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Ok so when we start studying ancient history the first question that comes to your
mind is why study what people did some thousands of years back and what relevance
it holds now?
1.2 BEGINNING
1.5.1 Burials
As we have seen above, a lot of craft production was taking place in the
smaller as well as larger centres of the Harappan Civilization.
This indicates a lot of raw materials was required-> some of which was locally
available + others were procured from outside.
For this purpose proper means of transportation and routes were identified and
used to carry goods and people across land routes (eg. Bullock carts)
Riverine routes along Indus and its tributaries + coastal routes also used.
1.8.3 Weights
Cunningham:
first Director-General of ASI
Began excavations in mid nineteenth century.
Followed accounts (texts and inscriptions) left by Chinese
Buddhist pilgrims (they came between fourth and seventh
centuries CE to locate early settlements)
Since Harappa was not part of itinerary of Chinese pilgrims.
Therefore, Harappan artefacts found by Cunningham confused
him,
So, he overlooked the significance of Harappa.
John Marshall:
DG of ASI in 1927
Announced the discovery of new civilization in the Indus
Valley to the world.
First professional archaeologist in India
Brought his expertise of working in Greece & Crete.
Excavated along horizontal units
Ignored the stratigraphy of site
So all artefacts grouped together even if they were found @
different stratigraphic layers.
Hence, valuable info regarding these finds-> lost forever.
R.E.M. Wheeler:
DG of ASI in 1944
Realized importance of following the stratigraphy rather than
excavating horizontally.
Major Harappan sites are now in Pakistan.
Hence, extensive survey was taken up in Kutch.
Some of the recently discovered sites are tabulated below:
References: