A PROJECT REPORT

ON
"360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE"

Submitted to Singhania University, Rajasthan In Partial Fulfilment of

the Requirement for the Award of the Degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN MECHANICAL ENGG.

SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY, JHUNJHUNU, RAJASTHAN

SUBMITTED BY:
INDRANIL MUKHERJEE
Enrollment No. 1406087360
Batch No- 1401

PROJECT GUIDE
ER. ANKITA SINGH

ACADEMIC COLABORATION
LOHIYA COLLEGE, LUCKNOW (U.P.)
 SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY, RAJASTHAN
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that INDRANIL MUKHERJEE bearing Enrollment No.

1406087360 has satisfactorily completed the field project work in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING program for the year 2018 which is
compulsory for the award of Degree Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering.

Project Guide Academic Head

Er. ANKITA SINGH
Date :
Record of Submission
Name of candidate: .....................................
Batch No. .....................................
Registration No. .....................................
Examination Center: .....................................
Signature of Supervisor .....................................

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled "360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE

DRILLING MACHINE" submitted for the Degree in MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING is my original work and the dissertation has not formed the

basis for the award of any, degree, and Associate ship, fellowship or any

other similar titles.

Place: Lucknow Name: INDRANIL MUKHERJEE

Date: Enrolment No. 1406087360

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I am grateful to Er. ANKITA SINGH, Faculty of MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING, Faculty of Engineering, Singhania University, Lucknow.

And Also I am so indebted to Head of MECHANICAL & Assembly

Section, for dedicating his valuable time on behalf of our own goodness &

for providing us a faculty of knowledge. Next I am thankful to all the

employees of MECHANICAL & assembly section for giving us their kind

co-operation.

Thank you!

INDRANIL MUKHERJEE

(Enrollment No. : 1406087360)

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 ABSTRACT
Directional drilling machine which can be used based on drilling holes in various location

and movement and easily operation done with high accuracy. Productivity can be

improved by reducing total machining time and reduced human effort and reduced

manufacturing cycle time. In this present age the application of micromachining

operations continues to grow. These operations are required to fabricate the products

required for sectors like medical science, automobile industries and electronics

manufacturing etc. which deals with miniature trends. Drilling process is one of the

machining processes which is used to drill micro holes not only in micro products but also

in relatively larger work pieces which require ultra-small features which can be

accomplished only by drilling process

Key words: Drilling machine, Performance, Movement, Material, Operation etc.

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 CONTENTS
CETIFICATE

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRILLING MACHINE

DRILLING PROCESS

LITARATURE SURVEY

DEVELOPMENT OF DRILLING MACHINE

MOVEMENTS IN FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE

SETUP PROCEDURE

WORKING PROCEDURE

METHODOLOGY

COMPONENT & SPECIFICATION

FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION & SUMMARY

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INTRODUCTION

Around 35,000 BCE, Homo sapiens discovered the benefits of the application of rotary

tools. This would have rudimentarily consisted of a pointed rock being spun between the

hands to bore a hole through another material. This led to the hand drill, a smooth stick

that was sometimes attached to flint point, and was rubbed between the palms. This was

used by many ancient civilizations around the world including the Mayans. The earliest

perforated artifacts such as bone, ivory, shells and antlers found, are from the Upper

Paleolithic era.

Bow drill (strap-drills) are the first machine drills, as they convert a back-and

forth motion to a rotary motion, and they can be traced back to around 10,000 years ago.

It was discovered that tying a cord around a stick, and then attaching the ends of the

string to the ends of a stick(a bow), allowed a user to drill quicker and more efficiently.

Mainly used to create fire, bow-drills were also used in ancient woodwork, stonework

and dentistry. Archeologist discovered a Neolithic grave yard in Mehrgrath, Pakistan

dating from the time of the Harappans, around 7,500-9,000 years ago, containing 9 adult

bodies with a total of 11 teeth that had been drilled. There are hieroglyphs depicting

Egyptian carpenters and bead makers in a tomb at Thebes using bow-drills. The earliest

evidence of these tools being used in Egypt dates back to around 2500 BCE. The usage of

bow-drills was widely spread through Europe, Africa, Asia and North America, during

ancient times and is still used today. Over the years many slight variations of bow and

strap drills have developed for the various uses of either boring through materials or

lighting fires.

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 We had chosen the user defined project (UDP) for our final year project. We are

decided our topic to develop the automatic multi-operational portable machine say like

tapping, drilling, grinding, reaming, and other relative operation. This will make use of

compressed air (pneumatic mechanism) for its operation. We will trying to develop the

portable machine which will easily handle and cover a maximum working area from one

station and make it more flexible to working easily. As a small industries the machine

and operation method use for drilling, tapping and other similar process is not

economically and eco friendly. As we know that drilling machine use the electricity as

there power source these machine have many limitation like it is not flexible and not

moveable, consume more floor area and main problem is that it need continuous

electricity which increase the cost of production. The tapping operations are performed

by use of convention tap or hand tap. during operation it is necessary with a hand tap to

periodically reverse rotation to break the chip formed during the cutting process, thus

preventing effect called crowding that may cause defect. In convention method, main

problem causes during the tapping operation for big job industries and complex job these

causes are created defect on tap tool, increasing operational lead time, inaccuracy of

thread geometry, more production cost and more labour cost.

1.1 General Aspects of Drilling Machine:

Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a rotating

cutter called DRILL. The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine. The

drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock

and the work is held by the chuck. The most common drill used is the twist drill.

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 It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop. The work piece

is held stationary i.e. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to make a hole.

Drilling machine is kind of machine rotating cutting tool which direction the drill feeds

only on the machine axis(workmanship perforation). Drilling is operating while

producing round holes in the piece work by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.

A Drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment,

usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in various materials or fastening

various materials together with the use of fasteners. The attachment is gripped by a chuck

at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed against the target material.

The tip, and sometimes edges, of the cutting tool does the work of cutting into the

target material. This may be slicing off thin shavings grinding off small particles crushing

and removing pieces of the work piece, countersinking, counter boring, or other

operations.

Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction and do-it-

yourself projects. Drills are available with a wide variety of performance characteristics,

such as power and capacity.

Drill machines have been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in parts,

sheets and structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned drilling needs

fixed and strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed drills due to low space

between drill bit and drill bed. We need to use hand drills in such cases but hand drills

have alignment problems while drilling. So here we propose a 360 degree flexible drill

that can be mounted on a table or wall and can be used to drill holes horizontally,

vertically or even upside down. So this makes it possible for easy drilling in even

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complicated parts and surfaces. Thus we use rotating hinges and connectors with motor

mount and supporting structure to design and fabricate a mini 360 degree drill for easy

drilling operations.

2 DRILLING PROCESS

Drilling is the method of making holes in a work piece with metal

cutting tools. Drilling is associated with machining operations such as

trepanning, counter boring, reaming and boring. A main rotating

movement is common to all these processes combined with a linear feed.

There is a clear distinction between short hole and deep hole drilling.

The drilling process can in some respects be compared with turning and

milling but the demands on chip breaking and the evacuation of chips is

critical in drilling. Machining is restricted by the hole dimensions, the

greater the hole depth, the more demanding it is to control the process and

to remove the chips. Short holes occur frequently on many components

and high material removal rate is a growing priority along with quality

and reliability.

Solid drilling is the most common drilling method, where the hole is

drilled in solid material to a predetermined diameter and in a single

operation.

Trepanning is principally used for larger hole diameters since this

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method is not so power- consuming as solid drilling. The trepanning

never machines the whole diameter, only a ring at the periphery. Instead

of all the material being removed in the form of chips, a core is left

round the center of the hole.

Counter boring is the enlargement of an existing hole with a

specifically designed tool. This machines away a substantial amount of

material at the periphery of the hole.

Reaming is the finishing of an existing hole. This method involves small

working allowances to achieve high surface finish and close tolerances.

The cutting speed, or surface speed (vc) in for drilling is determined by

the periphery speed and can be calculated from the spindle speed (n)

which is expressed in number of revolutions per minute. During one

revolution, the periphery of the drill will describe a circle with a

circumference of π x Dc, where Dc is the tool diameter. The cutting

speed also varies depending upon which cutting edge across the drill-

face is being considered.

A machining challenge for drilling tools is that from the periphery to the

center of the drill, the cutting speed declines in value, to be zero at the

center. Recommended cutting speeds are for the highest speed at the

periphery.

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The feed per revolution (ƒn) in mm/rev expresses the axial movement of

the tool during one revolution and is used to calculate the penetration

rate and to express the feed capability of the drill.

The penetration rate or feed speed (vf) in mm/min is the feed of the tool

in relation to the work piece expressed in length per unit time. This is

known as the machine feed or table feed. The product of feed per

revolution and spindle speed gives the rate at which the drill penetrates

the work piece. The hole depth (L) is an important factor in drilling as is

the radial cutting depth (ap) and feed per tooth (fz) for calculations.

Machining holes

Holes are either made or finish machined. Most work pieces have at least

one hole and depending upon the function of the hole, it needs machining

to various limitations.

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 The main factors that characterize

A hole from the machining view point are:

- diameter

- depth

- quality

- material

- conditions

- reliability

- productivity

3 LITERATURE REVIEW

Micromachining operations play an important role in precision production industries.

Out of the various machining processes, micro-drilling is used to produce micro holes

in fuel injectors, printed circuit board, aerospace materials etc. So in order to achieve

the optimum working conditions various research were conducted by different

researchers from across the globe. This report reviews some of the journal published by

them regarding optimization processes.

Yogendra Tyagi,Vadansh Chaturvedi and Jyoti Vimal have conducted an experiment

on drilling of mild steel, and applied the taguchi methods for determining the optimum

parameters condition for the machining process using the taguchi methods and analysis

of variance. The work piece used is mild steel (100mm×76mm×12mm) and the tool

used is HSS with a point angle of 118° and diameter of 10 mm. Taguchi L9 orthogonal

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arrays is used here in order to plan the experiment. The input parameters are feed rate,

depth of cut and spindle speed whereas the output responses are surface roughness and

metal removal rate (MRR).In case of signal to noise ratio calculation, larger the better

characteristics is used for calculation of S/N ratio for metal removal rate and nominal

and small the better characteristics is used for the calculation of S/N ratio for surface

roughness. After the analysis of the data obtained it is found that MRR is affected

mostly by feed. Confirmation experiment was conducted using the data obtained from

S/N ratio graphs and it confirmed with the results of taguchi methodology. In case of

surface roughness analysis same procedure was followed where the significant

parameter was found to be the spindle speed. Here too the confirmation experiment was

conducted and this confirms the successful implementation of taguchi methods.

Timur Canel,A. Ugur Kaya,Bekir Celik studied the laser drilling on PVC material in

order to increase the quality of the cavity. Taguchi optimization methods was used to

obtain the optimum parameters. The material used in the experimental setup is PVC

samples with dimensions of 5mm×85mm×4.5mm. Surelite Continuum Laser is used to

form the cavities. The input parameters are wavelength, fluence and frequency and the

output response are aspect ratio, circularity and heat affected zone. Taguchi L9

orthogonal array is used to find the signal to noise ratio. Smaller the better

characteristics is used for HAZ, larger the better characteristic is used for aspect

ratioand nominal the better characteristic is used for circularity. Variance analysis is

performed usingthe calculated S/N ratio to conclude optimum stage. It is found that

most effective parameter for aspect ratio is frequency, second is wavelength and last is

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fluence. For circularity it is found that the most effective parameter is wavelength,

fluence and frequency. For HAZ it is found that the most effective parameter is

wavelength, second is frequency and last is fluence. The experimental results are

compatible with Taguchi method with 93% rate.

Thiren G. Pokar,Prof. V. D. Patel used grey based taguchi method to determine the

optimum micro drilling process parameters. hivapragash, K.Chandrasekaran,

C.Parthasarathy, M.Samuel have tried to optimize the drilling process involving metal

matrix composites(MMC) in order to minimize the damage done to it during the

process by using taguchi and grey rational analysis. The work piece used is Al-

TiBr2(MMCs),with dimension of 100mm × 170mm × 15mm.The tool material is HSS

with diameter of 0.6 mm. The input parameter are spindle speed, depth of cut and feed

rate whereas the output parameter are MRR and surface roughness. For finding out the

optimal combination of cutting parameters the results are converted into S/N ratios and

higher the better type characteristics is used for MMR, and smaller the better

characteristics is used for surface roughness.

Wen Jialing and Wen Pengfei used an orthogonal experimental design in order to find

out the optimum process parameters for injection molding of aspheric plastic lens, to

reduce volumetric shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage variation. Six input parameters

were taken, each with 5 levels(Fill Time/sec, holding pressure/Mpa, holding

pressure/times, cooling time/s, melt temperature/°C, mold temperature/°C.L25(56)

orthogonal array is used to plan the above experiment. The parameters affecting both

volumetric shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage variation are identified in order.

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4 DEVELOPMENT OF DRILLING MACHINE

A. Equipments used for the Experiment as shown:

 Base plate 

 Vertical arm 

 Hrizontal arm 

 Suspension spring 

 Rollar bearing 

 Motor 

 Drill bit 

 Copper wire 

 Switch board 

 Guider

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 Fig. 1: Experimental Setup Diagram

5 MOVEMENTS IN FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE

This drilling machine possesses a radial arm which along with the drilling head
can swing and move vertically up and down as can be seen in Fig. The radial, vertical and
horizontal arm movement of the drilling head enables locating the drill spindle at any
point within a very large space required by large and odd shaped jobs.

The tubular column on that the radial arm which moves up and down manually or
it can powered movement then the drilling head here this is called drilling head which
holds the drill spindle here in which the drill is mounted and is subjected to rotation. The
entire head is mounted on the radial arm and this can move inward and outward from the
drill axis. Also the horizontal arm can slide linearly on vertical arm. Not only that, as this

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along with this radial arm the drilling head moves upward and downward to have large
gap between the to drill and job or there is a stoke length. Not only that further this radial
arm can be rotated about the column rotated about the column, say about 360 degree.

The main movements in the machine are:

 360 degrees rotation of arm joint. 


 Up & down movement of the horizontal arm on vertical arm. 

 Linear slide movement of horizontal arm. 


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5.1 Setup Procedure

1) Base:

The base acts a support for the whole machine. It’s made of a mild steel. The base of the
drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for
vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the base is similar to the
worktable and may be equipped with t- slot for mounting work too larger for the table.

2) Arm:

There are two arms:

 Vertical arm 
 Horizontal arm 

The primary arm holds the secondary arm and it is with the help of this arm the 360° of
rotation is transferred from the t plate to the secondary arm in order to move the drill
head at angles. They are made up of stainless steel.

3) Cross Slide:

We have used a hand drilling machine to be fixed on the cross slide. Our drilling
machine can drill holes on concrete, wood and metal. The drill bit can be rotated
both clockwise and anticlockwise direction

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6 WORKING PROCEDURE

Pneumatic multi-operation machine make use of compressed air obtained from

compressor passes through pressure regulator & then passes through pneumatic gun. In
pneumatic gun air exerts a axial spinning force on the spindle located inside the tool head
which causes the drill tool to rotate inside the work piece with required RPM.


Fig. 2: Concept Design

7 METHODOLOGY

Step 1: Part collection

After some survey from market finally we bought pneumatic gun, pressure regulator,
pipes, wheels for table & adaptor at the reasonable price.

Fig 3: Pneumatic Gun

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 Fig 4: Pressure Regulato

Fig 5: Connecting pipe

Step 2: Define Joints

 We defined joints which are used for relative motion of arms & also to rotate gun
in 360 degree.
 We designed mainly three types of joints such as ball joints, pin joints &
rotational top head.
 We can switch to an automation by using servo motor in the defined joints for
future scope.

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 Fig 6: Joints

Step 3: Design arms or linkages

 We made arms or linkages having material of mild steel with help of fabricator.

 We can use telescopic arms to extend the work envelope of pneumatic drilling
machine for future scope.

Step 4: Fabrication of table

 We made supporting table to sustain the load of pneumatic drilling machine by

mounting it on the table.

 We provide wheels to the table to provide the portability to the machine

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 Fig 7: Supporting table

Step 5: Assembling of component

After collection & designing of all parts we go for the final assemble to give the final
touch to our machine.

Finally we assembled all the components in the one single unit and made universal
drilling machine to justify our project title “DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT OF
UNIVERSAL PNEUMATIC DRILLNG MACHINE”.

Fig 8: Partial Assembling

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 Fig 9: Final assembly

Step 6: Fabrication of table

 We did some experiment by drilling the material as wood, aluminium & cast iron
using the appropriate tool & air pressure.

 The experiments in the image shows the drilling of the workpiece. The other
operation such as tapping, boring, grinding, thread cutting can also Performed by
our machine.

Fig 10(a): Experiment 1

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 Fig 10(b): Experiment 2

8 COMPONENT & SPECIFICATION

Fig 11: Component & specification (All dimensions are in mm)

9 FUTURE SCOPE
 We can use servo motor in our machine to provide the automation by giving auto
feed.
 We can use telescoping arm to increase the working envelope of the machine to
reach in any direction easily.
 We can use hydraulic system or hydraulic lubrication to operate the machine in
smooth manner without including the less fatigue of man power. 

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 CONCLUSION & SUMMARY

 Due to the various problems faced by conventional operation processes such as Poor
thread finish, more time consumption, frequent tool breakage and many more. So, we
have decided to design the machine which will make use of compressed air as a
power source. 

 Above is the Future model of pneumatic machine on which the tapping ,drilling,
boring etc operation is achieved by Pneumatic system and it eliminates all the
problem faced by conventional operation process. 

 This pneumatic multi-operation Machine is to be presented for increasing their
productivity as well as quality of job. It also gives the detailed description of machine
mechanism and their different main parts of machine. In this we are defining different
process parameters like spindle speed (rpm), cutting feed rate, cutting force, torque
and power for their efficient working of operation. 


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