FOOD 
GRAMMAR 
BOOK  
 
BY 
 

JOSE SANCHEZ 
 
 
 
 
 
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About the Author 
The author of this book is named Jose Sanchez who is 
sixteen years old. He worked very hard on this book. He 
stayed up nights struggling and stressing because he 
couldn’t understand most of the assignments. He learned 
a lot doing this grammar book and luckily his writing and 
grammar skills are far way better. From being a basic 
student with basic english skills, he went with being a 
better student with better english skills. Little by little he will 
become a great student who can use english properly. 
Hopefully every person who reads through this grammar 
book will learn something out of it. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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DEDICATION 
 
I dedicate this book to my family who have seen me stress out and 
struggle to complete this book. They have motivated me to never give up 
on it and finish it. They have stayed up nights with me finishing every 
assignment that was assigned. They helped me when I did not understand 
things. I thank them so much for everything they did making it possible for 
me to finish this grammar book. Thank you so much! 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Glossary 
Abstract Nouns​: name ideas, quality, emotions, or attitudes.
Adjectival​: describes noun following it
Appositives​: renames nouns, separated by comma
Appositive Phrase​: A group of words that included all the words or phrases that
modify an appositive
Compound Nouns​: words use together to form a single noun.
Concrete Nouns​: refer to material things, to people, or to places
Direct Object​: comes after the verb and answers what or whom
Gerund​: words ending in “ing” used as a noun
Indirect object​: The verb does not receive the action
Infinitive​: Verb preceded by the word “to”
Modifiers​: Provide Description in the sentences
Object of the preposition​: follows a preposition
Object complement:​ follows a direct object and renames it
Participle​: words ending in “ing” and “ed” used as an adjective
Prepositional Phrase​: a group of words that begin with the preposition and ends
with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb

 
 
 
 
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

SECTION 1: NOUNS, PRONOUNS, VERBS, ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS,

CONJUNCTIONS, PREPOSITIONS, INTERJECTIONS,

SECTION 2: PHRASES

SECTION 3: CLAUSES

SECTION 4: SENTENCES, SENTENCE PARTS, SENTENCE TYPES,

SENTENCE PATTERNS, SENTENCE ERRORS

SECTION 5: PARAGRAPHS, INTRODUCTION, BODY, CONCLUSION

SECTION 6: ESSAYS, TYPES, STRATEGIES/PLANNING TIP/STEPS, WORK

CITED PAGE

SECTION 7: CAPITALIZATION

SECTION 8: PUNCTUATION

SECTION 9: COMMONLY CONFUSED/MISUSED WORD CHOICES

 
 
 
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I. NOUNS 
A. Types of nouns:  
 
1. Common Nouns​: name a class of people, places, things, or idea. ​Ex: 
Pizza, Hamburgers, Quesadillas, Food Shops, Fast Food 
2. Proper Nouns:​ give the name or title of a particular person, place, 
thing, or idea (must be capitalized). ​Ex: Subway, Pizza Hut, Burger King, 
McDonalds  
3. Compound Nouns: ​consist of words used together to form a single 
noun. ​Ex: Drive through, Take out, Cheese Burger   
4. Concrete Nouns: ​refer to material things, to people, or to places. ​Ex: 
Spoon, Fork, knife, Table, Chair 
5. Abstract Nouns:​ name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes. ​Ex: 
Hungry, Starving, Bloated, Desire 
 
B. Noun identifiers: 
 
1. Noun endings:  
Desireness concentration optimism checklist culture 
consuetude refreshment balance consistence capacity 
lobster flavory beer livelihood 
 
2. Following  a  noun  marker  (NM)​:  a,  all,  an,  ​both,  each​,  every,  ​her, 
his,  my,  our,  ​several,  some,  that​, their, ​these, this, those, one​, two, three, 
etc.  ​Emboldened  words  are  pronouns  that  function  as  noun  markers 
only when they act as adjectives, i.e., ​Some boxes are square​.  (“Some” 
acts  as  an  adjective,  so  it’s a noun marker). ​Some are square​.  (“Some” 
acts as a noun so it’s not a noun marker). 
NM N NM N 
The ​food ​ is good. The mexican ​food​ is very appetizing. 
   
3. Plural form​:​ for example: ​“food​” or “​child​” 
 
4. Possessive form​:​ for example: “​child’s​ food” or “​childrens’​ food” 
 
 
5. Following a preposition​:   
NM N prep V ADV NM ADJ N 
The woman ​behind​ ate quickly the tasty pizza. (preposition) 
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These  are  some  common  prepositions​:  aboard,  about,  above, 
according  to,  across,  across  from,  after,  against,  along,  alongside, 
alongside  of,  along  with,  amid,  among,  apart  from,  around,  as,  as  far 
as,  aside  from,  at,  away  from,  back  of,  because  of,  before,  behind, 
below,  beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means 
of,  concerning,  despite,  down,  down  from,  except,  except  for, 
excluding,  for,  from,  from  among,  from  between,  from  under,  in,  in 
addition  to,  in  behalf  of,  including,  in  front  of,  in  place  of,  in  regard  to, 
inside,  inside  of,  in  spite  of,  instead  of,  into,  like,  near,  near  to, 
notwithstanding,  of,  off,  on,  on  account  of,  on  behalf  of,  onto,  on  top 
of,  opposite,  out,  out  of,  outside,  outside  of,  over,  over  to,  owing  to, 
past,  prior  to,  to,  toward,  under,  underneath,  until,  unto,  up,  upon,  up 
to, versus, via, with, within, without. 
 
Note:​ Sometimes the above words are used as adverbs. 
 
Kimberly ate a whole pizza box ​quickly​. (adverb) 
 
C. Functions (How nouns are used​): 
 
1. Subject​ (comes before the verb) 
N​ – V    
The child ​ate way too much. 
​v s 
Eating​ ​healthy helps ​child ​obesity in every way. 
 
2. Direct Object​ (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) 
N – V – ​N   
The teacher threw a class party. (​ threw what?) 
s v DO IO 
The teacher ordered his ​students ​chicken wings for a class party. 
(to whom?) 
 
3. Indirect Object​ (answers to who or to whom) 
 
N – V – ​N​ – N The people voted their opinions.   
DO V S  
Enchiladas were the most voted by the people for the new  
IO 
restaurant. 
 
 
4. Adverbial Object​ (comes after the verb and answers when) 
N – V – ​N    

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The customers enjoyed the food. 
S V AO 
The customers gave the chef a rating for his food ​after​ eating it. 
 
 
5. Object of the Preposition​ (follows a preposition) 
Prep – ​N My neighbor gave me food. 
 
S V  Prep OPrep 
We went to my neighbor’s ​house​ to eat dinner. 
 
6. Subject Complement​ (following a ​linking verb​) 
N – LV – ​N ​The customers left the restaurant because of bad service 
 
S LV  SC   
The customers at the coffee place were ​dissatisfied ​with the 
service.   
(SC can also be an adjective. ​(dissatisfied ​describes the customers) 
 
7. Object Complement​ (follows a direct object and renames it) 
 
N – V – N – ​N ​Diego is the new chef. 
 
S V DO OC 
Diego worked hard to become the new ​chef​. 
 
8. Appositives​ (renames nouns, separated by commas) 
 
N, ​N Mr. Russell gave me food.   
S​ ​ ​ PP
A V 
Mr. Russell, my ​coach​, rewarded me with food because i finished 
the mile first. 
 
 
9. Adjectival​ (describes noun following it) 
 
N​ – N ​I drove to Burger King.   
 
S V Adjvl 
I drove 25 minutes to ​Burger King​ to get some fries. 
 
10. ​Noun in Direct Address 
   
She likes to bake cake. 
N​, N or N, ​ ​  
​ N
Crystal, ​makes a very delicious dark chocolate cake. 
 
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11. Object of the gerund​ (noun that follows a ​gerund​) 
 
Gerund – ​N I won an eating challenge.  
G ​ G 
O
I received a prize after winning a hot dog eating ​challenge. 
(winning what?) 
 
12. Object of the participle​ ​(noun that follows a ​participle​) 
Participle – ​N   
​We ate when the family arrived. 
   
Part​ ​ Part 
O
We ate chinese ​food​ , when the whole family arrived. (​eating what?) 
 
13. Object of the infinitive​ (noun that follows an ​infinitive​) 
Infinitive – ​N  
The baby wanted to eat the cake. 
  __​Inf_ ​ Inf 
​ O
My sister’s baby wanted to eat the ​cake ​before the meal. ​(to eat 
what?) 
 
II. PRONOUNS 
 
 
1. Personal:​ comprising a set that shows contrast of person, gender, number, and case. 
Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) 
I/we  me/us 
you/you you/you 
He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them 
  
1. He ate his food alone in the lunch tables. 
2. She loves to eat seafood. 
Possessive 
My, mine our, ours 
Your, yours your, yours 
His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs 
 
2. Relative: ​used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. 
Nominative Objective Possessive 
who whom whose  
That that of that 
those/ this  
1. That boy seem to enjoy his food. 
2. Those tacos look very mouth-watering. 
 
 

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3. Interrogative: ​used to make asking questions easy 
who, which, what, whatever, whoever 
 
1. Which sauce is the spiciest? 
2. Who ate my leftovers?  
 
4. Reflexive:​ (personal pronouns plus the suffix ​–self ​or ​–selves​)  
Used only 
A. when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: 
i. The teenagers cooked for ​themselves​. 
B. to intensify a point: 
i. The girl thought she could finish a whole pizza box by​ herself 
 
5. Demonstrative: ​point to specific things 
this, these that, those 
 
1. That restaurant gives good service.  
2. Those employees are very generous. 
  
6. Indefinite: ​a pronoun that does not refer to any person, amount, or thing in 
particular. 
all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, 
everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, 
other, several, somebody, someone, such. 
 
1. Nothing is better than to come home and have the food ready. 
2. Nobody should be ashamed eating the amount they want to eat. 
 
III. VERBS 
 
A. H
​ ow verbs are identified​: ​(list three to five of each type) 
1. Verb ending​: ​- s, -ed, -ing are the basic ones. Show the others, 
as well. 
 
2. Tense: ​verbs indicate time via tenses​:  
1. Simple past: action that occurred in the past- ate, drank, ordered  
2. past: actions that took place in the past- chewed, swallowed, burped 
3. past perfect: action that came before another action in the past- had cooked, 
had served, had finished 
4. past progressive: past action that is being done at the moment- cooking, eating, 
starving 
5. simple present: actions that are happening at the moment- chewing, drinking, 
breathing 
6. present: action that occurs current- prepare, observe, create 
7. present perfect: actions done recently- cleaned, washed, chopped 

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8. present progressive: continuing action- eating, drinking,  
9. present perfect progressive: an action that recently stopped- ate, washed, fixed 
10. future: expressing an action that has not yet happened: will eat, will cook, will 
buy 
11. future perfect: an action will have been completed- i will order, i will wait, i will 
deliver 
 
 
3. Forms:  
a. Forms of “to be”:​ ​am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being 
(These verbs can be used as ​helping verbs​ or main verbs. When 
used as main verb, they are always ​linking verbs – true linking verbs 
= all forms of ​be​,​ become, ​and​ seem​)​. 
 
b. Forms of “to do”:​ ​do, does, did, done, doing (These 
verbs can be used as ​helping verbs​ or main verbs).  
 
c. Forms of “to have”:​ ​have, had, has, having (These 
verbs can be used as ​helping verbs​ or main verbs). 
 
4. Types: ​There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs:  
a. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) 
b. linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but 
connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the 
sentence – usually the predicate) 
c. lexical verbs (main verbs) 
d. dynamic verbs (indicate action) 
e. stative verbs (describe a condition) 
f. finitive verbs (indicate tense) 
g. nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) 
h. regular verbs (weak verbs) 
i. irregular verbs (strong verbs) 
j. transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object)  
k. intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) 
 
 
5.​ ​Voice:​ Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates 
or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: 
ACTIVE and PASSIVE. 
 
6. Verbals​: (​VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS​) 
a. Gerund:​ ​ word ending in “ing” used as a noun​. 
i. My favorite hobby is ​eating​. 
b. Participle:​ word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an 
adjective 
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i. The restaurant is not ​selling​ tacos today. 
ii. My family ​enjoyed​ the meal I prepared for them. 
c. Infinitive:​ ​verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to 
jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs 
i. Everyone is ready to ​eat​ thai food after a long 
day. (noun: direct object – eat what?) 
ii. The chef has to cook fresh ​food​ everyday. 
(adjective: cook– food)   
 
IV. ADJECTIVES   
 
1. Demonstrative​- green apple, juicy watermelon, pizza slices. 
 
2. Common​- large fires, good taste, bad smell 
 
3. Proper Endings​:- Terrific, restless, breathless 
  
4. Conversions​- water- moist, food- meal, fork- utensils  
How are other parts of speech converted into adjectives?   
- Putting an ​-ing​ to the end of a verb, the verb could become an 
adjective  
  
5. Articles​: What are these? A restaurant, The smell, The taste 
How/when are they used?  
-They are always used in front of most nouns 
 
6. Comparatives-​What are these?Juicy, Juices, Juiciest 
How/when are they used?  
-​ In sentences where two nouns are compared 
 
7. Superlatives​:-What are these?Hungry, Hungrier, Hungriest  
How/when are they used?  
-​say a thing or person is the most of a group 
 
V. ADVERBS   
 
a. ​Endings​ -hungrily, afterwards, lengthwise 
 
a. Conversions ​- bitter = bitterly, delightful = delightfully 
health = healthily 
 
b. How can adjectives or verbs be converted into adverbs? 
Adjectives can be converted into verbs by adding the ly at the 
end. 
 
c. Types​:  
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Manner- drank quickly, ate carelessly, wait ​anxiously  
Frequency- Often​ ​eats, drinks ​Twice, Annually​ ​cooks 
Degree- Awfully, fully, badly 
Place- Anywhere, outside, inside 
Time- fast food today, cooking tomorrow, salads daily 
 
d. Conjunctive -​ still eating, next meal, then finally cooking 
 
e. Intensifiers ​- very hungry, extremely tasty, really good 
 
f. Comparatives/ Superlatives  
What are these? 
- -​er​ form the comparative form 
- -​es​t form the superlative form 
i. How are they used? 
- A comparative form is used to compare two things person, place, or 
thing. 
- A superlative is used to compare more than two things.  
 
Example Types: 
 
​Manner​ – She ate slow. - She ate​ slowly​ while waiting for the bus. 
Time​ – He opened the place quick. - The chef opened the​ restaurant​ quickly. 
Place​ – She threw an apple at me. - Sara threw an apple that went ​above 
me. 
Degree​ – He almost finished his food. - Michael ​almost​ finished his sandwich. 
Frequency​ – I sometimes go out to eat. - I ​occasionally​ go eat at my favorite 
restaurant. 
 
VI. CONJUNCTIONS  
 
A. Coordinating​ (FANBOYS):​ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so 
- He liked the food but did not like the service. 
- My  friend  enjoyed  his  mexican  food  but  he  didn’t  like  the  service  he  was 
given. 
B. Correlative​:  ​Either/or;  neither/nor;  not  only/but  also; both/and; whether/or; 
as/so 
- Not only did they serve mexican food but also american food. 
- The  restaurant  not  only  made  mexican  food  but  also  made  american 
food.  
C. Subordinate​:  ​after,  though  as,  as  if,  as  long  as,  as  thought,  because, 
before,  if,  in  order  that,  provided  that,  since,  so,  so  that,  that,  though,  till, 
unless, when, where, whereas, while. 
- He gave us snacks while we were waiting for our food. 
- The waitress gave us appetizers while we were waiting for our food. 

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D. Relative  pronouns​:  ​who  (refers  to  people), which (refers to nonliving object 
or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) 
- He ate that. 
- kevin ate that apple his sister left for herself. 
 
 
 
VII. PREPOSITIONS 
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence.   
Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are ​one-word prepositions​ and  
complex prepositions​. These are ​some​ common prepositions: 
aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, 
along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, 
around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, 
before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but 
(except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, 
except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from 
under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in 
regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, 
notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, 
opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, 
prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, 
versus, with, within, without. 
There are several others, as well: 
 
- I ​like​ eating pizza ​with​ ranch. 
- Watching those kids throw food at each other was very​ concerning​.  
- The two dollar meal ​including​ soda and fries was a really good deal. 
 
VIII. INTERJECTIONS 
 
- Ahh
- Blah
- Cheers
- Damn
- Ew
- Foo
- Gulp
- Hot Dog

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- Icky
- Jeez
- Kaboom
- Lordy
- Meh
- No Thanks
- Oh Yeah
- Pff
- Quite
- Ready
- Sigh
- Thanks
- Ugh
- Very Well
- Whoa
- Yummy
- Zowie
- The cake I tried to make for my sister’s birthday was ​Yummy.
- Whoa​, this new restaurant has excellent service!
- The food my mom made today was​ quite​ unsatisfying. 

 
Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech: 
 
Antecedents-  A  word,  phrase,  or  is  affected  by  the  action  of  a  transitive 
sentence to which another word refers.   verb. 
   
Complements-  ​Word,  phrase,  or 
Direct  Object  :a  noun  phrase  denoting 
clause that is necessary to complete the 
meaning of a given expression. a  person  or  thing  that  is  the  recipient  of 
the action of a transitive verb   
Indirect  Object-  ​a  noun  phrase   
referring  to  someone  or  something  that 
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Modifiers-  ​a  word,  especially  an  consequence, 
adjective  or  noun  used  attributively,  consequently, thus, since, 
therefore, for this reason, 
that  restricts  or  adds  to  the  sense  of  a  because of this   
head noun  
To signal purpose  to this end, for this purpose, 
  with this in mind, for this 
Transitional-  ​words,  phrases,  or  reason, for these reasons  

sentences  that  connect  one  topic  or  To signal comparisons  like, in the same (like) 
manner or way, similarly  
idea to another.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
To signal addition of  and, also, besides, further, 
ideas  furthermore, too, moreover,   
in addition, then, of equal   
importance, equally 
important, another   
 
To signal time  next, afterward, finally, 
later, last, lastly, at last,   
now, subsequently, then,   
when, soon, thereafter, 
after a short time, the next   
week 
 
To signal order or  first, second, (etc.), finally,   
sequence  hence, next, then, from 
here on, to begin with, last  Expletives- a crude or obscene  
of all, after, before, as soon  expression,  or  an  unnecessary  word  or 
as, in the end, gradually 
phrase  used  to  fill  space  in  a  sentence 
To signify space and  above, behind, below,  for grammar or rhythm purposes 
place  beyond, here, there, to the 
right (left), nearby,   
opposite, on the other side,  Subject-  Verb Agreements- the fact that 
in the background, directly 
ahead  the  subject and verb in a sentence must 
To signal an example  for example, to illustrate, for 
agree in number 
instance, to be specific,  Noun- Pronoun Agreements- must agree 
such as,  
as to whether they are singular or plural 
To show result  as a result, hence, so,   
accordingly, as a 
 
 
 
Quiz 
1. List the 8 parts of speech. 

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- The 8 parts of speech are Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, 
Conjunctions, Prepositions, and Interjections. 
 
2. What are some coordinating conjunctions? 
- Some coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. 
 
3. What are interjections? 
- Interjections are word used to express a strong feeling, 
   
4. How can you use personal pronouns? 
- You can use them in First, Second, and Third person. 
 
5. What are ending Adverbs? 
-Ending adverbs are words that end with -ly, -wards, -wise. 
 
 
 
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 2 
PHRASES 
1. Phrases  
 
a. Prepositional​- a noun  Gerund- a verb that turns 
or pronoun expressing a  into a noun. 
relation to another word or  Participle- a word formed 
element.  from a verb and used as an 
b. Appositive​- a noun  adjective. 
that renames another  Infinitive- the basic form of 
noun.  a verb. 
c. Verbal​ (3)- relating to   
or in the form of words. 
 
 
A. Prepositional​:  A  group  of  words  that  begins  with  a  preposition  and  ​ends 
with a noun​, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. 
We ate popcorn at the ​movies​. 
The store was around the​ corner​. 
B. Appositive​:  A  group  of  words  that  include  all  the  words  or  phrases  that 
modify an appositive. 
I like spaghetti, a food that involves noodles and sauce. 
My sister, Crystal made a chocolate cake. 
C. Verbal​: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ​ends with a noun​. 
1. Gerund​ ​word ending in “ing” used as a noun​.  
Eating​ is my favorite thing to do.  
My mom is​ cooking​ meat with beans. 

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2. Participle​ word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective 
I ​finished ​the whole bowl of fruit. 
I’m ​enjoying​ this chocolate ice cream. 
3. Infinitive  ​verb  preceded  by  the  word  “to”  (to  go,  to  jump) used as 
noun, adjectives, or adverbs 
At night, is the best time ​to bake​ cookies. 
I’m looking forward​ to good ​meal when i get home. 
See ​Verb section ​for how these phrases are used. 
 
 
QUIZ 
1 . A verb describes an action. 
True 
2. A participle is a word that ends with “ing”  
True 
3. All verbs are the same. 
False 
4. Infinitive verbs preceded by the word “and” 
False 
5. Every verb is an action. 
True 
 
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 3 
CLAUSES 
2. ​Clauses  
a. Independent - ​groups of words that can stand alone. 
b. Subordinate​ (7)- a clause introduced by a conjunction. 
Noun- word used to identify person,  I ordered the number 4, which was a 
place, or thing.   burger with fries. 
The ​pepperoni pizza​ was delicious.   
My new​ restaurant​ will be a success.  Can we go eat ​McDonalds​. 
Adjective- word or phrase to name an  Nonessential- not essential to the 
attribute.  meaning 
My mom was cutting onion and it smells  I ate chicken wings that were​ 8 pieces​. 
gross​.   We ordered a pizza and it has ​10 slices​. 
The carrot with spinach juice was  Relative- clauses starting with relative 
delicious​.Adverb- word that modifies an  pronouns 
adjective  Pasta is the food ​that​ needs good 
My meal was ​beautifully​ organized.  spices. 
I saved my chocolate cake for  Elliptical- some words have been left out 
tomorrow​.  No one cooks better ​than her​. 
Essential- relative clause  My sister is excited to try new food as 
well​ as me. 
 

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​A.​ INDEPENDENT – ​CAN​ stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a 
simple sentence​ ​pattern​. 
a. Bravo Medical Magnet requires students to work really hard. 
B.​ SUBORDINATE (Dependent) – ​CANNOT​ stand alone as a complete 
sentence 
and ​MUST​ begin with a ​SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION​. 
1. ​Noun Clause​: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a 
subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an 
indirect object, or an appositive. 
a. Mario grew up ​surrounded​ by chefs so he became a master 
chef.[subject] 
b. ​Whoever​ is the first customer will get a free pizza. [Indirect 
obj.] 
c. ​Maria​ was amazed by the customer service. [Subject] 
d. Edward had to make sure​ everybody enjoyed their food​. 
[Direct obj.]  
e. Jessica loves to​ mix flavors​ and create something new. 
[Predicate noun] 
f. My mom made the food for the ​party​. 
g. Maria, the chef, makes really ​good food​ at the restaurant. 
[Appositive] 
​ . ​Adjective Clause​: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. 
2
A​. ​Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: 
a.​ This​ is the Ihop where the pancakes are well done. 
b.​ There​ is the hot-dog i really want to taste. 
c.​ The​ corn dog contest you wanted to win is right there. 
B.​ ​Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: 
a.​ Michae​l is the one who had the best cooking skills.  
b. ​Here​ is the owner whose service was bad. 
c. ​The dish​, when it was finally returned was broken. 
d. ​NOTE:​ The relative pronoun has two functions. It introduces   
the clause ​and​ it is used as a sentence-part within the   
clause.   
​i.Mark, isn’t that the restaurant where you ​wanted​ to go? 
ii. Jacob is the guy who ​took​ me on a date to olive garden. 
iii. The menu, which you​ used ​has been lost. 
iv. Adore​ smiles​ when she gets her favorite food. 
   
​ . ​Adverb Clause​:​ Used to ​modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs​ in an  
3
independent clause, introduced by a  
subordinating conjunction and used to indicate  
time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition,  
and/or concession​. 
a. Modifying verbs: 
  i. They unfortunately put the bus sign ​where a few  

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could see it​.   
(place) 
ii​. ​The restaurant's logo was​ off​, nobody saw it. 
  iii. The door open at​ 7:00 am​. 
iv. We left from Ihop because we​ were full. 
b. Modifying adjectives: 
i. The maximum refund was​ 80,000​. 
ii. Kevin was​ stressing out ​so much, he had to sit down 
for a while.  
c. Modifying adverbs: 
i. I ​quickly ate ​the meal my mom made for me. 
(condition) 
​4. ​Relative Clauses​: Dependent clause that begins with a ​relative pronoun​. 
a. I really enjoy ​the​ food my mom makes. 
​5. ​Elliptical Clauses​: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.  
a. There are ​steps​ to make a cake. 
​6. ​Essential Clauses​: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. 
a.​ Mexican food​, meat with beans is my favorite. 
​7. ​Nonessential Clauses​: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning   
of the sentence. 
a. ​Chocolate​ ice cream is the best dessert.  
 
 
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 4 
SENTENCES 
3. Sentences  
 
a. Sentence Parts    
Subject​ (3)   
1.Complete- a complete sentences  She likes to eat. 
contains a subject and predicate.  My friend Jessica loves to eat spaghetti. 
2.Simple- needs two elements, subject and a complete thought. 
Jose went to the store. 
That pizza smells delicious. 
3.Compound- sentence that has two independent clauses joined by a comma. 
I was hungry, so i ate. 
There was no ice cream left, so i went to the store and bought more. 
   
Predicate​ (3)  The chef finished the cake. 
1.Complete-  includes  a  verb  and  all the  My dad will take us out to lunch. 
words that tell what happened.   The cake has been cooking for an hour. 
2.Simple- tells what subject does or is  We are going to a chinese restaurant. 
   
  3.Compound- has two actions for the 
  same subject 

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  Declarative- makes a statement or 
  declares something 
Sentence Types​ (4)   
3)Ariel finished her dinner, now she’s going to eat ice cream. 
The cupcakes look and taste good. 
4)Chocolate cake is my favorite. 
We have broccoli and beef with rice. 
Interrogative- type of sentence that asks a question 
Did you eat well? 
Do you like to eat pizza with mushrooms? 
Imperative- gives advice or instructions 
We’re going to eat at eight. 
The cake will be ready in twenty minutes. 
Exclamatory- makes a statement or an emotion 
I enjoy eating ice cream in the rain.  
We are eating pasta today! 
 
 
Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types)​ (with correction guidelines) 
Fragment-incomplete sentence 
I ate my food. 
I ate upstairs in my room. 
 
Run-on/Rambling- when two or more sentences are combined incorrectly  
I had to bake a cake for my sister and we had to celebrate because it was her 
birthday. 
I bakes a cake for my sister because it was her birthday. 
 
Fused Sentence- when two main clauses are connected 
Arriving home from school, mom has not made meed yet and i’m really hungry.  
I arrived home from school and my mom has not made food. 
 
Misplaced Modifier- a word or phrase that is misplaced  
The pasta was bad, the breadsticks were good. 
The pasta had a weird flavor while the breadsticks were delicious. 
 
Comma Splice-when two clauses are separated with a comma 
I went to the mall to eat something, Jacob was there. 
I was in the mall eating a pretzel and I saw Jacob. 
 
Double Negative- Two negative words used in the same sentence 
I ain’t got no time for supper. 
I don’t have time to eat supper. 
 
Sentence Patterns​ (13) 
 

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Simple  Balanced Sentence 
Complex  Parallel Structure 
Compound  Chiasmus 
Complex/Compound  Asyndeton 
Loose Sentence  Polysyndeton 
Periodic Sentence  Anaphora 
Epis 
 
 
Sentence Parts 
 
1. Subject (3)  2. Predicate (3) 
a. Complete  a. Complete 
b. Simple  b. Simple 
c. Compound  c. Compound 
 
 
Sentence Types 
 
1. Declarative  3. Imperative 
2. Interrogative  4. Exclamatory 
 
 
Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) 
 
1. Run-On/Rambling   4. Misplaced  6. Comma Splice 
2. Fused  Modifier   
3. Fragment  5. Double Negative 
 
Sentence Patterns 
 
1. Simple  8. Parallel Structure 
2. Complex  9. Chiasmus 
3. Compound  10. Asyndeton 
4. Complex/Compound  11. Polysyndeton 
5. Loose Sentence  12. Anaphora 
6. Periodic Sentence  13. Epistrophe 
7. Balanced Sentence   
 
1. Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one Independent clause. 
I went to the restaurant. 
My friends and I went to the restaurant to eat dinner. 
 

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2. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no 
dependent clauses. 
The tortilla was hard and cold. 
The tortilla from the tacos were hard, and that it was really cold. 
 
3. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one 
dependent clause. 
The food was burned. 
I burned the dinner but not the cake. 
 
4. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses 
and at least one dependent clause. 
Bianca wanted to eat some quesadillas and brownies. 
BIanca was really craving cake, but decided to eat an apple instead. 
 
5. Loose Sentence: ​A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a 
subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase). 
I went to the movies yesterday. 
I went to the theaters yesterday and bought popcorn, and went shopping. 
 
6. Periodic Sentence: ​A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the 
end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. 
The hot and juicy pie was ready to eat. 
Having an intense flavor, juiciness, and chocolate made the cake better. 
 
7. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by 
virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length 
Eating chicken is really fun. 
Buy a bucket of chicken and have a barrel of fun! 
 
8. Parallel Structure: A sentence ​using the same pattern of words to show that two 
or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader 
comprehend what is being written 
We had to buy pickles and tomatoes. 
We had the option to either make food or buy fast food. 
 
9. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or 
clauses) in inverted (reversed) order 
He loved food and water. 
His food was full of life and his life was full of food. 
 
10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or 
clauses for a rhetorical purpose. 
The warm, cozy hot coffee made him feel better. 
Children run through a stone maze, others drink hot coffee. 
   

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11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to 
each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. 
He wanted to eat everything in his fridge. 
Jerry drank water, and tea, and coffee, and beer, and hot chocolate. 
   
 
12. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, 
or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place 
emphasis and draw attention. 
It was a bad idea eating hot cheetos at night. 
It was the best night because i ate so much.  
 
13. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the 
same word or words. 
Many days passed and i'm still hungry. 
15 years later, Jimmy still believes that veggies are bad for you. 
 
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 5 
PARAGRAPHS 
4. Paragraphs  
a. Introductory Paragraphs 
Hook/lead 
 
1. Anecdotal  2. Query Based 
 
Thesis statement (7 types) 
 
3. Assertion (Claim)  7. Generalization 
4. Fact  8. Document Based 
5. Opinion  9. Theory 
6. Belief   
b. Body Paragraphs 
Topic sentence 
Sentences with examples 
1. Quotes (5 ways to integrate quotes INTO sentences) 
a. MLA Citation 
2. Paraphrase 
3. Summary 
4. Anecdotes 
5. Concrete examples 
6. Abstract examples 
Closing sentences 
c. Closing Paragraphs 
Statement extending the thesis 
Consequences of disregarding the thesis  

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 Food Book Project 
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Establishing the significance of thesis 
Final sentence (“Smokey the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…) 
 
1. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) 
a. Hook (Lead) 
i. Anecdotal​ (Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic) 
1. Ex.​ Gerardo just won a perfect attendance award and his 
parents want to take him to celebrate. He decides he wants 
to go eat because he loves food. Mexican food is his favorite. 
when they get to the restaurant he orders almost everything 
from the menu. When he gets his food to the table, he ate 
every single thing and still had room for dessert. 
ii. Query Based​ (Question that brings the reader to the topic) 
1. Ex.​ Have you ever wondered was is like to never eat a single 
piece of junk food? 
b. Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence 
in length – and something that is arguable) 
i. Assertion​ (claim) 
1. Ex.​ Subway was named one of the healthiest fast foods 
nationwide.  
ii. Fact​ (empirically verifiable) 
1. Ex.​ Little Caesars has the most less valuable pizza.  
iii. Opinion​ (personal position on a topic) 
1. Ex.​ My mom is honesty the best cook in the world! 
iv. Belief​ (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by 
many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) 
1. Ex.​ It is a tradition to eat tamales on Christmas. 
v. Generalization​ (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, 
every, never, none, most, half – ​avoid using this type of thesis 
statement​) 
1. Ex.​ Never eat milk and and soda in the same meal. 
vi. Document Based​ (cites a specific source and its position on a topic) 
1. Ex.​ In ​Best Pizza maker​ by John Gary, he explains that his pizza 
is made with a different ingredient that gives it a very special 
taste unlike others. 
vii. Theory​ (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) 
1. Ex.​ Vegetables are one of the most important food in the 
nutrition chart.  
2. Body Paragraphs  
a. Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph 
and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support) 
i. Ex. ​Fruits have a very good impact on your health! 
b. Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual 
sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) 

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 Food Book Project 
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i. Ex. ​“fruits have vitamins and nutrients” so this means it does good to 
your body. 
ii. Ex.​ Vegetables also does the same according to this, “ your plate 
should include vegetables, meats, grains, and dairy”.  
iii. Ex. ​Luckily for us, “Fruits and vegetables are high in vitamins”, 
according to researches.  
iv. Ex. ​Luckily for us, “Fruits and Vegetables are [very] high in vitamins” 
v. Ex. ​Luckily for us, “Fruits and vegetables…...are good for us” 
vi. Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same 
length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) 
1. ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Fruits and vegetables are high in 
vitamins.”  
2. Ex. ​PARAPHRASE – People’s health can be good if you eat 
both vegetables and fruits. 
vii. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) 
1. ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Fruits and vegetables are high in vitamins” 
(Schlosser 73). 
2. Ex. ​SUMMARY – Fruits and vegetables are good for you. 
viii. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples – ​AVOID​) 
1. Ex. ​You will get less sick if you get enough vitamins. 
ix. Concrete Examples (actual, reference-able examples) 
1. ​Ex. ​A recent study, researchers noticed improvements on 
people's health and body figure. 
c. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the 
paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – 
and should echo the thesis of the essay) 
i. ​Ex.​ In conclusion, if you want to feel better and have more energy 
in general eat your fruits and vegetables. 
 
Closing Paragraphs  
 
d. Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential 
consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A 
COUNTERARGUMENT) 
i. Ex. ​If people actually started to eat their fruits and vegetables, there 
would not be so much obesity.   
e. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of disregarding 
the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) 
i. Ex.​ If people don't start eating healthy, they could die. 
f. Establishing the Significance of the Thesis 
i. Ex. ​Even Though people don't believe in this, they can still find other 
solutions.  
g. Final Sentence (connects to the hook) 
i. Ex.​ So even though Gerardo ate almost everything on the meal, he 
still had to eat all of those vegetables. 

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GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 6 
ESSAYS 
5. Essays   
a. Types  
Persuasive​ (Argumentative)  give your 
Expository​ (Informative)  opinion. 
1. Definition or  6. Interpretive- it 
Description -It  provides 
asks the writer  analysis of 
to describe a  another writing. 
person, place,  Its purpose is to 
or thing. The  analyze the 
purpose is to  text and show 
create an  what’s possible. 
essay of a  Narrative​ (Tells a story) 
particular  7. Personal 
thing.  Anecdote- 
2. Process  Gives the writer 
(How-to)- It’s a  a brief story of 
guide on a  the writer's life. 
certain topic.  Its purpose is to 
The purpose is  share a story to 
for the writer to  grab the 
show each  reader's 
step for the  attention. 
topic.  Research 
3. Compare and  8. MLA Citation 
Contrast- to  Format 
analyze the  9. APA Citation 
differences or  Format 
similarities.   
4. Cause and  Timed 
Effect- to show  10. Document 
how an action  Based Question 
can affect  (DBQ) - an 
something and  essay of short 
what will be  answered 
the affect of  questions.  
that action.  11. Synthesis- a 
Analytical/Critical  work that takes 
5. Evaluative-  place in a 
uses judgment,  unique view 
criteria, and  point. The 
evidence. The  purpose is to 
purpose is to  tell the central 

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 Food Book Project 
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idea, theme, or  The purpose of 
topic.   it is to make a 
12. Prompt Based-  response in the 
an essay that is  form of an 
focused in an  essay. 
issue or topic.   
b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps  
 
Pre-writing- outlining, making a bubble chart, study your topics.  
Prompt Analysis- Organize the prompt, think it thoroughly 
Outlining- gather prewriting and information/ research 
Research- make an experiment, survey, case study or data collection 
Evaluation of Source- make sure the article is credible 
 
c. Work Cited Page  
MLA Format- the author's  APA Format- the title of the 
last name and the page  article, page range, and 
number from where the  title of volume. Theres also 
quote or text was taken  an APA Format generator 
from.   that will cite your sources 
for you. 
 
 
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 7 
CAPITALIZATION 
6. Capitalization  
1. Capitalize the first word of every sentence. 
I always love eating pancakes for breakfast. 
2. Capitalize the titles of names. 
I learned how to make sufi rolls thanks to the book called, 101 Cooking. 
3. Capitalize brand names, places, or names. 
Domino's has the best pizza in the world. 
4. Capitalize titles when they are used before names. 
Aunt Marge decided to buy some fast food today. 
5. Capitalize proper names. 
Larry always wanted to eat ramen noodles every time. 
6. Capitalize brand names. 
Olive Garden specializes on pasta.  
7. Capitalize business names.  
Five Guys has a very good variety of items on their menu list.  
8. Capitalize institution names. 
Berkeley Food Institution helps low class people have food everyday. 
9. Capitalize names of specific historical events. 
The Legalisation of Vinegar is a well known historical event. 
10. Capitalize churches/religions. 

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 Food Book Project 
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ST. Patrick's Church is giving out free meals on Thanksgiving. 
11. Capitalize historical documents. 
HIstorical CookBooks have been found from 1935. 
12. Capitalize languages. 
The menu offered “Spanish Food”, do they mean Mexican food? 
13. Capitalize specific names of structures. 
The Pizza Tower isn’t really made of pizza. 
14 Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names. 
In the film, Master Cook, we see a chef explaining different foods.  
15. Capitalize the pronoun. 
I believe my mom has the best food in the world! 
16. Capitalize the first letter in poetry lines. 
“May food be the reason I live” is the best poetry line in my opinion. 
17. Capitalize roman numerals. 
In step (II) we need to add oregano so it will have a better taste. 
18. Capitalize the first letter in the first word in a direct quotation. 
Marg said, “you need to start eating healthy”. 
19. Capitalize government body names. 
The Safe Food Government, makes sure every meal does not have any bad chemicals. 
20. Capitalize ethnic group names. 
A Ganda group gave birth to a new cultural food.  
21. Capitalize North, East, South, West, or any other regions. 
The food is very tasty on the West! 
22. Capitalize political parties and members. 
The political party has changed the food in all schools. 
23. Capitalize president when it refers to the leader of the united states. 
President Obama has promoted a healthy life change. 
24. Capitalize a well known event. 
Vinegar was legalized in 1935. 
25. Capitalize the first letter of a greeting or a closing of a letter. 
Chef Smith ended his show with, “you’ll be a great cook someday”. 
 
 
 
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 8 
PUNCTUATION 
7. Punctuation  
a. [ ] These can be used for clarification. 
The best pizza in the world was made [ Domino’s] here. 
b. ( ) It allows additional information. 
The chef (and his assistant) prepared a dish for a special guest. 
c. . It ends a sentence. 
Im craving some pasta right now. 
d. ‘ Used for contractions, plurals, possessives 
He’s the best chef in town and made dishes for famous people. 

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 Food Book Project 
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e. - Range of numbers/dates 
The shop is open from 2-7p.m. 
f. – Takes place of commas, parentheses, and colons 
The 16--year--old is an amazing food critic. 
g. : Used to introduce a list  
The book specialized in: ingredients, taste, and looks. 
h. ; Used between two independent clauses 
The hamburger was six dollars; but the salad was 10 dollars. 
i. ? Used to the end of a direct question. 
j. Have you tasted the quesadillas with avocado? 
k. ! Used for an excited sentence ending 
These tacos are so delicious! 
l. , Used for a reader or writer to make a pause. 
I believe, I am the new master chef. 
m. “ Used to indicate material that is added word by word 
The book said “add 2 cups of milk”, I added the milk but it didn’t taste good. 
n. … Used to indicate an omission. 
If only i added salt...oh well I ate it already. 
 
 
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 9 
COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS 
8. Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices 
 
a. Connotation/Denotation  Ex: I lied to my dad and said his 
Connotation is cultural  cooking is great. 
meanings, Denotation means  Lay: to lay down 
literal meaning of a word.  Ex: after eating a bowl of soup 
b. Who/Whom  i lay down. 
Who: subjects of verbs  e. Laid/Lain 
Who ate my pizza?  Laid: To place something 
Whom: talks about everybody  Ex: I laid the flour on the table. 
Whom is responsible for the mess  Lain: resting position 
in the kitchen?  Ex: The flour stayed in a lain. 
c. Their/There/They’re  f. Affect/Effect 
Their: possessive  Affect: an influence 
Ex: I took their cooking spray.  Ex: The flour made an 
There: Used to say where  affect in the oven. 
Ex: You left your pans there.  Effect: something that was 
They’re: They are  influenced 
Ex: I feel they’re going to love  Ex:The dough exploited as 
the food.  an effect. 
d. Lie/Lay  g. Accept/Except 
Lie: make a false statement  Accept: to give in 

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Ex: All donations were  m. Discrete/Discreet 
accepted for the lunches.  Discrete: unrelated 
Except: leaving out  Ex: she was discrete in this 
Ex:Add all ingredients except  waitress job.  
the lactose milk.  Discreet: hiding 
h. C/W/Should ​have vs.  Ex: I was in discreet mode 
C/W/Should ​of   because I messed up the order.  
Should have: form of the past  n. Conscience/Conscious 
Ex: We should have added  Conscience: difference 
cinnamon on the pie.  between right or wrong 
Should of: made something  Ex: My conscience is telling 
Ex: We should of had a better  me if i should eat the pasta or not.
cake.  Conscious: what you are 
i. Loath/Loathe  aware. 
Loath: unwilling  Ex:My conscious is always 
Ex: I am loathing to  aware. 
practice harder to become a  o. Can/May 
better chef.  Can: sure 
Loathe: to hate  Ex: Can you please help me 
Ex: I loathe this recipe so  in the kitchen? 
much.  May:polite way 
j. Infer/Imply  Ex: May i take your plates? 
Infer: give information  p. At least five (5) others 
Ex: I infer that we tell our  q. Advise: suggest 
customers what they are eating.  Ex: I advise you to eat the 
Imply: strongly suggest  Caesar Salad. 
Ex: You imply that we  Advice: recommendations 
upgrade our workers.  Ex: The Salad would go best 
k. Weary/Wary  with Ranch dressing. 
Weary: become tired  Aisle: Passage between rows 
Ex: She became weary  Ex: Please go to aisle one. 
after cooking so much.  Isle: rows of seats 
Wary: interested  Ex: You will be sitting on Isle 
Ex: She was wary for the  seven. 
new cooking book.  Off: not on  
l. Proceed/Precede  Ex: Please take off your hands off the 
Proceed: go on  table. 
Ex: I proceeded on talking  Of: one of something 
about our menu.   Ex: I believe that you are one of the best 
Precede: before  chefs in town. 
Ex: It was precede when we   
had better workers.   
 
 
 
 
 
 

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