Chemistry Reference Tables

Name Value
Avogadro’s number 6.022  1023 particles/mole
0.0821 L atm
mole K
L mmHg
Gas constant (R) 62.4
mole K
8.314 L kPa
mole K
1.00 atm = 101.3 kPa =
Standard pressure
760. mmHg = 760. torr
Standard temperature 0C or 273K
Volume of 1 mole of any gas at STP 22.4 L

Thermodynamic Constants Symbol Value

Heat of fusion of water H f (water) 334 J/g

Heat of vaporization of water Hv (water) 2,260 J/g

2.05 J for ice, 2.02 J

g°C g°C
Specific heat of water C p (water) for steam,
4.18 J for liquid
g°C

Specific Heat J Density

Metal g°C Melting Point (°C)
(g/cm3)
Aluminum 0.897 2.702 660
Copper 0.385 8.92 1083
Gold 0.129 19.31 1064
Iron 0.449 7.86 1535
Lead 0.129 11.3437 328
Magnesium 1.023 1.74 649
Mercury 0.140 13.5939 –39
Nickel 0.444 8.90 1455
Titanium 0.523 4.5 1660
Zinc 0.388 7.14 420

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 Organic Substances

Name Density Melting Point (°C) Boiling Point (°C)

Ethanol
0.7893 g/cm3 114 79
(CH3CH2OH)
Glucose
1.56 g/cm3 146 Decomposes
(C 6H12O6)
Hexane
0.6603 g/cm3 95 69
(C 6H14)
Methane
0.716 g/L 182 161
(CH4)
Methanol
0.7914 g/cm3 98 65
(CH3OH)
Sucrose
1.58 g/cm3 86 Decomposes
(C12H22O11)

Inorganic Substances

Name *Density @ STP Melting Point (°C) Boiling Point (°C)

Chlorine 3.21 g/L 101 35

Hydrogen 0.0899 g/L 259 253

Hydrogen
1.640 g/L 115 85
chloride
Hydrogen sulfide 1.54 g/L 85 61

Nitrogen 1.25 g/L 210 196

Nitrogen monoxide 1.34 g/L 164 152

Oxygen 1.43 g/L 218 183

Sodium
2.532 g/cm3 851 Decomposes
carbonate
Sodium chloride 2.165 g/cm3 801 1413

Sulfur dioxide 2.92 g/L 73 10

*Water (at 4°C) 1.00 g/cm3 0 100

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 Formulas

D  m D = density
V
K  C  273 m = mass
P1V1 PV
 2 2 V = volume
T1 T2
Pt  P1  P2  P3  ... K = Kelvin

M1V1  M2V2 P = pressure

PV  nRT R = gas constant

M  moles of solute T = temperature

liter of solution
q  mC pT M = molarity

q  mHv n = number of moles

q  mHf q = quantity of heat energy

pH  pOH  14 C p = specific heat

pH   log[H] Hv = heat of vaporization

pOH   log[OH] H f = heat of fusion

K w = equilibrium constant for

Kw  [H][OH]  1  10 14
the ionization of water

[H]  10 pH

[OH]  10 pOH

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SOLUBILITY RULES

Soluble: Insoluble (0.10 M or greater):

 All Nitrates, Acetates, Ammonium,  All Carbonates and Phosphates
and Group 1 (IA) salts except Group 1 (IA) and
 All Chlorides, Bromides, and Ammonium
Iodides,  All Hydroxides except
except Silver, Lead, and Group 1 (IA), Strontium, Barium,
Mercury(I) and Ammonium
 All Fluorides except Group 2 (IIA),  All Sulfides except Group 1 (IA),
Lead(II), and Iron(III) 2 (IIA), and Ammonium
 All Sulfates except Calcium,  All Oxides except Group 1 (IA)
Strontium, Barium, Mercury,
Lead(II), and Silver

Guidelines for Predicting the Products of Selected Types of Chemical Reactions

Key: M = Metal
NM = Nonmetal

1. SYNTHESIS:
a. Formation of binary compound: A + B  AB
b. Metal oxide and water: MO + H2O  base
c. Nonmetal oxide and water: (NM)O + H2O  acid

2. DECOMPOSITION:
a. Binary compounds: AB  A + B
b. Metallic carbonates: MCO3  MO + CO2
c. Metallic hydrogen carbonates: MHCO3  MCO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
d. Metallic hydroxides: MOH  MO + H2O
e. Metallic chlorates: MClO3  MCl + O2
f. Oxyacids decompose to nonmetal oxides and water: acid  (NM)O + H2O

3. SINGLE REPLACEMENT:
a. Metal-Metal replacement: A + BC  AC + B
b. Active metal replaces H from water: M + H2O  MOH + H2
c. Active metal replaces H from acid: M + HX  MX + H2
d. Halide-Halide replacement: D + BC  BD + C

4. DOUBLE REPLACEMENT: AB + CD  AD + CB
a. Formation of a precipitate from solution
b. Acid-Base neutralization

5. COMBUSTION REACTION
Hydrocarbon + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water

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 ACTIVITY SERIES of Halogens: Polyatomic Ions
+
F2 NH 4 Ammonium

Cl2 BrO 3 Bromate
Br2 CN 
Cyanide
I2 C 2H3O2
Acetate
(CH3COO )
ClO 4 Perchlorate
ACTIVITY SERIES of Metals ClO3 Chlorate
Li ClO2 Chlorite
Rb
ClO  Hypochlorite
K
Ba IO3 Iodate

Sr MnO 4 Permanganate
Replace hydrogen
Ca NO 
from cold water 3 Nitrate
Na 
Mg NO 2 Nitrite
Al OH Hydroxide
Mn Hydrogen
Zn HCO3
carbonate
Cr Replace hydrogen from HSO 4 Hydrogen sulfate
Fe steam
Cd SCN Thiocyanate
Co CO23  Carbonate
Ni Cr2O72  Dichromate
Sn 2
Replace hydrogen from CrO Chromate
Pb acids
4
2
[ H2 ] SO 4 Sulfate
Sb SO23  Sulfite
Bi PO34 
React with oxygen to form Phosphate
Cu oxides
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au

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