineamientos
Gender=genero
Focus= Atención
Assurance=Garantia
Sudden=Repentino
Degree= Grado,Titulo
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://petrowiki.org/Safety_systems
http://petrowiki.org/Health,_safety,_and_environment_(HSE)_risk-
based_standards#Personal_Protective_Equipment_.28PPE.29
https://www.sgs.com/en/health-safety/quality-health-safety-and-
environment/operations-safety
http://petrowiki.org/Drilling_safety