NATIONAL POLICE OF PERU

OFFICIAL SCHOOL
MARIANO SANTOS MATEOS

SUBJECT: ENGLISH
THEME: CRIMINALISTIC

PROFESSOR: Diana Milagros BRAVO URQUIZO

CADETS :

N° APELLIDOS Y NOMBRES T.A EX. PROM.

01 CASTRO LEON,Cesar
02 DUEÑAS CASTAÑEDA, Renzo
03 ALBERCA MARTINEZ, Arnold
07 PINEDA CUTI,Wendy
21 CHIROQUE URRIETA, Hoshi

YEAR Y SECTION: 4to ”A”

LIMA – PERU

2015 - 2019
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DEDICATED TO OUR CATHEDRANTS FOR

THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO OUR POLICE
TRAINING.
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CRIMINALISTIC

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ÍNDEX

COAT 01

DEDICATION 02

INTRODUCTION 05

I. THEORETICAL CONTENT 08

History

II. APPLICABILITY TO THE POLICE FIELD 12

The capture of the century

CONCLUSIONS 19

BIBLIOGRAPHY 20

ATTACHMENTS 21

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INTRODUCTION

The Directorate of Criminalistics is a Supporting Body of our Police Institute

that fulfills a fruitful scientific work in the forensic field, since March 27,
1937, the date on which the first police technique laboratory installed in the
Prefecture was launched. of Lima, with the purpose of supporting with its
expert contribution the Police and Judicial Authorities of that time, thus
counteracting the advance of criminality, playing the important role in the
strategic struggle, in the fulfillment of its double objective, which is to clarify
the criminal act and the identification of the author. The area of
Criminalistics of the National Police, appears within the framework of history
as Directorate, througmh the DL. Nº 18071 of 26DIC69 as one of the
Directorates of the former Police of Investigations of Peru. Since then the
successful work in the field of police investigation, had not been such,
without the existence of the valuable support of the Criminalistics Bodies.
On July 14, 1997, after a thorough study carried out by the Citizen Security
Commission of the National Police, PNP General Directorate, it issued
Directorial Resolution No. 1595-97-DGPNP / EMG of July 14, 1997,
creating the National Directorate of Criminalistics, based on the integration
of the means and means of the former Divisions of Criminalistics and Police
Identification members of the DIATEC-PNP; with which the superiority
makes fair recognition of the true dimension of the expert workforce,
converting it also into a Systemic Body so that the Forensic Support not
only joins the Police Units and Centralized Competencies Authorities in
Lima, but also to the Regions and Departments of our national territory. This
Specialized Directorate, under the slogan "Science and Truth in the Service
of the Community," comes to obtain professional achievements of
recognition in the police institution and society, for the professional work
done by its members, who are aware that they are new. before society.
The Criminalistics Department of the National Police of Peru, within its
policy of support for the administration of justice, poses problems and

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alternative solutions for the improvement of expert work, as well as the

training, specialization and improvement of its personnel in the various
criminal specialties and new areas created. In our society, technological
development, which brings progress and comfort in the population, also
generates the emergence of new forms of crime, which is a challenge for
the National Police, to have the necessary knowledge and modern, high-
tech instruments. technology to face the execution of new criminal offenses,
in accordance with the current legal regulations, especially with precepts
established in the New Code of Criminal Procedure. In this context, it is
essential to update the Administrative and Operational Procedures of the
DIRCRI in order to properly execute the criminal techniques and principles
to discover the truth of the fact and the identification of those involved,
reason for their doctrine. This manual contains the Expert Procedures,
which describe the standards and protocols designed to guide and support
the personnel of the PNP Operational Units at the national level and whose
essential objective is to expose the organized activities or official services
that are executed in the different forensic specialties such as:
Investigation in the Scene of the Crime, Ballistics, Biology, Engineering,
Chemistry and Toxicology, Medicine, Psychology, Grafotecnian and
Identification Criminalistics
. As far as the Crime Scene is concerned, it has the size of a tree as big as
a crashed plane; the crime scene is the area that can hold the most
valuable clues for further investigation. Through the technique carried out
by the Research Division in the
Crime scene, protecting and looking for elements related to the fact, the
specialized PNP personnel of this area, working to make sure that nothing
important escapes scrutiny (the small stain on the windowpane, can be
used, if not Basic precautions, the investigation will be compromised On the
other hand, the question of identity is fundamental in the criminal
investigation, not only the identity of the suspect, but also the identity of the
victim of the crime, the specialized PNP personnel of the DIRCRI is highly
trained to face these challenges, constituting the pillars that help to discover
the truth, a solution that can finally be used in a court In the year 2,000 BC,

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the Babylonians already used fingerprints to "sign "their contracts, but their
forensic use dates back only to the 19th century. Despite the use of more
modern techniques, such as the genetic profile, Loposcopy (identification of
papillary fingerprints) is still widespread; especially fingerprinting, thanks to
the exclusive pattern of the ridges on the tips of our fingers. For this reason,
thanks to this technique based on the classification of fingerprint patterns
and, through an organized system of classified files, it is possible to
compare the fingerprints found with those of thousands or even millions
available. The professionalism shown by this unit is so high, that even if
they are not perfect or of low quality (the Traces) this does not limit the
search possibilities. Finally, in the area of criminal investigation, the
multidisciplinary science called criminology has emerged as an important
force that has an impact on practically all elements of the criminal justice
system. It has been defined as "the scientific profession and discipline
directed to the recognition, individualization and evaluation of the
physical evidence, through the application of the natural sciences, in legal
matters. "

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CHAPTER I
THEORETICAL CONTENT
The School of Criminalistics (ESCCRI), is the Alma Mater of the Police
Criminal Experts, created by R.D. 1286 of 13DIC1969 and inaugurated with
the name of Institute of Criminalistics (INSCRI) of the Former Police of
Investigations of Peru (PIP) on September 11, 1972, currently belongs to
the Directorate of Criminalistics of the National Police of Peru (DIRCRI-
PNP) constituting the Peruvian Scientific Police and is directed by Mr.
Cmdte. PNP Mario Hector PALOMINO MUCHARI

Its mission is to investigate, evaluate and disseminate techniques and

procedures in criminal science as well as the training of experts in the field,
transmitting and exchanging knowledge and experiences with other
organizations in the country and abroad, always aiming at the development
of criminal science. In addition to members of the National Police of Peru,
police from other countries and civil servants also participate in the
academic activities carried out by ESCCRI.

The functions
• Propose and execute strategies for efficient and effective updating
training and specialization of the National Police of Peru, as well as
for a permanent development of Criminalistics.
 Formulate technical-scientific research work within the different
branches of criminalistics.
 Disclose the new methods and procedures discovered in scientific
research and studies.
 Maintain correspondence and exchange of studies, projects and
publications with national and foreign organizations and institutions.
 Review and update the various criminalistics manuals according to
the scientific advances and studies carried out.
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 Evaluate the contributions of a criminal nature that are obtained from

foreign organizations.
 To train experts in the different branches of criminology science;
taking as a legal framework the validity of the New Code of Criminal
Procedure.
 Organize the development of courses and contests of a criminal
nature, making them extensive to the community.
 Encourage the development of criminal science.
 Disseminate to the external public the technical-scientific work of the
DIREJCRI PNP

PERSONAL

This must be specialized and / or trained, with personal and professional

characteristics suitable to fulfill its function effectively. It is recommended that when
you have to address a crime scene, enter as few people as possible, in order to
maintain the intangibility of the crime. crime scene.
LOGISTICS
In order for the inspection to be carried out efficiently, effectively and with
due security, it is necessary to use the appropriate instruments, reagents
and equipment in order to perform a correct search, location and treatment
of the evidence and / or evidence, as well as its preservation and
packaging, for later referral to the Criminalistics Laboratory or its treatment
by specialized personnel of the Crime Scene Investigation Division; Without
neglecting the use of materials for biosecurity. It is necessary to emphasize
that to carry out this diligence the expert, will use appropriate equipment for
the collection of samples, according to their nature, be these biological,
ballistic, toxicological, papillary, shoe footprints, etc.
There are teams from the most basic or minimum, to the most complete.
Below is a list of what should be contained in the teams classified as
minimum or basic, intermediate or maximum.
Minimum or Basic Equipment

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• Search and location equipment (Flashlight, magnifying glass, tape

measure)
• Briefcase for the search, development and collection of papillary
fingerprints (oxide, metallic and magnetic powders).
• Instrumentation and implements for the collection and packaging of
various samples. (Plastic containers, plastic and paper bags of
various sizes, chain of custody labels, etc.)
 Biosecurity implements (gloves, masks, etc.)
 Photographic camera
b. Medium Team
In addition to the minimum level, you should have:
 Case of basic tools (screwdrivers, pliers, scissors, etc.)
 Instrumental and implements for the detection and collection of
biological spots. (Orientation reagents)
 Case equipped for the removal of footprints, tires and others.
 Equipment for taking impressions. (tampon or rollers with ink, etc.)
 Numeradores of evidences.
 Tapes for scene protection.
c. Maximum Team
 In addition to the two previous levels, you must have:
 Kit of various reagents used in the laboratory (biology, toxicology,
engineering, etc.)
 Forensic lighting equipment of various wavelengths
 High sensitivity orientation reagents (Bluestar and / or luminol)
 Ballistics and explosives equipment.
 Reagents for the performance of atomic absorption tests.
 Hydrocarbon detector
 Vacuuming evidence and / or evidence.
 Communication equipment.
 Security cones.
 GPS
 Headlights or high power lamps for night work.

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 Anti-gas masks.
 Biosecurity coveralls and eye protection lenses.
 Rubber boots

INTELLIGENCE
The systematic dismantling of the Political Apparatus of the Terrorist Organization
"Sendero Luminoso", as well as the captures of its leaders, of the members of that
OT summit and that of its founder and maximum leader Abimael GUZMAN
REINOSO (in September 1992 ); As well as the deactivation and capture of the
main cadres, militants and the founder leader of the Terrorist Organization "Tupac
Amaru", Víctor POLAY CAMPOS © "Rolando"; Constituted facts of vital importance
in the fight against terrorism; Which had to be consolidated through operational
continuity to take advantage of such strategic opportunity in order to totally defeat
the terrorist remnants of those organizations.

However, these achievements were appreciated from a triumphalist perspective,

which triggered in the disintegration of operative intelligence groups, changes of
personnel trained and specialized in counterterrorist intelligence work; And, as a
counterpart, allowed these OOTTs to take advantage of the opportunity to rethink
their strategies and even denounce Peru to international organizations as a human
rights violator.
MISSION
Train, specialize, evaluate and disseminate methods, techniques and procedures
in Criminalistics science, as well as train experts in the subject, transmit and
exchange knowledge and experiences with other agencies in the country and
abroad, in all cases propelling the development of science Criminalistics

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CHAPTER II

APPLICABILITY TO THE POLICE FIELD

Criminalistics for the support of the national police of Peru employs various
examinations, which help the police to clarify the various crimes such as:

FORENSIC BIOLOGY

CONCEPT.- It is the application of knowledge of biological sciences in

Criminalistics through the systematic study of traces, traces, signs or
biological evidence left by the author or victim at the crime scene, in order
to establish the relationship of these with the fact, supporting in a technical
and scientific way the clarification of police and judicial problems. It is the
application of natural sciences (eg molecular biology, genetics,
biochemistry, serology, etc.) to the investigation of a crime

The Forensic Biology, includes the areas of: Forensic Hematology, types of
blood spots, identifying aspect of the blood. Forensic Spermatology,
seminal spots, analysis of seminal spots, the spermatogram. The
Fanerology, morphological characteristics of the hair, determination of the
race, hair traumatism, the trichological examination, microbiological skills,
examinations and expert inspections. Expertise in Forensic Entomology,
entomological examination, ecology expertise, water analysis. In addition,
procedure for the collection, preservation and shipment of water samples.
Expertise in Molecular Microbiology DNA, history of DNA advances, DNA
variability, studies of genetic frequencies in the Peruvian population,
probability of paternity and filiation.

FORENSIC HEMATOLOGY

CONCEPT.- It is the study of the morphology, serology and biochemistry of

blood applied to Criminalistics. It covers both the reconstructive aspect and
identifier in the police, criminal and civil area. In the latter case, with regard
to filiation and paternity.

CRIMINAL VALUE

Blood is one of the most frequent and important evidences found in criminal
investigation, after fingerprints. Its reconstructive aspect is considered and
identified in the facts studied.
The search for blood spots should be done at the scene of the crime,
thoroughly reviewing all surfaces and objects that are in it. The spots can be
found on the victim, on the floor, walls, on carpets or under them, in
curtains, weapons, etc. Occasionally, spots are easily found. Other times, its
location is difficult, especially when it has been tried to remove them by

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washing or due to the nature and color on which they are. Lighting with
different lights and at different angles can help the location.

RECONSTRUCTIVE ASPECT OF THE BLOOD.

Its purpose is to reconstruct the scene of the crime subject of investigation,

taking place "in situ", which will be very important for a good administration
of justice.

1. Color of the blood spots, a fresh blood stain is of an intense red color and
of brilliant aspect; This shine disappears under the action of sunlight, heat
and different atmospheric conditions making them dusty, tarnished, cracked.
On fabrics, the brightness is often less visible.

2. Types of spots, blood spots can occur in the following ways:

 Projection (drops, splashes)

 Runoff
 Charco
 Contact (spots caused by contact between two surfaces.
 Cleaning (attempt to clean or rinse a support)
 Impregnation (passes through the texture of the support)

FORENSIC SPERMATOLOGY

It is the science that deals with the study of the morphology and
biochemistry of semen, in cases related to crimes against sexual freedom
(rape and seduction), against modesty and good manners or other
pathological (necrophilia, bestiality, etc. ). Semen, like blood, is studied in
both the reconstructive and identifier aspects.

Semen spots

1. Macroscopic characters of sperm

It is of interest for the police investigation, which carries out the

investigation, to recognize the following characteristics:

to. Color and appearance The fresh state appears as a milky white, slightly
yellowish liquid, which when removed becomes frank yellow and stiff-
looking.
b. Odor. It is sui generis, since the human species remembers the edible
chestnut or the stain.

2. Search for seminal spots

In cases of investigation for crimes against sexual honor, these supports

can be found in: the clothes of the victim, the accused or both, of the
suspects, of having committed the outrage; swabs or vaginal wash fluid,
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among others. And when going to the place of the facts, you can find spots
of semen in the furniture, carpets, floors, etc., and other apparent garments
that are related to the sexual act as: towels, handkerchiefs, toilet paper,
condom, etc.
At the same time, the search should be directed at the hair pulled, biological
remains on the nails (blood, skin, etc.) that may correspond to the
perpetrator of the crime; also in the hairs of the pubis on the natural orifices
(vulva, mouth, anus) the victim.

Analysis of the seminal spots

1. Guidance Tests

When you have to analyze many materials or extensive surfaces,

observation with ultraviolet light is useful.
Under the action of ultraviolet radiation, the spots of semen present a direct
fluorescence that although it is not specific, because other materials exist
that produce similar effect, it constitutes a useful resource, to locate
suspicious spots. After the analytical test, they will tell if they are semen or
not.

2. Evidence of certainty

to. Microscopic methods

It is the method most used today, is the observation of sperm under the
microscope.

b. Other methods

Electrophoretics.- the authors E. Villanueva and J.A. Gisbert-Calbuig,

propose two-dimensional method on paper, combination of electrophoresis
and chromatography, which allows to separate the sperm from the amino
acids of the semen and obtain an extremely interesting separation of the
latter.

Enzymatic methods.- As already mentioned, sperm contains a high amount

of acid phosphatase not found until now in any other natural organic
material, animal or vegetable.

Determination of the species to which the sperm belongs

Although it is true that it is not a frequent problem in daily practice, in some

cases, non-human sperm spots, usually pet, must be processed. All of them
show positive reaction in the qualitative test result significantly higher in
case of human semen than in animal samples.
Coloring techniques show differences with respect to the chlorination that
different parts of animal and human sperm acquire.

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Spermatological examination in health centers, morgues or crime scene:

Essentially, it is the same as in the cases examined in the laboratory,

especially in cases of corpses or injuries; but at the scene of the crime the
inspection should not be omitted in beds, comfortable, couches, rugs and
other places where the sexual act could have taken place. Also check
towels, handkerchiefs, toilet paper and other supports that may have been
used to clean the genital organs after the sexual act. Likewise, it should be
carefully searched in laboratories to detect seminal remains. In open places
or outdoors, as in the case of blood, spermatic spots should be found on
herbs, shrubs, rocks, fallen trunks and fallen leaves.
The reconstructive study of the seminal spots adding to other verifications
after the inspection, allows to reduce the truth or falsehood in the case of
accusations, indecent assaults and violations.

SPERMATOGRAM

Within spermatology, there is a special test called spermatography, which

consists in qualitatively and quantitatively determining sperm in people, and
is aimed at proving causes of sterility in cases of paternity and rape
accusations.
The complete absence of sperm is called "azoospermia", and the decrease
"oligozoospermia"; the absence of motility is called "adromozoospermia"
The purpose of the chemical test is to determine the viability of the sperm;
for this exam the sample must be after four (04) days of sexual abstinence,
in a wide-mouth vial, clean.
FORENSIC FANEROLOGY

It is the science that studies the morphology and anatomy of the

modifications of the epedemic tissue of the human or animal organism for
identification purposes.
These can be teeth, horns, hairs or hair, feathers, scales, nails or hooves
and others, which are called faneras.

A. CRIMINALISTIC VALUE

In criminology, the faneras that have the highest incidence of forensic

interest are the hair or nails, which are studied to clarify cases of injuries,
homicides, sexual violations, kidnappings, assaults, robberies, criminal
abortions, bestialisms, frauds with wigs and hairs, clandestine benefit of
animals for consumption, trafficking of native animals and others.
The science that studies the individualization and identification of hair and
hairs both human and animal is called (TRICOLOGY (tracts = hair, logos =
treaty or study), and the science that studies the nails or hooves is called
UNCOLOGY (UNCUS = UÑA).

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B. Nails and hooves

The nails and hooves are keratinous structures of the modification of the
epidemic tissue of the phalanges of the fingers and toes in humans and of
the parasites of animals.

C. Hair and hair

They are thin, keratinous and elongated structures, implanted in the skin of
the body and human scalp and body of the animal.

1. Morphological characteristics of hair

In the hair we can distinguish a body or stem and two extremities; a sharp
and free, the tip of the hair or distal end; another bulging and that is
implanted in the dermis called bulb, root or proximal end.
The stem has a fusiform shape; begins with a narrowing at the root level,
progressively widens and becomes thinner at its tip.
In the case of human beings, the hair is classified into:

to. Lisótricos that are rigid hair, smooth and flat wavy.
b. Quimatótricos, which includes the hair of large waves (wavy) and curly
hair.
c. Ulótricos, which includes frizzy hair, very curly, spiral and woolly.

Taking samples of hairs or hair for comparative study

1. Hair

The morphological and microscopic characteristics of the hair on the scalp

are not exactly the same, vary according to the location in the areas of
implantation, according to the treatment and cuts they receive. For this
reason, the samples of incriminated people should be taken in small strands
of 10 hair from each region or area of implantation, so that a sample of the
frontal area should be taken; one of the right parietal temporo; one of the
left parietal temporo; and one of the occipital. Each sample should be taken
from the base of implantation, torn from its roots should never be cut.

2. Hairs
They are never cut, they are always pulled or picked with tweezers
according to their location. The samples collected must be placed in paper
or transparent polyethylene bags, separately, from each zone, each person
or animal, with the indications of the case. Never use masking tape or
maskintake.

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FORENSIC MICROBIOLOGY

CONCEPT.- Is the science that deals with the study of microorganisms

(bacteria, fungi, parasites, protozoa, etc.) that contaminate or alter various
substrates such as: food, beverages, water, air, soil and organisms, in
related aspects with criminalistics for the investigation of crimes that put
human, animal and environmental health at risk.

CONCEPT OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

It is the part of microbiology that deals with the processes in which

microorganisms influence the characteristics of food products for human or
animal consumption. The microbiology of food therefore includes aspects of
microbial ecology and biotechnology for production.
According to article 13 of the sanitary norm on microbiological criteria of
sanitary quality and innocuousness for foods and drinks for human
consumption, elaborated by the General Direction of Health, the
microorganisms are classified in: a) microorganisms that do not imply health
risk, but for the useful life of the product, b) microorganisms of low indirect
risk (indicators), c) microorganisms of direct risk to health (pathogens),
which will determine the suitability of the food for its commercialization and
consumption.

CRIMINAL VALUE

The Microbiology of food allows to isolate and identify infecting or

contaminating microorganisms in food in foods destined for human or
animal consumption, which have caused poisonings, toxic infections or alter
the quality or useful life of the products.
One of the fundamental requirements of foods that are intended for human
consumption is the absence of pathogenic microorganisms that can cause
disorders to the body, to show the presence of these, it is necessary to
perform microbiological tests and thus establish the sanitary quality and
safety of the food and that does not exceed the the permissible limits by the
norms that regulate it.

FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY

CONCEPT.- It is the morphological and toxicological study of insects that

intervene in the destruction of corpses and in substances that are related to
criminal acts.

CRIMINAL VALUE

By means of the taxonomic study of the finding of insects, larvae, pupae,

etc. (cadaveric fauna) in a certain geographical location, the death data of
an individual, also called diagnostic tanatochronotaton, can be determined,
which is applied to determine the post-interval mortem or time from death to
the discovery of the corpse. It is one of the most complicated problems that
can be presented to forensic paritus; but also its criminalistic importance is
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transcendental. To fix the moment in which a death has taken place can
amount in most of the occasions to discover the true author and to free of a
false accusation to the innocent one.
The application of these data to the diagnostic chronotanato requires
extensive entomological knowledge. Collected samples of insects present in
the corpse and the remains of larvae, pupae, etc., identified the species
present is determined the group to which they belong and by the
succession of the life cycles of the corresponding genera you can deduce
the data of death, this is known as "cadaverous fauna" or "forensic
entomology".
In the same way, the study of insects and mites that interfere with food
(cereal grains, flours) and other substances has a criminal interest to clarify
cases of economic and ecological crimes and health attacks.

Cadaveric fauna

It is also called Entomology Tanatológica and is composed of approximately

twenty species of insects, forming 8 groups in correspondence with the
periods in which they enter the scene. The faunas are distinguished
chronologically:
Californian (from death), Sarco-Faguiana (1 to 6 months).

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CONCLUSION

- Train with specialization courses the personnel of the national police

- Provide better technologies in the field of criminalistics

- Provide scholarships abroad for better training in the criminal field

- Provide the infrastructure and environments conducive to laboratories.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.pnp.gob.pe/direcciones/dircri/nosotros.html

 http://www.pnp.gob.pe/direcciones/dircri/historia.html

 http://www.pnp.gob.pe/direcciones/dircri/nosotros.html

 http://blog.uca.edu.ni/jmedina/diseno-metodologico/

 Policía Nacional del Peru – Dirección De Criminalística

 http://www.peru.gob.pe/directorio/pep_directorio_detalle_institucion.asp?

cod_institucion=12727

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ATTACHMENTS

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