Index

A B
AC ammeter, 270e275 Bare casing, number of magnesium anodes needed for
AC voltages, induced, hazards of, 268e270 protection to, 252
Accounting fundamentals, 708e711 Barrels per mile, 409
Accuracy of instruments, 653e654 Basic ultrasonic flow equations, derivation of,
Acoustic line break detectors, 633e634 407e408
AGA formula to calculate orifice flow in field, 577 Basic valve flow-capacity coefficient, 208e209
Air, moisture content of, 178e179 Batch injection rate as per enclosure, determination of,
Alternating current, measuring unwanted, 270e275 430e437
Amortization, 688 Beam-lumen method, 144
Annuities, 696e697 Belts and shafts, 14e16
Annular sections, pressure loss calculation, 427 Bend, 51, 102e103
Anode material for offshore pipelines, estimation of, Bending radius, minimum, 136e138
244e245 Benjamin Miller formula for calculating pressure drop and
Anodes, graphite, 251 flow rates. See Miller, Benjamin, pressure drop and
Anodes, magnesium, 248, 250, 252e253 flow rates formula
Anodes, sacrificial, group installation of, 252 Blends, 397
ANSI forged steel flanges, 24 Blow-down system, determining throat pressure in,
Anticavitation trim, 208 379e380
Antifreeze, 16e17 Boyle’s law, 302
API gravity Brake horsepower required to compress gas, 353
of blends (chart), 397 Break-even point, 719
conversion to specific gravity, 400 Brush pig run, 175
Appendage dampeners, 490e491 Btu, calculation of, 321e322, 571
ASTM standard viscosity temperature chart, 770 Bulk modulus, calculation of, 402
Aude, T. R., pressure drop and flow rates formula, 420 Buoyancy, 113
Avogadro’s law, 303 Burn-through, 79e80

783
784 Index

C Choked flow, 207e209, 222e223

Cable, 8e14 Close interval potential survey, 262, 264e265
Calculations Coal-tar enamel, estimating, 232
allowable working pressure, 115 Coated lines, determining current requirements for, 253
bends, length of, 102 Coating defects, 262e265
brake horsepower, 353 Coating materials
Btu, 321e322, 571 coefficient of friction for, 233e235
bulk modulus, 402 estimation of, 232
buoyancy, 113 Coating thickness, minimum test voltages for, 231
centrifugal compressor performance, 343e346 Coefficients (K), representative resistance, for valves and
contraction or expansion, 111 fittings, 431e436
floodlighting, 143e148 Commissioning, 185
gas flow, 380 Comparative capacities of gas pipelines, 373
gas pipeline hydraulics, 368e369 Complex investments, analysis of, 698e699
gas velocity in a pipeline, 379 Compound interest, 692
gas weight in a pipeline, 381 Compressibility factor, 172, 208e209, 341
hydraulics for multiphase systems, 463e469 Compressible fluids, velocity calculation, 404
line loss using cross-sectional areas table when testing Compression horsepower determination, 339, 341
mains with air or gas, 377 Compressors, 334e335
microwave hops on level ground, 140e141 cost of, 720e721
modeling, 652e653 cylinder ills, diagnosing, 342
orifice flow in field, 576e579 installation, estimating fuel requirements for, 355
performance, for reciprocating compressors, 335e337 performance, 347e351
pressure and temperature loss for viscous crudes, 427e429 reciprocating, 335e338
pressure drop, 419e421, 439 Computer systems, 638e639, 650e651
pressure loss in annular sections, 427 Concrete, 50
Reynolds number, 391e393, 437e439 Condensed formula to calculate orifice flow in field, 577
rubber hose, pressure drop for, 419 Conductor size conversion chartdmetric to AWG, 145
specific gravity of a blend, 400 Conduit size, 136
speed torque, 484e486 Construction costs estimation, 677e680
square root, 771e772 Construction equipment, 675e677
stress, 116e119 Contingency plan objectives in spills, 666, 668
velocity, 379, 404e405 Control systems, 626e628
viscosity, 398e400, 402 Control valve
weight, 109e110, 112 losses, 504
CALM system, 414 selection, 197e198
Calorific values of gases, conversion factors for, 776e777 sizing for throughput, 192e195
Capacities of gas pipelines, comparative, 373 sizing formulas, 188e191
Capacity increases variable orifice rotary, 206e208
crude oil and products lines for, 449e450 Conversions
and investment increase, relationship between, 375 factors for calorific values of gases, 776e777
Carbon dioxide, measurement of supercritical, 551e557 fuel, 774e775
Carbon ground bed, 253 liquid gravity and density (chart), 398
Cash flow diagrams, 694 specific gravity to API gravity, 400
Cash flow problems, 698e699 viscosity units, 400
Cathodic protection, 235e244, 248, 251, 258, 276e277, 640 Copper conductors in steel conduit, voltage drop, 139
Cavitation in butterfly valves, avoiding, 218e221 Copper wires, resistance and weight, 140
Cavitation index, 208 Coriolis effect, 605e606
Centigrade to Fahrenheit conversion, 766 Coriolis flow meter, 605e607
Centrifugal compressors, 343e365, 721 Corrosion control at compressor stations, 259e260
Centrifugal pumps, 472e483, 500e511 Corrosion “hot spot,” and magnesium anodes, 250
Charles’ law, 302e303 Corrosion-caused metal loss, 727e728
Chemical cleaning, 176 Cost estimating strategies, 680e687
Chemicals, physical properties of selected (chart), 308e315 Costs of gas and alternate fuels, comparison of, 781e782
 Index 785

Crossing bid, directional, guidelines for, 83e91 Electrical design, 126e127

Crude oil Electrical formulas, 135
and products lines for capacity increases, sizing, 449e450 Electromagnetic coupling, 268
stocks, vapor pressure of, 761 Electromagnetic flow meters, 593e595
systems, lines sizing, pressure drop estimation, and station Electrostatic coupling, 268
spacing estimation for, 439 Ells with tangents, dimensions of, 120
transmission lines, optimum working pressures estimation Energy conversions, 374, 773, 778
in, 449 Energy measurement equipment selection, considerations
viscosity determination, 396 for, 317e322
viscous, pressure and temperature loss calculation for, Engine cooling water requirements, estimation of,
427e429 354
Current measurement, and spacing for test, 251e252 Engine starter, air receiver for, 30
Cylinders, sample, purges for, 571 Engineering constants, 779
English to metric conversions, 765
Entrained gas, handling, 603e605
D Equations. See Calculations; Formulas
Daily operation report, 167f Equivalent length, 372e373, 424
Dampeners, control of pulsation with, 490e491 Ethylene, dense phase, orifice meters in, 557e564
Debt payments, 688e689 Ethylene decomposition, 180e182
Decimal hours conversion table, 781 Excavations, angle of repose for, 32
Decision tree analysis, 704e707 External corrosion direct assessment process,
Defect growth rates, influence of, 724e732 improvements to, 285e294
Defect size, failure pressure versus, 724
Dense phase ethylene, orifice meters in, 557e564
Densitometers, 635e636 F
Density Fahrenheit to centigrade conversion, 766
liquid, 758, 760 Failure pressure versus defect size, 724e725
and liquid gravity, conversion (chart), 398 Fatigue crack growth, 728e731
and specific volume of gases and vapors, calculation of, 316 Federal income tax, 689e690
Depreciation, 689, 717 Financial projects, decision and evaluation criteria for,
Detectors, acoustic line break, 633e634 699e703
Diesel cost comparison Fittings and valves, 431e436
with electric prime movers, 714 Flanged fittings, series number identification,
with natural gas, 713 120
Differential-pressure flow meters, 591e593 Flanges
Discharge piping, 202 ANSI forged steel, 24
Discharge pressure, horsepower required to pump at bolt tightening sequence, 22
a given rate, 511 bolting dimensions for, 21
Discharge rate isolation gasket, 296e299
estimation of, 446 isolation sleeve, 296e299
velocity heads for various pipe diameters and (table), 411 isolation washer failure, 296e299
Discharge systems, pulsations in, 490 Floodlighting, 143e148
Ditching, 49e50 Flow
Drag-reducing agents, 443e445 conversion chart, 773
Dryness, of pipeline, 184e185 of fuel gases, 378
measurement, 543e546, 629e631
meter, multiphase, 542e543
E multiphase, 386e390
Economic study, components of, 688e690 rates
Effective annual interest rate, 693 natural gas estimation, 569
Elbows, cutting method, 27 pressure drop calculation and,
Electric generators, portable, 129 419e421
Electric power conductors, most economical size Flow-through dampeners, 491
determination for, 139 Fluids, compressible, velocity calculation, 404
786 Index

Formulas Gradients
areas of two-dimensional forms, 3 economic, 697e698
Aude, T. R., 420 hydraulic, 421e424
electrical, 135, 140 Graphite anodes, 251
fluid power, 41 Graphite ground bed, in rectifier, 253
Hazen-Williams, 420e421 Gravity
Miller, Benjamin, 420e421 API
orifice flow, 577 of blends (chart), 397
pressure drop and flow rate, 419e421 conversion to specific gravity, 400
rate of return, 2 liquid, and density conversion (chart), 398
surfaces and volumes of solids, 4 specific
Shell/MIT, 419e420 of a blend, calculation, 400
tubular goods, 110 conversion to API gravity, 400
valve sizing, 188e191 Ground bed resistance calculation (chart), 247e248
Weymouth’s gas-flow, 383
Fuel
conversions, 774e775 H
gas line for a compressor station, size of, 353e354 Hazardous locations, 127e128
gases, flow of, 378 Hazen-Williams formula for calculating pressure drop and
load currents, 135, 138 flow rates, 420e421
oils, typical characteristics of, 782 Head loss due to friction, determination of,
requirements 448e449
estimation for compressor installation, 355 Headers for meter stations, 583e585
estimation for internal combustion engines, Heat exchanger, magnesium rod used for cathodic
354e355 protection, 251
Future value, 694, 696 Heat value conversions, 777
Hex nuts, dimensions of, 31
High voltage direct current. See HVDC effects on pipelines
G Holes, estimation of leakage amount through, 410
Galvanic anodes, 240e244 Horsepower
Gas per ampere for induction motors, table, 141
and alternate fuels, cost comparison of, 781e782 brake, required to compress gas, 353
chromatograph, 319e321 of compressors, cost of (chart), 720e721
conversion factors for, 776e777 for pumping units, chart, 141
determination in a given line section, 372 required to compress natural gas, estimation, 352
flow, 380, 382e386 requirement of pumps, 511, 514
industry terms glossary, 329e332 selection chart, 353
laws, 302e304 Hose string, pressure loss in, 417e418
lines, 372e374 HVAC lines, shock hazards minimization on,
measurement, 557e624 275e276
metering run, sizing, 570 HVDC effects on pipelines, 254e258
properties, 304e315 Hydraulic gradients, 421e424
system, low-pressure, pressure loss determination for, Hydraulics calculations for multiphase systems, including
370 networks, 463e469
transmission lines, 375 Hydrocarbons
and vapors, 316, 566e567 gas viscosity, 764
weight calculation, 381 light, mass measurement, 550
Gas pipelines liquid, viscosities of, 398e399, 411
average pressure estimation, 381 physical properties of selected (chart), 308e315
comparative capacities estimation, 373 vapor pressure of, 762
hydraulics calculations, 368e369 Hydrostatic
Gathering lines, gas, size determination, 374 pressure, due to a column of liquid H feet in height,
Generalized compressibility factor, 341 450
Glossary of gas industry terms, 329e332 test records, 172
 Index 787

test water temperature, 169e172 fuels, conversion using, 777

testing, 161e166, 725e727 gravity and density conversion (chart), 398
benefits and limitations of, 150e160 hydrocarbons, viscosities of, 398e399, 411
Hysteresis, 223 measurement orifice plate flange taps, 546e549
pressure drop of, 439
surge pressure in liquid-filled pipeline, 450
I velocity calculation, 404e405
Ideal gas law, 303 Liquid ultrasonic flow meters, for custody transfer
Injection rate, batch, as per enclosure, determination of, measurement, 608e618
430 Loans, 696e697
Inlet piping, 201 Looped systems, 426
In-line testing, benefits of, 725e727 Low-pressure gas system, pressure loss determination for,
Inside diameter, for volume per linear foot estimation, 409 370
Instrument accuracy, 653e654
Instrumentation, developments in, 628e641
Interest, 688, 692e693 M
Interest rate of return on investment (“profitability index”), Machine screws, tap drills and clearance drills for, 19
717e719 Magnesium anodes, 235e236, 248, 250, 252e253
Internal combustion engines, fuel requirements estimation Magnesium rod, current output of, used for cathodic
for, 354e355 protection, 251
Internal rate of return (IRR) method, 701e702 Maintenance tips for positive displacement meters,
Investment increase, to capacity increase, relationship of, 579e582
375 Manufactured gases, conversion using, 774e775
Investments, decision and evaluation criteria for, 699e703 Marine hose data, 414e415, 417e429, 430
Irregular cash flows, 694e695 Mass flow meters, 595e596
Mass measurement light hydrocarbons, 550
Master meter proving orifice meters in dense phase
K ethylene, 557e564
“K” factor tables, 431e436 Master meter proving systems, 615e617
Knockout dimensions, 130 Measurement factors, variations in, 571e572
Ku band, 644e646 Measurement rules, gas by orifice meter, 572
Mechanical damage, 731
Mensuration units, 780
L Mercury, 26
Land descriptions, reading technique, 28 Metal loss, corrosion-caused, 727e728
Land lease costs, 688 Meter stations, sizing headers for, 583e585
Leak Meters, maintenance tips for positive displacement,
causes and economic aspects of, 648e649 579e582
detection systems, 649e650 Methane, 323e327
estimation of, 410 Metric conversions, 765
growth, 260e261 Miller, Benjamin, pressure drop and flow rates formula,
phenomena, 651 420e421
system design, 654e655 Minutes to decimal hours conversion table, 781
Leases, 696e697 Mitigation techniques, 269e270
Lengths, equivalent, 424 Modeling, 651e653
Line break detectors, acoustic, 633e634 for pipeline risk assessment, 733e739
Line loss using cross-sectional areas table when testing Modulus, bulk, calculation of, 402
mains with air or gas, calculation of, 377 Moisture content of air, 178e179
Line puncture, estimation of gas blown off through a, 380 Money, time value of, 692e699
Linefill in barrels per mile, 409 Monitoring systems, 637e638, 650e651, 655e656
Liquid Mooring system, multi-point, 415
density, 758 Motor controller sizes, 138
discharge rate, 446 Motors for field gathering pumps, selection of, 514
flow, gauge where no weir or meter is available, 448 Multi-phase flow, 386e390, 694e695
788 Index

Multi-phase flow meter, 542e543 Pipe lowering, existing pipeline in service, 61e64
Multi-point mooring system, 415 Pipe size requirements for increasing throughput volumes
of natural gas, estimating, 376
Pipe taps, drill sizes for, 20
N Pipe weight, calculation of, 109e110
Nails, common, 20 Pipe-equivalent factors, determination of,
NAPCA specifications, 228, 230 371e372
National Electrical Code tables, 131 Pipelines
Natural gas, 328e329, 352, 382 cleaning, 175
conversion using, 774 coating, 89
equivalents of various fuel units, 777 commissioning, 180, 180e182
flow rates, estimate, 569 cost estimating, 712
specifications for, 570 cross country, 82
NEMA enclosure types, 128e129 dewatering, 174
Net present value (NPV) method, 702e703 drying, 176e177
Nominal interest rate, 693 failure report, 166f
Nuts, hexagonal, dimensions of, 31 flow measurement, 543e546
hazards, 268
hydrostatic testing for, 161e166
O leak detection techniques, 648e656
Oil, velocity of, 409 modeling, 651e653
Oil spills, 666e672 monitoring systems, 637e638
Operating costs, 688 pig traps, 35e38
Orifice pigging, 34e35
diameter determination, for required differential in gas protection, advances in, 261e267
measurement, 568 risk assessment, 740e741
flow in field calculation, 576e579 modeling for, 733e739
meters, 557e564, 572 samplers, 636e637
plate flange taps, 546e549, 564e565 testing existing, 154e157
welding, 66e80, 82e91
Piping geometry factor, 207
P Planning in oil spills, 666e672
Parallel system, pressure differential estimation, 570
Point-by-point method, 143e144
Payback method, 699e700
Polyethylene pipe design data, 121e123
Payroll estimates, 675, 674e675
Positive displacement meters
Pearson survey, 262
maintenance tips for, 579e582
Periodic series of investments, future value of, 696
positive-displacement flow meters, 597e598
Perpetuities, 695e696
Power bill, monthly, estimating for cathodic protection
Perturbations that cause surges, 451
rectifier, 251
Petrochemical pipeline commissioning, 180, 180e182
Present value, 693
Physical constants, of selected hydrocarbons and other
Pressure
chemicals and gases, 308e315
conversion chart, 771
Pig trap design, 35e38
differential, estimate on a parallel system, 570
Pig-based monitoring systems, 650
drop calculations for rubber hose, 419
Pipe, polyethylene design data, 121e123
drop method for determining gas line leakage,
Pipe, properties of, 99e101
373
Pipe content, calculation of, 109e110
drop of liquids in lines for turbulent flow, calculating,
Pipe design, steel, 94e96
439
Pipe laying
in gas pipeline, average, 381
arc, length in, 55e56
loss determination, for a low-pressure gas system, 370
degrees of bend, 51
loss in annular sections calculation, 427
pipe bending, 51e55, 58e60
loss in hose string, 417e418
pipe span between supports, 57e58
loss through valves and fittings, 431e436
pipelay tables, 56e57
reversals, 157e159
 Index 789

sensors, “smart”, 634e635 Roll, estimation of length of material contained in, 16

and temperature loss for viscous crudes, calculate, Rope. See Cable
427e429 Rotary pumps, 495e499, 524e530
Pressure, hydrostatic, due to a column of liquid H feet in Rubber hose, pressure drop calculations for, 419
height, 450 Rupture disc sizing, 203e206
Primer per mile estimation, 231
“Profitability index”, 717e719
Progressive cavity pumps, 532e533 S
Project scoping data worksheet, 44e46 Sacrificial anodes, group installation of, 252
Properties of gas and vapors, 566e567 SALM system, 414
Proving devices, 631e632 Sample cylinders, purges for, 571
Pulsation control for reciprocating pumps, 487e494 Samplers, 636e637
Pumping stations, 142 Sand blasting, internal, 175e176
Pumps SCADA systems, 640, 642e646
centrifugal, 472e483, 500e511 Scale-up of equipment or plant costs estimation, 714
curve, 500e502, 534e540 Scale-up of tank costs estimation, 716
field gathering, motors selection for, 514 Schedule number, identification by direct measurement,
protection of, 498e499 112
reciprocation of, 487e494, 511e512, 515e522 Sensitivity analysis, 691, 703e704
rotary, 495e499, 524e530 Sensors, pressure, 634e635
speed determination, 513 Series number, flanged fittings, 120
Puncture, line, estimation of gas blown off through a, 380 Series systems, 425
Purges for sample cylinders, 571 Severity ranking, 291e294
Purging, 185 Shafting, steel, 17
Shell/MIT formula, for pressure drop and flow rates
calculation, 419e420
R Shock hazards, minimization of, 275e276
Rapid valve cycling, 201e202 Shut-in test on gas transmission lines, estimation of time
Rate of return (ROR) method, 700 required for, 375
Reciprocating compressors, 335e338, 720 SI data, 772
Reciprocating pumps, 487e494, 511e512, 515e522 Sieve analysis, of granular materials, 88
Rectifier, voltage rating determination through ground bed, Signal attenuation coating survey, 262, 264
253 Simple interest, 692
Rectifier cable, economical size of, 249 Single cash flow
Rectifier power cost calculation (chart), 247e248 future value of, 694
Reference electrode potentials, comparison to present value of, 693
copperecopper sulfate, 246 Sizing a gas metering run, 570
Regulator, estimation of temperature drop across a, 569 Sizing pipelines for water flow, 447
Regulator flow curve, 221e225 Slurries, viscosity of, calculating, 402
Regulatory requirements in spills, 666 “Smart” pressure sensors, 634e635
Reid vapor pressure, 761 Solid fuels, conversion using, 775
Representative resistance coefficients (K) for valves and Sonic flow, 199
fittings, 431e436 Specific gravity, 316, 400, 760
Reserves, natural gas, categories and terminology, 328e329 Spectacle blind thicknesses, 120
Resistive coupling, 269 Speed of pumps, determination of, 513
Resonant chatter, 202 Speed torque calculation, 484e486
Revalidation, 724e732 Spills, 38e40, 666e672
Revenues, 688 Square root, determination of, 771e772
Reynolds number Standard penetration test (SPT), 87
calculation of, 391e393, 437e439 Standard reference fuels, 777
factor, 207 Steady state versus transient conditions, 451
Right-of-way, 46e49 Steel pipe
Risk assessment, modeling for, 733e739 allowable working pressure for, 115
Risk management, 741 carbon, 20
790 Index

Steel pipe (continued) Time value of money, 692e699

design, 94e96 Training for oil spills, 671
fitting dimensions, 23 Transformers, 135, 138
flanges, 24 Transient pressure analysis, 450e459
Stress, 116e119 Transmission lines, crude oil, the optimum working
Stress-corrosion cracking, 731e732 pressures estimation, 449
Subsonic flow, 200 Trench shoring, 25
Subsurface temperature ranges, prediction of, 446e447 Turbine flow meters, 597
Suction systems, pulsations in, 489 Turbulent flow, pressure drop calculation of liquids in lines
Sum-of-years depreciation, 717 for, 439
Supercritical carbon dioxide, 551e557
Supports, 105e106, 112
Surge pressure, determination of, 450 U
Surges, perturbations that cause, 451 Ultrasonic flow equations, basic, derivation of, 407e408
System design, 640e641, 654e655 Ultrasonic flow meters, 597
System head curves, 502e505, 508 Underbead cracking, 80
Systems Units of measurement, conversions, 744
computer, 50 Unsupported line pipe, maximum allowable length of,
monitoring, 637e638, 650e651 112
SCADA, 640, 642e646 Utilities, underground, 31

T V
T. R. Aude formula. See Aude, T. R., pressure drop and flow Vacuum drying, 183e185
rates formula Valve, control
Tandem system, 415 instrumentation, 632e633
Tanks losses, 504
capacity, 661e662 selection, 197e198
costs, estimating scale-up of, 716 sizing formulas, 188e191
gauging method, 661 variable orifice rotary, 206e208
tank farm line sizing, 460e462 Valve, relief; sizing, selection, installation, and testing,
vapor formation rate, 663e664 199e203
vapor loss from, 658e660 Valve flow-capacity coefficient (CV), 208e209
volume of, 660e661, 663 Valve outlet velocity, 209
Tape for pipe coating and fittings, 266e267 Valves and fittings, 431
Target flow meters, 597 Valves for gas and vapor, sizing, 208e209
Technology, analysis of, 643e644 Vapor or gas flow measurement, orifice plate flange taps,
Temperature 564e565
conversion, 766 Vapor pressure, 761
drop across a regulator, estimation of, 569 Vapors and gases, 316, 566e567
and pressure loss for viscous crudes, calculation of, Variable frequency drives (VFDs)
427e429 speed on hydraulics, evaluation of, 530e531
ranges, subsurface, prediction of, 446e447 Variable speed operation, 508e509
specific gravity multipliers, 384t Variable-area flow meters, 597
specific gravity relationship for petroleum oils (chart), V-ConeÒ flow meter, 619e624
760 Velocity
Terminology, floodlighting, 143 of compressible fluids, calculation of, 404
Test leads, spacing to measure current on, 251e252 of gas, calculation of, 379
Test-pressure-to-operating-pressure ratio, 151 heads for various pipe diameters and different rates of
Thin-walled tube sampling, 87 discharge (table), 411
Threads, 107e109 of liquids, calculation of, 404e405
Throat pressure in a blow-down system, determination of, of oil, 404e405
379e380 pipe, calculation of, 109e110
Throughput, 376, 447e448, 713 valve outlet, 209
 Index 791

Viscosity Water flow, sizing pipelines for, 447

of a blend, calculation of, 400 Water requirements for engine cooling, estimation of,
conversions, 767e769 354
correction, 189 Wattages for tools and appliances, typical, 130
of crude, determination of, 396 Weight
equivalents of absolute, 757 density and specific gravity of various liquids,
hydrocarbon gas, 764 760
of liquid hydrocarbons, 398e399, 411 estimation, in metric tons per kilometer, 111
natural gas, determining of (chart), 382 of piping materials, 114
of slurries, calculation of, 402 of water per cubic foot, 779
temperature chart, ASTM standard, 770 Welding
units conversion, 400 brazing temperatures, 65
Viscous crudes, pressure and temperature loss calculation electrodes, pounds required, 75
for, 427e429 joint factor, 98t
Voltage drop, 139, 249 lens shade selector, 66
Voltage rating of rectifier, determination of, 253 pipeline, 66e80, 82e91
Volume of a pipeline per linear foot, 409 pipeline repair, criteria for, 76e80
Volume of water required in hydrostatic testing, 167, 168 rod required for per mile, 75
Vortex/swirl flow meters, 596e597 rods, mechanical properties of, 65
VSAT, 644e646 steel, preheating, 64
terminology
welds per hour, average, 75
W Weymouth’s gas-flow formula, 383, 383t
WAC methodology, 642e643 Wind chill chart, 33
Water, resistivity determination of fresh, 250 Wire resistance, 26
Water, weight per cubic foot, 779 Wrapping materials, estimation of, 232
Water compressibility factor, 172