Practicas Cap01 A Cap06

Engineering Circuit Analysis, Seventh Edition Practice Problem Solutions
Chapters One through Six
2.1 (p11)
λ = 248 nm = 0.248 µm (c)
2.2 (p11)
1 ns = 1000 ps (d)
2.3 (p11)
(60 W)(24 h/day)(60 min/h)(60 s/min) = 5.184 MJ;

(60 W)(1 kW/1000 W)(24 h/day)(7 day/wk) (12.5 cents/kWh) = $1.26/week
2.4 (p13)
electrons moving left result in a positive current flowing right. Thus, I2 = + 1 mA, and
I1 = − I2 = − 1 mA.
2.5 (p15)
v1 = − v2 so v2 = − v1 = − 17 V
2.6 (p17)
We have + 4.6 A flowing into the positive reference terminal of a voltage 220 mV. Using the
passive sign convention, the absorbed power is Pabs = 4.6 × 0.220 = 1.012 W.
2.7 (p17)
We have a current − 1.75 A flowing out of our positive voltage reference terminal, or + 1.75
A flowing into the positive reference terminal.
Thus, applying the passive sign convention we find
Pabs = 1.75 × − 3.8 = − 6.65 W or a generated power of − Pabs = + 6.65 W.
2.8 (p17)
We see that a current of + 3.2 A flows out of our positive voltage reference terminal, so a
current − 3.2 A flows into that positive reference terminal.
Applying the passive sign convention,
Pabs = 8e −100t × − 3.2 = −25.6 e −100t W
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Copyright ©2007 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All Rights Reserved
−3
∴ Pabs (t = 5 ms ) = (−25.6)e −100(5×10 )
= − 15.53 W
2.9 (p20)
Moving from left to right and applying the passive sign convention,
Pabs = − 7 × 8 = − 56 W
Pabs = 2 × 8 = + 16 W
Pabs = − 5 × 12 = − 60 W
Pabs = 8 × 20 = + 160 W
Pabs = 0.25vx × 20 = [0.25 × − 12] × 20 = − 60 W
(Check: − 56 + 16 − 60 + 160 − 60 = 0 )
2.10 (p24)
v −6.3
v = i R so R = = = 3.938 kΩ
i −1.6 × 10−3
2.11 (p24)
v 2 (−6.3) 2
v = i R, Pabs = v × i so Pabs = =
R 21
= 1.89 W
2.12 (p24)
Pabs = v × i
P 0.24
i = abs = = 30 mA
v −8
2.13 (p27)
R = (4000 ft)(0.1563 Ω/1000 ft) = 0.6252 Ω

P = i2R = (100 A)(100 A)(0.6252 Ω) = 6.252 kW
Weight is proportional to mass, and mass is proportional to volume.

Hence, new weight = old weight × new volume/old volume
Since volume = cross sectional area × length and the length remains unchanged,
new weight = old weight (33.6 mm2/ 21.1 mm2) = 1.59 times the old weight.
3.1 (p38)
5 branches
3 nodes
Define i18−v out of the “+” terminal of the 18 − V source; iRA downward through resistor RA.
By KCL, i18− v − iRA − ix + 13 = 0

8 − iRA − 3 + 13 = 0
so iRA = 8 + 13 − 3 = 18 A
18V
By Ohm’s Law, RA = =1 Ω
18 A
3.2 (p39)
By KVL, + 3 + 1 + vx = 0
so vx = − 4 V
vx
By Ohm’s Law, ix = = − 400 mA
10
3.3 (p42)
We begin by writing a simple KVL equation:
−30 + 2 × 8 + v10 = 0 where v10 has a “+” reference on the top terminal of the 10 − Ω resistor.
∴ v10 = 30 − 16 = 14 V
v10 14
The current down through the 10−Ω resistor is = = 1.4 A
10 10
Thus, 2 − 1.4 = 0.6 A flows left to right through the top 2−Ω resistor.
KVL yields −v10 + 2 × 0.6 + vx = 0 so vx = 14 − 1.2 = 12.8 V
3.4 (p43)
A single KVL equation yields
−vs1 + R1i + vs2 + R2i = 0

vs1 − vs2 120 − 30
or i= = =2A
R1 + R2 30 + 15
Pabs vs1 = −2 × 120 = − 240 W
Pabs R1 = 2 2 × 30 = 120 W
pabs vs2 = 2 × 30 = 60 W
Pabs R2 = 2 2 × 15 = 60 W
(Check: − 240 + 120 + 60 + 60 = 0)
3.5 (p44)
Writing a single KVL equation, with a clockwise current i
−vx − 12 + (8 + 7) i + 4vx = 0 [1]

−v
and i= x [2]
30
leads to vx = 24 V and i = − 4 A
5 25
2
24 1
Pabs 30 Ω = × = 768 mW
5 30
4
Pabs 12 v = + × 12 = 1.92 W
25
2
4
Pabs 8Ω = − × 8 = 204.8 mW
25
2
4
Pabs 7 Ω = − × 7 = 179.2 mW
25
4 −4 24
Pabs 4 vx = − × 4vx = × 4× = − 3.072 W
25 25 5
(Check: 768 + 1920 + 204.8 + 179.2 – 3072 = 0 mW)
3.6 (p46)
Summing the currents entering the top node,
v v
5− −1 − + 6 = 0
10 10
leads to
v = 50 V
3.7 (p47)
Summing the currents entering the top node,
vx v
5.6 − + 0.1vx − x − 2 = 0
18 9
leads to vx = 54 V
vx v
iA = = 3 A, iB = −0.1vx = − 5.4 A, iC = x = 6 A
18 9
3.8 (p50)
v v
(5 − 1 + 6) + + = 0 leads to v = 50 V
10 10
3.9 (p51)
The circuit is valid as drawn. The current from each source adds, so that a total of 8 A flows
through the resistor. All three elements are in parallel so each element has the same voltage
across it. Since there are no voltage sources present there can be no conflict. However, if the
resistor were to be removed, the resulting circuit would be in conflict with Kirchhoff’s current
law (KCL).
3.10 (p53)
We first simplify the circuit:
where Vs = 5 + 5 + 5 =15 V
R = 15 + 25 +5 = 45 Ω
→ i
Vs 15
∴i = − =− = −333.3 mA
R 45
3.11 (p55)
v = (5 − 1 + 6)10 //10 = 10 × 5 = 50 V
3.12 (p56)
We first simplify the circuit:
+ where R = 4 // (2 + 2) // (10 + 10)

= 4 // 4 // 20
v = 1.818 Ω
- V = 7R = 7 (1.818) = 12.73 V
3.13 (p59)
Noting that we can combine the two 10−Ω resistors into a single 5−Ω resistor,
2
vx = 10 =2 V
2+3+5
3.14 (p60)
(1) The resistors to the right of the 125 − Ω resistor combine into
R = 50 // [2 + 240 // (40 + 20)]
= 25 Ω
125
By current division, i1 = 120 × = 100 mA
125 + 25
(2) The resistors to the right of the 50−Ω resistor combine into
Rx = 2 + 240 // (40 + 20) = 50 Ω
50
By current division, i2 = i1 × = 50 mA
50 + 50
(3) The current through the 20−Ω resistor is
240
i2 × = 40 mA. Thus, v3 = 20 × 0.04 = 0.8 V
240 + 40 + 20
4.1 (p83)
• The bottom node is the obvious choice for a reference node.
At the top left node
v1 v −v
−5 = + 1 2 [1]
2+3 15
and at the top right node,
v 2 v 2 − v1
2= + [2]
4 15
Simplifying, we obtain
-75 = 4v1 − v2 [1]

and 120 = − 4v1 + 19v2 [2]
Solving, we obtain v1 = -18.125 V and v2 = 2.5 V
4.2 (p86)
• we number the top nodes 1, 2 and 3 moving left to right.
v1 − v3 v1 − v2
At node 1, −3 = + [1]
2 1
v −v v v −v
At node 2, 0= 2 1 + 2 + 2 3 [2]
1 3 4
v3 v3 − v2 v3 − v1
At node 3, 7= + + [3]
5 4 2
Simplifying, we obtain
−6 = 3v1 − 2v2 − v3 [1]

0 = −12v1 + 19v2 − 3v3 [2]
140 = −10v1 − 5v2 + 19v3 [3]
Solving,
v1 = 5.235 V
and v3 = 11.47 V
4.3 (p88)
There are two basic strategies here: (1) insert the quantity for A and solve; or (2) write two
general equations in terms of A, then substitute and solve.
Here, we’ll go with the second option.
v1 v1 − v 2
Thus, at node 1 we can write 5 = + or 3v1 − 2v2 = 10 [1].
2 1
At node 2, we write
v 2 v 2 − v1
A= + or − 2v1 + 3v2 = 2 A [2].
2 1
(a) Substitute A = 2i1 into Eqn [2]. We then note that i1 = v1 – v2. So Eqn [1] is unchanged but
Eqn [2] becomes 6v1 − 7v2 = 0 [2’]. Solving Eqns [1] and [2’], we find that v1 = 70/9 V.
(b) Substitute A = 2v1 into Eqn [2], which then becomes 6v1 − 7v2 = 0 [2’’]. Solving Eqn [1]
and Eqn [2’’] we thus obtain v1 = -10 V.
4.4 (p90)
• Define the top left node 1, and the top right node 2.
Treating these two nodes as a single supernode,
4 + 9 = 3(v1 − v2 ) + 3(v2 − v1 ) + 2v1 + 6v2 [1]

or 13 = 2v1 + 6v2 [1]
The remaining equation is simply v1 − v2 = 5 [2]
Solving, v1 = 5.375 V and v2 = 375.0 mV
4.5 (p91)
By inspection, v1 = -3V [1]

v 2 − v1 v 2 − v3
At node 2, we can write 4 = + or -2v1 + 3v2 – v3 = 8 [2]
1 2
v − v 2 v3 − v 4
At node 3, we can write 5v x = 3 + . Since vx = v3 – v4, this becomes
2 4
-2v2 - 17v3 + 19v4 = 0 [3]
v −v v v − v3
At node 4, 0 = 4 1 + 4 + 4 or -6v1 - 3v3 + 13v4 = 0 [4]
2 3 4
Solving, we find that v1 = -3 V (known), v2 = -0.0270 V, v3 = -2.081 V, and v4 = -1.865 V.
4.6 (p95)
mesh 1: −6 + 14i1 + (5 + 5)i1 − (5 + 5)i2 = 0 [1]

mesh 2: (5 + 5)i2 − (5 + 5)i1 + 10i2 + 5 = 0 [2]
Simplifying, 24i1 − 10i2 = 6 [1]

−10i1 + 20i2 = −5 [2]
Solving, i1 = 184.2 mA
i2 = − 157.9 mA
4.7 (p96)
• define clockwise i3 in third mesh.
mesh 1: −10 + 4i1 − 4i2 + 3 = 0 [1]

mesh 2: (4 + 5 + 9 + 10)i2 − 4i1 − 10i3 = 0 [2]
mesh 3: −3 + (10 + 1 + 7)i3 − 10i2 = 0 [3]
Simplifying, 4i1 − 4i2 = 7 [1]

−4i1 + 28i2 − 10i3 = 0 [2]
−10i2 + 18i3 = 3 [3]
Solving, i1 = 2.220 A and i2 = 469.9 mA
4.8 (p97)
(a) With A = 2i2, we can write two mesh equations:

2 = (2 + 5)i1 – 5i2 – 2i2 or 7i1 – 7i2 = 2 [1]
6 = (4+5+3)i2 – 5i1 or -5i1 + 12i2 = 6 [2]
Solving, we obtain i1 = 1.347 A.
(b) With A = 2vx = 2(i1 – i2)(5) = 10 i1 – 10 i2, we can write two mesh equations:
2 = (2 + 5)i1 – 5i2 – 10i1 + 10i2 or -3i1 + 5i2 = 2 [1]
6 = (4+5+3)i2 – 5i1 or -5i1 + 12i2 = 6 [2]
Solving, we obtain i1 = 545.5 mA.
4.9 (p99)
• define clockwise current i2 in top right mesh and clockwise current i3 in bottom right mesh.
• form supermesh with meshes 1 and 3.
Supermesh: −10 + 4i1 − 4i2 + (10 + 1 + 7)i3 − 10i2 = 0 [1]
mesh 2: (4 + 5 + 9 + 10)i2 − 4i1 − 10i3 = 0 [2]
remaining equation: i3 − i1 = 3 [3]
Simplifying, 4i1 − 14i2 + 18i3 = 10 [1]

−4i1 + 28i2 − 10i3 = 0 [2]
− i1 + i3 = 3 [3]
Solving, i1 = − 1.933 A
4.10 (p100)
• define two clockwise currents: i2 in top right mesh, i3 in bottom right mesh.
mesh 1: -80 + 10i1 + 20(i1 – i2) + 30(i1 – i3) = 0 [1]

2,3 supermesh: -30 + 40i3 + 30(i3 – i1) + 20(i2 – i1) = 0 [2]
Supermesh equation: i3 – i2 = 15i1 [3]
Solving, i3 = 2.604 A
Thus, v3 = 40ib = 104.2 V
5.1 (p125)
Shorting the 3.5-V source,
⎛ 7+3 ⎞
i x′ = 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 800 mA
⎝ 7 + 3 + 15 ⎠
Open circuiting the 2-A source,
1 15
ix′′ = − × 3.5 × = −140 mA
15 3 + 7 + 15
ix = ix′ + ix′′ = 660 mA
5.2 (p127)
(1) Shorting the 3-V source, we apply nodal analysis to find:
v1′ − v2′ v1′

Node 1: 2 = + [1]
15 7
v2′ v2′ − v1′

Node 2: 4i′ = + [2]
5 15
The presence of the dependent source has introduced a new variable, requiring an
additional equation:
v2′
i′ = [3]
5
Simplifying and reducing to two equations,
210 = 22v1′ − 7v2′ [4]

0 = v11 + 8v12 [5]
Solving, v1′=9.180 V and v2′ = − 1.148 V
(2) Open-circuiting the 2-A source, we apply mesh analysis after defining two clockwise
mesh currents i1 and i2.
mesh 1: −3 + (7 + 15 + 5)i1 − 5i2 = 0 [1]

mesh 2: i2 = −4i′′ [2]
where i′′ = i1 − i2 [3]
Simplifying,
27i1 − 5i2 = 3 [1]

−4i1 + 3i2 = 0 [4]
Solving,
i1 = 147.5 mA and i2 = 196.7 mA

so, v1′′ = 7i1 + 3 = 1.967 V and v2′′ = 5(i1 − i2 ) = −245.9 mV
Thus, v1 = v1′ + v1′′ = 11.15 V and v2 = v2′ + v2′′ = − 1.394 V
5.3 (p135)
5 V in series with 5 kΩ → 1 mA in parallel with 5 kΩ (arrow pointing up).
⎛ 5000 ⎞
(
I x = 1× 10−3 + 1× 10−3 ⎜ ) ⎟ = 192.3 µA
⎝ 5000 + 47000 ⎠
5.4 (p136)
• 75 µA in parallel with 4 MΩ → 300 V in series with 4 MΩ (“+” on top).

• 40 µA in parallel with 200 kΩ → 8 V in series with 200 kΩ (“+” on right).
6 MΩ + V -
4 MΩ 0.2 MΩ 1 MΩ
This circuit may be further reduced to

+V-
300 + 8 – 3 =
10.2 MΩ 1 MΩ
1
By voltage division, V = 305 × = 27.23 V
10.2 + 1
* The circuit could by transformed to have a current source, but no reduction in complexity
would result.
5.5 (p118)
• 5 A in parallel with 2 Ω → 10 V in series with 2 Ω (“+” on top)

• we now have 2 Ω in series with 8 Ω → 10 Ω
• 10 V in series with 1 Ω → 1 A in parallel with 10 Ω (arrow pointing up)
• we now have 10 Ω // 10 Ω = 5 Ω
• 1 A in parallel with 5 Ω → This is the Norton equivalent
5.6 (p142)
(1) Removing the 2-Ω resistor and leaving the terminals open-circuited, no current flows
through the 5-Ω resistor; hence, there is no voltage drop across it.
4
So, VTH = VOC = V4 Ω = 9 × = 2.571 V
4+4+6
(2) Shorting the 9-V source with the 2-Ω resistor removed, we see
5 + 4 //(4 + 6) = 7.857 Ω
(3) We may now find I2Ω by
VTH
I 2Ω = = 260.8 mA
RTH + 2
5.7 (p145)
(1) First, short the 3-V source and open-circuit the 7-mA source. Looking in from the
terminals, we see a resistance 1 + 5 // 2 = 2.429 kΩ.
(2) Realising that no current flows through the 1-kΩ resistor, we quickly apply nodal analysis
to find:
v−3 v
−7 × 10−3 = +
2000 5000
Solving, v = −7.857 V = VTH (“+” on top)
VTH
(3) I SC = = −3.235 A (source oriented with arrow pointing upwards).
RTH
5.8 (p146)
• Transform the dependent source to a dependent voltage source:
20 kΩ +
200V1 + V1
-
A simple KVL equation yields −200 V1 − 100 + V1 = 0

or V1 = −502.5 mV = VTH
Shorting the terminals, we then find

0
−200V1 + 20 000 I SC − 100 + 0 = 0 or I SC = 5 mA
VTH
RTH = = −100.5 Ω
I SC
5.9 (p149)
• There are no independent sources so VTH = 0.

• install a 1-V test source, “+” on top, across the open terminals.
• define two clockwise mesh currents iL and iR.
left mesh: −20i1 + 10iL + 30iL − 30iR = 0 [1]

right mesh: (30 + 5)iR − 30iL + 1 = 0 [2]
and: i1 = iL − iR [3]
Simplifying,
−20i1 + 40iL − 30iR = 0 [1]

− 30iL + 35iR = −1 [2]
−i1 + iL −iR = 0 [3]
Solving,
iR = −50 mA
−iR flows out of the 1-V source. The Thévenin equivalent resistance, therefore, is
1
= 20 Ω
−iR
5.10 (p152)
• First find the Thévenin equivalent connected to Rout

• Removing Rout, we are left with a single mesh. Define a clockwise mesh current i1.
Then (2000 + 2000) i1 + 20 + 30 = 0
and i1 = −12.5 mA.
VTH = −40 + 30 + 2000(−12.5 × 10−3 ) = −35 V
• Shorting the sources, RTH = 2 kΩ//2 kΩ=1 kΩ
1 kΩ
Rout
3
(a) With Rout = 3 kΩ, VRout = −35 × = 26.25 V
1+ 3
(26.25) 2
∴ = 229.7 mW
3000
(−35 / 2) 2
(b) Pmax = = 306.3 mW
1000
(Vout ) 2 Rout
(c) 20 × 10−3 = where Vout = −35 ×
Rout 1000 + Rout
352
so 20 × 10−3 = × Rout
(1000 + Rout ) 2
Solving, Rout = 16.88 Ω or 59.23 kΩ
5.11 (p154)
• convert RV3, RV4, RV5 to a T-network

RT1, RT2, RT3.
10 × 10
RT1 = = 3.333 Ω
10 + 10 + 10
RT3 = RT2 = RT1 = 3.333 Ω
• RH1 + RT1 = RS1 = 13.33 Ω

• RS2 = RH2 + RT2 = 13.33 Ω
• RS3 = RH3 + RT3 = 13.33 Ω
• convert T-network RS1, RS2, RS3 to a ∆-

connected network RD1, RD2, RD3
RS1× RS2 + RS2 × RS3 + RS3 × RS1

• RD1 =
RS2
= 40 Ω
• RD3 = RD2 = RD1 = 40 Ω
R in = [ (RV1// RD1) + (RV2 // RD3)] // RD2 = 11.43 Ω
6.1 (p177)
• Because Rule #1 states that no current flows into either input terminal, we know that the
voltage on either side of resistor Rin is equal to vin.
• Invoking Rule #2, which states that the voltage at both input pins must be the same, we can
conclude that vout = vin
6.2 (p179)
R 1
vb = v2 × = v2
R+R 2
1
• By Rule #2, va = vb = v2 [1]
2
• A KVL equation starting at v1 yields:
−v1 + Ri1 + Ri1 + vout = 0 [2] (making use of Rule #1).
• To obtain an expression for vout in terms of the input, we need to eliminate i1.
−v1 + Ri1 + va = 0
1
v1 − v2
v1 − va 2
i1 = = [3]
R R
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ v1 − 2 v2 ⎟
• Substituting into [2], −v1 + 2 R ⎜ ⎟ + vout = 0
⎜ R ⎟
⎝ ⎠
or vout = v2 − v1
6.3 (p185)
As a true design problem, there is no “unique” solution.

We need to determine the total weight of the vehicle from the weight measured by four separate
scales. This indicates that a summing amplifier might be practical here, since we are also told
that each scale provides a voltage signal proportional to the weight measured.
Rf i
R va
–
i1 R vb +
+ +
v1 RL vout
– i2 R
v2 + –
– i3
v3 +
–
Rf
In this type of amplifier, the output vout is given by vout = − (v1 + v2 + v3 ) . Since we have
R
four wheel scales, we need to add an additional source v4 in the circuit above. If we set Rf = R,
then the output voltage is the negative sum of the input voltages. Thus, if 1 mV = 1 kg at the
input, 1 mV = 1 kg at the output as well. However, the negative sign will result in a negative
voltage. There are several ways around the problem, but one is to add an inverting amplifier at
the output with both resistors set to whatever we choose for Rf above.
6.4 (p. 188)
Since the 1N750 Zener diode has a breakdown voltage of approximately 4.7 V, and we need a
reference voltage of 6 V, we construct the type of circuit suggested and select Vbat = 9 V:
Rf
R1
–
+ +
+
Rref vout
Vbat –
–
The input voltage to the noninverting amplifier is taken to be 4.7 V (it can vary slightly
depending on the current flowing through the diode). The output is simply
vout = (1 + Rf/R1)(4.7). Since we want vout = 6 V, somewhat arbitrarily choosing R1 = 1 kΩ leads
to Rf = 277 Ω.
To complete the design we need to select a value for Rref. We do this based on the current we
want to flow through the Zener diode, since no current flows into the input of the op amp.
Following the logic of Example 6.4 (p. 188), we design for 50% of the maximum rated diode
current, or 37.5 mA, leading to Rref = (Vbat – VZener)/ IZener = (9 – 4.7)/0.0375 = 115 Ω.
6.5 (p190)
We base our design on the circuit shown in Fig. 6.22 (p190). Selecting again a 9 V battery in
series with a 100 Ω resistor connected to the noninverting input terminal to the op amp, and
using a 1N750 Zener diode, we expect approximately 4. 9 V at the op amp input terminals.
Selecting 9.8 kΩ for the remaining resistor forces a current of 4.9/9.8 = 0.5 mA to flow through
RL, assuming the value of RL does not somehow affect the performance of the op amp.
6.6 (p192)
vout
-
vin
vd + Avd
-
+
vout = Avd [1]
0=
( −vd − vin ) + ( −vd ) + ( −vd − Avd ) [2]
R1 Ri Rf
Simplifying [2] yields

− Ri R f vin
vd =
Ri R f + R1 R f + (1 + A) R1 Ri
Using [1], we then obtain
vout − A Ri R f
=
vin Ri R f + R1 R f + (1 + A) R1 Ri
6.7 (p201)
The circuit from Fig. 6.6 (p. 176) cannot be simulated without performing a more sophisticated
simulation than we have discussed so far. Replacing the sinusoidal source with a 1-V dc source,
however, verifies a gain of 11:
The circuit from Fig. 6.8 (p. 177) may be simulated in a similar fashion:
As a final example, we simulate the circuit in Fig. 6.9 (p. 178), which is a basic summing
amplifier. Choosing all resistors to have equal value and neglecting the output resistor, we
expect the output to be the negative of the sum of the three input voltages, or –(1 + 2 + 3) = –6.
The simulation agrees to within 3 significant figures. The slightly nonideal behaviour of the op
amp in this particular circuit is also evident in comparing the voltages at the input, which are
not precisely equal, leading to the observed discrepancy with the ideal op amp prediction.
6.8 (p202)
Again, as a traditional design problem, there is no unique solution.
We choose to implement our solution using a comparator circuit, with the input voltage signal
connected to the noninverting input terminal, and the inverting input grounded. Selecting a –2
V source for the negative power supply ensures an output of -2 V until vsignal exceeds 0 V. Since
we want an output voltage of 12 V when vsignal > 0, we select a 12 V source for the positive
power supply.

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Engineering Circuit Analysis, Seventh Edition Practice Problem Solutions

Chapters One through Six

λ = 248 nm = 0.248 µm (c)

(60 W)(24 h/day)(60 min/h)(60 s/min) = 5.184 MJ;

Thus, applying the passive sign convention we find

Pabs = 1.75 × − 3.8 = − 6.65 W or a generated power of − Pabs = + 6.65 W.

Applying the passive sign convention,

Pabs = 8e −100t × − 3.2 = −25.6 e −100t W

R = (4000 ft)(0.1563 Ω/1000 ft) = 0.6252 Ω

Weight is proportional to mass, and mass is proportional to volume.

By KCL, i18− v − iRA − ix + 13 = 0

We begin by writing a simple KVL equation:

KVL yields −v10 + 2 × 0.6 + vx = 0 so vx = 14 − 1.2 = 12.8 V

A single KVL equation yields

−vs1 + R1i + vs2 + R2i = 0

(Check: − 240 + 120 + 60 + 60 = 0)

Writing a single KVL equation, with a clockwise current i

−vx − 12 + (8 + 7) i + 4vx = 0 [1]

Summing the currents entering the top node,

Summing the currents entering the top node,

We first simplify the circuit:

We first simplify the circuit:

+ where R = 4 // (2 + 2) // (10 + 10)

(3) The current through the 20−Ω resistor is

• The bottom node is the obvious choice for a reference node.

At the top left node

and at the top right node,

-75 = 4v1 − v2 [1]

Solving, we obtain v1 = -18.125 V and v2 = 2.5 V

• we number the top nodes 1, 2 and 3 moving left to right.

−6 = 3v1 − 2v2 − v3 [1]

Treating these two nodes as a single supernode,

4 + 9 = 3(v1 − v2 ) + 3(v2 − v1 ) + 2v1 + 6v2 [1]

The remaining equation is simply v1 − v2 = 5 [2]

Solving, v1 = 5.375 V and v2 = 375.0 mV

By inspection, v1 = -3V [1]

Solving, we find that v1 = -3 V (known), v2 = -0.0270 V, v3 = -2.081 V, and v4 = -1.865 V.

mesh 1: −6 + 14i1 + (5 + 5)i1 − (5 + 5)i2 = 0 [1]

Simplifying, 24i1 − 10i2 = 6 [1]

• define clockwise i3 in third mesh.

mesh 1: −10 + 4i1 − 4i2 + 3 = 0 [1]

Simplifying, 4i1 − 4i2 = 7 [1]

Solving, i1 = 2.220 A and i2 = 469.9 mA

(a) With A = 2i2, we can write two mesh equations:

Supermesh: −10 + 4i1 − 4i2 + (10 + 1 + 7)i3 − 10i2 = 0 [1]

Simplifying, 4i1 − 14i2 + 18i3 = 10 [1]

mesh 1: -80 + 10i1 + 20(i1 – i2) + 30(i1 – i3) = 0 [1]

Thus, v3 = 40ib = 104.2 V

Shorting the 3.5-V source,

Open circuiting the 2-A source,

ix = ix′ + ix′′ = 660 mA

(1) Shorting the 3-V source, we apply nodal analysis to find:

v1′ − v2′ v1′

v2′ v2′ − v1′

Simplifying and reducing to two equations,

210 = 22v1′ − 7v2′ [4]

Solving, v1′=9.180 V and v2′ = − 1.148 V

mesh 1: −3 + (7 + 15 + 5)i1 − 5i2 = 0 [1]

27i1 − 5i2 = 3 [1]

i1 = 147.5 mA and i2 = 196.7 mA

5 V in series with 5 kΩ → 1 mA in parallel with 5 kΩ (arrow pointing up).

• 75 µA in parallel with 4 MΩ → 300 V in series with 4 MΩ (“+” on top).

This circuit may be further reduced to