01 Thermal Physics

JEE-Physics
UNIT # 05
THERMAL PHYSICS
EXERCISE –I 8 . Let at temperature , volume increases by 2%
1. Let  = temperature on X–scale corresponding to then according to question (

50°C on Y–scale 2%
)

 = Y
50°C 
X
 100 = 98 [1+3.3 × 10 (–4)]
  = 60.4 + 4 = 64.4 °C
375°C -30°C
FL
9. L=Lthermal– Lcontact force= 0  1L= AY (rod – 1)
 1
X 50°C
Y
1 2
–125°C –70°C
FL
X  ( 125) 50  ( 70) 2 L = AY (rod – 2)  Y11 = Y22
   X = 1375 2
375  ( 125) 30  ( 70)
1 0 . Pressure at the bottom in both arms will be equal
2. For centigrade and Fahrenheit scale (
)
(
)
 0   0  1   2
F  32 C 0 100  1  t  .1   1  t   2     t   t
 C   (140  32) = 60°C 1 2 2 1 1 2
212  32 100  0 180
1 1 . Strain ()
3. Slope of line AB (
AB
)

C 100  0 100 5 t=   = –12 × 10–6 × (75 – 25) = – 6 × 10–4
=    
F 212  32 180 9
1 2 . Coefficient of linear expansion of brass is greater

4. If we take two fixed points as tripe point of water
than that of steel.
and 0 K. Then (
(
)
0 K 
)
TX  0 TY  0

1 3 .    0 1  T      0   0 T
450 TX = 200 TY 9TX = 4TY
200 450
 0  A T 104  100 4 A 2
X  LFP     T  106  100  6    3
5. = constant (for all temperature scales) 0 B B
UFP  LFP
(
1 4 . Clearance = R'–R but 2R' = 2R (1+ sT)
where (
)
 R' – R = RsT
LFP  lower fixed point (
) = (6400) (1.2 × 10–5) (30) = 2.3 km
UFP  Upper fixed point (
)
Node6\E : \Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Phy\Solution\Unit 5 & 6\01.Thermal Physics.p65
1 5 . x= A  B   A 1   A T    B 1   B T    A   B
X   5  C 0 60  5 C
  =  C = 65°C
95   5  100  0 95  5 100   A  A   B B
1 6 . For rod A (

A  )   = 0 A(100)
6  10 5
6. L = 6 × 10–5 = L   = =5°C 
1  12  10 6 For rod B (
B  ) = 20B(100)
2
7. Expansions of a metal is same as photographic For rod C ( C  )
enlargement.  d 1 will increase by 0.3% 2 = xA(100) + (3 0 – x)B(100)
 5 4
 d1, 0.3%
  x  0 & 30–x =  0
3 3
1
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1 7 .    Expansion in dx = 0 = surrounding's temperature (  

)
2 80  60  80  60 
   0  1 x  dx T  100  1.76  10 5  1.2  10 6 x  dx  k  30  ...(i)
0 t  2 
2
2
 6  x 
 60  50  60  50 
= 100 1.76  10  x  1.2  10    
5
and k  30  ...(ii)
 2 0 t  2 
=3.76 mm  t = 48 sec
T2
2 4 .  t  (x22 – x12)
1 8 .  d = 0dT     d     aT  bT  
2
0 dT
T1 For x1 = 0, x2=1 cm
7  (12–02)
a 2 b 3 3   3 2 7b 3  For x1 =1cm, x 2 = 2cm
=  0   T2  T1    T2  T1   =  aT1  T 
2
2 3  2 3 1  0 7 1
t  (22 – 12)    t = 21 hrs
t 3
1 9 . For simple pendulum (   
) T = 2

 T 1  1 2 5 . From Stefan's law ( 
):  T4
 Q = AT
1 / 2    
g  T  T 2  2 1cal 4.2J
   5.67  10 8  1  T 4  T= 100 K
Assuming clock gives correct time at temperature s  m2 cal

 Power
26. = Intensity (
)
6 1 6 Area
0  =   0  20  &
24  3600 2 24  3600 Power absorbed by the foil = Intensity at foil × Area
of foil

×
1
=   40  0   0  30 C 
2
   1.4  10 5 C 1 P0  A 0 T 4 
 P  A   4 d 2  A
4 d 2
20. A 0 (2T ) 4  A
20°C Now P'=  4P
4  (2d)2
 Q   Q 
2 7     
40°C t  A  t  B
K A A 100  70  K B A  70  35 
 =
 1  20  C  30 70
 0 (1+20 C)=  1 (1+20S)   1   0
 1  20  S  KB KA 1
 KA =  K =
2 B 2
 1   2  3 1
2 1 .  r=  1+ 3  1=  2+ 3  2   2=
3 x dx
dx dx
2 8 . dRH = KA  KA (1  x)
2 2 . Let  = junction temperature ( =   
) 0
0
Net heat current at junction is zero
(  
) dx 1  n(1  x) 
RH =  dR H     
200 0
KA 0 (1  x) KA 0  0
3k(100–)+k(0–)+2k(50–) =0    °C
3
1
= KA  n(1   0 )
2 3 . Newton's law of cooling (
0
)
OR

= k[ – 0] Check dimensionally (   )
t
2
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2 9 . According to Wien's law 

 3 6 . Heat lost = Heat gained
m 1/T  mT. ( =)
As the temperature of body increases, frequency m steam × 540=1100× 1 × (80–15)+20×1× (80 – 15)
corresponding to maximum energy in radiation ( m)  mass of steam condensed = 0.13 kg
increases. Also area under the curve (
)
(
(m) 
3 7 . Water has high specific heat and due to this it

) absorber more heat in rise of temperature.
(
 E  d  T 4

)
Q
30. T 4 = same but T red < T green
= AT 3 8 . When water is cooled to form ice, the energy is
t
released as heat so mass of water decreases.
as  red T red =  greenT green (see VIBGYOR)
(
 Area of red star is greater

)
(
)
3 9 . If intermolecular forces vanish water behaves as gas.
3 1 . Rate of cooling of water = Rate of cooling of alcohol
(
(
=
)

)
(250  10)  1  (5) (200s  10)  5
  4.5  10 3
130 67 Number of moles of water =  250
18
 Specific heat of alcohol (
) (
)
s = 0.62 Total volume of water at STP
(STP
)
3 2 . Amount of energy utilised in climbing = 22.4 × 250 × 10–3 m 3 = 5.6 m 3
(
)
mgh= 0.28 × 10 × 4.2 4 0 . Heat removed in cooling water from 25 0C to 0 0C
(250C  00C     
) 
0.28  10  4.2 –2
 h = = 1.96 × 10 m = 1.96 cm = 100 × 1 × 25=2500 cal
60  10
Heat removed in converting water into ice at 0 0C
(0°C  
) 
3 3 . Entire KE gets converted into heat.
= 100 × 80 = 8000 cal
(
) Heat removed in cooling ice from
KE = ms   10 × 10 × 10 = 2 × 4200 ×  ( ) 
 = 0.12°C 0 0 to –15 0 C = 100 × 0.5 × 10 = 500 cal
Total heat removed in1hr 50min
3 4 . M= mass of hallstone falling (1 hr 50 min    
)
(M=
) = 2500 + 8000 + 500=11000 cal
m = mass of hallstone melting Heat removed per minute (   
)
(m= 11000
As Mgh = mL. = =100 cal/min
110
m gh 10  10 3 1 P P P
So   3
 41.
M L 33  10 33
3 5 . HC = ms = ms (1)°C T T T
HK = ms  = ms (1)K = ms(1)°C density density
increases decreases
HF = ms  = ms (1°F) = ms(5/9)°C
 HC = HK > HF  RT 
For equation :  P= M 
 w 
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At constant temperature   P n1C P1  n 2 C P 2

For 1st graph       P At constant temperature. 4 8 .   n Cv  n Cv
1 1 2 2
 RT  5R 7R
For 2nd graph :  P=
 M w   = 1.5  CP1 =
2
; CP2 =
2
1 3R 5R
At constant P,   CV1 = ; CV2= ; then n1 = n2
T 2 2
dP
For 3rd graph L: = constant  P  T
dT 3KT mv 2rms
4 9 . v rms  T  T  mv 2rms
 density  = constant m 3K
4 2 . If temperature is doubled, pressure will also be

5 0 . Change in momentum (  
)
RT = 2mv cos(45°)
doubled as P  M (
) 45°
w
1 45°
–27 3
=2 × 3.32 × 10 × 10 ×
 100% increase   2
4 3 . Volume can't be negative. = 4.7 × 10 –24 kg ms –1 .
(
)
At constant pressure (  ) 5 1 . Here V = aT + b where a,b > 0
V  T or V  (t + 273) nRT nR b b
So P =  but T  T so P2 > P1
aT  b a  b / T 2 1
3 th 
44. volume of air at 0°C occupies entire volume at  ,
4 5 2 . PV= nRT  P = M RT
w
(0°C 
 
)
PM w (10 5 )(28  10 3 )
V1 V2 3 / 4V V   kg m–3= 1.25 g/litre
As T  T     = 171°C RT 8.3  273
1 2 273  60 273  
5 3 . U 1 = +ve ;
4 5 . Ideal gas equation ( 
): PV = nRT U 2 = 0
U 3 = –ve
 P0   U1 > U2 > U3
So at V = V0; RT1 =   (V0) and at V = 2V0,
2 As volume increases, W = +ve.
 4P0  11P0 V0 5 4 . Internal energy and volume depend upon states.

RT2 =  
 (2V0)  T2 – T1 =
(
5 10R )
4 6 . Number of moles remain constant 5 5 . PT 11 = constant & PV =nRT

(
)
V T V 12
 V  T12   12  v  
P1 V1 P2 V2 P1V1 P2V2 V T V T T
n1 + n2 = n1' + n2'  RT  RT  RT   RT 
1 2 1 2
5 6 . U = 2P0V & W = P0V
PV PV (1.5P )V (1.5P )V So Q = W + U = 3P0V = 3P0V 0
   
273 273 R  273 RT
 T = 273 × 3 K = ( 273 × 3 – 273) °C= 546°C 5 7 . When water is heated from 0°C to 4°C, its volume
decreases. 
0°C  4°C 
4 7 . Total translational KE(
)  

3 3  P V is negative ()
= nRT = PV Hence C p – C v < 0  C p < C v
2 2
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5 8 . V  T4  V (PV)4
 P 4V 3 = constant  PV 3/4 = constant  Q 1   U W1 

C 1  T   T T 
R R    1 (W2 > W1)
 C =C v + = 3R + = 3R + 4R = 7R C 2  Q 2   U  W2 
1x 1  3/4  T   T T 
f1 n 1  f2 n 2  f3 n 3 (5n)(3)  (n)(5)  (5n)(6) 50

5 9 . feq =   9. Q = U + W
n1  n 2  n 3 5n  n  5n 11
Q = +ve, as heat is absorbed from the atmosphere

 
6 0 . U = a + bPV = a+bnRT
 U = bnRT = nC vT W=–ve as the volume decrease
 Cv = bR  Cp = bR + R (
)
 U = Q – W = +ve – (–ve) =+ve
C p bR  R b  1
   C  bR  b  Internal energy increases.
v ( )
EXERCISE –II
1 0 . HA = (6 cal/s) × (6 – 2) s
1. All dimensions increase on heating. HB = (6 cal/s) × (6.5 – 4) s
(
) HA 4 8
2
 H  2.5  5
L 1
2L 1 L 1 B
2. DC2 = L22 –  0 = 2L2 L2 –
4 4
1 2 . For insulated chambers ( 
) 
2 L 1 ( 1 L 1 )
 0 = 2L2(2L2) –  1 =42 n1 + n2 = n'1 + n2'
4
(final pressures become equal)
3. A part of liquid will evaporate immediately sucking
latent heat from the bulk of liquid. Hence a part of (
)
liquid will freeze.(
) PV 2P.2V P 5P
  [3V ]  P ' 

RT RT RT 3

) For left chamber (
)
5P 3V
4. Q vap = Q freezing PV = P'V'  V' V'
3 5
m.(L) = M(L)   M = m
For right chamber (
)
L = latent heat of freezing (   
)
m = mass of vapour (
) 4PV= P'V' =
5P
V ' V' 
12V
M = mass of freezed  3 5


 Fraction of water which freezed P2
(
) 13. = constant ( )

M M  RT
   P = p (Ideal gas equation) ( 
)
m  M m  m 1   M
6. Mixture may attain intermediate temperature or P 2 P  RT  R

     PT   = constant
terminal temperatures of fusion or vapourisation.  
 M  M
( The graph of the above process on the P–T

) diagram is hyperbola.
7. Water at 4°C has highest density (P-T
)
(4°C
) For the above process (
)
 P2   P2  P2 P22 P
8. Q1 = U+ W1; Q2 = U + W2           P2  ...(i)
Ratio of specific heats 1 2  / 2 2
(
) and
5
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P (v rms ) A MB MB 1
P1T1 = P2T2  PT = T2  T2 = 2 T ...(ii)    
2 (v rms ) B MA 16M B 4
1 4 . (i) PV2 = C  TV = C mA
If volume expands temperature decreases. No. of mole of A = M
A
(
)
mB mA /2
V3 No. of mole of B = M  M  8n A
(ii) P= KV2  = constant B A / 16
T
Pressure exerted by a gas in the vessel depends on
If volume expands, temperature increases the number of molecules present inside.
(
) (

)
P P 2 0 . Average speed ( 

)
1  2  ....  N N (N  1) N  1
V V vavg =  
2
(i) PV = C
2
(ii) P = KV N 2.N 2
rms speed (
)
Q = U + W
Q2 > Q1 as W2 > W1 & U2 > U1 12  2 2  3 2  ......  N 2
v rms =
N

1 5 . Ideal gas equation ( 
)P  .RT N (N  1)(2N  1) (N  1)(2N  1)
M  
6N 6
For state A (
A
):
0 v rms (N  1)(2N  1) 2 2  2N  1 
P0  R T0      N  1 
M v avg 6 (N  1) 6
For state B (
B)
 3 2RT 8RT 3RT

3P0 = R2T0    0 2 1 . vP = ;v  ;v 
M 2 M M rms M
1 6 . Q = U +W  +Q = U + P0(V2 – V1) 2 2 . Fig A : WA = +ve Fig B : WB =+ve

Fig C : WC = +ve Fig D : WD = –ve
1 1 1 1  In process Fig–(D), heat is released.
 Q = U + P0     U = Q + P0   
 2 1   1 2 
2 3 . Q = U + W and U = nC VT
3RT w 3RT w2 2 U can be zero if T is zero or Q – W is zero
1 7 . vA    vB  v  2 
m 3 2m v 3 (U 
T 
Q – W 
)
3RT 8RT M 3 2 4 . At constant volume, work done by gas is zero.

1 8 . (v rms )L = (v avg) R =  1 
M1 M 2 M2 8 (
)
4KT
1 9 . Average KE per molecule in A & B = 2 5 . For any process () U = nCVT

In adiabatic process (
)
(AB
) 
Q = U + W = 0  U = –W
3RT 3RT For any process ()
(vrms)A = ; (vrms)B =
MA MB
U W Q U P  V 
C =    
n T n T n T n T n  T 
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For Q = 0, C = 0 (adiabatic process)  Heat absorbed (

)
()
9 11
2 6 . Slope of isothermal process (  
) = RT0 + RT0 = RT0
2 2
P P
m1 = 
V V 3 2 . CP – CV = R; M (0.20 – 0.15) = 2 [M = molar mass]
Slope of adiabatic process (  
) 2
 M = = 40 g
0.05
P P CP
m2 =  = – m1 = C m1
V V v CP 0.2 4 2
  1
CV 0.15 3 f
2 7 . WAB = (2V0 – V0)P0 = P0V0
 f = degrees of freedom (  
) = 6
[Isobaric process] [ ]
V0 3 3 . For constant pressure process Q

W BC = nR (2T0 ) n = 2P 0V 0.n2 (Q)
2V0
= nCPT = 30nC P
[Isothermal process] [ ]
For constant volume process Q
3 ( Q)
Q AB 2 P0 V0  P0 V0 5
   5 
WBC 2P0 V0 .n2 4 n2 = nCVT = n  C P  T  T = 42°C = 42K
7
2 8 . PV = C; n P + nV = nC nR(T1  T2 )

3 4 . W adiabatic =  6R
 nP = – nV + nC  y = mx + c  1
[2.10  2.38]
 m = –  = –  1.4 1  R (T1  T2 )
(1.30  1.10)   6R  T2 = (T – 4)K
5 / 3 1
 The gas is diatomic (
)
3 5 . Ans. (C)
2 9 . W OBC = W ODA UCA = nCV(TA – T C)
 Net work done (
)
3
= WOBC – WODC = 0 = 1× R× (300 – 450) = ( –225 R)
2
kx 0
3 0 . Final pressure ( 
) UAB = nCV(TB – TA)
S
3
Workdone by gas = P.E. stored in spring = 1/2kx02 = 1 × R × (600 – 300) = +450 R
2
(
=
) 
UBC = nCv(TC – T B)
Change in internal energy 

3
2
U = |–W|= 1/2 kx 0 = 1 × R × (450 – 600) = – 225R
As gas expands, T is negative. 2
(
T 
) U ABCA = U CA + U AB + U BC = 0
3 1 . Work done = Area of ABC with V–axis T

36. A
(
=V-
ABC
) P0
P (V,P)
= P0(2V0 –V0) + 0 = P0V0 = nRT0 = RT0
P0 B
Change in internal energy = nC VT 2
(
) V0 V 2V0(Let) V0 2V0
V
3 9 Let V 0 = initial volume = 2V 0 = final volume

= 1 R   4 T0  T0   RT0
2 2
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(
V0 = 
= 2V0 =  4 1 . Ans. (A)
V = volume of any state For body A (
A) P = AT4
(V= P
 100    300 4
P P /2
0 0 0 P P /2 A
then 2V  V  2V  V
0 0 For body B (
B)
 3P P  P
0 0
 nRT = PV = V  2  2V V   ( T 4 )  = (1–0.5 – 0.3) × [ × 3004]
 0  A
 T–V curve is a parabola with vertex above. = 0.2 × 100 = 20 W/m2
(T-V
)
Hence temperature first increases then decreases. 4 2 . From Stefan's law of cooling :
(
) (
)
 dT 
3 7 . Work done in process 1–3 is greater than that in eA(T4 – T04) = ms   
dt
process 1–2. While change in internal energy is same
for both processes  Q 2 > Q 1.  1 × 5.8 × 10–8 ×  × (0.08)2 × (5004 – 3004)
(1-3
1–2  dT   dT 
= 10 × 90 × 4.2 ×        =0.067°
 C/s
dt dt
) 4 3 . For surface areas to be same
(
)
38. Intensity in first case (
)
a 2
P1 AT14 Ssphere= S cube  4 R 2  6a 2   (  1)
I1 = 4 R 2  R 3
4 d 12
Volume ratio (
1
)
Intensity in second case (
)
4
P2 AT24 Vsphere R 3 2R 6
I2    3   (  1)
4 R 22 4 d 22 Vcube a 3 a 
AT14 AT24
2  (Mass of water in sphere) > (Mass of water in cube)
d 2  T2 
Given I1 = I2  4 d 2  4 d 2  
d1  T1  (
>
)
1 2
Energy host by radiation depends on the surface
area. Hence initial rate of energy loss by the two
 dT  area equal. But mass of water inside the sphere is
3 9 . For sphere (
) kA     P greater, hence it will cool slowly.
dr
(
T r2
 k  (  dT)  
dr.P
 k  dT 
dr.P
 4 r 2

A 0 rr
1 

)
P  r2  r1  kT
 kT   2
4   r1 r2   t = (r2 – r1) P 4R
4 4 . For same rate of heat transfer the body having higher
conductivity will have lower temperature difference.
4 0 . For black body 
 If cylinder with higher conductivity is connected with
hot reservoir first then the function temperature T b,
0 will be closer to hot reservoir temperature.
0T = T '  T1 = 2 T
2 (
P AT 4 1 
   P'T' = (16P) (2T) = 32PT
P  AT '4 16 
Tb

)
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4 5 . Newton's law of cooling implies that rate of cooling is

5R
proportional to temperature difference if the 4 9 . For the cube, net resistance =
6
(
temperature difference between body and
)
surrounding is small. ( 
(Where R = thermal resistance of each side)

(
R=
)

)
Then, 100  0
H
5R / 6
 d 
  dt  = tan2  (2 – 0) and For side A (
A
2
 d  tan 2  2  0  H 100   A   = 60°C

 dt  = tan1 (1 – 0)    A
1 tan 1  1  0  3 R
4 6 . From newton's law of cooling. 5 0 . Heat current flow rate is uniform everywhere.
(
) (
)
 dT 
A(T4 – T04) = ms   
dt 5 1 . Heat lost (
)
4 3  dT  = A (T4 – T04) = –4r2(T04 – T4)
 .4r2[(T0 + T)4 – T04] =  r c   
3 dt
d(mL ) dv dr
  L  L 4 r 2
 12 T03  dT dt dt dt
 (T – T0) = 
 Pr c  dt
dr
t T  –4r2 (T04 – T4) = L4r2
dT dt
 K(T – T0)dt = – dT  k  dt    (T  T )
0 T1 0  radius decreases with time
12 T03 (
)
 T = T0 + (T1 – T0)e–kt where K =
r c
5 2 . TP = 50°C; T Q = 45°C
 Heat will flow from P to Q.
 dT       dT  
4 7 . KA     Q    A     Q
dx T dx ( PQ
)
 
T2 2 T x
dT Q dT Q 5 3 . For same power of radiation
   dx ....(i) &  
A 0
  dx ...(ii)
T1
T A 0 T1
T (
)
  
   PA = PB = PC  eAATA4 = eBA TB4 = eCATC4
T  Q T  Q
 n  1     L and n  1    x 1 1
 T2   A   T   A  & ATA = BTB =CTC (eA : eB : eC = 1 : : )
    2 4
x/L
 T2   TA .TC  TB or e A TA e C TC  e B TB &  A . C   B
 T = T1  
 T1 
T1  T2 T  T2 R 1 KA 1 3
48. H  and 2H = 1 R' 54. R  ;R'   R
R R' 2 KA KA 4L KA KA 4
 
(where R & R' are thermal resistances). L /2 L /2 3L / 4 L / 4
(
R R'
)
T A B A C
1 1 HI   1.2W C
R R' R B
L 3L kA k ' A
 
kA kA 3L 3L
T 4 T 4
7k HII =  =  1.2  1.6 W
 k' = (k' = cond. of ADB wire). 3R / 4 3 R 3
3
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
KA (4  0) 3KA (0  4)  100  0 
55. Q    x = 7.5 m 6 1 . Fig A : 20  4 ...(i)
10  x x  L L 
  
–4°C kA kA 
ICE X 3K
0°C  kA kA 
Fig A : 20 = Q = (100 – )   t ...(ii)
WATER (10–X) K  L L 
+4°C 4/2
5 7 . Rate of cooling (
) Equation (i) (ii) 1 =
2/t
t = 1 min.
 d 
T 03T
= ms    = 4AT
 dt   TA  TB TA  TB k .k
62. Q    k3  1 2
L L L k1  k 2
 4A × T03 (50 – 20) = 10 
k3 A k1 A k 2 A
 d   0.2 
and 4A × T03(35 – 20) = ms    = ms 
dt 60   T2  T1 KA (T2  T1 )  KA (T2  T1 ) 
63. Q=   f
x 4x 3x  x 

60  15  10  KA 2K.A
 ms =  = 1500 J/°C
0.2  30  then f = 1/3
6 4 . For an elemental spherical shells,

5 8 . For a grey body 

(
)
 + r + t = 1 if  = 0.4, r = 0.6
r2 T2
then t = 1–0.4 – 0.6 = 0.   dT   dr
Q = K4r   dr   Q r  4 K  dT
2
2
The body is opaque (
) r1 T1
 r r 
 Q  2 1  = 4K(T –T )     r1 .r2 
 r1 r2  1 2 Q  r  r 
5 9 . Wien's displacement law.(  
)  2 1
1T1 = 2T2 = b = 2.8 × 10–3 km 6 5 . P = P0 – aV2

 3000 × 1 = T2 × (2)  3 × 10–3 km From ideal gas equation (
)
 1 = 1 m & [2– 1] = 9 m PV = nRT
 2 = 10 m
 T2 = 300 K  RT = (P0 – aV2)V (n=1)

6 0 . (i) Q = K 1 A (   25)  K 2 A (25  )  P0 V  aV 3  dT  P0  3aV 2 
T=    dV  0   
t1 t2  R  R 
KA (   25) KA (25  ) P0 d2 T 6aV

    = –5°C  V and  (< 0)
2 3 3a dV 2 R
–25°C Q +25°C
(P0  aV 2 )V 2P0 P0
 Tmax = 
t1=2 t2=3 R 3R 3a
6 6 . Let x= percentage of water solidified

K1 K2
then heat lost = Heat gained
(
x=
 =)
(ii) Q = K 1 A (   25)  K 2 A (25  )
 x × 3.36 × 105 = (100 – x) × 21 × 105
t1 t2
100
 x  86.2%
2A (   25) 3A (25  ) 1.16
    = 0°C
2 3
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6 7 . Q1 + 36 = Q 2 7 2 . At 30° true length is given by (30° 

)
KA (100  ) KA (   4) Q1 Q2 = SR (1+zinc T)
  36  =100 (1+26 × 10 –6× 30) =100.078 cm
L L
  = 76°C At 0°, True length is given by (0° 
)
SR 1   zinc T  00.078
6 8 . He and Ne are monatomic gas. = 
(He Ne
)
1   glass T  1  8  10 6  30 
=100.054 cm
Vf
6 9 . Q = W = nRT n V
i
7 3 . Tensile Stress ( )
Q 1500   
T  = (Ysteel)    YS   b   S  T
nR nVf / Vi 0.5  25 / 3  n3 
1500 = 200 × 109 (0.8 × 10–5) (200) = 3.2 × 108 Nm–2
  360K = 0.32 GNm –2
0.5  25 / 3  1
7 0 . Area under the curve is equal to number of molecules V V 0    3   t

74.  = A  A0
of the gas sample. 0
(
7 5 . Required heat Available heat

) 10 g ice (0 0
C) 5 g steam (100 0C)
800 cal  2700 cal
1 10 g water (0 0
C) 5 g water (100 0 C)
Hence N = a V0  aV0 = 2N
2  1000 cal
 V 10 g water (100 0 )
1 1 0  a  2 So available heat is more than required heat
Vavg =  vN(V )dV   C.  V dV  V0
N0 N 0  V0  3 therefore final temperature will be 100 0C.
(
Vavg 2
  100°C 
)
V0 3
Mass of vapour condensed (   
)
 v0
2 1 1 2
 a  V02 800  1000 10
Vrms V 2 N(V )dV  V  V V  dV  2
N 0
 = = g
N 0 0 540 3
Total mass of water (   
)
Vrms 1
 
V0 2 10 40 1
= 10+ = =13 g
3 3 3
Area under the curve from 0.5 V0 to V0 is 3/4 of
total area (0.5 V0V0 Total mass of steam (   
)

3/4
) 10 5 2
= 5 – = = 1 g
3 3 3
7 1 . Length (
)
   0 1  T  =  0 (1+20) 76. At normal temperature (   
)
Area () C v=
f
R =
5
R
A=A 0 (1+T) = 6 0 2 (1+40) 2 2
Volume () At any temperature (  ) 
V=V 0 (1+T) =  0 3 (1+3T)= 0 3 (1+60)
f  f
Density  C p – C v=   1 –
2 
R=R
2
=
0

0 from process ( ) T = k 1V 2
1  T 1  60  and
ideal gas equation (  
) PV = nRT
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we have PV –1 = constant   x = –1
EXERCISE –III
R R R
 C = Cv + =C v + =C v + Tr u e / Fa l s e
1x 1 1 2
At normal temperature (   
) 3RT
1 . vrms = (False)
Mw
5 R
C= R+ = 3R
2 2
3RT 3R (2T ) 3RT
2. v rms= , v 'rms  2
P V Mw Mw /2 M w =2v rms(False)
7 7 . PV 2 = constant  PV –2   2
P V
 Bulk modulus ( ) 3 . Cp – Cv = R  Cp > Cv (Ans  True)
P 4 . Energy radiated per second = AT 4

K =  2P

V () 
V
2 4
Q 1  1   4000   1 
1     (16)  1 (Ans  F)
As PV = nRT So K  and K  T 2 Q 2  4   2000   16 
V2
5 . (PE)rared > (PE)compressed (Ans – True)

n Cp  n 2 Cp 2  n 3 Cp 3
7 8 . C Pmix = 1 1
n1  n 2  n 3 6 . Equal volume at NTP contains equal molecules.
(NTP
)
7  5  7 . Higher temperature means higher internal energy
(4)  R   2  R   1(4R )

2  2 

16
R (
) 
4  2 1 7
Match the column
R 3 R
7 9 . C= C V + = R + < 0
1 . When A & B are mixed ( AB
1x 2 1x
)
5  3x 100
 < 0  1 < x < 1.67 ms (T – 20) = (2m) s (40 – T)  T = = 33.3°C
1x 3
When A & C are mixed ( AC)
ms(T – 20) = (3m) s (60–T)  T = 50°C
When B & C are mixed ( BC)
(2m) s (T –40) = (3m) s (60 –T)  T = 52°C
When A, B & C are mixed ( A,B C
)
ms (T –20) + (2m)s(T–40) = (3m) s (60–T)  T=46.67°C
2 . Isobaric process  

 P = constant ( )
Isothermal process  
 T = constant  
 U=0U=constant (  )
Isoentropy process 

Q
 S = =0  Q=0
T
No heat exchange (
)
Isochoric process  
 V = constant ( )  dW = PdV = 0
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7 . Initially rate of heat flow will be maximum at A and


3 . Let RBC = R then RAB = RAC = 2R as R = minimum at B as there is no temperature difference
kA across section B.
100  TB TB  0 (A
B
  TB = 67.7°C
2R R 
B
 Q   Q   Q  2  Q  
)
 t    t  and  t   3  t 
AB BC AB AC dQ
In steady state will be same.
dt
4 . For(A) dQ
(

)
1 2 2 dt
as PV = mNv2rms = E so in P = E,
3 3 3 dQ dT
E is transtational kinetic energy of unit volume. In steady state  KA = same
dt dx
(E ) 
For (B): dT  dT  1  dT 
& 0     
In U = 3RT, U is not internal energy of one mole as dt  dx  A  dx 
for monoatomic gas U = 3/2 nRT (U will be maximum at B & minimum at A

) (B
A
)
For (C) : Q
8. As Q = nCdT and dT =
In W= P(Vf – Vi); w is work done in isobaric process. nC
(w
) Therefore molar heat constant C is the determining
For (D) : factor for rate of change of temperature of a gas as
In U = nCvT heat is supplied to it. It is minimum for isochoric process
U is change in internal energy for every process. 3 

(U
) of a monoatomic gas  C V  R  , resulting in greatest
2
5 . From given V–T graph we cannot tell the nature of  dT 

slope   i.e. curve 1.
gas ( V-T
) Q
nR (
C,
slope of V–T graph (V-T  
)=
P 
 nR   nR   n  n  3 
From graph  P    P    P    P  
 C V  R
2 

A B A B
 dT 
nA PA
 Cannot say anything about n & P 
 Q  
B B

1)
RT
6 . Isothermal bulk modulus = P = For isobaric process of monoatomic gas and isochoric
V
(
) process of diatomic gas, their heat capacities are same
5RT 5 
Adiabalic bulk modulus = P=  2 R  , therefore both are represented by curve 2.
3V
(
) 7
For isobaric process of diatomic gas C P R that is
Slope of PV graph in isothermal process 2
represented by curve 3.Q axis represent isothermal
P RT
(
PV=– =– 2 process and T axis represent adiabatic process.
V V
(
Slope of P–V graph in adiabatic process
5 
(
PV
) =–
P

5P 
 2 R  
V 3V
13
JEE-Physics

2No heat current flows through rod CD
7 (
CD
)

C P  R  3
2 R R 2R
Q
T So B E B E
2R/3
B E

) R/2 R/2 R
4 V0
4 V0 For (B)
2VdV =  V  V0  15 V0 = 15 units
2 2
9. W   PdV  
V0
R 2R/3 R/2
F A
13R/6
F
A B E
From PV = nRT, 2V = nRT 2 For (C)
Total heat current form A to F,
 2  V22  V12   nR  T   nRT = 30V 02
(AF
)
2 2
nR 30V 30 1  30
U  nC V T  T  =
0
= 5  100  0 600
 1  1 7 / 5 1 2 I= 
13 13R
= 75 units R
6
Q = 75 + 15 = 90 units
Let temperature of B be T B then
Molar heat capacity ( 
 ) :
(
BTB
)
R 5 R 5 R
C= C V + = R+   = R   3R 100  TB 600 700
1x 2 1  1 2 2 I   TB = C
R 13R 13
25 For (D)
= 3 × = 25 units
3 As heat current is inversely proportional to heat
 resistance.
1 0 . P = M RT
W
(
)
So heat current in BD (BD
)
For (A) :
For AB P  V  T  V2  T  –2  2R   2
= I I
For BC V = constant   = constant  R  2R  3
For CA P = constant  T = constant
For (B) TB  TD 2 2  600 
  I 
R /2 3 3  13R 
For AB P  T   = constant
For BC T = constant  P 700 200 500
 TD    C
For CA P = constant  T = constant 13 13 13
For (C)
For AB P = constant  T = constant Comprehension Based Questions
For BC T = constant  P
Comprehension#1
For CA V = constant   = constant
1 , 2 Let heat is supplied at a rate of k1cal/min then
For (D)
(
k1 cal/min
)
For AB  T  P T2
k1 × 1 = m(0.5)1
For BC T = constant  P
k1 × 4 = m(80) k1 × 2 = m(1) (2)
For A  = constant P   k1 = 20 m  1= 40°C, 2 = 40°C
Therefore initial temperature = –40°C
C
(
1 1 . For (A)
R R )
R R/2
Ry 




R A B
R
E F Final temperature ( 
) = +40°C
K Y A 2K X A 2 R/2 R/2
D
14
JEE-Physics
Comprehension#2
0  1
1 . P  V  PV–1 = constant x = –1 T   0  2  1   L T  T 
 L 
1    T 2 L
R 5R R
 C = C v+   =3R 1
2 2 2  Temperature= T+
L
2 . Q = nCT = n(3R)T = n(3R)(3T) = 9nRT = 9P1V1
Comprehension#5
Comprehension#3
1 . Since P is constant = 1 atm, heat added will cause 1 . On increasing temperature (giving heat), U increases.
temperature rise.From the phase diagram, A will Now ravg increases for A while decreases for B.
sublime while B will first melt and then boils. (
, U
A 
(
P
=1 atm, A ravg
B
ravg

B
)
2. The equilibrium remain unchanged but average
2 . From the phase diagram, at 2 atm & 220 K, A is gas distance increases.
& B is solid.(
2 atm220 KA (
)

B
)
3 . We have ravg   1.0003  0.9999  r0
Comprehension#4  2 
(from equilibrium position) ( 
) 
1 . Let M be the mass of solid (
M
)
r
1M   T    2  10 5 / K
 Volume displaced ( ) = 2  
r0
s
M Comprehension#6
Thrust force (
)= L  2 g  Mg  L = 2S
s
2 . Ans. (D)
2 . If Liq > solid Also L Vg = Mg Q 1  4200  2
= J / sec = 420W
As T , L, so V displaced  t 20
 T , L, V 
Fraction of solid submerged should increased.
d 2 1
(
) 3.   K  TS  TL    K  40   K 
dt 20 400
3 . If fraction of solid submerged doesn't change, then 40 t
d 40 1
(
) 60 20    K 0 dt ; n 20   60   400 t
0 V0 1  3 T 
 constant   liq  3  S  20  1
1   Liq T   n     t  t  277 s
 40 
400
4 . If h doesn't change (h

)
Comprehension#7
V = Ah  L=2S
1 . As Q = nACvAT = nBCvBT  nACvA = nBC vB
5 . If volume change in solid is zero.
But volume is constant (
)
(
)
So  PAVA = nART & PBVB = nBRT
Let at T', solid sinks (
T
)
n A PA 2.5 5 C vB 5 5 / 2R
V
g  V S g  Initially    n  P  1.5  3  C  3  3 / 2R
 0 B B vA
2
 Gas B is diatomic & gas A is monoatomic
0
Finally (
) TVg  = VSg= (
B
A)
2
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5 125 5  60  C Pm ix
2 . As nA = nB so    mix   1.56
3 MA 3  M B  C Vmix
 5 MB = 4MA  Gas A = Ar , gas B = O2
4 . Internal energy ( 
) He = 100 J
Internal energy ( 
) H = 200 J
3 . Number of molecules in A (A
)
while mixing, they don't interact
= n ANA =
125
N A  3.125N A (
)
40
Internal energy of mix (
)
125 3 = (100 + 200) J = 300 J
4 . U=nC V T =   2  300  2812.5 cal
40 2 Comprehension#10
Comprehension#8 Q 1 T1 T   300 
1.   Q1   1  Q 2   (80)  87.9kcal
1 . At temperature above 4°C, temperature of water Q 2 T2  T2   273 
above is less as compared to below as water is heated
by radiation of longer wavelength. (4°C    
2 . W = Q – Q 2 = 87.9 – 80 = 7.9 kcal = 33.18 kJ
1

)
3.  
T2

273
 10.1
T1  T2 27
2 . At temperature below 4°C, temperature above is less
as compared to below & thus water remain is it is Comprehension#11
due to higher volume at the upper surface.
(4°C
1 . Change is entropy  
Q
S 
=
T

)
 Unit of entropy ()=
JK
–1
Ldm T  kA
3.  , dm  Adx 2 . When milk is heated, its entropy increases as it is
dt x
irreversible process. (
 L Adx TkA x2
dt

x
 L
2
 Tk  t 
)
Thickness, x  t1/2
3 . After a long time disorder is increased.
4. Transition of ice starts from the top & decreases below (
)
to the bottom.
(
) Comprehension#12
1 . Stress developed at junction are same

Comprehension#9
(
)
n M  n 2 M 2 5  4  2  2 24
1. M mix  1 1   Y111T = Y222T  Y111 = Y22 2
n1  n 2 7 7 g
5 3 2 . As cross sectional area is same & equal and opposite

 2R   5R f force acting on both rods.
2. C Vmix  2 2  mi x R  fmix  3.57
7 2 (
5 3 7 5

)
 2R   5R  2R   5R So F/A= same.
3. C V mix  2 2 , CP  2 2
7 mix
7
3 . Let shifting in junction be x towards right then
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(
x
) EXERCISE –IV A
    1 1 T  x      T  x 21
    ,   2 2 1. h2 =L22 – = constant
1 1   2 2 4
2 h 2
2L 1 L 1
       2L2 L2 – =0
But Y1     Y2    1 4
1 2   4L2 (L22) =L 1(L 1 1)
 1  2 (Y1 1  Y2  2 ) T  4L22  2  L21 1

So x = Y1  2  Y2  1 2 . Here:
Comprehension#13  d
 R  2   = L(1+ 1) ...(i)
1 . QBC = 0  UBC =–W BC =–400 J

 d d/2
 R  2   = L (1+2)...(ii)
2 . For complete cycle (
) Q =W d/2

 QAB + QBC + QCA = WAB + WBC + WCA     2   R
d 1   1 T
 700 + 0 +(–100) = 700 + 400 + W CA   2  
R 
 WCA = –500 J (1  2 ) T
W net 600 600  1   2 

3.  = Q  100   100   85.71%
700 7 Since   T  1
input 2 
d d
Comprehension#14 = (   ) T  (    )(t  t )
1 1 2 2 1
1 . 450 = m(0.5) (150)  m = 6g

Temperature difference
3 . (i) Thermal current =
RH
Q 800  450 350 175
2. L =    cal/g
m 6 6 3 
(
= RH )
Q 200 10
3. s =   cal/g°C
m T 6(240  150) 27 1 K A
where R = 1
K A
+ 2 =
bK 1  K2 a2 g
H   a
Comprehension#15 = (60 + 40)(3 × 10 –2) = 3 WK –1
T1  T2  Thermal current ( )
1.   0.5  T1  560K = 80 × 3 = 240 W
T1
(ii) Ratio of thermal currents (
)
T1  T2 T1 ' 280 2800
  H Cu K Cu 60
' = 0.7 = T1 T1 3 H Al = K Al = 40 = 1.5
1120
 T1' – T1= 4 . In steady state rate of flow of heat in the whole system
3
will be same.
T1  T2 600  300 (
)
2 . max =  100   100  50%
T1 600
KA(200  1 ) 2KA(1  2 ) 1.5 KA (2  18 )
= =
  
 200 – 1 = 2 1 – 22 & 2 1 – 22 = 1.5 2 – 27
T2 1 T2 1 1000
3 .  = 1 – T  6 '=1– T  100  3  T2  3 K   1 = 116°C,  2 = 74°C
1 1
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9 . By using Wien's displacement law

 1  2  t  mL 
5 . Q = KA m × 335 × 10 3
(
)

3
b 2.89  10
0.54  45  6  60  60 T=  = =1927 K
= 0.01 × m = 0.261 kg 1.5  10 6
5  10 2 m
Therefore mass of ice left in the box after 6 hours

(6
) 1 0 . (i)  P A = P B
= (4 – 0.261) kg = 3.739 kg  e A A A T A4 = e B A BT B4
Fe I F 0.01 IJ
1
1/ 4
T = G J =G
4
H 0.81 K
A
6.
K1 K2 K3
B
He K B
TA 5802=1934K
10°C +20°C (ii) According to Wein's displacement law



FG 5802 IJ  
Power required ( )  AT A =  BT B   B= H 1934 K A B
= 3 A
K eq A  T1  T2  B
= Also B–A = 1 m  B– =1m  B = 1.5 m
 3
  A  T1  T2  
1 2 . Let m = mass of steam required per hour
= 
1 2 3    (
m=
)
 K  K  K    
1 2 3 Heat needed (  )
= (10 × 1000 kg) × (1cal/g) × (80–20)
A  T1  T2  = 60 × 10 4 cal/hour
=
1  2  3 Heat supplied ( 
)
 
k1 k 2 k 3 = m × 1 × (150–100) + m × 540 + m × 1× (100 – 90)
Heat needed = Heat supplied
137 30  ( =
)
= = 9000 W
 2.5 1 25  2
 0.125  1.5  1   10
4
 60 × 10 = 600 m = 1000 gm = 1 kg
1 3 . Heat needed to bring ice to freezing point

Q KA 20  10  2KA 10  
7. = same So = (
) 
t  
= 10 × 0.2 × 20 + 200 × 0.5 × 20
2 =10 = 5°C
= 40+2000 = 2040 cal
8 . (i) Temperature gradient ( 

) 2040
Time taken to reach 0°C = s = 20.4 s
100
T1  T2 100  0
=

=
1
=100°C/m (0°C
)
(ii) Steady state temperature of element dx : Heat needed to melt ice

dx (
) 
T = 100 (1–x) =2040 + 200 × 80 =18040 cal
Heat absorbed by the element to reach steady state
temp
(
) 
dQ = (dm)s T =  dx  s  T  0 
29.50
 dQ = 20 [100 (1–x)] dx
time
180.4
20.4
240
Total heat absorbed by the rod

( 
–20
)
1
Q =  dQ  2000  1  x  dx =1000 J Time taken to melt ice (

)
0
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1 7 . (i) At triple point (temperature = –56.6°C) &

18040
= = 180.4 sec pressure = 5.11 atm), the solid, the liquid & the
100 vapour phases of CO2 co–exist.
Heat taken in 4 min (4
)  (    
= –56.6°C)  = 5.11
= 100 × 4 × 60 = 24,000 cal 
, CO2
Let 


)
 = final temperature then (  
) (ii) Fusion point & boiling point both decrease on
heat lost = heat gained ( = ) decreasing pressure.
18040 + 10 × 0.2 ×  + 200 × 1 × (–0) = 24,000 ()
(iii) Critical temperature is 31.1°C and critical
24000  18040
  = = 29.50°C pressure is 73.0 atm. On temperature higher
202 than critical temperature it can't be liquified.
(  
31.1 °C    
73.0
1 4 . When A & B are mixed ( A B
)

12°C 19°C 28°C 
)
A B C (iv) (A) Vapour (B) Solid (C) liquid
(A)(B)
(C)
16°C 23°C
1 8 . No. of moles (initially) = No. of moles (finally)
=?
(
) =
76  V0 76  V0 PV0 PV0
mSA12 + m SB19 = m(SA + SB)16 3SB = 4SA ...(i)   
273 273 273 335
When B & C are mixed ( B C
)  P = 83.83 cm of Hg
mSB19 + mSC28 = m(SB + S C)23 4S B = 5SC ...(ii)
when A & C are mixed ( AC
) 1 9 . P" = P' + 5 cos 60° = (P' + 2.5) cm of Hg
mS A12 + mSC28 = m(SA+S C)   = 20.3°C
P’ 46cm
3 1 2
1 5 . Heat lost (
) =  mv  P P 60°
4 2
P” 44.5cm
5cm
Heat gained ( ) = ms(327–27) + mL
 As heat lost = Heat gained (= ) For constant temperature process :
(
)
3 1 2
So  mv  = ms × 300 + m × L
4 2  46  44.5 
P ×   = P' × 46 = (P' + 2.5) (44.5)
2
3 2
 v = 0.03 × 1000 × 4.2 × 300 + 6× 1000× 4.2
8 44.5  2.5
 P' = & P = 75.4 cm of Hg
 v = 12.96 m/s 1.5
16. Heat gained = Heat lost (  = 

) 2 0 . Let m = mass of neon gas then
(
m=
)
100gm m gm
water steam  m 28  m 
n =    from PV = nRT
24°C 10°C 20 40 
90°C  m 28  m 
 10 5 × 0.2 =    × 8.314 × 300
100× 1× (90–24) = m× 540+m×1× (100–90) 20 40 
 m = 12 g mNe = 4.074 g; m Argon = 23.926 g
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2 1 . No. of moles withdrawn (

) 
)
m 1
= n1 – n2 = So MV 02 = nC vT
M 2
 P1 V1 P2 V2  2nC v T 2C v T
 m= M(n1 – n2) = M  RT  RT   V 0=  = 36 ms –1
 1 2  M Mw
 15  10 5  30  10 3 11  10 5  30  10 3 
 32    2 5 . For gas trapped in the tube (
)
 300  8.314 290  8.314 
=0.139 kg P1V1 = P 2V2 = P 3V 3
 (76–h) A =(76–hcos60°) A'= 76 × A
2 2 . (i) Dotted lines correspond to ideal gas
 66 × 40 = 71 × ' = 76 × "
(
)
 = 37.2 cm & " = 34.7 cm
(ii) T1 > T2
(On high temp. real gas behaves as ideal gas)
(
60°

)
 h 
3

(iii) PV  m .R  10 3 × 8.314 = 0.26 J/K h
T M 32  10 h
P
R R 5 3 nRTA 2R  300
23. = 0.4  CP =  R  Cv = CP – R = R 2 6 . VA = V 0 =   300R A B
CP 0.4 2 2 PA 2
(i) Atomicity = Monatomic, nRTB 2R  400 4 D C

V
VB =   400R  V0
(
=
V0
PB 2 3
Degree of freedom = 3

=3) VC =
nRTC 2R  400
 = 800 R =
8
V
PC 1 3 0
3 CP 5
(ii) Cv = R   C  3 nRTD 2R  300
2 V 
VD = PD 1 = 600 R = 2V 0
(iii) Mean gram–molecular kinetic energy
(
) For cyclic process ()
3 U = 0, Q = W
= R× 300 = 450 R
2 2V0
 4V   10 5
WAB = PA (VB –VA)  2  0  V0   10 5 

 3  3
2 4 . (i) Let n = number of collisions per second per unit
area, ( 

n = 4 V0 8 V0
W =PBC B
V B n2 =2 × 10 5 × n2  n2 × 10 5
3 3
)
change in momentum (  

)  8 V0  2V
W CD = P C (V D–V C) =10 5  2V0     0  10 5
= 2mv 3  3
 Pressure exerted on wall (
) WDA = –PDV D. n2 = – 105 × 2 × n2

= n (2mv) = P 0  W = WAB + WBC + WCD + WDA = 1152 J
 (i)  Q = 1152 J (ii) W = 1152 J (iii) U = 0
n  2  32  10 3 3  8.3  300
 23
  10 5 PV
6.02  10 0.032
2 7 . (i) P1V1=nRT1 and P2V2= nRT2

 n = 1.95 × 1027 2
(ii) If vessel is suddenly stopped then KE will utilized in 1
increase in temperature. (     
V
20
JEE-Physics
 P 2V 2 > P 1 V 1
PA VA 5  10 4  10
 nRT2 > nRT1 T2 > T1 2 8 . (i) TA =   120.3 K
nR  2000 
For same volume, P1V = nRT1  4   8.314
 T1 < T2 & P2V = nRT2
 P1 < P2 PB VB P(104N/m)
2
TB = = 2TA = 240.6° K
nR
10 B C
(ii) P 2V 2=P 1V 1=2PV=P2V  T 1 = T 2 P V
TC = C C = 2T B = 481.3° K
For state 3: P nR 5 A D
10 20m3 V
Let V3 = 3V/2 2
2P PD VD
P3 = 3P/2 then 3
TD = = T B = 240.6°K
nR
P 1 (ii) No. we can not predict the direction of reaction.
3P 3V 9
P3 V 3 =  PV
2 2 4 (
)
V 2V V
 T3 > T2 & T3 > T1 (iii) Process ABC :
W = PV = 10 × 104 × ( 20 – 10) = 106 J
P C
(iii) P = mT + C   m P
T 2  2000   3R 
U = nCVT =  × (TC – TA)
4   2 
1
 P1  C   P2  C 
   = 2.25 × 106 J Q = 3.25 × 106 J
 T1   T2 
T Process ADC 
From ideal gas equation W = 5 × 104 × (20 –10) = 0.5 × 106 J
(
) U = nCV (T C–T A) = 2.25 × 106 J
 Q = 2.75 × 106J
P1 V1 P2 V2 PV T P C
  1 1  1  1
T1 T2 P2 V2 T2  P2  C  2 9 . (i) WAC < W ABC (Area under PV–graph gives work)
(PV
)
 C (ii) U A = 1 0 J
 1 
V  P1
Q AC= 200 J P
 1  < 1  V1 < V 2
V2  C B C
1
 1  P  WAC= × (6–2) × (15 + 5)
15
2 2
10
4  20 5 A
v
V1  C V2  C = =40 J V
(iv) V = mT–C ; T  2
2 2 4 6
1 T2
1
 Q = U+ W 200 = (UC – 10) + 40
then P1V1 = nRT1  UC = 200 + 10 – 40 = 210 – 40 = 170 J
(iii) QAB = UAB + WAB= (UB – UA) + WA B

P1 V1 nRT1 T
P2V2 = nRT2 P V  nRT = (20– 10) + 0= 10 J
2 2 2
P
3 0 . (i) Work done by gas
8× 10 5
N/m 2
P1 T1 V2  V1  C   V2 
 P  T  V  (
)
 V1   V2  C 
4× 10 5
N/m 2
2 2 1
1
= (4+8) × 10 5 × (0.5–0.2) V
P1  2 0.2 0.5m
3
C 1
 1   1  P > P
P2  V1   C 1 2 = 1.8 × 105 J
 1  V  (ii) Increase in internal energy
2
(
)
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JEE-Physics

n R (T2  T1 ) P V  P1 V1  VB  P 3
U = nCV T =  2 2   A 

 1  1 PA V = PBVB  
A  VA  PB 2
(8  0.5  4  0.2)  10 5 For Process C  D (CD )

 = 4.8 × 10 5 J
5 
P C V C = P DV D 
1
3
 
 VC  V  3 P 3
 B   D  P =
(iii) Amount of heat supplied (
)   
 VD   VA  2 PC D
P
2 C
Q =U + W = 6.6 × 105 J
At end points A and D (
AD 

(iv) Molar specific heat of the gas
(
)   3PC 
PA PD 3P  
 T T  C
 2  TD = 500 K
Q 6.6  10 5  R A D 1000 TD
= = (P V  P V ) = 17.1 J/mole–K
n T 2 2 1 1
3 2 . (i) For adiabatic process (

)
3 1 . Given that P A T 1V 1–1 = T 2.V 2–1
TA = 1000 K n=1  300 V 5/3–1 = T 2.(2V)5/3–1 T 2 = 189 K
B
 2 (ii) Change in internal energy (

)
D
PB =   PA,  = 5/3
3 C 3
V U = nCVT= n R(T 2 – T 1)
2
2/5
1 2
PC =   PA,    0.85 3
3 3 = 2 × × 8.314 × (189–300) = –2767 J
2
For process AB (AB )
(iii) Work done by gas (
)
1   1  
PA T P
A B TB P1 V1  P2 V2 n R (T1  T2 )
= = = 2767 J
1
 1  1
2 / 5
P    3
TB = TA  A  =1000 ×  
 PB  2 P
3 3 . (i) A (ii)
P0
= 1000 × 0.85 = 850 k
For Process B  C (BC )
P0/2 C B
PB PC  PC  1 V0 2V0 V
  T = T  P  = 850 × = 425 K
TB TC C B
B 2
(iii) Work done by gas (
)
n R ( TA  TB )
(i) WA  B =
 1 VB
WAB = nR(TA) n V = 3RTAn2
A
1  8.314  (1000  850)

 = 1870.2 J P0
5  WBC = (V – 2V0)
  1 2 0
3
(ii) Q BC = U BC + W BC= nC VT + 0 P0 V 0  n R TA 3

=–  =– RTA
2 2 2
3 3 W CA = 0
= n. R(TC – TB)= 1 × × 8.314 (425 – 850)
2 2
WABCA = RT A (3 × 0.693 – 1.5) = 0.58 RT A
= –5300.175 J  QABCA = W ABCA = 0.58 RT A
(iii) For process A  B (AB )
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3 4 . For polytropic process ( 

) 3 6 . Number of moles () 
T PV 1.6  10 6  0.0083  16
T1V1n–1 = T2V2n–1  TVn–1= (5.66V)n–1  2 = 5.66n–1 n= =  8.3 300  =
2 RT 3
Taking log both sides (

) Heat is supplied at cosntant volume
n2 = (n–1) n 5.66 (

so Q= nC VT
2
 n = 1.4 = 1 +  f = 5 Q
f 2.49  10 4
 T2 = T1 + nC = 300 +
 16   3R 
(i)  Degrees of freedom (  
V
)= 5  3   2 
(ii) Work done by gas (
)
= 300 + 375 = 675 K
P1 V1  P2 V2 PV  P2 (5.66 V )
= –   12.3PV P2 T2
 1 As V = constant So
1.4  1 P1 = T1
1.4
 1   675 
Where P2V2 = P1V1  P2 = P    P 2=  (1.6 × 10 6) = 3.6 × 10 6 Nm –2
5.66  300 
P
3 5 . (i)
37. PV  = constant  (10 5) (6) 5/3=(P 2) (2) 5/3
A B (TA = TC)
 P 2 =(10 5)(3) 5/3 Nm –2
C P1 V1  P2 V 2
W =  1
V
V0 2V0 V
=
10 6  10   10
5 3 5

 3 5 / 3 2  10 3   972J
(ii) Process AB (  AB): 5
1
3
V A VB

TA TB n A C PA  n B C PB
38.  mix = n C  n C
A VA B VB
VB
TB = V TA = 2TA = 600 K
A
5 7
1   2 R   n B  2 R 
Process BC  BC): 
19
=  nB =2 mole
13 3 5
T BV B –1
= T CVC –1
1   2 R   n B  2 R 
 V C = 80 2 Litre =113 L
3 9 . (i) For a cyclic process ()
For end states A & C 
AC
Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + Q 4 = W 1 + W 2+W 3+W 4
PA .VA PC VC  W4 = Q1 + Q2 + Q3+ Q4 – W1 – W2 – W3
 5 2
TA TC = nR  P C = 0.44 × 10 N/m = 5960 – 5585 – 2980 + 3645 – 2200 + 825+1100
= 765 J
(iii) Work done (
)
W net W  W2  W 3  W 4
WAB = PA(2V0–V 0)= nRTA = 600 R; WBC (ii)   Q  1
given Q1  Q 4
nR(TB  TC ) 3
=  nR(600–300) = 900R 2200  825  1100  765
 1 2 = = 0.1082
5960  3645
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4 0 . PT = constant  P2V = constant  PV1/2 = constant

PV 10 10  1
3 3
R 4 2 . PV = nRT  n= = 
For this process C = CV + = CV + 2R RT 25 / 3  3  25
1 1/2
5 P
 CV = 37.35 –2 (8.314) = 20.722 = R B
2
f 5
 R= R  f =5
2 2 A
C
V
4 1 . The maximum temperature of the gas will be during
process BC. For process AB (AB)
(
BC
)
W = 0, Q = U = nC V T
Process BC can be represented by straight line,
y = mx + C  1  3  297
(BC
y = mx + C =    R  (300–3) = = 148.5 J
25 2 2

) For process BC (BC)
So P = mV + C
Putting point B & C gives  1   25 
3P = 2mV + C ...(i) P = 6 mV + C ...(ii) nR  25   3 
Q = 0, W = (T1–T 2) = [300–3]
 1 5 
P  3  1
So subtracting 2P =–4mV So m = –
2V
= 148.5 J and U   W  148.5 J
For process CA (CA)
U  0
 VA 
W = nRT n  = – 6.9 J and Q = W = – 6.9 J
 VC 
Thermal efficiency ( )

P Wnet
From (ii) P =  .6V + C  C = 4P 148.5  6.9
2V = Q = =0.954
sup plied 148.5
Hence we get equation as (  
)
 P  4 3 . Slope (
)
y   x  4P ...(iii)
 2V 
P mP
where y is pressure and x is volume of gas. =– = – tan 37°  = tan 37°
V V
(
y
x
)
5
Putting y from above. Now we have  V   3   4  10   3  3
 m =     =  = = 1.5
P 4  2  10 5   4  2
 P 2 
x y = nRT    x  4Px  = nRT ....(iv)
V
4 4 . U  nC V T , Q = nC P T and
For maximum temperature (   )
dT  2P   25  2500
 0   x  4Px  = 0 W = nRT = (1)   (100) = J
dx  2V  3 3
Hence x = 4V Putting in (iii) U  n  C P  R  T  nC P T  nR T
We get nRTmax = 2P(4V) = 8PV
8PV  25  500
So T max=  x=8 = 1000 – (1)   (100) = J
3 3
nR
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T1=300K T2=500K
EXERCISE –IV B
4 5 . P1A + Mg = P2A
1 . (i) For the right chamber (
Extra force needed n=1 n=1
P1,2V P'1,2V )
( ) 1
 243P0 
P0 1– 
T0 =  .T2
= P2A  P1A  Mg P2,V P'2,V  32 
n=1 n=1
= P2A  P1A  P2 A  P1 A
=  P2  A – (P1)A  243P0 

9   .V2
 T2 = T0 and P0 .V0   32 
4 T0 9 
 nR T nR T  5000
=   A = N  4 T0 
 V 2V  3
9 32 8
 V2 =  V0  V0
4 7 . New length of gas column (
) 4 243 27
For the left chamber (
)
h h 9
= + = h
2 16 16 P0 V0 P1 .V1 243
 P
T0 T1 where P1 = 32 0
New volume of gas (
)
8 46
 9  9 V1  2V0  V0  V0
=  h  A = V 27 27
16  16 0
T0  243   46  9  23
P = P0 + kx  T1 = P V   32 P0   27 V0   T0
0 0 16
1.5
 9  = 12.94 T0

As PV = constant so P0V0 1.5
= P  V
 16 0  (ii) Work done by the gas in the right chamber :
(
)
64 37
 P = P0 = P0 + kx  kx = P  9 
27 27 0 1  R  T0  T0 
P1 V1  P2 V2 nR(T1  T2 )  4 
 
 h   h   37 
 1  1 5 
But kx = (3700)   so (3700)   =   (105)  3  1
16 16 27
3 5
–1  1
 × R × T0 = –1.875 RT0
Now T1V1 = T2 V 2
2 4
 9 
0.5
2 . Final volume of chamber (
)
 (273) (V0) 0.5
= (T2)  V
 16 0  = V 0 + Ax = 3.2 × 10–3 m3
Final pressure in chamber (  
) 
4
T2 = × 273 = 364 K kx
3 = P0 + = 2 × 10 5N/m 2
A
From ideal gas equation (

)
P1 V1 P2 V2

T1 T2
 T1 
T 2 = (P2V 2)  = 800 K
 P1 V1 
Work done by gas (
)
0.1
 Kx 
   P
0
0 
A
 Adx = 120 J
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JEE-Physics
Change in internal energy 

 Process C  D QCD = 0
 U = nCv T Process D  A QDA = nCvT
5 
P V 3  =1  R  (T A – T D)
 U   1 1   R  T = 600 J 2
 RT1   2 
= –108313.753 J
 Heat Supplied (  
)= 120 + 600 = 720 J
 Efficiency 

3. work output Q in  Q out
 = Heat input  Q in
 Q   108313.753 
  1  out   100%   1   100%
 Q in   185156.937 
 = 41.50%
Note : please read VC /VD =½ instead of VC/VD =2
  = temperature of disc (  ) in the question.
0 = constant temperature ( )
A
KA(  ) 5.
Heat input to disc ()=
 0 95°C
L D
5°C
B C
h1
d
Heat utilised by disc ( 5°C 95°C h h2
)= ms
dt
(where s = specific heat of disc)
(
s=
) Pressure at the bottom of A – B limb :
(
A-B)
350 t
d KA(0  ) d KA P0 + 95gh1 = PB + 5gh ...(i)
 
   msL 0
 ms   dt
dt L 300 0 Pressure at the bottom of C–D limb :
(
C-D)
msL  0  300 
t n   t = 166.32 sec PB + 95 gh = P0 + 5 × g × h2 (PB = PC)...(ii)
KA  0  350 
2
Solving we get,  = 2 × 10–4 °C–1  = × 10–4 °C–1
P
3
4 . Let V B =V 0
(Let)P0
B C 6 . Heat flow for three sections will be same.
Process A  B
TA VA–1 = TBV–1 (
)
D
TB = 909 K 27°C 1 2 0°C
Process B  C A
V 1st 2nd
V0 8V0 16V0 Air Space
V B VC PANE PANE OUT SIDE


TB TC  T C= 7272K Room
Process C  D : 27  1   2 2  0
TCVC–1 = TDVD–1  T D = 5511.15 K   1 
 L   L   L 
 KA   KA   KA 
Heat flow (
) 1st Pane A.S. 2nd Pane
Process A  B QAB = 0  Q1 = 26.48°C ; Q2 = 0.52°C

Process B  C QBC = nC PT
Heat flow rate (
)
7
= 1 × R (TC – TB) d 27  1 27  26.48
2  
dt  L   0.01  = 41.6 watt
= 185156.937J  KA   0.8  1 
1st Pane
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v0 v0 9 . Work done by gas (

)
7.
x x
1 2
  P0 Adx   kx.dx
0 0
Let (
) kx 2
n1= no. of moles in vessel–1  50 J =P0Ax +
2
(n1=1
)
k
n2 = no. of moles in vessel–2  50 = 10 5 × 4 × 10 –3× 0.1 + (0.01)
2
(n1=2
) Spring constant  
 k = 2000 N/m
P1 = initial pressure in both vessels
Heat supplied (  
)
(P1 =
) Q = U + W = nC VT + W
P2 = final pressure in both vessels.
n R T 2  8.314  50
(P1 =
) =   1 +W =  50 = 1295 J
5 
Initially (  3  1
volume of vessel–1 = volume of vessel–2 1 0 . In free expansion, temperature remains constant

–1
–2) (
)
n 1 RT0 n 2 RT0
  n1 = n2 V 3V
P1 P1
n 1 RT1 n .RT2  n 1 R 
Finally, V1  & V2  2  T2
P2 P2  P2  P0 V0
Initial temperature (
) 
T0 =
nR
V1 T1 275
  After compression ( ) 
V2 T2 271 & V1 + V2 = V0 + A
T0(4V)–1 = T(V)–1  T = 2T0
Displacement of mercury droplets
Change in internal energy (
)
(
)
 R 
U= nC V.T = n 
V  V2 4  V0  A     1 
L  1    0.26m
A 546  A
n R (2 T0  T0 )
8 . For each state T   1
P
(
) 3P 0
D (3T0) C
2
n R T0 P V (2  10 5 )  (10 3 )
P0 V0 P0 .(7V0 / 2) 3P0A(7V0 / 2) 3P0 V0   0 0  = 400 J
n  P  B 7T  1  1 (1.5  1)
T0 TB TCT
0
T2D 0
0
V0 7V0 V 1 1 . For equilibrium (

)
5
7 21
 TB = T; T = T
2 0 C 2 0
m1 m2
TD = 3T0. h1
 Heat absorbed (

) h0 h0
h2=0
= (nCP. T)A  B + (nCvT)BC
5  m1g m2g
= n4R  T0  + n 3R(7T 0) = 31.nR T 0 = 31P0V 0 +gh 0= A + gh 0
2 A1 2
7
Work done   
= (3P0 – P0) (V0 – V)
m 1  2kg, m 2  1kg 
2

1
2 0
= –5P0V0 A1 A2
27
JEE-Physics
For final equilibrium (

) P0 A  P  A  2
 ...(ii)
m1g m 2 g 258R TR

For the CO2gas (CO2
A2 A1
)
 m1 block will fall down ( m1 
)
P0 A  P  A  3
For constant temperature forcess and pressure being  ...(iii)
430R TR
constant (
)
Vinitial = V final  258 1  1 430 1
h0A1 + h0A2 = h1A1 + h2A2 h1 = 30 cm & h2 = 0  1   &  
 2 645 2.5  3 645 1.5
1 2 . Let hi = empty space over Hg–column  1 + 2 + 3 = 3  1(1 + 2.5 + 1.5)= 3
(
h1=Hg
)  1 = 0.6  and 2 = 2.5 1 = 1.5
For constant temperature process     3 = 1.5 × 0.6 = 0.9

For the entire system 

()
U1 + U2 + U 3 = 0
P1V1 = P2V2  4 × h1 = 5h2
where h1 – h 2 = 1  h 2 = 4 & h1 = 5 n 1 R(T  T1 ) n 1 R (T  T2 ) n 3 R (T  T3 )
   0
1  1 (  2  1) (  3  1)
True Faulty
Reading Reading P  0.6   P0  (P  1.5   P0  ) (P  0.9   P0  )
   0
73 69
7  5  7 
  1   1   1
75 70 5 3 5
74 x
13
P  P0
12
(i) Total length of tube (
)
= 69 + 5 = 74 cm or 70+4=74 cm
1 4 . For compartment C (
C  )
(ii) When faulty barometer reads 69.5 cm.

 4V  27
(
69.5 cm
) P0V0 = P  0  P  P0
9 8
P1V1 = P2V2; 4h1 = 4.5 h; h = 4.44 P0.T 0/1– = P.T /1–
 True reading = 69.5 + 4.44 = 73.94
 27  3
(iii) When the barometer reads 74 cm P0 T0–3 =  P0   T 3  T = T0
8  2
(
74 cm
)
For compartment A (
A  )
P1V1 = P2V2 4 × 5 = (74 –x)2  x = 69.528 cm
27
PA = P
7 8 0
1 3 . 1 = 372°C; 2 = –15°C; 3 = 157°C  CO 2 

5
P0 V0 P1 V1

RT0 RT1
For the H2 gas (H2

) 27  4 V0 
P0  2V0  
 T1 = 8
 9  RT0 =T = 21 T
 1
4 0
P1 V1 P2 V2 P A  P  A 1 R P0 V0
  0  ...(i)
RT1 RT2 645R TR
For compartment B (
B  )
For the He gas (He
)
28
JEE-Physics
1 5 . For the process ()

P0 V0 P1 V1 PV P1 V0 21
  0 0   P1  P0
T0 T1 T0  21  4 5
 T0 
4  U  a V  nCvT = n 2 RT = a V
27 2 a
(i) Final pressure in A (A
) P  nRT = PV =
2
a V P 
8 0 5 5 V
21
Final pressure in B (B 4 Vf
)
4 0
P  W   PdV  a  V  Vi
5
3
Final pressure in C (C
Vf
) P  U = a  V  Vi  100
2 0
21 4
(ii) Final temperature in A (A
)= T0 W = U = 80 J
4 5
(i) W = 80J
21
Final temperature in B (B 
)= T0 Q = U + W = 100 J + 80J = 180 J
4
3 4
U  U
Final temperature in C (C
)= T0 (ii) C = Q  U  W  5
2
n T n T n T
(iii) Heat supplied by heater = (U + W) all chambers
( + W)
= (U 
) 9  U  9 5 9
  R R
=
5  n T  5 2 2
Q = (U1 + W1) + (U2 + W2) + 0
= (U1 – W3) + (U2 + 0)
= U1 + U2 – W 3
n 1 R T n 2 R T  n 3 R T 
=   1    1     1 
1 2 3
17 17
= P 0V 0 + P V + P 0V0 = 18 P0V 0
2 2 0 0
(iv) Work done by gas in chamber B = 0
(
B
)
Work done by gas in chamber C
(
C 
)
nR T
= –U  = –P0V0
 1
Work done by gas in chamber A

(
A 
)
= (–) W chamber = –(P 0V0) = P 0V 0
(v) Heat flowing across piston –I
(
-I) 
17
= U 2 = PV
2 0 0
29
JEE-Physics
EXERCISE –V-A n1  n 2 n1 n2
6.  
 mix  1  1  1  2  1
1. The temperature of gas molecules depends on the
average kinetic energy associated with the disorderly Number of moles in 16 g He =4
motion (i.e., random motion) of the gas molecules. (16 g, He  =4)
The orderly kinetic energy of the molecules of the Number of moles in 16 g O 2 = 0.5
gas container will increase in the lorry, whereas
(16 g, O2  = 0.5)
disorderly kinetic energy will still remain the same;
hence the temperature of the gas molecules will 5 7
 He   O2 
remain unchanged. 3 5
(
On replacing n He n O2 ;  He ,  O 2

 mix  1.62


7. We have, molar heat capacity = molar mass ×

) specific heat capacity per unit mass
(
=
x
3RT 
)
2. v rms 
M  C p = 28 C p (for nitrogen) and C V = 28 C V
Now C p–C V = R or 28C p – 28 C v=R
Where T is the temperature of the gas molecules
in kelvin and M is the molecular mass of the gas R
 C p –C v =
(
T
M 28

)
8. U = U 1 + U 2 (n 1+n 2) C vT = n 1 C vT 1+n 2C vT 2
TH 2 TO 2 TH 2 320
v H2  v O2      P1 V1  P2 V2  T1 T2
M H2 M O2 2 32  T  P V T  P V T
 1 1 2 2 2 2
 TH2  20K
7
v  1M 2 4
RT 5
9. v  1  
n1  n 2 n1 n2 M v2  2M1 5
3.    32
 1 1  1 2  1 3
1 1 1 1 460 21 200
     v 2  460 m/s
  1  5 / 3   1 7 / 5  1 
v2 25  8 21
2 3 5 3 24
   1  2  2  4     10. Ans. (4)
2 16
Energy of the diatomic gas
()
4.  T3
Given P
 PV = RT
5 5 5 
nRT  PV   8  10 4  = 5 × 10 4 J
 P  (PV) 3  P 3V 3 P  P 2V 3 = constant 2 2 2 4
P C 3
 PV 3/2 = constant    C  2 11. Q = ms  = 0.1 × 4184 × 20 = 8.4 kJ
V
5. Monoatomic ( ) n 1 = 1 1 
5 12. n C1 v1 T1  n 2 C v 2 T2  n 3 C v 3 T3 
3
=(n 1 + n 2 + n 3 ) C Vmix T
7
Diatomic () n 2= 1 2 
5 n 1 T1  n 2 T2  n 3 T3
As C V1  C V2 so T = n1  n 2  n 3
n1  n 2 n1 n2 3
   
 mix  1  1  1  2  1  mix 2
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JEE-Physics
13. Specific heat at low temperature is 15. All reversible engines work for different values of
(
) temperature of source and sink hence the
efficiencies of all such engines are different.The
3
 T  incorrect statement is all reversible cycles have same
C p  32 
 400  efficiency.
(
Q   m.c.dT 

3
4 100  T 
 32 

)

20 1000
 dT
 400 
16. Ans. (3)
32 1  T4  When water is cooled to form ice, the energy is
    released as heat so mass of water decreases.
10 (400) 3  4 
(

32 1
  20 4  4 4  
)
3
10  (400) 4
32 1 T2 T
   160000  256  17. 1  1  2  0  T2  0 or T = 
10  (400) 3
4 T1 T1
= 0.002 kJ Which is not possible (

)
T2 Q
 = T T = 2 18. Heat can't flow from the body at lower temperature
1 2 W to body at higher temperature is a consequences of
20 0.02 second law of thermodynamics. (
  W = 0.028 kJ
300  20 W 
4 0.002 
)
  W = 0.0148 kJ
300  4 W
19. The instantaneous thermodynamic state of matter
is denoted by pressure, volume and temperature.
14. This is free expansion of the gas in which
temperature will remain constant i.e. on the other (
side temperature will T. 
)
(

T
) 2 0 . Tsource  627 C  627  273  900K
Tsin k  27 C  27  273  300K
P,T Vacuum Efficiency (
)
v/2 v/2 T 300 1

   1  T sink 1 1
source 900 3
PV / 2
Number of moles (
) n1 
KT 2 Output Work
   3  Input

Heat Input
P 'V
Finally number of moles n 2 
KT 2
 × Heat Input = Work
(
) 3
n1 = n2
2
1
 × 3×10 6 × 4.2 = Work
PV P V  P 3
 P'
2 KT 2  Work = 8.4 × 10 6 J
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JEE-Physics
21. Internal energy and entropy are state functions and

not path functions.

2 6 .  n 1 C v1 T1  n 2 C v 2 T2  n 1 C v1  n 2 C v 2 Tf 
(
) n 1 C v1 T1  n 2 C v 2 T2
 Tf  n C  n C
1 v1 2 v2
22. Assume T 1 > T 2
5 3 7 
1 2
1 RT0  1  R  T0 
2 2  3  6RT0 3
   T0
5 3 4R 2
1  R 1  R
Heat given = Heat taken 2 2
1 C v1 (T 1–T)= 2 C v 2 (T–T 2) 27. Work done in adiabatic process
P1 V1 P2 V2 (
)
Here C v1 = C v 2 &  1 = T1 , 2 = T2
R  T1 – T2  R  T2 – T1 
W   1
 –1 W
23. The first law of thermodynamics does not introduce
the concept of entropy.
10 3  8.3 7 
( = 1+ = 1+0.40 = 1.40
146  10 3

)  The gas must be diatomic
(   )
24. Heat supplied Q = Area FBCEF
( Q =FBCEF  ) 2 8 . Let  is the efficiency of heat engine and  is the
corresponding coefficient of performance of a
B
T = 2T0
2 refrigerator working between the same
temperature.
T = T0 1
A
C (
   
F E
S1 = S0 S2 =2S0

 
The relation between  and  is
1 (   )
= T (S 2 –S 1) + 2 (T 2 –T 1)(S 2–S 1 )
1 Output
Work done W = Area ABC  = –1=10–1=9 Also  =
 Input
( W=ABC )
1 Energy absorbed from the
= 2 (T 2–T 1)(S 2 –S 1 ) reservoir at lower temperature
=
1 Work done on the system
(T – T1 )(S 2 – S 1 )
W 2 2

Q

1   
T1 (S 2 – S 1 )  (T2 – T1 )(S 2 – S 1 ) ( )
2 
T2 – T1 2T0 – T0 1 Energy absorbed
    =9 =
10J
T2  T1 2T0  T0 3
So, energy absorbed ( 
)= 90 J
25. The internal energy of a system is a state function,
i.e., change in internal energy only depends on the 29. As a thermodynamic system is taken from state i to
initial and the final position and not on the path state f ; then the internal energy of the system
chosen. remains the same irrespective of the path followed
 (
i
f


 
)
Hence U 1 = U 2 (Q –W) iaf = (Q–W) ibf  50 – 20 = 36 – W
 W = 6 cal
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JEE-Physics
30. WAB = Work done in isobaric process

T2 1 T 5
(
) 35. 1   2  ... (1)
T1 6 T1 6
= RT = 2R × (500 – 300) = 400R
Work done on the gas = – 400R T2  62 1 T  62 2
and 1    2  ... (2)
T1 3 T1 3
(
)
By solving equation (1) and (2)
T 1 = 372 K and T 2 = 310 K
31. W DA = Work done in isothermal process
(
) 36.  V =V 0(3)
P1 4
= (3.14)(10) 3 [3 × 23 × 10 –6 ] [100–0]
= 2.303 RT log P 3
2
= 28.9 cc
1  10 5  2  1 Stress
= 2.303 × 2R × 300 log 37. Strain   t and Y 
2  10 5 1 Strain
= 2.303 × 2R × 300 × (– 0.3010) = – 414R  Stress = Y  t
Word done on the gas (
)
38. W = Area bounded by curve = P 0V 0
= – (– 414 R) = 414 R
(
)
32. W A BCDA = W A B + W BC + W CD + W DA 3 3
Q AB = nC VT = n × R × T = PV
2 2 0 0
2
= R(500–300)+2.303R (500)log 5
2 Q BC = nC P T = n × R × T = 5 P 0V 0
2
1
+ R(300–500) + 2.303 R(300) log Total heat supplied ( 
)
2
3 13
= 276R = P 0 V 0 + 5P 0 V 0 = P V
2 2 0 0
Work done on the gas (
)
= – 276 R W P0 V0
 = × 100 = 13P V × 100 = 15.4%
Q 0 0
33. T B = T 1, T C = T 2,  = 1.4 T2 
 40 T
V B = V, V C = 32 V 40. =  1  T  × 100 = 1– 2 T 2 = 300 K
1 100 500
TB VB –1  TC VC –1 P
A T1 B 60 300
 –1
Again 100  1  T  T 1 = 750 K
TC T2  VB  1
 
TB T1  VC  D
T2 C 2T0
V 4T0
 –1 2P0
 1  1
=   
32 4
P0 2T0
T2 1 3
T0
 = 1 – T = 1 – = = 0.75
1 4 4
V0 2V0
1 f
34. Mv 2  R T and
2 2 heat supplied = nC v (2T0  T0 )  nC p (4 T0  2T0 )
 1
2
 T 
   1  Mv 2 n.3RT0 D5R 13 13
  (2T0 )  nRT0  PV
f 2R 2 2 2 2 0 0
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JEE-Physics
41. Amount of heat required by a body of any mass of

T  T1 K  T2  T1  A
undergo a unity change in temperature is known as = 2 =
heat capacity or thermal capacity of the substance. R 3x
( 1
Comparing with the given result f =
 3

) (
)
42. Black board paint is more close to a black body. 4 7 . Rate of flow of heat ( )
(
)
 T   T1 – T2 
= KA  x  = K (4r 1r 2)  r – r 
2 1
43. Infrared radiations are detected by pyrometer.
(
)
4 8 . According to Stefan's law ( )
44. The power radiated by a sphere of radius R at
Earth
temperature T is
r0
(T R
)
Sun
4 2
P = T (4R )
R
Where  
 = emissivity of the material of sphere.
( = 
) r
 = Stefan's constant ( 
)
T = Absolute temperature ( 
)
R = Radius of the sphere ( 
) Power radiated by Sun (
)
=(4R 2)T 4
4 2
P1 T14 R 12  4000   1  1 16 Intensity of the sun received by the earth
 4 2   2 4   2  1
(
   
P2 T1 R 2  2000   4  4 16 )
Power of the sun
45. According to Stefan's law, power radiated by a =
4 r 2
perfectly black body is
(
) I
 4 R 2 T 4  R 2 T 4

P = AT 4; P=4R 2T 4 4 r 2 r2
2
P2  R 2   T2 
4
2
Radiant power incident on the earth = I r0  

P1  R 1   T1 
 P 2=64P 1 (
)
x 4x
2
where r0   is the projection of the earth's area
receiving the energy from the sun.(r0

  
2
46. T2 2K T1

R 2 T 4
P  
r02
x r2
R 1=Resistance of left part =
KA
(R1 = 49. Let the temperature of the interface be T 0 .
(
T0
)
4x 2x
R 2 =Resistance of right part =  T1 l1 T0 l2 T2
2KA KA
(R2 =
) K1 K2
Total Resistance (
)
x 2x 3x Thermal current (I) ( 
)
R1  R 2   
KA KA KA Temperature difference
=
Thermal current ( 
) Thermal resitance
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JEE-Physics
1  EXERCISE –V-B
Thermal resistance ( 
) =
K A
1 . Average rotational KE (
) 
T1  T0 T  T2
  0
1 / K 1 A  2 / K 2 A 1
= 2 × kT
2
K 1  2 T1  K 2  1 T2
 T0  (for diatomic gas) (
)
K 1  2  K 2 1
2 . Initial conditions P1V = n1RT, P2V = n2RT
50. In steady state, temperature decreases linearly along Final condition (P 1–P)2V = n 1RT
the bar. ( (P 2–1.5P) 2V = n 2RT

) n 1 RT
  P
dQ  d  2V
i.e. (
)  KA  
 dx 
dt n1 1 2 m 2
n 2 RT   A 
 1.5 P  
d 2V n 2 1.5 3 mB 3
51. Rate of cooling ( 
) = – = k( – 0)
dt
3 . For A : Q = nCPT =(nCP) (30)
d d
  0 = –kdt     0
   kdt For B : Q = nCVT = nCVT=nC P(30)
 n( – 0) = –k t + C  correct answer is (2)  CP  7

 T   30   C  =30 × =42 K
stress V 5
52. Y =  stress = Y × strain 4 . At 2880 K :
strain
F b 2.88  10 6 nm  K
 Y(T)  F = YST m  = = 1000 nm
S T 2880K
Therefore force by one part on other part
(
E U2
)
= 2F = 2SYT
53. By Newton's Law of cooling T = TS + (TH – TS)e–kt (nm)

(
500 1000 1500
)
Therefore U2 > U1 & U2 > U3
TS  Temperature of surrounding ( 
)
T H  Temperature of body at t = 0 RT
5 .  vsound = M
(t=0
) W
K  constant ( )
T  Temperature of body at time t v N2  N2 M He 7 1 4 3 3
( t
)  v  M N2

 He =
   
5 28 1 5 5
He

n 1 C V1  n 2 C V2 2   5 R   4  3 R 
6. C Vmix = = 2   2  = 11R
n1  n 2 6
So graph is 0 24
t
 11R 
U = (n1 + n2) CV mix T = (6)   T = 11RT
6 
7. T1 V1 1  T2 V2 1 but V = AL
5 / 3 1 2/3
T1  V2   L2 
So T =   =  
2  V1   L1 
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JEE-Physics
8. 1 T1   2 T2   3 T3  b so T1  T3  T2 1 1 . As P = constant
V nR 1
so P V  nR T     =
V T PV T
9 . The temperature of ice will first increase from –10°C
to 0°C. (
–10°C  0°C
)
RT v1 m2
Heat supplied in this process will be: Q1 = mS i(10) 1 2 . v sound  MW so v2 = m1
(
) 
m=mass of ice (  
) 90°C
Si = specific heat of ice ()

0°C
Then, ice starts melting (
) 13.
T
Temperature during melting will remain constant (0°C)
(
(0°C)
) 90°C
Heat supplied in the process will be Q2 = mL
(
)  kA  90  T  kA  90  T  kA  T  0 
 
  
L = latent heat of melting (  )  90 – T + 90 – T = T
Now the temperature of water will increase from 0°C  3T = 180  T = 60°C
to 100°C. (
0°C  100°C
)
1 4 . If dW = 0, dQ < 0 then dU < 0
Heat supplied will be (  
) Q3 = mSw(100) The temperature will decrease ( 
)
where Sw = Specific heat of water
1 5 . As  mono   dia so 2  monoatomic & 1  diatomic
(
Sw = )
Finally water at 100°C will be converted into steam
1 6 . For complete cycle (
)
at 100°C and during this process temperature again
remains constant. Temperature versus heat supplied U  0 so W = Q = 5
graph will be as follows  W AB  WBC  WCA =5 But WBC = 0 &
WAB = 10 (2–1) = 10  WCA = 5 – 10 = – 5J
1 7 . At constant temperature PV = constant
Temp.
( PV= )
100°C dV V dV / dP 1
So PdV + VdP = 0  =–    
0°C dP P V P
1 8 . Black body radiates maximum number of wavelength
–10°C and maximum energy if all other conditions (e.g.,
Q1 (Q1+Q)2 (Q1+Q2+Q3)
Heat supplied temperature surface area etc.) are same. So, when
the temperature of black body becomes equal to the
temperature of the furnace, the black body will
(
100°C
100°C 
,radiate ,maximum energy and it will be brighted of

 all.
Initially it will absorb all the radiant energy incident
) on it, so it is the darkest one.
(
P 
2
1

3 
10. W2 > W1 > W3 
V1 V2
V 

)
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JEE-Physics
1 9 . Ans. (C) 2 6 . Power radiated ( )

For same temperature difference less time is taken
Q = eAT and  m T  b
4
for x, this means ex > ey. ( x
So (300) T 1 = (400) T 2 = (500) T 3

ex > ey)  3T1 = 4T2 = 5T3
According to Kirchoff’s law (
)ax > ay and A1 : A2 : A3 = 4 : 16 : 36 = 1: 4: 9
1 4 9
2 0 . 1       1  a T   2  S T QA:QB:QC = : :  QB is maximum.
81 256 625
1 s 1 s
  =     =   2 7 . Net heat absorbed by water
1
(
) 
2 a 1 2 a s 160 Js
=1000 –160 =840 J/s

A
21. P A P
Q ms T

t t
C B B C 2  4200   77  27  1000 Js
1
T V 840 =
t
2 2 . 2kg ice (-20°C)  t = 500 s = 8 min 20 s
5kg water (20°C)
20 kcal  00 kcal 2 8 . Heat transfer in warming of glass of bulb due to
2kg ice (0°C) 5kg water (0°C) filament is through radiation.
 160 kcal (
2 kg water (0°C) 
)
 Final temperature ( 
) 0°C
2 9 . The temperature of sun is a higher than that of
Amount of ice melted (
) welding arc which in turn greater than tungsten
100  20 filament.
=
80
= 1 kg (
 Final mass of water ( ) 
)
= 5 +1 = 6 kg
2 3 . Temperature of liquid oxygen will first increase in the 3 0 . 1 calorie is the heat required to raise the temp. of 1g
same phase. Then, phase change (liquid to gas) will of water from 14.5 to 15.5°C at 760 mm of Hg.
(760 mm
14.5  15.5°C  1g
take place. During which temperature will remain
constant. After that temperature of oxygen in gaseous
state will further increase. 1°C
)
(
V
32. V 

V T

) PT2 = constant & PV = nRT
P V T V 3
 V  T3  =3  =  V
P3 V T V T T
P1
24.  W < 0 & P3 > P 1  P1 1 M 2 4
33. P = M RT  P   M  3
2 2 1
V
V1 V2
1 4 2 8
   
k 2A   T1  T2  2 3 3 9
2 5 . q 1L =
 34. For two rectangular blocks
kA  T1  T2  q2 1 (
)
q2L= q =
2 1 4
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MCQ’s
 
R1   2R ; R 2 = R
kA 2kA 2kT 8kT 3kT
1. vP = ;v  ,v =  v P  v  v rms
In configuration 1 (
1 
) m m rms m
Equivalent thermal resistance = 3R Average KE of a molecule (

)
(  
=3R) 3 3
= kT = mv P2
In configuration 2 (
2 
); 2 4
2 2 . There is a decrease in volume during melting of an

Equivalent thermal resistance = R
3 ice slab. Therefore negative work is done by the ice–
water system on to the surrounding  W =–ve
2
(  
= R) (
3

)
Rate of heat flow (   
)
Heat is absorbed during melting
T T (
) 
Q 1  t and Q 2  t
3R 1 2R 2  Q = +ve  U  Q  W = +ve
3
T 3 T 2 d
 t1  t 2  t 2  t 1  2 sec . 3 . Radius of curvature ( 
) R =    T
3R 2R 9  1 2
35. Process FG is isothermal (FG  

) 4 . Cp – Cv = R Always constant ( 
)
Cp
 Pi  =  decreases with atomicity
so work done (   
)= nRT ln  P  Cv
(
f
)
 32P0  (C p + C v) and C p.C v depends on degree of freedom
= 32 P 0 V 0 ln  P  = 160 P 0 V 0 ln2. therefore it will be more for diatomic gas
 0 
 Cp.Cv 
[(Cp + Cv)
Process GE is isobaric (GE  
) 
]
So work done (   
)
= P|V| = P 0 |(V G – V E )| 5 . (i) For isothermal process curve should be hyperbola.
= P 0 |(32V 0 – V 0 )| (
)
= 31 P 0V 0 (ii) Work done & change in internal energy are both
Process FH is adiabatic (FH  
) negative. (
so (32P 0 )V 0 5/3
= (P 0 )V H 5/3
 V H = 8V 0 
)
Since process FH is adiabatic so (iii) For higher pressure volume is increasing and lower
(
FH  
pressure volume is decreasing. (   
)
 PH VH  PF VF   P0 8 V0   32P0 V0 ) 
)
  36P0 V0
8  1  5 
  1
3 6. (A) From 0 to 100 k the major part of graph lies
in linear region and very small part in non-linear
Process GH is isobaric so work done region, therefore to a reasonable approximation
( GH     )  between 0 K – 100 K, graph of C vs T is linear.
= P 0 |(32V 0 – 8V 0 )|= 24 P 0 V 0 (0 100K
   0
K – 
100 K 
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  

C  T  )3 . For (A)
Q = 0, W = PdV = 0 so U = 0  T = constant
For (B) :
1
P  V –2 & PV = µRT  V 
T
Since volume increases so temperature decreases.
(B) by comparing area under curve (
(
)
For polytropic process PV 2 = constant

PV2 = )
R R 3 R
C = Cv + = Cv + = R R =
1x 1 2 2 2
R
Q = µCT = µ   T = Negative
2
(C) from 400 K to 500 K, Graph of C vs T become
asymptotic hence rate of heat absorption become For (C) :
constant (400 K 500 K CT R 3
C = Cv +   R  Q= µCT

)
1
4 2
(D) The rate of heat absorption increases as C is 3
increasing.
3 
(C
) = – µ  R  T  Positive
2
For (D) :
Match the column
P , V , T 
1 . Process J  K (isochoric) : W = 0, U < 0  Q < 0
Work = Area under PV curve  positive
Process K  L (isobaric) : W > 0, U > 0  Q > 0 U  positive
Process L  M (isochoric) : W = 0, U > 0  Q > 0 Q  positive (given to system)
Process M  J , W < 0 , U < 0  Q < 0
Comprehension #1
1 . When the piston is pulled out slowly, the pressure drop
2 . (A) Bimetallic strip : Works on the thermal expansion produced inside the cylinder is almost instantaneously
of solids (different solids expands by different length neutralised by the air entering from outside into the
for the same rise of temperature). The energy is cylinder. Therefore the pressure inside is P 0.
converted to kinetic energy.
(
(




)  
P 
) 0
(B) Steam engine (  

) Mg
2 . Mg = (P 0 – P) R 2  P=P 0 –
Energy is converted (heat–mechanical) R 2
(C) Incandescent lamp (  
) Since the cylinder is thermally conducting, the
temperature remains the same.
Heat  Light ; radiation from hot body.
(D) Electric fuse  ) y
P
Works on melting of fuse wire on heating.
Heat  P.E. of molecules. P0
Mg
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(
) ( i ) Heat rejected i n path CA
(CA
)
 P0  R 2 
2L 
(Process is isobaric) (  
2 2
P0 (2L × R ) = P (y× R )  y = 
 P R 2  Mg  0
)
 Pf Vf Pi Vi 
3 . Equating pressures ( 
)  Q CA =C PT=C P(T f–T i)  C P 
R

R 

P0 L 0
P 0 + g(L 0–H) = P = CP
L 0  H  
R
(Pf Vf  Pi Vi )
Comprehension #2 Substituting the values ( ) 

1 . Force due to the pressure of liquid = The buoyancy
5 5
force. Q CA = (P V –2P 0 V 0 ) = – P 0 V 0
2 0 0 2
(    =
) 
5
Therefore, heat rejected in the process CA is PV.
 1 2 0 0
P  
2 . T P =constant T 2 =T 1  2 
 1–
5
 P1 
( 
CA   
 P V 
)
2 0 0
3 2
1
 P   g(H  y)  5  P   g(H  y)  5 ( i i )Heat ab sorb ed in path AB:
=T 0  0 =T 0  0
 P0   gH   P0   gH  (AB
) 
 nRT2  (process is isochoric) (  

)
3 . Buoyancy force ( )=V
 g=  P   g  Q AB =C VT=C V(T f – T i )
2
2 PV PV  C
nR  gT0  P0   g(H  y )  5  C V  f f  i i   V (P fV f – P iV i)
  R R  R
P0   g(H  y )  P0   gH 
3 3
 nRgT0 = (P V – P iV i)= (3P 0V 0–P 0V 0) 3P 0V 0
= 2 f f 2
2 3
(P0   gH ) 5 (P0   g(H  y ) 5  Heat absorbed in the process AB is 3P 0V 0.
Subjective Questions (AB  3P

V  
0 0
)
1 . (a) ABCA is a clockwise cyclic process. (c) Let QBC be the heat absorbed in the process BC
(ABCA    
) 
(
BCQ

BC

)
Total heat absorbed (  
P
)
B
3P0 Q = Q CA + Q AB + Q BC
P0
A C  5 
Q    P0 V0   (3P0 V0 )  Q BC
 2 
V
V0 2V0
P0 V0
 Work done by the gas (    ) Q = Q BC +
2
W=+Area of triangle ABC ( 
ABC   
)
Change in internal energy U = 0
1 1
W = (base) (height) = (2V 0–V 0) (3P 0–P 0)=P 0V 0 (
)
2 2
(b) No. of moles n=1 and gas is monoatomic, therefore P0 V0 PV
Q = W   Q BC   P0 V0  Q BC  0 0
(  
n=1    ) 2 2
3 5 CV 3 C 5 P0 V0
CV = R and CP = R  and P   Heat absorbed in the process BC is
2 2 R 2 R 2 2
(BC
) 
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(d) Maximum temperature of the gas will some where

TA=300K
between B and C. Line BC is a straight line. Therefore,
X
P–V equation for the process BC can be written as
(
BC

BC
BC
PV)
P = –mV + c; (y = mx + c)
 dT  dT
2P0  2P0      =k(T – T A)  T  T =–k.dt
Here, m  V and c=5P 0  P    V  V  5P0 dt A
0  0 
T1 1t
Multiplying the equation by V dT  T  TA 
   k  dt   n  1   kt 1
T0
T  TA 0  T0  TA 
 2P0  2
PV = –  V  V  5P0 V (PV = RT for n=1)
 0   350  300 
 kt 1 =–n    kt 1 = n(2)
400  300 
 2P 
RT    0  V 2  5P0 V In the IInd part, body X cools by radiation (according
 V0 
to Newton's law) as well as by conduction (t > t 1).
1  2P0 2  (
II
X 
T  5P0 V  V V  ...(i)  
(t > t1)      
R  0 
For T to be maximum (T     

) TA
T=TA
Y
X
dT 4P0 5 V0
 0  5P 0 – , V=0  V 
dV V 0 4
5 V0
i.e., at V= (on line BC), temperature of the gas Therefore, rate of cooling (  )
4
= (cooling by radiation) + (cooling by conduction)
is maximum
=      
5V
(
V= 0 
BC dQ KA (T  TA )
4  dT 
In conduction (
)   C 
 dt 
dt L
From Equation (i) this maximum temperature will be
((i)
)  dT  KA
     (T  TA )
dt LC
2
1   5 V0  2P0  5 V0   25 P0 V0
T max = 5P
 0       = where C = heat capacity of body X
R  4 V 4  8 R
(
C= 
X  
0
)
2 . In the first part of the question (t < t 1)  dT  KA

     k(T  TA )  (T  TA ) ...(ii)
dt CL
[   
(t < t
)]
At t=0, T X =T 0 =400K and at t=t 1 T X =T 1 =350K  dT   KA 

     k   (T  TA ) ...(iii)
Temperature of atmosphere, T A = 300K (constant) dt CL 
This cools down according to Newton's law of cooling. Let at t = 3t 1 , temperature of X becomes T 2
[  
TA = 300K  ]
Therefore, from Equation (iii)
(
t=3t1  X  T2     
(iii)
(
)

Therefore, rate of cooling  temperature difference.
T2 3 t1
(  dT  KA 
)   k    dt
T  TA  LC 
T1 t1
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 T2  TA   KA   2KA  3  V  2 / 3 
 n  T  T     k  LC  (2t 1 )    2kt1  t1  P1 V1   1   1
 1 A  LC   U A B = –W AB =
2   V2  
 T2  300 
 n   =–2n(2)–
2KAt 1 Process B–C (  B-C):
350  300  LC W BC = 0
 kt 1=n2 from Equation (i) ( (i)  )  U BC = Q BC = Q (Given)

This equations gives T  300  12.5e
2
2 KAt1
CL  kelvin  U Total=U A B +U BC 
3  V  2 / 3
P1 V1   1 

 1  Q
2   V2  
3 . The P–V diagram for the complete process will be (i ii ) Final temperature of the gas
as follows (  P-V

  ) (   
)
 R 
U Total = nC VT =2    1  (TC  TA )
3  V1  2 / 3  2R  PA VA 
 P V
1 1    1  Q   TC  
2  V2   5 /3  1  2R 
3   V1  2 / 3   PV 
Process A  B is adiabatic compression and  P V
1 1    1   Q  3R  TC  1 1 
2  V   2R 
 2 
Process B  C is isochoric.
(AB 
B  C  2/3
Q P1 V1  V1 
  TC =
3R

2R  V2 
= T final
(b) (i) Total work done by the gas process A–B :
4 . (i) Number of moles ( ) 
(  
A–B    )
n=2, T 1 =300K
PA VA  PB VB Pi Vi  Pf Vf P1 V1  P2 V2 During the process A  B
W AB   
 1  1 5
1 (A  B  
)
3 2
PT = constant or P V =constant=K(say)
 P1 V1  P2 V2  K
V 

P 
P1 V1  P1  1  V2   V
 V2    V1  
  P2  P1  V   VB VB
2/3  2  K
W AB =  P.dV   dV
VA VA V
3   V1   1  3  V1  5 / 3 1 
 P1 V1 1       P1 V1    1  2 K [ VB  V A ]  2[ KVB  KV A ]
2   V2   2  V2  
 2  (PB2 VB )VB  (PA2 VA )VA  (K = P 2V)
3  V  2 / 3 
  P1 V1  1   1
2  V2   = 2[P BV B – P AV A] = 2[nRT B – nRT A]
= 2nR[T 1 – 2T 1] = (2)(2)(R) [300–600]
Process B–C : W BC = 0 (V= constant)
= –1200R
2/3
3  V1    Work done on the gas in the process AB is 1200R.
 W Total =W AB + W BC   P1 V1    1
2  V2   (AB     )
(ii) Heat absorbed/released in different processes.
(i i) Total cha nge i n i nternal energy
(
) 
(     
)
Since, the gas is monoatomic.
Process A–B (  A-B):
(
)
QAB = 0 (Process is adiabatic) (   
)
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3 5 5 (A B
)
Therefore, C V = R and C P = R and =
2 2 3 we get m=0.495 kg.
Process A–B :
6 . Given :
3  3  V
U = nC VT = (2)  R  (T B–T A )  (2)  R  No. of moles, n=2 D
2 2 C
4V0
(300–600) = –900R 3 5
CV  R & CP  R VB
Q AB = W AB + U = (–1200R) – (900 R) 2 2 VA
=2 and
Q AB = –2100R(Released) 2V0 B V
(Monoatomic) D
=4
Process B–C : VA
T A = 27°C = 300 K V0
Process is isobaric (  
) A
 Q BC = nC P T Let VA = V0 T
TA TB
then V B = 2V 0
5  5 
 (2)  R  (TC  TB )  2  R  (2T1  T1 ) and V D = V C = 4V 0
2  2 
( i ) Process A  B :
= (5R) (600–300)
QBC = 1500 R(absorbed) ( 
) TB VB
V T  T  V
Process C–A : A A
Process is isothermal (  

)
 PC 
 U =0 and Q CA = W CA =nRT C n  P   TB  TA  VB  = (300) (2) = 600K
 A  V 
A
 2P1 
= nR(2T 1)n  P  =(2)(R)(600)n(2) T B = 600 K
 1 
( i i ) Process A B :
QCA = 831.6 R (absorbed) ( 
)
V  T  P = constant
Q AB = nC PdT = nC P(T B – T A)
5 . Let m be the mass of the container. Initial temperature
of contai ner, T i = (227 + 273) = 500 K and fi nal 5 
temperature of container,  (2)  R  (600  300)
2 
T f = (27 + 273) = 300 K
Q AB = 1500R (absorbed)
Now, heat gained by the ice cube = heat lost by the
container i.e., (mass of ice) (latent heat of fusion of ice) Process B  C :
+ (mass of ice) (specific heat of water) T = constant  dU =0
(
m   VC   4 V0 
QBC = WBC = nRTBn  V  = (2) (R) (600) n  2V 
T i = (227 + 273) = 500 K  B  0

Tf = (27 + 273) = 300 K  = (1200 R)n(2) = (1200 R) (0.693)

= Q BC  831.6 R (absorbed)
Process C  D
V = constant

 Q CD = nC VdT = nC V (T D – T C )
Tf
(300 K – 273 K) = m  S.dT 3 

 n  R  (T A – T B) (T D = T A and T C = T B)
Ti 2 
Substituting the values, we have ( ) 

3 
(0.1) (8 × 10 4 ) + (0.1) (10 3 ) (27)  (2)  R  (300 – 600)
2 
300 300
 BT 2   Q CD = –900 R (released)
= –m  (A  BT)dT of 10700   m  AT  
500  2  500 Process D  A :
T = constant  dU = 0
After substituting the values of A and B and the proper
limits
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V  1 (100)2 (10) 2 (5)

Q DA =W DA = nRT D n  A  U J = 0.9478 J
 VD  2 (3.14)(2  10 3 ) 2 (2.1  10 11 )
When the bob gets snapped, this energy is utilised

 V0  1
= (2) (R) (300) n  4 V  = 600R n   in raising the temperature of the wire.
 0 4
(
Q DA  –831.6 R (Released)
(i i i ) In the complete cycle: dU =0 
)
Therefore, from conservation of energy So, U = ms
( dU=0
   
)  U 0.9478
W net = Q AB + Q BC + Q CD + Q DA     C or K
ms 0.494(420)
W net = 1500R + 831.6R – 900 R – 831.6 R
 W net = W total = 600 R   = 4.568 × 10 –3 °C
8 . Volume of the box (  

)= 1m 3
7 . Given ( 
)
Pressure of the gas (   
)= 100N/m 2
 Let T be the temperature of the gas.
(
T   
)
M=100kg
Then ()
(i) Time between two consecutive collisions with one
Length of the wire (   
) =5m wall (   )  
Radius of the wire (   
) r=2 × 10 m –3
Density of wire (   

)  = 7860 kg/m 3 1
= s.
Young's, modulus ( )  500

Y= 2.1 × 10 11 N/m 2 and specific heat

2
( 
) This time should be equal to v
rms
S = 420 J/kg–K
Mass of wire, m = (density) (volume) 2
(  
)
[  
m= 
] v rms
= () (r 2) = (7860)()(2 × 10 –3)2(5) kg=0.494 kg where  is the side of the cube.
Elastic potential energy stored in the wire, (
  
)
(
)  2 1
 v  500  v rms =1000m/s (as =1m)
1 rms
U (stress) (strain)× (volume)
2
3RT
 =1000
1 M
U  () ()× ()
2
(1000)2 M (10) 6 (4  10 3 )
1  Mg     2 1 T    160K
3R 3(25 / 3)
 U   2    ( r  )  (Mg).
2 r  2
3
(ii) Average kinetic energy per atom  kT
 F  2
    
AY 
3
(
 kT )
1 (Mg  ) 2
 (Mg) 2 1 M 2 g2 

2 ( r )Y 2 r 2 Y 3
 (1.38 × 10 –23 )(160) J = 3.312 × 10 –21 J
2
Substituting the values, we have ( ) 
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m 1 1 . At constant pressure (  )

(iii) From PV = nRT= RT
M
V2 T2 Ah 2 T2
We get mass of helium gas in the box, V  T  V  T  Ah  T
1 1 1 1
PVM
(  
) m
  T2   400  4
RT
 h 2  h 1  T   (1.0)  300  m  3 m
 1
Substituting the values we get ( ) 
As there is no heat loss, process is adiabatic.
(100)(1)(4)
m  0.3g (
(25 / 3)(160)

)
For adiabatic process (   
)
9 . Decrease in kinetic energy = increase in internal
energy of the gas Tf Vf 1  Ti Vi 1
( 
=  
)
 1 1.4 1 0.4
 Vi  h  4
1 m 3  Mv 20  Tf  Ti    (400)  i   400  
2  Vf   hf  3
 mv 0  nC V T     R  T  T 
2 M 2 3R
1 2 . When the temperature is increased, volume of the
cube will increase while density of liquid will decrease.
1 0 . (i) Rate of heat loss per unit area due to radiation The depth upto which the cube is submerged in the
(
) liquid remains the same, hence the upthrust will not
I = e(T 4 – T 4) change.
0
Here. T = 127 + 273 = 400 K (

and T 0 = 27 + 273 = 300 K 
17 
)
I = 0.6 × × 10 –8 [(400) 4 – (300) 4]= 595 W/m 2 F = F'
3
 V iLg =V i'' Lg
(ii) Let  be the temperature of the oil.
(V i = volume immersed (  
))
Then, rate of heat flow through conduction
=rate of heat loss due to radiation  L 
 (Ah i)( L)(g) = A(1 + 2s T) (h i)  1   T  g
(
   
 =     

) Solving this equation, we get (
)
 l = 2 s
temperature difference (   127)
 thermal resis tan ce =(595) A   (595)A
  
  1 3 . Rate of heat conduction through rod= rate of the heat
KA
lost from right end of the rod. (
Here, A = area of disc; K = thermal conductivity and
=       

) 
 = thickness (or length) of disc (A =
 

; K =   =   KA (T1  T2 ) =eA(T 4 – T 4) ...(i)
2 s
L

)
Given that T 2 =T s+T
K 4
 (   127)  595 4  T 
 4 4
 T2  (Ts  T)  Ts  1 
 Ts 
  595  10 2 Using binomial expansion, we have (   
)
 = 595   +127  +127 = 162.6°C
K 0.167
 T 
T24  Ts4  1  4
 Ts  (as T << T s )
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1 5 . 0.05 kg steam at
 T24  Ts4  4( T)(Ts3 )
373 K Q1
 0.05 kg water at 373 K
Substituting in Eq.(i), we have ( (i)  
) 
0.05 kg water at
K (T1  Ts  T) 373 K 
= 4eT s3.T
Q2
 0.05kg water at 273 K
L
0.45 kg ice at
K (T1  Ts )  K 253 K  Q3
 0.45 kg ice at 273 K
   4e Ts3   T
L  L 0.45 kg ice at
273 K  Q4
 0.45 kg water at 273 K
K (T1  Ts )
 T = (4e LT 3  K ) Q 1 = (50) (540) = 27,000 cal = 27 kcal
s
Q 2 = (50) (1) (100) = 5000 cal = 5 kcal
Comparing with the given relation, proportionality Q 3 = (450) (0.5) (20) = 4500 cal = 4.5 kcal
constant (
) Q 4 = (450) (80) = 36000 cal = 36 kcal
Now since Q 1 + Q 2 > Q 3 but Q 1 + Q 2 < Q 3 + Q 4
K
 ice will come to 273K from 253 K, but whole ice
4e LTs3  K
will not melt. Therefore, temperature of the mixture
is 273K.
1 4 . (a) From Q = msT (  Q + Q > Q Q + Q < Q + Q
1 2 3 1 2 3 4
T =
Q 20000
  50 C

273K 253 K
ms 1  400     273K


)
 1 
(b) V = VT =   (8 × 10 –5 ) (50) 16.
9000 
Ice 0°C
400°C
100°C
Water
–7 3
= 5 × 10 m A .P B
 W = P.V = (10 5 ) (5 × 10 –7 ) = 0.05 J L 10x–L
(c) U = Q –W =(20000 – 0.05) J
= 19999.95 J k  400  0  A
= m (80) ...(i)
L
kA  400  100 
10x  L  = m (540) ...(ii)
Divide (i) by (ii) 1080 x = 120 L
 L = x  = 9
46

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1 2 . Coefficient of linear expansion of brass is greater

1 6 . For rod A (

1 7 .    Expansion in dx = 0 = surrounding's temperature (  

2 9 . According to Wien's law 

At constant temperature   P n1C P1  n 2 C P 2

4 2 . If temperature is doubled, pressure will also be

 4P0  11P0 V0 5 4 . Internal energy and volume depend upon states.

4 6 . Number of moles remain constant 5 5 . PT 11 = constant & PV =nRT

f1 n 1  f2 n 2  f3 n 3 (5n)(3)  (n)(5)  (5n)(6) 50

M = mass of freezed  3 5

6. Mixture may attain intermediate temperature or P 2 P  RT  R

P P 2 0 . Average speed ( 

 3 2RT 8RT 3RT

1 6 . Q = U +W  +Q = U + P0(V2 – V1) 2 2 . Fig A : WA = +ve Fig B : WB =+ve

3RT 8RT M 3 2 4 . At constant volume, work done by gas is zero.

For Q = 0, C = 0 (adiabatic process)  Heat absorbed (

V0 3 3 . For constant pressure process Q

2 8 . PV = C; n P + nV = nC nR(T1  T2 )

3 1 . Work done = Area of ABC with V–axis T

3 9 Let V 0 = initial volume = 2V 0 = final volume

4 5 . Newton's law of cooling implies that rate of cooling is

 d  tan 2  2  0  H 100   A   = 60°C

6 4 . For an elemental spherical shells,

1T1 = 2T2 = b = 2.8 × 10–3 km 6 5 . P = P0 – aV2

KA (   25) KA (25  ) P0 d2 T 6aV

6 6 . Let x= percentage of water solidified

6 7 . Q1 + 36 = Q 2 7 2 . At 30° true length is given by (30° 

7 0 . Area under the curve is equal to number of molecules V V 0    3   t

P 4 . Energy radiated per second = AT 4

5 . (PE)rared > (PE)compressed (Ans – True)

2 . Isobaric process  

7 . Initially rate of heat flow will be maximum at A and

5 . From given V–T graph we cannot tell the nature of  dT 

4 . If h doesn't change (h

1 . Stress developed at junction are same

5 3 2 . As cross sectional area is same & equal and opposite

 1  2 (Y1 1  Y2  2 ) T  4L22  2  L21 1

1 . QBC = 0  UBC =–W BC =–400 J

W net 600 600  1   2 

1 . 450 = m(0.5) (150)  m = 6g

9 . By using Wien's displacement law

Therefore mass of ice left in the box after 6 hours

10°C +20°C (ii) According to Wein's displacement law

1 3 . Heat needed to bring ice to freezing point

8 . (i) Temperature gradient ( 

Total heat absorbed by the rod

Q =  dQ  2000  1  x  dx =1000 J Time taken to melt ice (

1 7 . (i) At triple point (temperature = –56.6°C) &

16. Heat gained = Heat lost (  = 

2 1 . No. of moles withdrawn (

(i) Atomicity = Monatomic, nRTB 2R  400 4 D C

change in momentum (  

(iii) QAB = UAB + WAB= (UB – UA) + WA B

(8  0.5  4  0.2)  10 5 For Process C  D (CD )

3 2 . (i) For adiabatic process (

 2 (ii) Change in internal energy (

1  8.314  (1000  850)

(ii) Q BC = U BC + W BC= nC VT + 0 P0 V 0  n R TA 3

3 4 . For polytropic process ( 

Taking log both sides (

n2 = (n–1) n 5.66 (

4 0 . PT = constant  P2V = constant  PV1/2 = constant

Thermal efficiency ( )