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Gases
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Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere
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5.1
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5.1
Physical Characteristics of Gases
• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
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• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to
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the same container.
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• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
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5.1
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Force
Pressure = Area
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(force = mass x acceleration)
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Units of Pressure
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1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2
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Barometer
5.2
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10 miles 0.2 atm
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5.2
Manometers Used to Measure Gas Pressures
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5.2
Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between
Pressure and Volume of a Gas
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P α 1/V
P x V = constant Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
5.3
A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL
at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of
the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant
temperature to 154 mL?
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P x V = constant
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P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
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P1 = 726 mmHg
n P2 = ?
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V1 = 946 mL
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V2 = 154 mL
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As T increases
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V increases
5.3
Variation of gas volume with temperature
at constant pressure.
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Charles’ &
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Gay-Lussac’s
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V1 /T1 = V2 /T2
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V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L
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T1 = 398.15 K
n T2 = ?
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V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = = = 192 K
V1 3.20 L
5.3
Avogadro’s Law
V α number of moles (n)
Constant temperature
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V = constant x n Constant pressure
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V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
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5.3
Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO) and
water vapor. How many volumes of NO are obtained
from one volume of ammonia at the same temperature
and pressure?
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4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
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1 mole NH3 1 mole NO
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At constant T and P
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5.3
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5.3
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5.3
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5.3
Ideal Gas Equation
Boyle’s law: V α 1 (at constant n and T)
P
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Charles’ law: V α T (at constant n and P)
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Avogadro’s law: V α n (at constant P and T)
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nT
Vα
P W al
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nT nT
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P P
PV = nRT
5.4
The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).
Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal
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gas occupies 22.414 L.
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PV = nRT W al
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PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
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nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)
5.4
What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl
at STP?
T = 0 0C = 273.15 K
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P = 1 atm
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PV = nRT 1 mol HCl
nRT n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
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V= 36.45 g HCl
P
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1.37 mol x 0.0821
n L•atm
mol•K
x 273.15 K
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V=
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1 atm
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V = 30.6 L
5.4
Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the
vaporization of the filament. A certain lightbulb
containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18 0C is heated to
85 0C at constant volume. What is the final pressure of
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argon in the lightbulb (in atm)?
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PV = nRT n, V and R are constant
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nR
= P = constant
V T W al
n P1 = 1.20 atm
T1 = 291 K
P2 = ?
T2 = 358 K
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P1 P2
=
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T1 T2
T2
P2 = P1 x = 1.20 atm x 358 K = 1.48 atm
T1 291 K
5.4
Density (d) Calculations
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d= =
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V RT M is the molar mass of the gas
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Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance
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dRT
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5.4
A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm
and 27.0 0C. What is the molar mass of the gas?
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dRT m 4.65 g g
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M= d= = = 2.21
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P V 2.10 L L
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g L•atm
2.21 x 0.0821 x 300.15 K
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L mol•K
M=
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n 1 atm
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M = 54.6 g/mol
5.4
Gas Stoichiometry
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What is the volume of CO2 produced at 37 0C and 1.00
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atm when 5.60 g of glucose are used up in the reaction:
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C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)
g C6H12O6 W al
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mol C6H12O6 mol CO2 V CO2
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L•atm
0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K
nRT mol•K
V= = = 4.76 L
P 1.00 atm
5.5
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
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V and T
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are
constant
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P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
5.6
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.
nART
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PA = nA is the number of moles of A
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V
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nBRT
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PB = nB is the number of moles of B
V
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nA nB
PT = PA + PB W al
nXA =
nA + nB
XB =
nA + nB
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PA = XA PT PB = XB PT
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ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi) =
nT
5.6
A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4,
0.421 moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles of C3H8. If the
total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the
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partial pressure of propane (C3H8)?
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Pi = Xi PT PT = 1.37 atm
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0.116
Xpropane = W al
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8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116
= 0.0132
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5.6
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PT = PO2 + PH 2O
5.6
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5.6
Chemistry in Action:
Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
Depth (ft) Pressure
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(atm)
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0 1
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33 2
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66 3
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P V
5.6
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from
each other by distances far greater than their own
dimensions. The molecules can be considered to be points;
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that is, they possess mass but have negligible volume.
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2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions,
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and they frequently collide with one another. Collisions
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among molecules are perfectly elastic.
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3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces
on one another.
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P α collision rate with wall
Collision rate α number density
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Number density α 1/V
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P α 1/V
• Charles’ Law
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Collision rate α number density
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Number density α n
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Pαn
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• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
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Molecules do not attract or repel one another
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5.7
Apparatus for studying molecular speed distribution
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5.7
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The distribution of speeds
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of three different gases
at the same temperature
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The distribution of speeds
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urms = √ 3RT
M
5.7
Chemistry in Action: Super Cold Atoms
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Gaseous Rb Atoms
1.7 x 10-7 K
Bose-Einstein Condensate
Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas
with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.
√
r1 M2
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=
r2 M1
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n NH4Cl
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NH3 HCl
17 g/mol 36 g/mol
5.7
Gas effusion is the is the process by which gas under
pressure escapes from one compartment of a container to
another by passing through a small opening.
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√
r1 t2 M2
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= =
r2 t1 M1
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Nickel forms a gaseous compound of the formula
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1 mole of ideal gas
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Repulsive Forces
PV = nRT
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PV = 1.0
n=
RT W al
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Attractive Forces
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5.8
Effect of intermolecular forces on the pressure exerted by a gas.
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5.8
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Van der Waals equation
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nonideal gas
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an 2
( P + V2 )(V – nb) = nRT
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}
}
corrected
n
corrected
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pressure
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volume
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5.8