–8– M00/430/H(2)

SECTION B

This section consists of four questions: B1, B2, B3 and B4. Answer any two questions in this section.

B1. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about electrical circuits and Part 2 (the shorter part) is
about the Carnot Cycle and Entropy.

Part 1. Electrical circuits

(a) You are given the apparatus shown below which is also identified by the appropriate circuit
symbol. The 12 V battery has negligible internal resistance.

A V

ammeter voltmeter battery (12 V)

bulb variable resistor

Draw a circuit diagram showing how this apparatus should be connected so that the current
through the bulb can be measured as the potential difference across the bulb is varied from
zero to 12 V. [4]

(This question continues on the following page)

220-227
 –9– M00/430/H(2)

(Question B1 Part 1 continued)

(b) The graph below shows the relationship between the current I through a particular filament
lamp and the potential difference V across it.

14

12

10

8
V/V

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
I/A

(i) State whether or not the filament of the lamp obeys Ohm’s law. [1]

.....................................................................

(ii) What is the resistance of the lamp when the potential difference across it is very small? [2]

.....................................................................
.....................................................................

(iii) How much power is dissipated in the lamp when the potential difference across it is
12 V? [2]

.....................................................................
.....................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

220-227 Turn over

 – 10 – M00/430/H(2)

(Question B1 Part 1 continued)

(c) A student connects a filament lamp to a dry battery via a switch. A high resistance voltmeter
connected across the battery reads 12 V when the switch is open. When the switch is closed
the voltmeter reads 10.8 V.

(i) Suggest why this might be. [2]

.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................

(ii) On measuring the current through the lamp the student finds it to be 0.18 A. Calculate
the internal resistance of the battery. [3]

.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

220-227
 –8– N00/430/H(2)

A3. Electric circuit

This question involves physical reasoning and calculations for electric circuits.

Light bulbs are marked with the rating 10 V; 3 W. Suppose you connect three of the bulbs in series
with a switch and a 30 V battery as shown in Figure 1 below. Switch S is initially open.

30 V

A B C

Figure 1

(a) A student tells you that after switch S is closed, bulb C will light up first, because electrons
from the negative terminal of the battery will reach it first, and then go on to light bulbs B
and A in succession. Is this prediction and reasoning correct? How would you reply? [2]

.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................

(b) State how the brightnesses of the three bulbs in the circuit will compare with each other. [1]

.........................................................................
.........................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

880-227
 –9– N00/430/H(2)

(Question A3 continued)

(c) The student now connects a fourth bulb D across bulb B as shown in Figure 2 below.

30 V

A B C

Figure 2

When she connects D, what will happen to the brightnesses of bulbs A, B and C? Explain
your reasoning. [3]

.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................

(d) Assuming that the resistance of the bulbs remains constant, calculate the power output of
bulb B:

(i) in the original circuit in Figure 1; [1]

.....................................................................

(ii) in the modified circuit in Figure 2. [3]

.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................

880-227 Turn over

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 – 19 – N04/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

B2. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about electric circuits and Part 2 is about an orbiting
satellite.

Part 1 Electric circuits

Susan sets up the circuit below in order to measure the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of a
small filament lamp.

The supply is a battery that has an e.m.f. of 3.0 V and the ammeter and voltmeter are considered
to be ideal. The lamp is labelled by the manufacturer as “3 Volts, 0.6 Watts”.

(a) (i) Explain what information this labelling provides about the normal operation of the
lamp. [2]

.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

(ii) Calculate the current in the filament of the lamp when it is operating at normal
brightness. [2]

.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

8804-6502 Turn over

 – 20 – N04/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B2, part 1 continued)

Susan sets the variable resistor to its maximum value of resistance. She then closes the switch S
and records the following readings.

Ammeter reading = 0.18 A Voltmeter reading = 0.60 V

She then sets the variable resistor to its zero value of resistance and records the following
readings.

Ammeter reading = 0.20 A Voltmeter reading = 2.6 V

(b) (i) Explain why, by changing the value of the resistance of the variable resistance, the
potential difference across the lamp cannot be reduced to zero or be increased to
3.0 V. [2]

.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

(ii) Determine the internal resistance of the battery. [3]

.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

8804-6502
 – 21 – N04/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B2, part 1 continued)

(c) Calculate the resistance of the filament when the reading on the voltmeter is

(i) 0.60 V. [1]

.................................................................
.................................................................

(ii) 2.6 V. [1]

.................................................................
.................................................................

(d) Explain why there is a difference between your answers to (c) (i) and (c) (ii). [2]

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................

(e) Using the axes below, draw a sketch-graph of the I-V characteristic of the filament of the
lamp. (Note: this is a sketch-graph; you do not need to add any values to the axis.) [1]

0
0 V

(This question continues on the following page)

8804-6502 Turn over

 – 22 – N04/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B2, part 1 continued)

The diagram below shows an alternative circuit for varying the potential difference across the
lamp.

The potential divider XZ has a potential of 3.0 V across it. When the contact is at the position Y,
the resistance of XY equals the resistance of YZ which equals 12 !. The resistance of the lamp
is 4.0 !.

(f) Calculate the potential difference across the lamp. [4]

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................

(Question B2 continues on page 24)

8804-6502
 – 23 – M05/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

B3. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about e.m.f. and internal resistance. Part 2 is about the
wave properties of light and electrons.

Part 1 e.m.f. and internal resistance

A dry cell has an e.m.f. E and internal resistance r and is connected to an external circuit. There
is a current I in the circuit when the potential difference across the terminals of the cell is V.

I E

(a) State expressions, in terms of E, V, r and I where appropriate, for

(i) the total power supplied by the cell. [1]

.................................................................

(ii) the power dissipated in the cell. [1]

.................................................................

(iii) the power dissipated in the external circuit. [1]

.................................................................

(b) Use your answers to (a) to derive a relationship between V, E, I and r. [2]

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

2205-6508 Turn over


 – 24 – M05/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B3, part 1 continued)

The graph below shows the variation of V with I for the dry cell.

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.90

V/V 0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.0
0.0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
I/A

(This question continues on the following page)

2205-6508


 – 25 – M05/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B3, part 1 continued)

(c) Complete the diagram below to show the circuit that could be used to obtain the data from
which the graph was plotted. [3]

(d) Use the graph, explaining your answers, to

(i) determine the e.m.f. E of the cell. [2]

.................................................................
.................................................................

(ii) determine the current in the external circuit when the resistance R of the external
circuit is very small. [2]

.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

1.27.
(iii) deduce that the internal resistance r of the cell is about 1.2 [3]

.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

2205-6508 Turn over


 – 26 – M05/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B3, part 1 continued)

(e) The maximum power dissipated in the external circuit occurs when the resistance of the
external circuit has the same value as the internal resistance of the cell. Calculate the
maximum power dissipation in the external circuit. [3]

......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................

(This question continues on page 28)

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B3. This question is in three parts. Part 1 is about electrical components. Part 2 is about magnetic
forces and Part 3 is about electromagnetic induction.

Part 1 Electrical components

(a) In the space below, draw a circuit diagram that could be used to determine the current-voltage
(I-V) characteristics of an electrical component X. [2]

component X

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 – 22 – M05/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

(Question B3, part 1 continued)

The graph below shows the I-V characteristics for the component X.

I/A 6

0
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
V/V

–2

–4

–6

The component X is now connected across the terminals of a battery of e.m.f. 6.0 V and
negligible internal resistance.

(b) Use the graph to determine

(i) the current in component X. [1]

.................................................................

(ii) the resistance of component X. [2]

.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

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(Question B3, part 1 continued)

A resistor R of constant resistance 2.0 7 is now connected in series with component X as shown
below.

X R

2.0 7

(c) (i) On the graph opposite, draw the I-V characteristics for the resistor R. [2]

(ii) Determine the total potential difference E that must be applied across component X
and across resistor R such that the current through X and R is 3.0 A. [2]

.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

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 – 14 – M06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B1 continued)

Part 2 Heating water electrically

The diagram below shows part of the heating circuit of a domestic shower.

insulated wire
water pipe
240 V
supply

cold water 14 oC hot water 40 oC

insulated heating element

Cold water enters the shower unit and flows over an insulated heating element. The heating
element is rated at 7.2 kW, 240 V. The water enters at a temperature of 14 oC and leaves at a
temperature of 40 oC. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 % 103 J kg!1 K!1.

(a) Describe how thermal energy is transferred from the heating element to the water. [3]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

(b) Estimate the flow rate in kg s!1 of the water. [4]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

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(Question B1, part 2 continued)

(c) Suggest two reasons why your answer to (b) is only an estimate. [2]

1. ..................................................................
..................................................................

2. ..................................................................
..................................................................

(d) Calculate the current in the heating element when the element is operating at 7.2 kW. [2]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

(e) Explain why, when the shower unit is switched on, the initial current in the heating
element is greater than the current calculated in (d). [2]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

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 – 16 – M06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B1, part 2 continued)

(f) In some countries, shower units are operated from a 110 V supply. A heating element
operating with a 240 V supply has resistance R240 and an element operating from a 110 V
supply has resistance R110.

(i) Deduce, that for heating elements to have identical power outputs

R110 [3]
 0.21.
R240

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) Using the ratio in (i), describe and explain one disadvantage of using a 110 V supply
for domestic purposes. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

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B3. This question is about electric current and the effects of electric current.

Electric current

(a) The diagram below shows the circuit used to measure the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic
of an electrical component X.

On the diagram above,

(i) label the ammeter A and the voltmeter V. [1]

(ii) mark the position of the contact of the potentiometer that will produce a reading of
zero on the voltmeter. Label this position P. [1]

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 – 22 – M06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

(Question B3 continued)

(b) The graph below shows the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of two different conductors
X and Y.

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30
Y
I / A 0.25 X

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
V/V

(i) State the value of the current for which the resistance of X is the same as the
resistance of Y and determine the value of this resistance. [2]

Current: ........................................................

Resistance: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........................................................

(ii) Describe and suggest an explanation for the I-V characteristic of conductor Y. [3]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
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(Question B3 continued)

(c) The two conductors X and Y are connected in the circuit as shown below.

12 V

The cell has e.m.f. 12 V and negligible internal resistance. The resistor Z has resistance R
and the potential difference across the conductors X and Y is 5.0 V.

(i) Use the graph in (b) to determine the total current in the circuit. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) Determine the resistance R of the resistor Z. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(iii) Determine the total resistance of the parallel combination of X and Y. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

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 – 26 – N06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B4, part 1 continued)

Current electricity

(c) In order to investigate the variation of the current I in a variable resistor with the potential
difference V across it, a student set up the following circuit.

The variation of the current I with V is shown below.

V/V 6

0
0 1 2 3 4
I/A

Use the graph to deduce that, for the battery,

(i) its e.m.f. is 4.5 V. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) its internal resistance is 1.2 7. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
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(Question B4, part 1 continued)

(d) The battery in (c) is to be used as the power source for an electrical device. The device is
rated as 0.8 V, 1.5 A.

Complete the circuit below to show how the battery may be connected so that the device
operates normally. Calculate the value of any other component you may use. [4]

device
0.8 V, 1.5 A

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

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 – 28 – N06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B4, part 1 continued)

(e) An electric heater contains a number of similar heating elements, connected as shown to
a supply of V volts. The switches S1 and S2 are shown “open”.

0V V
S1

S2

Each heating element dissipates power P when connected to a supply of V volts. The
resistance of each element may be considered to be constant.

Complete the table below to give the total power dissipated, in terms of P, for the switches
in the positions indicated. [3]

Switch S1 Switch S2 Total power

closed closed

closed open

open open

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 – 26 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

B3. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about electrical conduction and Part 2 is about
thermodynamics.

Part 1 Electrical conduction

In a copper wire the number of conduction electrons is equal to the number of copper atoms in
the wire.

(a) State what is meant by conduction electrons. [1]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................

(b) (i) The density of copper is 8.93 s103 kg m–3 and its molar mass is 64 g. Deduce that
the number of moles of copper in a volume of 1.0 m3 is 1.4 s 105. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) Estimate the number of conduction electrons in 1.0 m3 of copper. [1]

..................................................................
..................................................................

(c) The diagram below shows some of the conduction electrons in a copper wire. The arrows
represent the random velocities of some of the electrons.

copper wire

Explain, by reference to the motion of the electrons, why there is no current in the wire. [2]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................

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(Question B3, part 1 continued)

(d) An electric field is established inside the copper wire directed as shown in the
diagram below. The dots represent electrons. The random velocities of the electrons are
not shown.

On the diagram below, draw an arrow to indicate the direction of the drift velocity of
the electrons. [1]

electric field

copper wire

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 – 28 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B3, part 1 continued)

(e) A typical value for the electron drift velocity in a copper wire is 10–3 m s–1. In the
circuit below, the length of the copper wire joining the negative terminal of the battery to
the lamp is 0.50 m.

0.50 m

(i) The switch S is closed. Calculate the time it would take for an electron to move
from the negative terminal of the battery to the lamp. [1]

..................................................................

(ii) The lamp lights in a time much less than that calculated in (e)(i). Explain this
observation. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(iii) Discuss, in terms of the movement of the electrons, the energy transformations
taking place in the filament of the lamp. [4]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

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 – 29 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B3, part 1 continued)

(f) The diagram below shows part of a circuit that may be used to determine the
current - potential difference (I-V) characteristics of a lamp.

An ammeter and a voltmeter are required. On the diagram above, draw symbols to show
the correct positions of the ammeter and the voltmeter. [2]

(g) The I-V characteristics for one lamp are shown below.

I / A 0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
V/V

(i) State a range of values of the current I for which the lamp may be considered to
show ohmic behaviour. [1]

..................................................................

(ii) The potential difference across the lamp is 0.80 V. Calculate the resistance of the
lamp at this potential difference. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................

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 –6– M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

A2. This question is about electric circuits.

(a) Define e.m.f. and state Ohm’s law. [2]

e.m.f.: ...........................................................
...........................................................

Ohm’s law: ...........................................................

...........................................................

(b) In the circuit below an electrical device (load) is connected in series with a cell of
e.m.f. 2.5 V and internal resistance r. The current I in the circuit is 0.10 A.

e.m.f. = 2.5 V

I = 0.10 A

load

The power dissipated in the load is 0.23 W.

Calculate

(i) the total power of the cell. [1]

..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) the resistance of the load. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(iii) the internal resistance r of the cell. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
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(Question A2 continued)

(c) A second identical cell is connected into the circuit in (b) as shown below.

I = 0.15 A

load

The current in this circuit is 0.15 A. Deduce that the load is a non-ohmic device. [4]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

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 –8– N07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

A3. This question is about electrical circuits.

The graph below shows the I-V (current-voltage) characteristic of an electrical component T.

150

100

I / mA

50

0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
V/V

(a) On the graph above, draw the I-V characteristic in the range V  0 to V  6.0V for a
resistor R having a constant resistance of 40 7. [1]

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(Question A3 continued)

(b) The component T and the resistor R are connected in parallel as shown below.

40 7

A B

When a battery of constant e.m.f. E and negligible internal resistance is connected

between the terminals A and B, the current in the resistor R is 100 mA.

(i) Calculate the e.m.f. E of the battery. [1]

..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) Use the graph to determine the current in T. [1]

..................................................................

(iii) Calculate the power dissipation in T. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

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 – 10 – N07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question A3 continued)

(c) In order to reduce the power dissipation in component T, a second resistor R of

resistance 40 7 is connected in series with T. The circuit is shown below.

T R

40 7
R

40 7

A B

The battery connected between A and B is unchanged.

Use the graph to determine

(i) the current in resistor T. [2]

..................................................................

(ii) the power dissipation in T. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................

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(Question B3 part 1 continued)

(d) Using your answers in (b)(ii) and (c)(ii) determine the energy required, in electron volt,
to completely remove the electron from the influence of the proton. [2]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

Fields and electric charge in conductors

(e) Define electromotive force (e.m.f.). [1]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................

(f) A filament lamp is operating at normal brightness.

The potential difference across the lamp is 6.0 V. The current in the filament is 0.20 A.
For the filament of this lamp, calculate

(i) the resistance. [1]

..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) the power dissipated. [1]

..................................................................
..................................................................

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(Question B3 part 1 continued)

(g) The lamp in (f) is connected in the circuit below. The lamp is still operating at normal
brightness.

B
R

The battery B has an internal resistance of 5.0 ! and the resistance R of the resistor is
15 !.

(i) Calculate the current in the resistor R. [1]

..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) Determine the e.m.f. of the battery. [4]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

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(Question B4, part 2 continued)

Current electricity

(c) Define electromotive force (e.m.f.). [1]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................

(d) In the circuit below the battery has an e.m.f. of 12 V and an internal resistance of 5.0 !.

e.m.f.  12 V

60 ! 30 !
X

30 ! 60 !
Y

Calculate the

(i) total resistance of the circuit. [3]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(ii) current in the internal resistance. [1]

..................................................................
..................................................................

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 – 31 – N08/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B4, part 2 continued)

(iii) total power dissipated in the circuit. [2]

..................................................................
..................................................................

(iv) potential difference between points X and Y. [3]

..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................

(e) A real (i.e. non-ideal) voltmeter is connected across points X and Y in the circuit in (d).
Explain why the reading of this voltmeter will not be the same as your answer to (d)(iv). [2]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................

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 ±± M09/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B1, part 1 continued)

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 ±± N09/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

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(This question continues on the following page)

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 ±± N09/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B4, part 1 continued)

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(This question continues on the following page)

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2728
 ±± M10/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

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(This question continues on the following page)

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 ±± M10/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B4, part 1 continued)

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(This question continues on the following page)

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 ±± M10/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

SECTION B

This section consists of four questions: B1, B2, B3 and B4. Answer two questions.

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 ±± M10/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

(Question B1, part 1 continued)

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  LL 'HWHUPLQH WKH PLQLPXP DQG WKH PD[LPXP SRZHU WKDW FRXOG EH GLVVLSDWHG LQ
WKLVFLUFXLW [3]

 
 
 
 
 

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2210-6514

1022